Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Export Processing Zones

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Export Processing Zones”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 5 marca 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Export Processing Zones"

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Amirahmadi, Hooshang, i Weiping Wu. "Export Processing Zones in Asia". Asian Survey 35, nr 9 (wrzesień 1995): 828–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645785.

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Amirahmadi, Hooshang, i Weiping Wu. "Export Processing Zones in Asia". Asian Survey 35, nr 9 (wrzesień 1995): 828–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1995.35.9.01p00532.

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Johansson, Helena, i Lars Nilsson. "Export processing zones as catalysts". World Development 25, nr 12 (grudzień 1997): 2115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00103-4.

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Yücer, Ayçıl, i Jean-Marc Siroën. "Trade Performance of Export Processing Zones". World Economy 40, nr 5 (13.04.2016): 1012–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12395.

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Din, Musleh-ud. "Export processing zones and backward linkages". Journal of Development Economics 43, nr 2 (kwiecień 1994): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(94)90014-0.

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Johansson, Helena. "The Economics of Export Processing Zones Revisited". Development Policy Review 12, nr 4 (grudzień 1994): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1994.tb00075.x.

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Dunn, Leith. "Export processing zones: A Caribbean development dilemma". Development in Practice 9, nr 5 (listopad 1999): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614529952738.

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Yabuuchi, Shigemi. "Export Processing Zones, Backward Linkages and Unemployment". Journal of Economic Integration 18, nr 2 (15.06.2003): 360–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2003.18.2.360.

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Wu, Weixiao, Chang Hong i Andrew Muhammad. "The Spillover effect of export processing zones". China Economic Review 63 (październik 2020): 101478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101478.

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Katiaj, Elisabeta. "Free Zone or Processing Area for Export". European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, nr 1 (10.06.2017): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i1.p370-377.

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Some countries apply as primary fiscal facilities the "Free Zone"; some of them guarantee contract for investors, investor protection, the reduction of bureaucracies, the partial state capital, providing incentives for every employee and other promotional policies. In theory, the goal is very clear for their creation. The attraction of strategic investors, improvement of the technology, providing jobs, fast movement of goods and capital, increase of competitiveness, increase of economic cooperation between the border countries and other chain effects, lead with economic growth and development in a country. The last 8 years in Albania, have been approved 11 Decisions of the Council of Ministers, for the Establishment of Economic Free Zones that today is called: ”Technology Zone and Economic Development”. Some questions that will be treated in this topic, are based on the official data of the respective institutions. What are these decisions? What was the primary purpose of the 2008-2009 policy, where the development strategy was based on the free zones revolution? Who were the winners of these competitions? What extent is today in these areas of investment, what is the number of employees drawn up to date? Which could be a competitive bidding package for boosting foreign investment?
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Export Processing Zones"

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Baldissera, Marco <1988&gt. "EPZs: Export Processing Zones or Exploiting People Zones?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3724.

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Il lavoro nobilita l'uomo, sostiene la saggezza popolare. Ma è sempre così? Questa tesi vuole gettare luce su un fenomeno tanto diffuso a livello globale quanto - deliberatamente - ignorato: le cosidette Zone Industriali di Esportazione.
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Karaerua, Gerson Uaeta. "Namibian Export Processing Zones (EPZ) : success or myth?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6431.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the quest to attract foreign investments which is seen as one way of alleviating poverty by creating employment opportunities and earning foreign currency many countries have implemented the EPZ regime. Though the concept remains the same throughout the world, it has adopted different names depending on the country. In Mexico the EPZ's are called the "Maquiladoras" and in Bulgaria EPZ's are called Free Trade Zones. No matter the differences in names the concept is principally the same: EPZ is an enclave which operates outside the normal economic framework of the country. At independence Namibia faced a high unemployment rate and poverty. In 1995 the Namibian government passed the EPZ Act in order to pave the way for the development of EPZ industrial parks. The need for passing the EPZ Act was necessitated by the acute unemployment rate which the country faced at the time, which had the potential to threaten the political stability the country enjoyed. Thus, amongst other policy instruments, the EPZ Act was passed with the principle objective of attracting the much needed foreign investments which would result in creation of the needed employment opportunities. The government set a very ambitious target for the EPZ regime; it was expected that by 1999 the EPZ regime would have created about 25 000 job opportunities. Thus, the anticipated number of job opportunities was quite frequently used as a justification for the massive investments provided for the development of infrastructures in the EPZ industrial parks and hefty subsidies which were extended to some EPZ companies. It is important to note that unlike other countries who adopted the location-based EPZ model, Namibia has adopted a flexible EPZ model implying that a company which acquires the EPZ status is free to locate or set-up its facility anywhere in the country. In 2003 a Malaysian textile company called Ramatex closed its operations in South Africa and relocated to Namibia. In terms of employment creation the EPZ reached its peak in 2004 when about 10 057 persons / individuals were actively employed in the EPZ companies. Ramatex accounted for about 80% of the total of 10 057 EPZ jobs. Since 2004 the number of jobs in the Namibian EPZ regime started to decline at an alarming rate; at the end of 2007 there were only 5 248 people employed by the EPZ companies. Many times Ramatex threatened to close its operations, citing decline in the demand of its products and low productivity, but after some closed-door negotiations the government initially managed to convince it to continue its operation. Regrettably the success of the Namibian government to convince Ramatex to continue with its operation in Namibia was short-lived, when in the first quarter of 2008; the inevitable closure of Ramatex became a reality. The closure of Ramatex has resulted in the retrenchment of about 3 000 people. The overall performance of the Namibian EPZ regime leaves a lot to be desired. The Namibian EPZ regime so far failed to attract enough investments to create the anticipated job opportunities and to increase the export of manufactured goods. On a positive note, EPZ regime compelled the authority to invest in infrastructures which it might otherwise not have invested in.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die soeke na 'n wyse om buitelandse beleggings te trek as een van die maniere om armoede te verlig deur die skepping van werksgeleenthede en die verkryging van buitelandse valuta, het baie lande die EPZ-regime geimplementeer. Hoewel die konsep dwarsdeur die wereld dieselfde bly, het dit verskillende name in verskillende lande. In Meksiko word dit die UMaquiladoras' genoem en in Bulgarye is dit Vryehandelsones. Ongeag wat dit genoem word , bly die konsep in wese dieselfde: EPZ is 'n enklave wat buite die normale ekonomiese raamwerk van die land opereer. Toe Namibia onafhanklik geword het, het die land gebuk gegaan onder 'n hoe werkloosheidskoers en armoede. In 1995 het die Namibiese regering die Wet op EPZ uitgevaardig om ruimte te skep vir die ontwikkeling van EPZ-nywerheidsparke. Die akute werkloosheidskoers van die land op daardie tydstip het dit noodsaaklik gemaak dat hierdie wet uitgevaardig word, aangesien die werkloosheid potensieel die politieke stabiliteit in die land kon bedreig. As deel van ander politieke instrumente is die Wet op EPZ dus uitgevaardig, met as hoofdoelwit die 10k van broodnodige buitelandse beleggings wat sou lei tot die skepping van die ewe nodige werksgeleenthede. Die regering het 'n baie ambisieuse doelwit vir die EPZregime gestel; dit sou na verwagting teen 1999 nagenoeg 25 000 werksgeleenthede skep. Die verwagte getal werksgeleenthede is dus dikwels gebruik as regverdiging vir die massiewe beleggings wat voorsien is vir die ontwikkeling van die infrastrukture in die EPZ nywerheidsparke asook die groot subsidies toegestaan aan sommige EPZ-maatskappye. Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat, anders as ander lande waar die EPZ-model plekgebonde was, Namibia 'n buigsame EPZ-model aanvaar het. Dit het geimpliseer dat 'n maatskappy wat EPZ-status verwerf het, sy fasiliteit enige plek in die land kon vestig. 'n Maleisiese tekstielmaatskappy met die naam Ramatex het in 2003 sy bedryf in Suid Afrika toegemaak en na Namibie verhuis. Sover dit die skepping van werksgeleenthede aangaan, het die EPZ in Namibie in 2004 sy hoogtepunt bereik, toe ongeveer 10 057 persone / individue aktief in diens van die EPZ-maatskappye was. Ramatex het ongeveer 80% van die totale 10057 EPZ-werksgeleenthede voorsien. Sedert 2004 het die getal werksgeleenthede in die Namibiese EPZ-regime teen 'n ontstellende koers afgeneem, sodat daar teen die einde van 2007 net 5248 mense in diens van die EPZ-maatskappye was. Ramatex het by verskeie geleenthede gedreig om sy bedrywighede te sluit weens die afname in die vraag na sy produkte en lae produktiwiteit, maar na onderhandelinge agter geslote deure het die regering aanvanklik daarin geslaag om Ramatex te oortuig om voort te gaan. Hierdie sukses van die Namibiese regering was ongelukkig van korte duur, aangesien die onafwendbare sluiting van Ramatex in die eerste kwartaal van 2008 werklikheid geword het. Die gevolg was die afdanking van ongeveer 3 000 mense. Die oorkoepelende prestasie van die Namibiese EPZ-regime is ver van bevredigend. Hierdie regime het tot nou toe nie daarin geslaag om genoeg beleggings te lok om die verwagte werksgeleenthede te skep en die uitvoer van vervaardigde produkte te verhoog nie. Aan die positiewe kant het die EPZ-regime die owerheid gedwing om te bele in infrastrukture waarin hulle andersins nie sou bele het nie.
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Virgill, Nicola. "Export processing zones tools of development or reform delay? /". Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4509.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.
Vita: p. 205. Thesis director: Zoltan J. Acs. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-204). Also issued in print.
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Nilsson, Erika, i Nicklas Lagerberg. "Exportledd utvecklingsstrategi : en studie av ”Export Processing Zones” i Mexico". Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8063.

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I denna uppsats undersöker vi Export Processing Zones (EPZ) roll i ett lands ekonomiska utveckling, exemplifierat med Mexico. Fokus för uppsatsen är centrerat kring de bakåtriktade länkeffekter som förväntas uppstå som en effekt av ett EPZ-program. Fenomenet längs den mexikansk-amerikanska gränsen kan sägas ha flera orsaker, men grundas i tillgången på billig arbetskraft samt närhet till världens enskilt största konsumentmarknad. Uppsatsen visar på ett minskat FDI-inflöde, ökad sysselsättning, begränsad teknologiöverföring samt mest jobbspecifik kunskapsöverföring. Eftersom få lokala eller inhemska underleverantörer kontrakteras av EPZ-företagen minimeras länkbildningen. De flesta ekonomiska vinster av zonen noteras i form av fler arbetstillfällen. Resultaten visar att även fast Mexico förlorat sina komparativa fördelar inom arbetsintensiv tillverkning i jämförelse med andra länder har man inte lyckats få ett motsvarande skift mot en mer kapitalintensiv produktion. Detta kan till stor del sägas bero på hur staten har hanterat zonen, bland annat med avseende på utländskt ägande.

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Kiria, Joseph Simon. "Export processing zones (EPZs) in Tanzania : impact and influencing factors". Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16446.

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This thesis is an attempt to understand the impact of, and factors influencing the outcomes of EPZs in a latecomer context, using Tanzania as a case study. Also, it aims to understand why governments in developing context preserve tax incentives. The analysis in this study works within the context of neoliberal theoretical thinking, and employs multiple research methods, in which, multiple sources of data namely document analysis, questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and direct observation are used. The study first examines the factors which might have hindered Tanzanian EPZ initiative from replicating East Asian success. The results demonstrate that the failure is associated to country’s political and institutional factors relevant in determining strategic planning and implementation of a successful EPZ. The factors include inadequate knowledge about crucial aspects of EPZ development and management, vested interests and conflicting interests between bureaucracies, use of EPZ as a tool for corruption and rent seeking, prevalent anti-FDI sentiment, and adoption of single factory scheme. The second part explores the impact of governance on investors’ decisions to locate in an EPZ. The results demonstrate that a relationship exists between level of governance in host country and the flow of FDI in EPZs. The results support the perception that poor governance deters FDI inflows. The last part of the study examines why the use of tax incentives in the Tanzanian EPZ program has remained politically popular and whether there is a rent seeking motive in its application. It also explores whether investors’ location decisions would change if no tax holidays were offered in EPZs. The findings demonstrate that tax incentives have often been motivated by political rather than economic considerations, resulting into rent seeking behaviour. The findings revealed presence of too much political influence of vested interests in the design and implementation of tax incentives policy. The results also demonstrate that absence of tax holidays in EPZs would not result in to disincentive to invest.
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Kanjungu, Donald. "Export processing zones in Zambia : what lessons can be learnt?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8577.

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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Export Processing Zone (EPZ) regime is not new across the world. The first known form was established in the 13th century in modern day Spain. However, the growth of EPZs only became prominent after the First World War, as first world countries were trying to rebuild their economies through export-oriented manufacturing. By the turn of the century, more than two thirds of the countries in the world had embraced the EPZ regime with more than 3,000 zones established, employing more than 43 million people. China contributed a big number to this as it pushed through its Special Economic Zone (SEZ) regime to experiment with market-driven reforms. EPZs have made a significant contribution towards the growth of countries that have fully embraced the EPZ regime. The majority of these countries are in Asia, the Caribbean and South America. In Africa, Mauritius and Madagascar have benefited from the establishment of zones. On the other hand, other countries have failed to realize benefits from their zones such as Senegal. Zambia was slow to develop policy related to establishment of EPZ. The first attempt to establish EPZ legislature was only made in 2001. However, nothing happened on the ground until 2007, due mostly to concerns around revenue benefits from zones. Since then, two zones have been set up, construction of another is about to start and three more are planned. Despite this ambitious drive, there are still concerns around the realization of benefits from zones compared to the foregone tax, as well as costs associated with establishing infrastructure to support the zones. Other concerns related to the working conditions and wages of people employed by zone enterprises This study explores further such concerns. It is noted in this study that the policy framework for attracting investment in zones is adequate and addresses all concerns. However, the level of infrastructure development is not adequate to support the EPZ regime. The domestic business environment is not well developed to support and benefit from the EPZ regime. Considering its past economic performance, the country has no choice but to embrace the EPZ regime, as a means to develop growth in exports.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vryhandelsgebiedkonsep is by verre nie nuut in die ekonomiese wêreld nie. Die eerste van hierdie tipe markstelsels dateer terug van sover as 13de eeuse Spanje. Dit is egter interessant dat die vryhandelsgebiedmodel eers na die beëindiging van die eerste wêreldoorlog pertinent posgevat het. Die konsep was in hierdie tyd veral vir eerste wêreld lande van groot waarde. Hulle kon toesien dat hul ekonomieë deur uitvoergedrewe vervaardiging in ere herstel word. Dit is ook verder werd om te weet dat teen die draai van die eeu, meer as twee derdes van die wêreld in meer as 3000 vryhandelsooreenkomste belang gehad het. Dit het direk of indirek daartoe bygedra dat meer as 43 miljoen mense op een of ander wyse by die arbeidsmark betrek is. China het 'n groot rol gespeel deur sy “Spesiale” vryhandelsgebiede waarmee hy markgedrewe hervorming kon toets. Vryhandelsgebiede het daadwerklik 'n groot invloed gehad op die groei van ekonomieë van lande wat volwaardig by die konsep ingekoop het. Die oorgrootte meerderheid van die lande is afkomstig uit Asië, die Karibiese Eilande en Suid Amerika. Uit Afrika was dit onder andere Mauritius en Madagaskar wat die meeste voordeel hieruit geput het. Andersyds het lande soos Senegal klaarblyklik geen voordeel uit sy vryhandelsgebiede gekry nie. Zambië was veral stadig om beleid neer te lê rondom die vestiging van 'n eie vryhandelsgebied(e). Sy eerste poging om amptelike wetgewing in die verband neer te lê was in 2001. Daar het egter niks konkreet hieruit voortgevloei voor 2007 nie. Die land was veral besorg oor inkomstevoordele tussen die voorgestelde gebiede. Sedertdien is twee gebiede reeds gevestig, 'n derde in wording en 'n verdere drie in die beplanningsfase. Ten spyte van die nuutgevonde dryfkrag is daar steeds twyfel oor die voordeel tussen die handelsgebiede, opgeweeg teen die uitgemaakte belasting en kostes wat met die daarstelling van die nodige infrastruktuur gepaard gaan. Daar is ook kommer oor die werksomstandighede en besoldiging van mense wat deur Vryhandelsondernemings in diens geneem word. Die doel van hierdie studie is om verdere kwelpunte te identifiseer en dan te analiseer. Daar word in die studie bevestig dat die beleidsraamwerk, wat daarop gemik is om belegging aantreklik te maak, voldoende is. Die infrastruktuur is egter nie huidiglik voldoende om die Vryhandelsgebiede te ondersteun nie. Die plaaslike besigheidsspeelveld is ook nie goed ontwikkel nie en kan derhalwe nie dié besigheidsmodel ondersteun en voordeel daaruit put nie. Gegewe sy ekonomiese prestasies van die verlede kan Zambië nie anders as om die Vryhandelsgebiedkonsep aan te hang, om sodoende daadwerklike groei in sy uitvoermark te bewerkstellig nie.
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Gondwe, Kasonde Lwao. "The effectiveness of export processing zones : the case of Zambia". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95566.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
Export processing zones (EPZs) are policy instruments that are aimed at achieving the goal of economic development through boosting the manufacturing industry in a bid to increase and promote export. This is achieved by setting up or designating various areas or warehouses as free zones in which an environment that is friendly to manufacturing for exports, is established. Incentives such as tax exemptions for the import of required raw materials are given in these zones. EPZs are also known by other names but the most commonly used are free trade zones, industrial free zones, maquiladoras, export free zones, duty-free export processing zones, free zones and privileged zones, to mention a few. Similar to many other developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Zambia has a bias towards export orientation as a tool of economic development. This culminated in the formulation of EPZ legislation in 2001. The EPZ act was similar to EPZ legislation in various other countries and provided for the development of an industrial park in which manufacturing for export purposes would take place for both the public and the private sector. After awarding a few companies EPZ status, the government abandoned the act and embarked on more research, resulting in the development of the multi-facility economic zone (MFEZ) in 2007. Recognition of the role of non-traditional exports (NTEs) in increasing export earnings has been important in the justification for EPZ’s development in the country. There has been a drive to attract investment into this sector by means of export-promoting policies. However, and notwithstanding the fact that numerous cost benefit studies have been undertaken to determine actual benefits of zone erection, Zambia has not yet undertaken a comprehensive synopsis of the country’s specific policies which would need to be established in order for the zone to be successful.
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Buri, Elena <1996&gt. "Post-colonial double jeopardy: female workers in Export Processing Zones". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19712.

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Il presente elaborato si pone l’obiettivo di evidenziare alcune dinamiche intrinsecamente di genere che la diffusione del modello di sviluppo neoliberale su scala globale presenta. Tale tema verrà sviluppato tramite una problematizzazione del fenomeno della femminilizzazione della forza lavoro entro le Export Processing Zones (EPZs), ossia una tipologia particolare di distretto industriale le cui produzioni sono orientate al mercato globale. Sulla base dell'esplorazione delle condizioni di lavoro per le donne nelle EPZs, l’elaborato discute criticamente l'intersezione delle donne con l'economia globale; cercando inoltre di collocare il dibattito sull'emancipazione femminile con la dovuta attenzione alle categorie di geografia, sesso e classe. Il quadro teorico sulla base del quale esperienze femminili saranno interpretate è fornito dal femminismo marxista, dal femminismo post-coloniale e dal Capability Approach di Amartya Sen. Sebbene una maggiore integrazione nell’economia formale dia l’impressione di emancipazione, questo non vale per tutte le donne e per tutti i tipi di impiego. L’elaborato porta ad osservare che le EPZs rappresentano un esempio di come i bisogni di accumulazione di capitale si sono intersecati a ideologie patriarcali presenti su più livelli, dal locale all’internazionale, creando opportunità e contesti per sfruttare le donne ed esacerbare la discriminazione di genere.
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Brand, Daleen. "An evaluative analysis of industrial development zones and export processing zones with reference to the Coega Industrial Development Zone". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52668.

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Thesis ((MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is experiencing similar problems as those occurring in other developing countries. Such problems include: large scale poverty; unequal regional development; inefficient policies; fragmented transport systems. The list goes on. This is largely due to apartheid policiesthat were implemented. After 1994 a series of new policies and programmes was implemented. Their aim was to eradicate apartheid planning; to provide equal and fair development for everyone and to stimulate and boost the economy. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was the first policy of its kind, followed by the Growth, Employment and Redistribution programme (GEAR). The aim of these two policies was to stimulate the economy, especially in areas where there is a need for an economic boost. This ultimately led to programmes such as the Spatial Development Initiative (SDI); Local Economic Development and Export Processing Zones or as they are better known in South Africa, Industrial Development Zones. Programmes or initiative such as these were aimed at boosting the economy, providing employment and utilising resources in a region. This is the shift that has taken place in development planning, from traditional regional policies towards incentive driven policiesthat try to attract investment into under-developed regions. Programmessuch as Industrial Development Zones however have a long history, not all of it positive. These zones have been known as sweatshops and that they use child labour. The largest problem of these zones is that labour legislation is almost non-existent. In 2001 South Africa declared Coega the first Industrial Development Zone in the country. The zone will link to the Spatial Development Initiative programme that was implemented in 1996. An uproar followed when labour organisations such as COSATUlearned that the government is going to use Industrial Development Zones, which are similar to Export ProcessingZones, to stimulate the economy and to solve the problem of unemployment in specific areas of the country. However the labour legislation of South Africa will be applied in the Industrial Development Zones. That just leaves the problem of efficiency and effectiveness. Will these zones really address and solve the employment problems in South Africa? Zones such as those in Mauritius have been a success, but there are cases where the zones did not create employment and more money was spend on putting in the infrastructure and services in the zones, than was made in the zone. Time will be the judge in the case of Coega Industrial Development Zone.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika ondervind basies dieselfde probleme as wat ander onderontwikkelde lande ondervind. Die probleme sluit in: grootskaalse armoede; ongelyke streekontwikkeling; ondoeltreffende beleide. Die probleem spruit grootliks uit die apartheidsbeleide. Na 1994 is daar egter 'n reeks van nuwe beleide en programme geïmplementeer. Die beleide moes apartheidsbeplanning uitwis; moes gelyke ontwikkeling aan almal voorsien en die ekonomie stimuleer. Die Heropbou- en Ontwikkelingsprogram was een van die eerste beleide, en is gevolg deur die "Growth, Employment and Redistribution" program. Die twee beleide se doel was om die ekonomie te stimuleer, veral in gebiede waar daar 'n behoefte aan ekonomiese groei is. Dit het dan ook gelei tot programme soos "Spatial Development Initiatives", "Local Economic Development" and "Export Processing Zones" of soos wat dit in Suid-Afrika bekend staan "Industrial Development Zones". Programme of inisiatiewe soos die se doel is om die ekonomie van 'n streek te versterk, om werksgeleenthede te skep en om gebruik te maak van die hulpbronne in die spesifieke streek. Die programme het 'n groot verandering in ontwikkelingsbeplanning meegebring, vanaf tradisionele streekbeleide tot inisiatief-gedrewe beleide wat poog om beleggings in onderontwikkelde streke te versterk. Programme soos "Industrial Development Zones" het 'n lang geskiedenis, en nie almal is posititief nie. Hierdie sones het 'n algemene naam van "sweatshops" gekry waar kinderarbeid gebruik word. Die grootste probleem van hierdie sones is dat arbeidwetgewing gewoonlik nie toegepas word binne die sones nie. In 2001 is Coega as die eerste "Industrial Development Zone" verklaar in Suid Afrika. Die sone is verbind tot die "Spatial Development Initiative" programme wat geïmplementeerd is in 1996. Dit is egter sterk deur die arbeidsorganisasie COSATU veroordeel, toe hulle hoor dat die regering nou "Industrial Development Zones", wat basies dieselfde is as "Export Processing Zones", gaan gebruik om die ekonomie te stimuleer en die hoë werkloosheid in die land te verminder. Maar, in hierdie sones sal arbeid wetgewing toegepas word. Dit los net die probleem van effektiwiteit en doeltreffendheid. Gaan hierdie sones die werkloosheids probleem van Suid Afrika oplos? Sones soos in Mauritius was suksesvol, maar daar is egter talle ander wat nie werkgeleenthed geskep het nie en die uitgawes wat gemaak is om infrastruktuur en dienste in die sones te voorsien is veel hoër as die profyt wat gemaak is op die einde. Tyd sal leer in die Coega "Industrial Development Zone'.
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Mathews, Dale Thomas. "Export processing zones in the Dominican Republic : their nature and trajectory". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239611.

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Książki na temat "Export Processing Zones"

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United Nations. Industrial Development Organization. Human Resource, Enterprise and Private Sector Development Branch., red. Export processing zones. Vienna: Human Resource, Enterprise and Private Sector Development Branch, UNIDO, 1994.

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India's export processing zones. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.

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Indian export processing zones and CEPZ. New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House, 2000.

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Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority. i Nigeria, red. Investing in Nigeria's export processing zones. [Abuja, Nigeria]: Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority, 1996.

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Ge, Wei. The dynamics of export-processing zones. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1999.

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Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India., red. Study on agri export zones. New Delhi: The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, 2007.

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Indian Institute of Foreign Trade., red. Export processing zones in India: A case study of Kandla free trade zone. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, 1991.

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Sherbourne, Robin. Export processing zones and their relevance to Namibia. Ausspannplatz, Windhoek, Namibia: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 1993.

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M, Miller Ruby, red. Industrial parks, export processing zones, and enterprise zones: A bibliography. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1987.

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Foundation, IBON. Export processing zones: A path towards industrialization? Manila, Philippines: IBON Books, 2005.

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Części książek na temat "Export Processing Zones"

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Gordon, Michael E. "4. Export Processing Zones". W Transnational Cooperation among Labor Unions, redaktorzy Michael A. Gordon i Lowell Turner, 60–78. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501721694-005.

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Balasubramanyam, V. N. "Export Processing Zones in Developing Countries: Theory and Empirical Evidence". W Economic Development and International Trade, 157–65. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19174-1_9.

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Weersma-Haworth, Teresa S. "Export Processing Free Zones as an Export Strategy for Central America and the Caribbean". W Latin America’s New Insertion in the World Economy, 85–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24720-2_6.

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Jessup, David, i Michael E. Gordon. "9. Organizing in Export Processing Zones: The Bibong Experience in the Dominican Republic". W Transnational Cooperation among Labor Unions, redaktorzy Michael A. Gordon i Lowell Turner, 179–201. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501721694-010.

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Heron, Tony. "Export Processing Zones and Policy Competition for Foreign Direct Investment: The Caribbean ‘Offshore’ Development Model". W Global Encounters, 213–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230502819_12.

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Ramasamy, Jaysen. "Impact of the Dismantling of the Multi-Fiber Agreement in the Export Processing Zones of Mauritius". W Development and Sustainable Growth of Mauritius, 119–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96166-8_5.

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Durbarry, Ramesh. "The Export Processing Zone". W The Mauritian Economy, 105–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230629288_6.

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Kim, Young-Chan. "Assessing the Role of Local Governments in Line with the ‘Special Economic Zones’ Agenda: Case on Shenzhen in Guangdong and Kandla Export Processing Zone in Gujarat, India". W China-India Relations, 139–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44425-9_8.

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Dijkstra, Geske, i Carlos Rivera Alemán. "The Export Processing Free Zone of San Bartolo in El Salvador". W Latin America’s New Insertion in the World Economy, 95–104. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24720-2_7.

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Behera, Shishir Kumar, Song-Hwa Chae, Han-Koo Yeo i Hung-Suck Park. "Enhancement of Eco-production Capacity in Chittagong Export Processing Zone (CEPZ), Bangladesh, Employing Korean EIP Transition Strategy". W Cities and Sustainability, 63–80. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2310-8_4.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Export Processing Zones"

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Hanwu, Ma, i Bai Ke. "The research on factors in different phases of Export Processing Zones in China based system dynamics". W 2010 International Conference on Logistics Systems and Intelligent Management (ICLSIM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclsim.2010.5461357.

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Hien Ho, T. T., T. Thanh Lam, N. Q. Thinh Le i T. K. Oanh Le. "Generation rates of bottom and fly ash from thermal generation facilities in industrial and export processing zones in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam". W 1ST VAN LANG INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HERITAGE AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE PROCEEDING, 2021: VanLang-HeriTech, 2021. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0066726.

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Badr, O., R. Al-Kuwari i A. Abdel-Sattar. "Abnormal Release of Toxic Gases From Natural Gas Processing Plants". W ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17012.

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Abstract Qatar, one of the Arabian Gulf States, possesses one of the world’s largest non-associated gas fields. Most of the country’s development plans are based on the preparation of natural gas for export and local use. Under normal operation of gas processing plants, the residual, H2S-rich Acid Gas is treated in a sulfur recovery unit to produce pure sulfur. However, under abnormal situations, the acid gas is burned in incinerators or flares releasing SO2–rich combustion products. Under severe weather conditions, such a flare may get extinguished and the acid gas is released unignited into the atmosphere. This paper studies the environmental hazards due to the release of such dangerous gases. Dispersion models developed by the US EPA have been used to determine the size and map location of the dangerous zones. For ignited acid gas, the results indicated the possible formation of SO2-toxic clouds extending to 110 km from the flare location in the downwind direction and 210 m above ground level. For the less common case of releasing unignited acid gas, the H2S-toxic cloud may extend to 20 km and 110 m in the downwind and vertical directions, respectively. A parametric study has been conducted to consider the effects of some meteorological conditions (wind speed and atmospheric stability) as well as the number of operating trains in a typical gas processing plant.
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Jin, Shengfei. "The Promotion Effect of Development Zone Upgrade to Local Import and Export". W IPEC 2021: 2021 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Image Processing, Electronics and Computers. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3452446.3452582.

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Ahmed, Bilal, Itza Mendoza-Sanchez, Roni Khardon, Linda Abriola i Eric L. Miller. "A mixture of experts based discretization approach for characterizing subsurface contaminant source zones". W 2012 IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop (SSP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssp.2012.6319653.

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Ravichandran, Tenamutha, Sulaiman Sidek, Ahmed Nabil Zakaria, Karim Ahmed Shata, Zool Nasri Sapiee, Hazrina Abdul Rahman, Nicholas Foo Kwang Hui i in. "Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Aqueous Retarded Acid System for Carbonate Gas Field, Offshore Borneo Island". W Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207961-ms.

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Abstract Objectives, Scope This paper provides valuable insights on aqueous retarded acid system evaluation based on laboratory testing, literature review and engineering analysis prior to the field application for a candidate well in a gas field, offshore East Malaysia (Figure 1). The field is a reefal carbonates build-up overlayed by a thick shale sequence and is one of the deepest fields in Sarawak Asset, in which the produced fluid contains up to 3,500ppm H2S, 20% CO2 and bottomhole temperature up to 288°F. Production enhancement for this carbonate reservoir requires application of a more effective approach to address challenges associated with acid placement and reservoir contact in long pay zones of complex diagenetic facies high temperature carbonate reservoirs, thereby improving return on investment. Figure 1Structural map of Central Luconia carbonate platform offshore Sarawak, Malaysia (Janjuhah et al. 2016) Methods, Procedures, Process The workflow adopted for the stimulation job involves thorough historical production data analysis, detail petrophysical review to evaluate reservoir properties, in-depth production performance analysis (i.e. nodal and network modeling), completion review to ascertain damage mechanism and economic evaluation that include decision risk analysis to evaluate all range of probabilistic outcome. Initial selection of stimulation fluids was based on the mineralogical composition of the main producing formation. A detailed study of reservoir rock and its reaction to various acid systems has been based upon software modeling where sensitivity analyses involving multiple treatment schedule scenarios incorporating various acid and diverter fluid systems are considered. Coreflood experiment was then performed to determine the Pore Volume to Breakthrough (PVBT) comparing emulsified acid with aqueous retarded acid at temperature of 250°F, injection rate of 3ml/min and at confining pressure of 1,500psi. The low PVBT values (i.e. 1.125 and 0.521) and unique breakthrough features obtained from the coreflood confirmed that aqueous retarded acid is effective to stimulate the carbonate reservoir. Compatibility testing was also conducted to assess the stability of the retarded acid recipes and potential reaction with reservoir fluids (i.e. water and condensate), downhole completion and surface equipment. Results, Observation, Conclusion An established stimulation software was used to refine the acid volume calculation and placement analysis. Field trial was made using combined application of the aqueous retarded acid and viscoelastic diverting acid. Considering several case scenarios, the remedial treatment was performed via bullheading to achieve optimum injection rate within 5bpm to 7bpm. Total of 197bbls acid and 197bbls diverter was be pumped during the treatment that will be split in several stages to achieve average invasion profile of 2.8ft and -1.3 skin value. This paper presents aqueous retarded acid system as alternative to widely used emulsified acid systems. Field application of the approach supports the theoretical findings based on substantial improvement in well production, pressure matching of the remedial treatment and calibrated nodal analysis assessment. This demonstrates the value of holistic approach of laboratory testing, comprehensive software modeling and application of enhanced stimulation fluids to overcome complex technical challenges Novel, Additive Information The field production was previously constrained by its high CO2 levels and the supply gas ratio agreement. The information and lessons learnt from this paper will be applicable as evident of practical improvements to achieve sustainable production from the field since it has a strategic importance as production, processing and export hub to other four gas fields. Recent CO2 blending project has allow a better distribution of gas across the network and therefore demand higher production from the field, thus further unlock it potential to achieve economic optimization.
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Cheng, Ming-Chieh, i Cheng-Kuo Sung. "Fabrication of Metallic Wire Grating by Femtosecond Laser Ablation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study". W ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24334.

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Femtosecond lasers enable materials processing with their notably characteristics, such as precision, high peak density, flexible, and minor thermal affected zone. Applications ranging from high precision micromachining to biological manipulation with no thermal damages are possibly executed via this technology. In this study, the three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulation associated with the parallel computation were utilized to explore the ablation mechanism, the trend between the femtosecond laser fluence density and laser ablation depth as well as affected zone. In addition, we also compared the ablation methods which were single ablation and superposited ablation machining processes. Moreover, the heat-affected zone effect was discussed. Ultimately, a femtosecond laser ablation manufacturing process simulation was implemented by the combination of laser fluence densities to demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating the metallic gratings.
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McCullough, Dennis, i Scott Korte. "Cost effective hygienic design strategies for your protein plant". W 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/pyla6716.

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One item which is generally not discussed in food manufacturing is how to design facilities which provide the ability to perform proper cleaning and sanitization for low water activity products. As example, a typical approach for handling low water activity products is to dry clean and attempt to heat sanitize without introducing water or other fluids for cleaning and sanitization (which could increase the micro risk). This is a developing area with great importance for control of pathogens in soybean oil processing preparation and extraction areas. Without a kill step in place, all processing operations and finished products developed from oil extraction have shown sensitivity to potentially harmful microbiological contamination.However, having a "Kill" step to the manufacturing process of oil processing operations is not enough in the avoidance of microbiological contamination. Beyond having hygienic designed equipment with proper cleaning and sanitization processes for low water activity products, one must understand facility design, and the application of hygienic zones (i.e., material flows and personnel transfers) within the manufacturing environment. Before we jump to the conclusion of selecting the €˜best' designs, we must provide the right technical solution(s), which is based on understanding current designs. The desired facility state and hygienic equipment design facilitates both zoning control and supports proper cleaning and sanitization steps. This is accomplished through design actions:1. Effective physical and operational segregation of raw materials (dirty side) and finished product (clean side) via the "Kill" step process.2. Materials and flow of people facilitate the separation and segregations.3. Proper HVAC pressurization between manufacturing processes and warehousing with special emphasis on "Post-Kill" pre-packaging areas.The results indicate the importance of selecting cost effective hygienic design for equipment and facilities within oil processing operations. Implementing recommended equipment design features and facility segregation steps should meet the objectives targeted.
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Jefferson-Loveday, Richard J. "Differential Equation-Based Specification of Turbulence Integral Length Scales for Cavity Flows". W ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56451.

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A new modeling approach has been developed that explicitly accounts for expected turbulent eddy length scales in cavity zones. It uses a hybrid approach with Poisson and Hamilton-Jacobi differential equations. These are used to set turbulent length scales to sensible expected values. For complex rim-seal and shroud cavity designs, the method sets an expected length scale based on local cavity width which accurately accounts for the large-scale wake-like flow structures that have been observed in these zones. The method is used to generate length scale fields for three complex rim-seal geometries. Good convergence properties are found and a smooth transition of length scale between zones is observed. The approach is integrated with the popular Menter Shear Stress Transport (MSST) RANS turbulence model and reduces to the standard Menter model in the mainstream flow. For validation of the model, a transonic deep cavity simulation is performed. Overall the Poisson-Hamilton-Jacobi model shows significant quantitative and qualitative improvement over the standard Menter RANS model for both velocity and Reynolds stress measurements. In its current development, the approach has been extended through the use of an initial stage of length scale estimation using a Poisson equation. This essentially reduces the need for user objectivity. A key aspect of the approach is that the length scale is automatically set by the model and not by the modeler. Notably, the current method is readily implementable in an unstructured, parallel processing computational framework.
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Schulz, U., K. Fritscher, C. Leyens i M. Peters. "Influence of Processing on Microstructure and Performance of EB-PVD Thermal Barrier Coatings". W ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0579.

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The paper addresses the effect of processing parameters on microstructure and lifetime of EB-PVD PYSZ coatings deposited onto NiCoCrAlY-coated Ni-base superalloys. In particular, the formation of a thermally grown oxide layer, an equiaxed zone, and various columnar arrangements of the highly textured PYSZ layers are discussed with respect to processing conditions. Three different microstructures were cyclically tested at 1100°C. The intermediate columnar structure was superior with respect to cyclic life times to a fine and to a coarse columnar structure which was mainly attributed to differences in the elastic properties. The effect of PYSZ microstructure on hot corrosion behavior of the TBC system at 950°C is briefly discussed.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Export Processing Zones"

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Cirera, Xavier, i Rajith Lakshman. The impact of export processing zones on employment, wages and labour conditions in developing countries. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), kwiecień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sr31406.

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