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Gross, Olivia. "Experts et expertise : le cas des patients : Contribution à la caractérisation du patient-expert et de son expertise". Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131003.
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Les nouvelles technologies de l’information rendent l’accès au savoir possible, des forum et des réseaux sociaux permettent aux malades de s’organiser, le monde associatif se structure, et dans cette dynamique, des patients sont considérés des experts de leur maladie chronique. Toutefois, la nature de leur expertise reste floue et polémique et appelle à être caractérisée. Pour caractériser ce phénomène, nous avons utilisé comme cadre conceptuel le socioconstructivisme et l’individualisme méthodologique. A partir d’une première grille d’analyse issue d’une recension des écrits sur les notions d’expert et d’expertise, il a été procédé à des entretiens avec 12 patients reconnus socialement comme ayant une pratique d’expert ainsi qu’à des entretiens avec des professionnels de santé qui les côtoient en différentes circonstances. La première grille d’analyse ayant permis d’identifier les domaines à explorer, nous avons procédé à l’analyse qualitative et compréhensive des récits de vie des patients et mis en évidence leur motivation, éthique, déontologie, rapport au savoir, modalités d’apprentissages, savoirs, actions, compétences, traits de personnalité, et leur rapport aux soins et à leurs soignants. Deux types de patients-experts émergent qui se consacrent soit aux problématiques biomédicales, soit à l’accompagnement social et au système de soins. Ces deux types de patients-experts ont en commun d’être des acteurs sociaux passionnés et altruistes, qui poursuivent l’objectif d’améliorer la prise en charge de la maladie et/ou sa prévention, qui déploient à cet effet des compétences interculturelles, émotionnelles et de l’autonomie, et qui assurent des rôles d’interface, de porte-voix et d’éclaireurs. Ces acteurs motivés, qui participent à identifier des problématiques de santé et à les élucider, intéressent la santé publique dans la mesure où nos résultats interrogent le type de fonctions qu’ils pourraient occuper dans le système de santé et la forme que pourrait prendre la valorisation de leurs actionsNew information technology provides access to knowledge; thanks to forums and social networks, patients can organize, constructing a community in which some patients are considered experts in their chronic disease. The nature of that expertise is unclear and controversial, however, and demands characterizations. To characterize this phenomenon we employed social constructivism and methodological individualism as a conceptual framework. Using an initial analysis grid taken from a literature review on the concepts of expert and expertise, we interviewed twelve patients socially acknowledged as having expert experience, as well as health professionals with whom they have contact in a variety of circumstances
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Capasso, Valentina. "Tractent fabrilia fabri : du juge "expert" au "jugement" des experts ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3004.
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Face à la crise de la justice, le législateur a toujours réagi en modifiant les codes, mais l’analyse économique du procès montre l’insuffisance des reformes de procédure. En effet, les buts principalement poursuivis par le législateur (réduction de la demande de justice et accélération du procès) moyennant le changement des règles du jeu sont souvent méconnus en raison, entre autres, du comportement stratégique des acteurs du procès.Le seul domaine qui laisse apercevoir des potentialités encore inexploitées est celui de la spécialisation du juge ; mais la spécialisation, à la fois juridique et épistémique, rencontre une forte résistance culturelle, probablement liée à l’image – sociologique et juridique – du juge, qui s’est construite et consolidée au fil du temps. C’est l’image d’un surhomme à l’abri des passions et des préjugés cognitifs et surtout omniscients : d’où l’idée que iura novit curia et que le juge soit peritus peritorum.La recherche ici conduite vise toutefois à montrer la distance entre ces adages et la réalité et que les dispositions de la loi, modelées sur cette image idéale, finissent à être déformés, voire ignorées ; souvent au détriment (d'au moins une) des parties.D'où l'idée selon laquelle le centre de gravité de la discipline devrait être transféré du procès au juge ; ce qui implique, d'une part, la nécessité de comprendre ce dernier en tant qu'homme, en s’appuyant sur des recherches interdisciplinaires ; de l'autre, une révision des procédures de sélection de la personne du magistratIn order to face the crisis of the justice system, the legislator has always reacted by modifying the codes, but the economic analysis shows the inadequacy of the procedural reforms. Indeed, the goals mainly pursued by the legislator (reduction of the demand for justice and acceleration of the trial) by changing the rules of the game are often ignored because, among other things, of the strategic behaviour of the actors of the trial.The only area which reveals still unexploited potentialities is that of judge’s specialization; but specialization, both legal and epistemic, encounters strong cultural resistance, probably related to the judge's sociological and legal image, which has been built and consolidated over time. It is the image of a superman, hidden from passions and cognitive prejudices and, above all, omniscient: hence, the idea that iura novit curia and that the judge is peritorum peritum.The research conducted here, however, aims to show the distance between these adages and reality and that the provisions of the law, shaped on the basis of this ideal image, end up being distorted, if not ignored; often at the expense (of at least one) of the parties. For these reasons, it is suggested that the focus of the discipline should be transferred from the trial to the judge; but this shift implies, on the one hand, the need to understand the latter as a man, thus relying on interdisciplinary research; on the other, a revision of the selection procedures of the magistrate's person
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Johnson, Nicola F., i nicola johnson@deakin edu au. "Teenage techological experts: Bourdieu and the performance of expertise". Deakin University, 2007. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20071107.113906.
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This thesis explores the construction of technological expertise amongst a heterogenous group of New Zealand teenagers, specifically in regard to their home computer use, which for many of them is their primary site of leisure. This thesis explores the field in which these teenagers are positioned, and explains the practice constituting that field. In this field, the trajectories towards expertise are explained including the time, experimentation, and pleasure evident in their praxis.
The qualitative study involved observations and interviews with eight teenagers aged 13 17. Five boys and three girls participated and each attended one of various secondary schools located within a provincial city in New Zealand. All of the participants considered themselves to be technological experts, and their peers and/or their family supported this comprehension.
Drawing on Pierre Bourdieus socio-cultural theories, the capital (cultural, economic, social) and habitus of the teenagers are described (habitus being what makes them who they are, and continues to define who they are in the future). Chapter five centres on explaining the field the teenagers have positioned themselves in, namely the field of out-of-school leisure and home computer use. It also explores the construction and performance of technological expertise within the field.
Chapter six examines traditional views of schooling and expertise, and contrasts these views with what the teenagers think about their learning and expertise. This gap is specifically explained with regard to differences between the concepts and value of learning, expertise, and technology, and how they are recognised and valued differently between generations.
Chapter seven explores the praxis that the participants exhibit, which is arguably misrecognized by those whose interests are in the established order (e.g. institutional, societal structures). The field they are placed in is arguably part of the broader field of education, yet the findings suggest their capital is misrecognized by digital newcomers, and therefore not legitimated.
This thesis concludes that the gap between teenager and adult understandings of expertise is exacerbated in the digital world in which the teenagers position themselves. Their schooling is mainly positioned in the print culture of previous generations and consequently, in the lives of these teenagers, schooling has had little influence on the development of their technological expertise. Additionally, gender has had little impact in their development of expertise; therefore stereotypical notions of female underachievement as computer experts are contested.
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Svensson, Hanna, i Henrik Pettersson. "The storytelling of new experts : How CSR-experts legitimize through storytelling". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414641.
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The formal requirements of experts are diminishing, thus opening up for the expansion of new experts, who are gaining more influence in society. In contemporary society, all organizations are pressured to consider Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and are therefore dependent on the new experts within the field. However, the research remains underexplored. Building on research on new experts and storytelling, this thesis addresses how CSR-experts within organizations engage in storytelling to legitimize their expertise. A framework of four storytelling themes was made, and a qualitative case study conducted. Six interviews were carried out and documents made by the interviewees studied. The findings demonstrate that the CSR-experts engage in storytelling in line with the storytelling themes, but new findings could also be added to the themes. They engage in future-oriented storytelling, as well as storytelling concerning current problems and solutions, to legitimize the role of expertise today and to sustain it for the future, demonstrating how storytelling is a dynamic process taking place in everyday organizational life. However, to attain legitimacy, the study indicates that storytelling needs to be adjusted to the receiver in a successful manner, otherwise it may instead inhibit the legitimacy that the CSR-experts are trying to create.
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Rhéaume, Marc. "Enseignantes et enseignants experts en histoire : Comment se développe leur expertise?" Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9781.
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L’objet de cette recherche concerne le développement de l’expertise enseignante chez les enseignantes et les enseignants d’histoire au secondaire. Une recension des écrits nous a permis d’identifier des aspects qui contribuent au développement professionnel comme les réseaux professionnels, la formation continue ou congrès, le mentorat, des lectures d’ouvrages spécialisés, des collègues de travail et l’expérience. L’objectif de recherche était d’identifier, auprès d’enseignantes et d’enseignants d’histoire au secondaire, quels sont les aspects et les expériences professionnelles qui ont contribué au développement de leur expertise professionnelle.
Cette recherche, dite qualitative/interprétative de type exploratoire, repose sur la stratégie du récit de vie. Les participants sont quatre enseignants d’histoire au secondaire considérés comme experts. L’entrevue semi-dirigée a permis de colliger des données qualitatives quant aux aspects et aux expériences professionnelles ayant contribué au développement de leur expertise enseignante.
Les résultats de recherche indiquent que les aspects ciblés au départ ont influencé à divers degrés le cheminement des experts participants. D’autres aspects ont émergé comme étant marquants dans le développement professionnel comme la passion ou l’intérêt pour l’enseignement de l’histoire, la qualité des relations tant avec les élèves qu’avec les collègues et la capacité de réfléchir sur sa pratique. Toutefois, trois aspects favorisent plus particulièrement le développement de l’expertise soit l’expérience, les compétences professionnelles en enseignement qui regroupent la préparation de cours, la réflexion sur sa pratique et la relation maitre/élève puis les collègues de travail.
Cette recherche est utile parce qu’elle apporte un éclairage sur les aspects contribuant au développement de l’expertise enseignante et peut ouvrir la voie vers une autre étude qui mettrait en évidence les différences entre les voies empruntées pour développer cette dernière.
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Staderman, William P. "Communicating expertise in system operation and fault diagnosis to non-experts". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27468.
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The use of systems that span many knowledge domains is becoming more common as technology advances, requiring expert-performance in a domain from users who are usually not experts in that domain. This study examined a means of communicating expertise (in system operation and fault diagnosis) to non-experts and furthering the understanding of expert mental models. It has been suggested that conceptions of abstract models of system-functions distinguish expert performance from non-expert performance (Hanisch, Kramer, and Hulin, 1991). This study examined the effects on performance of augmenting a simple control panel device with a model of the functions of the device, interacting with the model, and augmenting the device with graphically superimposed procedural indicators (directions). The five augmented display conditions studied were: Device Only, Device + Model, Device + Procedural Indicators, Interactive Model, and Interactive Model + Procedural Indicators. The device and displays were presented on a PC workstation. Performance measures (speed and accuracy) and subjective measures (questionnaires, NASA TLX, and structured interviews) were collected. It was expected that participants who interact with the device + procedural indicators would exhibit the shortest performance time and least errors; however, those who interacted with the simplest display (device only) were fastest and exhibited the least errors. Results of this study are discussed in terms of building a mental model and identifying situations that require a mental model.Ph. D.
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David, Jean-Marc. "Les systèmes experts de seconde génération : contribution à une ingénierie de la connaissance /". Paris : Ecole nationale supérieure des télécommunications, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35691552t.
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Goodall, Amanda. "Does it take an expert to lead experts? : professionals versus managers in universities". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2849/.
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This is an empirical study of leaders and how they affect organizational performance. Its context is the research university as a knowledge intensive organization. It appears to be the first of its kind. The thesis explores whether the characteristics of a leader in position today can tell us about the future success of their institution. It asks the question: Should research universities be led by top scholars? One reason why universities are an interesting case is that, unusually for knowledge-intensive organizations, their leaders' technical expertise can arguably be measured reasonably objectively. Using cross-sectional analysis, the first approach adopted in this thesis is to identify whether accomplished scholars are currently leading the world's top universities and business schools. It demonstrates -- using a variety of data sets, and in a variety of settings, including a check on the role of outliers -- that better universities and business schools are led by presidents and deans with systematically higher numbers of life-time scholarly citations. Next the dissertation attempts to go beyond simple cross-sectional patterns to address the question of causality. It does so in a longitudinal study that follows the performance of a panel of 55 universities over a nine-year period from 1992 to 2001. Using regression analysis, this thesis uncovers some evidence that is consistent with the existence of a causal relationship between the research ability of a leader and the future achievement of their institution. The results suggest that a university tends to improve in the UK Research Assessment Exercise if its leader has been a successful scholar. Qualitative evidence in the form of interviews with university leaders then motivates a theory of strategic leadership that might explain the statistical patterns. It is argued in the thesis that scholars may make effective leaders for reasons that are both internal and external to the individual. A scholar-leader, it is suggested, influences performance because of an inherent knowledge of the core business of a research university, and also through the extension of powers acquired by being viewed as credible by followers. Finally, the thesis concludes by asking whether university governing bodies appoint the right people. The central argument being made in this thesis is that where expert knowledge is the key factor that characterises an organization it is expert knowledge that should also be key in the selection of its leader.
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Galloway, Craig James. "The role and use of experts and expert knowledge in spatial conservation prioritization". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79815.
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Thesis (MScConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Decision-making in conservation should be efficient and effective as time and resources are typically limited. Conservation planning is one process by which stakeholders collaboratively make decisions when attempting to ensure the persistence of biodiversity. Spatial prioritization is the activity of applying quantitative data to spatial analysis to select locations for conservation investment and is a distinct process within conservation planning. The use of experts in spatial prioritization, and more generally in conservation planning, is widely accepted and advocated, but there is no general operational model for how best to involve them. Acceptable standards of practice in selecting experts and in applying specific techniques for eliciting expert knowledge need to be developed and tested in different contexts to ensure robust and defensible results of spatial prioritization processes. Although experts and expert knowledge have limitations, including them in spatial prioritization can produce many benefits, such as increased robustness of decisions and time and cost savings. Timeous, decisive, cost-efficient and robust decision-making is essential when attempting to stem the continued loss of biodiversity across the world. Although widely used, very little research has been conducted into the role of experts in spatial prioritization processes. In this research, the role and use of experts and expert knowledge in spatial prioritization was explored through the following processes: 1) a review of the peer-reviewed literature examining the role, and different types, of experts included in spatial prioritization studies (Chapter 2) to identify the patterns of their involvement; 2) a study examining the process and the differences between individual and group expert outputs and outcomes produced from a typical spatial prioritization workshop to provide a baseline against which experts might be identified for future involvement (Chapter 3); and 3) a study examining the knowledge of local community and land management experts and their ability to predict private landowners self-reported attitudes towards conservation, willingness to partner with organizations and behavior relating to conservation, aimed to test if expert knowledge might replace interviews when mapping conservation opportunity (Chapter 4). The main findings of this research are, firstly, that experts primarily contributed to spatial prioritization through mapping of species, habitats and ecosystems (that can be input into spatial prioritization analyses), and specifically also the selection of areas important for implementing conservation action (e.g., priority conservation areas). Secondly, individual experts contributed different expertise to the spatial prioritization processes in which they were involved, sometimes despite being considered experts in the same field. Individual experts differed to each other in the knowledge they contributed, decisions they made, and in the information content and its spatial representation. Groups of experts collaborating to produce the same information were more effective at capturing expert knowledge than individuals. Thirdly, when seeking to map human and social data to inform the mapping of conservation opportunity, experts were unable to reliably score private landowner's attitudes towards conservation, willingness to partner with organizations and behavior relating to conservation. Experts were able though, to provide accurate knowledge on the general attitudes of landowners, the context of the area in which the research was conducted, and the challenges that landowners in the area face. Collectively, this research can be used to inform the development of standards of best practice to ensure the most effective and cost efficient approach to integrating spatial prioritization software with expert knowledge.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besluitneming in bewaring moet doeltreffend en effektief wees omdat tyd en hulpbronne skaars is. Bewaringsbeplanning is een proses waardeur aandeelhouers gesamentlik besluite kan neem wanneer hul poog om die voortbestaan van biodiversiteit te verseker. Ruimtelike prioritisering verwys na die proses waar kwantitatiewe data toegepas word op ruimtelike analise om areas vir bewaringsbelegging te selekteer. Dit is 'n afsonderlike proses binne bewaringsbeplanning. Die gebruik van deskundiges in die bepaling van ruimtelike prioritisering en meer algemene bewaringsbeplanning word wyd aanvaar en bepleit maar daar is geen algemene operationele model wat bepaal hoe om hul ten beste in te sluit nie. Aanvaarbare standaarde in die praktyk van die seleksie van kundiges en die aanwending van spesifieke tegnieke om kundige kennisstelsels uit te lok moet ontwikkel en getoets word in verskillende kontekste om robuuste en verdedigbare resultate te verseker. Daar is baie voordele verbonde aan die gebruik van deskundiges en kundige kennisstelsels, ten spyte van hul beperkings. Voordele sluit onder andere tyd- en kostebesparings in. Tydige, beslissende, koste-effektiewe en robuuste besluitneming is noodsaaklik wanneer daar gepoog word om die voortdurende wêreldwye verlies aan biodiversiteit te stuit. Al word hul algemeen gebruik is daar nog baie min navorsing gedoen oor die rol van kundiges tydens die proses van ruimtelike prioritisering. Die rol en gebruik van kundiges en kundige kennisstelsels in die bepaling van ruimtelike prioritisering is deur die volgende prosesse ondersoek: 1) 'n Oorsig van portuurbeoordeelde literatuur wat die rol van en verskillende tipes kuniges wat in ruimtelike prioritisering studies ingesluit word, bestudeer (Hoofstuk 2) ten einde die patrone van hul betrokkenheid te identifiseer; 2) 'n studie wat die proses en verskille tussen die insette en uitkomste van individuele en groepe kundiges, soos geproduseer by 'n tipiese ruimtelike prioritisering werkwinkel, bestudeer ten einde 'n grondlyn daar te stel waarteen kundiges vir toekomstige betrokkenheid geïdentifiseer kan word (Hoostuk 3); en 3) 'n bestudering van die kennis van plaaslike gemeenskaps- en grondbestuur kundiges en hul vermoë om privaat grondeienaars se selfgerapporteerde houdings teenoor bewaring, hul bereidwilligheid om met organisasies saam te werk en gedrag wat verband hou met bewaring te voorspel om te toets of kundige kennis onderhoude sal kan vervang tydens die kartering van bewaringsmoontlikhede (Hoofstuk 4). Die vernaamste bevindinge van hierdie navorsing is, ten eerste, dat kundiges se primêre bydrae tot ruimtelike prioritisering plaasvind deur die kartering van spesies, habitats en ekosisteme (wat alles in ruimtelike prioritisering analise vervat kan word), en meer bepaald die seleksie van areas wat belangrik is vir die implementering van bewaringsaksie (bv. prioriteit bewaringsareas). Tweedens, individuele kundiges se bydrae tot die ruimtelike prioritisering prosesse waar hul betrokke was, het verskil, selfs waar hul as kundiges in dieselfde veld beskou word. Individuele kundiges het van mekaar verskil ten opsigte van die kennis wat hul bygedra het, die besluite wat hul geneem het, die inhoud van inligting en die ruimtelike voorstelling daarvan. Groepe kundiges wat saamwerk om dieselfde inligting op te lewer was meer effektief in die vaslegging van kundige kennis as individuele kundiges. Derdens, tydens die soeke na menslike en maatskaplike data om die kartering van bewaringsmoontlikhede in te lig was kundiges nie in staat is om 'n betroubare skatting van privaat grondeienaars se houdings teenoor bewaring, bereidwilligheid om saam met organisasies te werk en gedrag wat verband hou met bewaring te maak nie. Deskundiges kon egter akkurate kennis meedeel ten opsigte van die algemene houdings van grondeienaars, die konteks van die area van navorsing en die uitdagings wat grondeienaars in die spesifieke areas in die gesig staar. Hierdie navorsing kan gesamentlik gebruik word om die ontwikkeling van standaarde van beste praktyk vas te stel om die mees doeltreffende en koste-effektiewe benadering tot die integrasie van ruimtelike prioritisering sagteware met deskundige kennis te verseker.
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Drochon, Victoria. "Le recours aux experts par les instances de représentation du personnel". Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020046.
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Entre 1946 et 2016, ce sont plus de vingt cas de recours à des experts par les instances de représentation du personnel qui ont été créés, dont huit sur les trois dernières années. La possibilité sans cesse étendue de recourir à l’assistance d’experts pourrait laisser penser que le régime du recours à l’expertise est efficient. La facilité avec laquelle la loi associe désormais l’expert à chaque nouvelle mesure prise en faveur du dialogue social masque cependant mal l’incapacité croissante du législateur à préserver la fonction initiale de l’expertise : une fonction informative. Signe des dysfonctionnements qui grèvent le régime actuel du recours à l’expertise, le sujet est hautement polémique et fait l’objet d’un contentieux florissant. L’étude du périmètre ainsi que des modalités du recours à des experts exhorte à la construction d’un régime plus cohérent, de nature à assurer l’effet utile de l’expertise tout en préservant la compétence et la parole des représentants du personnelBetween 1946 and 2016, this is more than twenty new cases in which the employee representatives were granted the right to resort to the services of experts, and only eight in the last three years. The ever-expanded possibility to be assisted by external experts might suggest that the expertise statutory regime is efficient. The ease with which the law associates experts to each new measures taken in favor of the social dialogue cannot hide the persistent difficulties encountered by the legislator to preserve the original function of expertise : an informative function. The controversial nature of the right to resort to the services of experts and the increasing amount of litigation in this area are manifestations of its failures. A study of the scope and the conditions under which the experts might be appointed urges to the construction of a more coherent system, that would ensure the effectiveness of the right to resort to experts while maintaining the employee representatives’ competence and voices
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Vautier, Eigenmann Muriel. "La responsabilité civile pour la certification de produits et d'entreprises en droit suisse : contribution à l'étude de la responsabilité des experts et autres professionnels à la lumière de droits européens et américains /". Zurich : Schulthess, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40228764b.
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Graves, Barbara. "On literary expertise : the description of a fictional narrative by experts and novices". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59243.
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The objective of this research is to provide an account of literary expertise by examining literary experts and students in English Literature as they describe a fictional narrative. The experimental text is a complex narrative conveyed by means of character dialogue.To investigate expert performance this study developed a model of text description that identified semantic units in the description protocols as a set of possible "discursive patterns." A discursive pattern identifies the text unit being described along with the point of reference of the description, that is, from the point of view of the reader, the author, or simply the text.
The results indicate that students' descriptions closely paraphrased the text, repeating either the narrative events or the characters' speech, while experts' descriptions reflected higher-level references to narrative structure or the function of the dialogue which were derived either from the text or from prior knowledge. Experts relied on specific information in the text as a support for more inferential statements. In addition, experts commented more extensively on the language of the text. Experts also included references to the author, the reader and the relationship between the two. It seems that experts view the text as the result of deliberate linguistic and conceptual choices made by an author and awareness of these choices appears to guide their descriptions.
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Apelstedt, Kristoffer. "Design av en experts arbetsplattform". Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Maskinteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-13139.
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Sallans, Brian. "A hierarchical community of experts". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0023/MQ40749.pdf.
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Fatukasi, Omolara O. "Multimodal fusion of biometric experts". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493242.
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Person authentication is the process of confirming or determining a person's identity. Its purpose is to ensure that a system can only be accessed by authorised users. The Biometric method uses a person's physical or behavioural characteristics. The use of biometric characteristics is increasingly more popular as it makes unauthorised access more difficult.
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Moreira, Catarina, i Andreas Wichert. "Learning to Rank Academic Experts". Thesis, Instituto Superior Tecnico, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/203449/1/61858324.pdf.
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The task of expert finding has been getting increasing attention in the information retrieval literature. However, the current state-of-the-art still lacks in principled approaches for combining different sources of evidence in an optimal way. This thesis explores the usage of learning to rank methods as a principled approach for combining multiple estimators of expertise, derived from the textual contents, from the graph-structure of the citation patterns for the community of experts, and from profile information about the experts. Several supervised learning to rank algorithms, representative of the pointwise, pairwise and the listwise approaches, were experimented. More specifically, the algorithms tested were Additive Groves, AdaRank, Coordinate Ascent, RankBoost, RankNet, SVMrank and SVMmap.This thesis also explores the effectiveness of rank aggregation approaches combined with data fusion techniques in the task of expert finding in digital libraries. Several experiments were per-formed with state of the art data fusion techniques. The algorithms tested were CombSUM, CombMNZ, CombANZ, Borda Fuse, Reciprocal Rank Fuse and Condorcet Fusion. Experiments made over a dataset of academic publications for the Computer Science domain attest for the adequacy of the proposed approaches.
17
Gelly, Françoise. "Quelques réflexions sur l'élaboration de systèmes experts d'aide au diagnostic en psychiatrie". Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11065.
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Laberge, Marie Elizabeth. "Médiation de l'architecture par l'exposition et sa réception par des visiteurs experts et non experts". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879654.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse à la médiation de l'architecture au musée et aux divers moyens employés pour communiquer le projet architectural en exposition. L'objectif est de mieux connaître la réception que font les visiteurs architectes et non-architectes des outils utilisés pour exposer les aspects variés du projet architectural. On s'entend pour dire que la communication du projet architectural par l'exposition n'est pas tâche facile. Des représentations diverses (dessins, maquettes, photographies, vidéos, etc.) sont utilisées pour exposer le bâti absent. Plusieurs des objets présentés sont complexes à interpréter, surtout pour un néophyte, notamment en raison des codes qu'ils contiennent. Une méthode souvent employée par les commissaires est la " mise en série " de divers types de représentations, chaque outil permettant d'accéder à des informations spécifiques sur le projet. Comme les objets présentés sont souvent difficiles d'accès et que leur présentation sous forme de série peut ajouter à la complexité, il apparaît important d'investiguer la manière dont les visiteurs font sens de ce type de dispositif. Cette recherche vise principalement à jeter les bases d'une connaissance empirique de la réception d'expositions d'architecture par les visiteurs. Six questions ont été retenues pour analyse : (1) Quels objets sont mobilisés par le visiteur? (2) Quels types d'opérations mentales sont faites en lien avec ces objets? (3) Quels sont les obstacles rencontrés, et que fait le visiteur suite à la rencontre d'un obstacle? (4) Quels aspects du projet architectural (matérialité, concept, contexte, etc.) retiennent l'attention du visiteur? (5) Comment le visiteur fait-il des liens entre les différents objets exposés sous forme de série? (6) Le profil professionnel des visiteurs (architectes vs non-architectes) a-t-il une influence sur la construction de sens? Le recueil de données auprès d'une trentaine de visiteurs s'est déroulé au Centre canadien d'architecture (CCA) de Montréal dans l'exposition " Perspectives de vie à Londres et à Tokyo imaginées par Stephen Taylor et Ryue Nishizawa ". Chaque participant visite l'exposition en compagnie de la chercheure avec qui il partage, au fur et à mesure de sa visite, ses pensées et émotions, selon la méthode des protocoles verbaux concomitants (aussi connue sous le nom de thinking aloud ou protocol analysis). L'ensemble des propos est enregistré pour permettre une retranscription exacte avant analyse. Plusieurs des résultats obtenus confirment des idées déjà avancées par les chercheurs telles la popularité des photographies, le peu d'intérêt de la part des non-architectes pour les plans, les aspects variés du projet mentionnés face aux objets exposés, ou encore l'établissement de liens entre les objets comme moyen d'identifier la série. D'autres résultats mettent plutôt en doute des affirmations retrouvées dans les écrits, mais encore jamais appuyées par des données empiriques. Par exemple, plusieurs commissaires considèrent que la maquette est un excellent outil pour communiquer l'architecture et qu'elle est appréciée de tous. Or, dans le cadre de la présente étude, la maquette est peu utilisée par les visiteurs. Le type de maquette et la manière dont elle est disposée dans l'espace peuvent ainsi rendre cet outil peu utile dans la construction de sens du visiteur. Plusieurs auteurs appréhendent des difficultés et des obstacles pour les visiteurs non-architectes. Les présents résultats confirment certaines difficultés des visiteurs néophytes, mais ils démontrent également que les architectes rencontrent eux aussi des obstacles variés
19
Schwartz, Jeremy (Jeremy D. ). "A modified experts algorithm : using correlation to speed convergence with very large sets of experts". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35642.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 121).
This paper discusses a modification to the Exploration-Exploitation Experts algorithm - (EEE). The EEE is a generalization of the standard experts algorithm which is designed for use in reactive environments. In these problems, the algorithm is only able to learn about the expert that it follows at any given stage. As a result, the convergence rate of the algorithm is heavily dependent on the number of experts which it must consider. We adapt this algorithm for use with a very large set of experts. We do this by capitalizing on the fact that when a set of experts is large, many experts in the set tend to display similarities in behavior. We quantify this similarity with a concept called correlation, and use this correlation information to improve the convergence rate of the algorithm with respect to the number of experts. Experimental results show that given the proper conditions, the convergence rate of the modified algorithm can be independent of the size of the expert space.
by Jeremy Schwartz.
S.M.
20
Cayuela, Rafols Marc. "Algorithmic Study on Prediction with Expert Advice : Study of 3 novel paradigms with Grouped Experts". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254344.
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The main work for this thesis has been a thorough study of the novel Prediction with Partially Monitored Grouped Expert Advice and Side Information paradigm. This is newly proposed in this thesis, and it extends the widely studied Prediction with Expert Advice paradigm. The extension is based on two assumptions and one restriction that modify the original problem. The first assumption, Grouped, presumes that the experts are structured into groups. The second assumption, Side Information, introduces additional information that can be used to timely relate predictions with groups. Finally, the restriction, Partially Monitored, imposes that the groups’ predictions are only known for one group at a time. The study of this paradigm includes the design of a complete prediction algorithm, the proof of a theoretical bound of the worse-case cumulative regret for such algorithm, and an experimental evaluation of the algorithm (proving the existence of cases where this paradigm outperforms Prediction with Expert Advice). Furthermore, since the development of the algorithm is constructive, it allows to easily build two additional prediction algorithms for the Prediction with Grouped Expert Advice and Prediction with Grouped Expert Advice and Side Information paradigms. Therefore, this thesis presents three novel prediction algorithms, with corresponding regret bounds, and a comparative experimental evaluation including the original Prediction with Expert Advice paradigm.Huvudarbetet för den här avhandlingen har varit en grundlig studie av den nya Prediction with Partially Monitored Grouped Expert Advice and Side Information paradigmet. Detta är nyligen föreslagit i denna avhandling, och det utökar det brett studerade Prediction with Expert Advice paradigmet. Förlängningen baseras på två antaganden och en begränsning som ändrar det ursprungliga problemet. Det första antagandet, Grouped, förutsätter att experterna är inbyggda i grupper. Det andra antagandet, Side Information, introducerar ytterligare information som kan användas för att i tid relatera förutsägelser med grupper. Slutligen innebär begränsningen, Partially Monitored, att gruppens förutsägelser endast är kända för en grupp i taget. Studien av detta paradigm innefattar utformningen av en komplett förutsägelsesalgoritm, beviset på en teoretisk bindning till det sämre fallet kumulativa ånger för en sådan algoritm och en experimentell utvärdering av algoritmen (bevisar förekomsten av fall där detta paradigm överträffar Prediction with Expert Advice). Eftersom algoritmens utveckling är konstruktiv tillåter den dessutom att enkelt bygga två ytterligare prediksionsalgoritmer för Prediction with Grouped Expert Advice och Prediction with Grouped Expert Advice and Side Information paradigmer. Därför presenterar denna avhandling tre nya prediktionsalgoritmer med motsvarande ångergränser och en jämförande experimentell utvärdering inklusive det ursprungliga Prediction with Expert Advice paradigmet.
21
Lelebina, Olga. "La gestion des experts en entreprise : dynamique des collectifs de professionnels et offre de parcours". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0027/document.
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Dans un monde économique caractérisé par la complexification des technologies associée à la mondialisation des marchés, les connaissances techniques et la capacité d’innovation sont des sources primordiales d'avantage compétitif et de différenciation. Ces enjeux sont souvent associés à une figure particulière au sein des organisations : celle de l’expert. En effet, c’est souvent sur ces acteurs que repose la responsabilité de fournir des prestations technologiques de haut niveau et d’être force de proposition pour des solutions innovantes. L'important est alors de les reconnaître et de leur offrir des conditions propices au développement de l’expertise et de l’innovation afin notamment de les retenir sur des temps longs au sein de l’entreprise. Face à ces enjeux le modèle de la double échelle s’est depuis longtemps répandu dans les entreprises technologiques et industrielles, proposant une trajectoire alternative (parcours technique) à celle du management. Néanmoins, cette solution, tout en étant un modèle de référence dans la gestion des experts, n’a pas souvent apporté la satisfaction recherchée, ni pour les personnes en charge de sa mise en place, ni pour les personnes ciblées. En partant de ce paradoxe de la double échelle et en se basant sur les résultats d'une recherche-intervention au sein d’une entreprise technologique, cette thèse a permis de proposer une nouvelle problématisation de la gestion des experts en entreprise, qui ne se limite pas à la reconnaissance des experts déjà présents, mais intègre également les enjeux d’anticipation des besoins futurs en expertise et la création des nouveaux domaines. Elle propose ainsi un cadre d’analyse qui intègre trois volets d’action : la reconnaissance des experts, le renouvellement de l’expertise et la création de nouvelles expertises. Chaque axe d’action a été instrumenté par la proposition d’un outil ou d’un dispositif gestionnaire, expérimenté et validé sur le terrain de thèseIn a business world characterized by increasing complexity of technologies associated with the globalization of markets, technical knowledge and innovation become crucial assets and primary condition for developing competitive advantage. These issues are often associated with a particular figure within organizations: that of the expert. Indeed, these people are usually considered as a source of technological excellence and innovative solutions. It becomes thus crucial, in order to retain these key people, to value their expertise and to propose adequate conditions for the development of their knowledge and their innovation potential. As a response to this challenge, the dual ladder model was developed and has been soon recognized as a primary solution for the management of experts in the technological and industrial companies. This model proposes an alternative career path (technical ladder) to that of traditional managerial path. However, this solution, while a reference model in the management of experts, has not often brought satisfaction neither for those in charge of its implementation, nor for targeted individuals. Inspired by this paradox of the dual ladder model and building on the results of a longitudinal intervention-research, this thesis proposes a new problematization of the issue of expert’ management in organisations. We argue that not only the recognition policies for current experts should be taken into consideration, but also the issues of anticipation of future needs in expertise as well as the creation of new expertise areas. This thesis thus proposes an analytical framework that incorporates three lines of action: recognition policies for experts, strategic renewal of expertise and creation of new expertise domains. Each line is supported by the associated management tool, which was tested and validated in our fieldwork
22
Marín, Tur Javier. "Pedestrian Detection based on Local Experts". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/120187.
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Al llarg dels darrers anys, els sistemes de detecció humana basats en visió per computador
han començat a exercir un paper clau en diverses aplicacions lligades a l’assisténcia a la conducció, la videovigilància, la robòtica i la domòtica. Detectar persones és, sens cap dubte,
una de les tasques més difícils en el camp de la Visió per Computador. Aixó es deu principalment
al grau de variabilitat en l’aparenc¸a humana associada a la roba, postura, forma
i grandària. A més, altres factors com escenaris amb molts elements, oclusions parcials o
condicions ambientals poden fer que la tasca de detecció sigui encara més difícil.
Els mètodes més prometedors a l’estat de la q¨uestió es basen en models d’aprenentatge
discriminatius que són entrenats amb exemples positius (vianants) i negatius (no vianants).
El conjunt d’entrenament és un dels elements més rellevants a l’hora de construir un detector
que faci front a la citada gran variabilitat. Per tal de crear el conjunt d’entrenament es requereix
supervisió humana. L’inconvenient en aquest punt és el gran esforc¸ que suposa haver
d’anotar, així com la tasca de cercar l’esmentada variabilitat.
En aquesta tesi abordem dos problemes recurrents a l’estat de la q¨uestió. En la primera
etapa, es pretén reduir l’esforc¸ d’anotar mitjanc¸ant l’ús de gràfics per computador. Més concretament,
desenvolupemun escenari urbà permés endavant generar un conjunt d’entrenament.
Tot seguit, entrenem un detector usant aquest conjunt, i finalment, avaluem si aquest detector
pot ser aplicat amb èxit en un escenari real.
En la segona etapa, ens centrem en millorar la robustesa dels nostres detectors en el
cas en que els vianants es trobin parcialment ocluids. Més concretament, presentem un nou
mètode de tractament d’oclusions que consisteix en millorar la detecció de sistemes holístics
en cas de trobar un vianant parcialment ocluid. Per dur a terme aquesta millora, fem ús
de classificadors (experts) locals a través d’un mètode anomenat random subspace method
(RSM). Si el sistema holístic infereix que hi ha un vianant parcialment ocluid, aleshores
s’aplica el RSM, el qual ha estat entrenat prèviament amb un conjunt que contenia vianants
parcialment ocluids. L’últim objectiu d’aquesta tesi és proposar un detector de vianants fiable
basat en un conjunt d’experts locals. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu, utilitzem el mètode
anomenat random forest, a on els arbres es combinen per classificar i cada node és un expert
local. En particular, cada expert local es centra en realitzar una classificació robusta de zones
del cos. Cal remarcar, a més, que el nostre mètode presenta molta menys complexitat a
nivell de disseny que altres mètodes de l’estat de la q¨uestió, alhora que ofereix una eficiència
computacional raonable i una major precisió.During the last decade vision-based human detection systems have started to play a key role in multiple applications linked to driver assistance, surveillance, robot sensing and home automation. Detecting humans is by far one of the most challenging tasks in Computer Vision. This is mainly due to the high degree of variability in the human appearance associated to the clothing, pose, shape and size. Besides, other factors such as cluttered scenarios, partial occlusions, or environmental conditions can make the detection task even harder. Most promising methods of the state-of-the-art rely on discriminative learning paradigms which are fed with positive and negative examples. The training data is one of the most relevant elements in order to build a robust detector as it has to cope the large variability of the target. In order to create this dataset human supervision is required. The drawback at this point is the arduous effort of annotating as well as looking for such claimed variability. In this PhD thesis we address two recurrent problems in the literature. In the first stage, we aim to reduce the consuming task of annotating, namely, by using computer graphics. More concretely, we develop a virtual urban scenario for later generating a pedestrian dataset. Then, we train a detector using this dataset, and finally we assess if this detector can be successfully applied in a real scenario. In the second stage, we focus on increasing the robustness of our pedestrian detectors under partial occlusions. In particular, we present a novel occlusion handling approach to increase the performance of block-based holistic methods under partial occlusions. For this purpose, we make use of local experts via a RandomSubspaceMethod (RSM) to handle these cases. If the method infers a possible partial occlusion, then the RSM, based on performance statistics obtained from partially occluded data, is applied. The last objective of this thesis is to propose a robust pedestrian detector based on an ensemble of local experts. To achieve this goal, we use the random forest paradigm, where the trees act as ensembles an their nodes are the local experts. In particular, each expert focus on performing a robust classification of a pedestrian body patch. This approach offers computational efficiency and far less design complexity when compared to other state-of-the-artmethods, while reaching better accuracy.
23
Dogusoy, Berrin. "Cognitive Analysis Of Experts'". Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614483/index.pdf.
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In this study, Concept map (CM) development processes of the experts and novices were explored. This studyaimed to investigate the similarities and differences among novices and experts&rsquoCM development process regarding their cognitive processes. Two experiments were designed
eye-tracking, written and verbal data were collected from 29 pre-service teachers and 6 subject matter experts.Data were analyzed by using qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. The results indicated that eventhough some of the strategies were similar, there were different patterns followed by the experts and novices during the CM development process. Both experts and novices embraced &lsquo
deductive reasoning&rsquo
, and preferred &lsquo
hierarchical&rsquo
type of CMs. The other patterns recognized during the process were&lsquo
filling information in an order&rsquo
, &lsquo
branch construction pattern&rsquo
,&lsquo
content richness&rsquo
and &lsquo
progress pattern&rsquo
. Novices and experts were distinguished in their content richness measures which used to determine the quality of the maps. Regarding the progress pattern, novices and experts differed in terms of the frequency and duration for specific acts invarious phases of their progress in CM development process. Furthermore, expert participants differed from novices in their fixation count numbers, fixation durations, visit duration periods for specific actions. Fixation count numbers of the novices were higher than the experts during the entire process and in specific dimensions of the CM development process. As a conclusion, these pattern differences affect the CM development process directly and the instructors need to give emphasis to these critical points while using CM during the instruction, and with the help of these pattern differences, instructors could guide the learner effectively and acquire content rich CMs.
24
Palix, Nicolas, Julia L. Lawall, Gaël Thomas i Gilles Muller. "How Often do Experts Make Mistakes?" Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4132/.
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Large open-source software projects involve developers with a wide variety of backgrounds and expertise. Such software projects furthermore include many internal APIs that developers must understand and use properly. According to the intended purpose of these APIs, they are more or less frequently used, and used by developers with more or less expertise. In this paper, we study the impact of usage patterns and developer expertise on the rate of defects occurring in the use of internal APIs. For this preliminary study, we focus on memory management APIs in the Linux kernel, as the use of these has been shown to be highly error prone in previous work. We study defect rates and developer expertise, to consider e.g., whether widely used APIs are more defect prone because they are used by less experienced developers, or whether defects in widely used APIs are more likely to be fixed.
25
Kolassa, Stephan. "Multi-Step Shortlisting by Imperfect Experts /". Lage : 3-Hirn-Verlag, 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=013359262&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Ho, Tu Bao. "Systemes experts et analyse de donnees". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066128.
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Le travail concerne: 1) la construction d'un moteur d'inference adapte aux logiciels statistiques avec une contribution au formalisme de raisonnement; 2) la mise en oeuvre d'un systeme expert guidant l'utilisation du logiciel sicla, permettant aux non statisticiens d'utiliser facilement les methodes d'analyse des donnees; 3) la construction d'une base de regles a partir de donnees observees par la methode de classification conceptuelle cabro; 4) la simplification d'une base de regles a l'aide du tableau rpcb et de regles intermediaires detectees
27
BATTISTELLA, NOELLE. "Approche de l'inceste par les experts". Amiens, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AMIEM106.
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Labuschagne, Anneli. "Career optimisation of financial technical experts". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/59846.
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We live in an era where experts are often unaware of the short runway or limited scope of their career in organisations. This is particularly true in the financial services sector. There is huge reliance on financial technical experts to continuously seek innovative ways to bolster competitive advantage by developing new revenue models to increase market share. Due to limited career scope and fierce competition experts continuously seek ways to increase their employability, whilst organisations (due to scarcity of expert skills) seek employment flexibility through knowledge appropriation and skills transfer initiatives. Although literature confirms this phenomenon there is limited research on career optimisation of experts. Identifying the factors that increase employability from different stakeholder perspectives could be valuable in finding new ways to focus efforts and balance competing interests to optimise this scarce resource.
Qualitative exploratory research methods were adopted to gain insight into; the factors that enhance or inhibit building of career capital of experts, different labour market perspectives and career trade-offs experts might encounter. A total of 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with financial technical experts, senior managers, human resource and recruitments specialists across four different Financial Institutions. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the outputs of each interview.
The key findings of this research indicate those factors that influence building of career capital and increase employment flexibility for financial technical experts, mainly centre on themes of collaboration, willingness to share knowledge, a personal sense of direction and having good networks. Based on the literature review and the findings a model was developed to illustrate the enabling environment that is needed to coordinate, adapt and balance interests across stakeholder groups. This needs to be based on improved efficiencies and flexibility to achieve strategic objectives and to optimise scarce resources. The model depicts and demonstrates the delicate interplay and inter-relationships between relevant stakeholder groups within broader organisational objectives. Knowing how to optimise careers of experts might partly solve concomitant talent attraction, development and retention issues.
Keywords: experts, competing interests, career capital, career optimisation, knowledge economy, labour markets, marginal gains, career game theoryMini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
pa2017
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
29
Ho, Tu Bao. "Systèmes experts et analyse de données". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605937d.
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30
Nilsson, Marcus. "Mediated and Mobile Communication for Experts". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Medieteknik och interaktionsdesign, MID, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141762.
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This thesis focuses on systems for mediated communication that run on mobile technology. The aim has been to give an answer to the question about what require- ments there are for situation awareness for domain experts when communication is secondary and supports the primary task. This thesis originated in a critical approach to the common practice of design- ing mediated communication systems with the face-to-face meeting as a guiding scenario. Instead, this thesis explores a design process that is based on the task and the strength of the technology itself. Different tasks do, of course, make different de- mands on a system, and a task that is strongly connected to the face-to-face meeting will probably be best served by a system that is designed from that perspective. Three cases that are presented in this thesis share three common themes that have characteristics that set them apart from the face-to-face meeting. The first theme is that the communication is a secondary task that is used to support a primary task. The second theme is that the cases involve domain experts active in the primary task. The use of experts implies that communication will be task- centered and also that the need for information to sustain a valuable situation awareness may be different from a person with less experience in the domain. The third theme is that all cases and the corresponding tasks benefit from some kind of situation awareness among the participants for optimal execution of the task. The three cases are based on: Wearable computers using mediated communication with wearable computers and how to handle interruptions for users of such computers Multidisciplinary team meetings improving access to patient information and enabling individual and group interaction with this information Trauma resuscitation giving a remote trauma expert’s correct and valuable in- formation while minimizing disturbance when supporting a local trauma re- suscitation team Prototypes are central in all three cases, and different prototypes have been designed and evaluated to validate the benefit of designing tools for communication that do not try to replicate the face-to-face meeting. The main findings in this thesis show that the shift of focus to the primary task when designing mediated communication systems has been beneficial in all three cases. A conflict between the secondary communication that is used to support sit- uation awareness and the primary task has been identified. Full situation awareness should therefore not be a goal in these designs but communication should support enough situation awareness to benefit the primary task with minimal disturbance to it.QC 20140221
31
Paasche, James C. "Documenting the Expert: The Films of Errol Morris". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1186689037.
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Cauet, Daniel-Alfred-Henri. "Biologie et systèmes experts : application à l'identification des bactéries anaérobies". Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P194.
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Andersson, Emma, i Rebecca Sjöstam. "Covid-19, en pandemi i vår tid : En sociologisk studie om experternas roll i samhället under en kris". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-80534.
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Denna uppsats har ett fokus på den pågående pandemin, covid-19, och experters roll i samhället. Uppsatsen bygger på två enkäter, tre opinionsundersökningar, fyra artiklar, ett tv-klipp och Stefan Löfvens tal till nationen. Studien är av kvantitativ metod, resultatet från enkäterna har bearbetats i spss och resterande resultat har fungerat som ett komplement till de resultatet som har framkommit i enkäterna. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka experters roll under en kris. I studien används teorier om förtroende för experter, subjektiv och objektiv verklighet, riskperception teori och moderniseringsriskernas beroende av kunskap. I det resultat som framkommer i uppsatsen går det att se att experter har en central roll under en kris. Experter behövs för att en risk eller en kris ska ses som just detta, de behövs också för att människor ska kunna uppfatta osynliga risker som denna typ av moderniseringsrisk är. I resultatet går det också att se att det finns ett oförändrat eller ökat förtroende för experter, det går också att utläsa i resultatet att det finns faktorer som påverkar hur människan agerar under en kris. Dessa faktorer kan vara exempelvis kön och ålder.This essay focuses on the ongoing pandemic, covid-19, and the role of the experts in society. The essay is based on two surveys, three opinion polls, four articles, one television clip and Stefan Löfven's speech to the nation. The study is of a quantitative method, the results of the questionnaires have been processed in SPSS and the remaining results have served as a complement to the results that have emerged in the questionnaires. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the role of the experts during a crisis. The study uses theories of trust in experts, subjective and objective reality, risk perception theory and the risks of modernization to knowledge. In the results that appear in the exam, it is possible to see that the experts have a central role during a crisis. Experts are needed for a risk or a crisis to be seen as a risk, they are also needed for people to be able to recognize an invisible risk that this type of modernization risk is. In the result it is also possible to see that there is an unchanged or increased trust in experts, it can also be seen in the result that there are factors that influence how a person acts during a crisis. These factors can be, for example, gender and age.
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Groleau, Audrey. "Rapports aux experts et aux expertes scientifiques de futures enseignantes du primaire : construction de quatre idéaux-types". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29464.
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Cette thèse vise à construire un modèle des rapports aux experts et aux expertes scientifiques entretenus par de futures enseignantes du primaire. Elle s'inscrit dans le contexte selon lequel il est attendu de leur part qu'elles entretiennent un rapport plus libre devant les experts scientifiques. Or, ces rapports n'ont à ce jour jamais été documentés ni modélisés. Quinze futures enseignantes du primaire ont d'abord été invitées à compléter un questionnaire sur le cours et la gestion de controverses sociotechniques actuelles, puis sept d'entre elles, scindées en équipes de trois et quatre personnes, ont pris part à une séance du jeu de société Decide au sujet de la controverse entourant les nanotechnologies. Sept participantes ont également été rencontrées en entretien individuel semi-dirigé pour clarifier et approfondir leurs points de vue. L'analyse des résultats documente les trois dimensions du rapport aux experts et aux expertes scientifiques des participantes. Nous avons opérationnalisé leurs rapports à soi en nous penchant sur les rôles, capacités et incapacités qu'elles s'attribuent dans les discours individuels et collectifs qu'elles ont produits; leurs rapports aux autres par les rôles, capacités et incapacités qu'elles distribuent aux scientifiques et aux experts et expertes scientifiques; et leurs rapports à l'activité dans le monde et sur le monde par les interactions qu'elles évoquent entre les citoyens et d'autres groupes d'actrices et d'acteurs sociaux. Les rôles, capacités et incapacités distribués aux citoyens et aux citoyennes sont parfois interprétés comme un rapport à soi, parfois comme un rapport aux autres, selon le contexte. Quatre rapports idéaux-typiques aux experts et aux expertes scientifiques ont ensuite été construits : un rapport de coexistence, de coopération, de dépendance et d'empowerment aux experts et aux expertes scientifiques. Ils forment un outil théorique qui pourra, nous l'espérons, être réinvesti dans des recherches en didactique des sciences et en Science studies.
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Rahman, Kazi Sabeel Al-Jalal. "Governing the Economy: Markets, Experts, and Citizens". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10822.
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The 2008 financial crisis provoked a debate over how we as a democratic society ought to govern the modern market economy. Our prevailing response to this problem of economic governance has been to appeal either to free markets as self-regulating, self-optimizing systems, or to technocratic rule by neutral experts. Both these systems are appealing because of they claim to promote the public good free of the corruption, irrationality, conflict, and vagaries of democratic politics. This project aims to overcome this skepticism to sketch an account of a democratic approach to economic governance, inspired by the thought and reforms of the Progressive Era.Government
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Ayalon, Barak. "Navigation in conceptual spaces : exploration by experts". Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433957.
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Waterhouse, Steven Richard. "Classification and regression using mixtures of experts". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624772.
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Pereda, Ignacio Garcia. "Experts florestais: os primeiros silvicultores em Portugal". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23656.
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A tese “Experts florestais: Os primeiros silvicultores em Portugal”
tem por objetivo salientar o carácter coletivo da construção do
conhecimento da silvicultura em Portugal, entre 1801 e 1974. Procurou-se
analisar o papel dos diversos experts na institucionalização das ciências e
técnicas florestais, partindo da cultura material e da documentação, como
fontes para a compreensão das redes nacionais e internacionais
envolvidas, particularmente no que se refere à circulação de ideias e
práticas.
Apoiados pelas recentes perspectivas teóricas dos “experts studies”,
concretamente dos escritos de Collins e Evans, ensaiamos, nesta tese, a sua
aplicação ao coletivo dos “experts” da fileira florestal lusa. Ao valorizar a
multiplicidade de actores envolvidos nos processos de constituição e de de
produção do conhecimento florestal, esta tese identifica os processos de
formação e desenvolvimento da cultura científica e contribui para a
ampliação das narrativas historiográficas sobre a história contemporânea
portuguesa; Forestry experts: The first foresters in Portugal
Ignacio García Pereda
Abstract:
The thesis "Forestry experts: The first foresters in Portugal" aims to
emphasize the collective nature of the construction of forestry knowledge
in Portugal, between 1801 and 1974. It was sought to analyze the role of
the various experts in the institutionalization of the forest sciences and
techniques, starting from material culture and documentation, as sources
for understanding the national and international networks involved,
particularly with regard to the circulation of ideas and practices.
Supported by the recent theoretical perspectives of the "experts
studies", concretely from the writings of Collins and Evans, we rehearse in
this thesis its application to the collective of "experts" of the Portuguese
forestry sector. By highlighting the multiplicity of actors involved in the
processes of forest knowledge production, this thesis identifies the
processes of formation and development of scientific culture and
contributes to the expansion of historiographic narratives about
contemporary Portuguese history.
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Zamaria, Gilles. "Santé et droit : les experts médico-judiciaires". Paris 8, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA081859.
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@Ce travail ne se prétend pas une thèse classique de droit, écrite par un juriste avec des articles de codes et des jurisprudences. C'est un domaine encore en friches, qui a peu ou pas de bases. A la fois médecin et expert, je constate que l'évolution entre la médecine et la protection des malades et des victimes ne se fait pas au même rythme. Le but de ce travail est de faire un parallèle entre l'évolution du droit et celle de la santé, de se poser les bonnes questions pour les faire évoluer dans le sens de l'éthique, de l'éducation, de la responsabilité, du progrès et de la mondialisation. L'objectif étant au final de former des professionnels du droit, de la santé et des experts qui devront savoir composer entre inégalité, droit et santé. . .
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Sainati, Gilles. "Décentralisation et systèmes experts : applications d'urbanisme communal". Montpellier 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON10007.
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Avec les lois de decentralisation, les communes decouvrent leurs nouveaux pouvoirs et les embuches d'un droit administratif complexe. La technique des systemes experts ouvre une nouvelle voie a l'informatique communale : developper des instruments capables d'alleger le decideur public dans ses choix juridiques et l'assister dans la resolution de problemes complexes. Le domaine le plus demandeur est l'urbanisme. Deux prototypes realises au cours de la recherche demontrent la faisabilite de ces outils. La difficulte essentielle reside dans l'extraction de la connaissance administrative. Ceci nous amene a une etude epistemologique de l'action-decision en droit administratif. Mais alors, ces nouveaux fichiers informatiques de connaissance ne modifieront ils pas la nature des rapports administration administres, notamment au regard de la loi informatique et libertes du 6 janvier 1978After the law of decentralization, the local authorities find out new powers but also ambushes of an complex administrative law. Expert systems tools start a new way for the local data : spreading out tools able to relieve the public decider on his juridical choices and attend him in resolving complex problem. The principal field is urban management. Two prototypes realised during the search show the practicability of these tools. The principal difficulty is in the extracting administrative knowledge. Thus, we have to examine the epistemology of the decision in administrative law. These new datas are consisting by knowledge (knowledge data base). It's an revolution for the relations between administration business and people, more particularly in consideration of the french act on 6th jan. 1978 concerning liberty and data bases
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MILLET, CHRISTINE. "La connaissance explicative dans les systemes experts". Rennes 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REN10126.
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L'un des principaux avantages reconnus aux systemes experts est leur capacite d'expliquer leur raisonnement. Apres une etude de differentes approches en ce domaine, nous proposons une architecture de systeme d'explication. Son principe repose sur l'idee que fournir des explications necessite une connaissance a part entiere differente de celle du systeme expert: une connaissance explicative. Cette connaissance se compose de deux parties: celle qui permet de retrouver le contenu d'une explication dans un systeme expert, et celle chargee de fournir l'explication de la meilleure maniere possible. Nous nous somme principalement occupes de la premiere sorte. Nous definissons un langage nous permettant d'ecrire des meta-regles afin de representer cette connaissance. Nous presentons ensuite une methode aidant a l'ecriture de ces meta-regles: apres l'analyse d'une base de connaissance nous definissons les types de connaissance necessaire a une bonne explication. Ces differents types sont reperables dans de nombreux systemes a base de regles de production. La realisation s'est effectuee sur un analyseur linguistique decrit dans la syntaxe iroise (systeme de productions a base de regles)
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Abdali, Abdelkebir. "Systèmes experts et analyse de données industrielles". Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0032.
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L'analyse du fonctionnement des Systèmes de Production Industrielle s'appuie sur des informations de natures diverses. Une bonne partie d'entre elles se présentant sous forme numérisée, on leur applique des méthodes d'analyse des données dont les résultats doivent être confrontés, puis interprétés à l'aide des autres connaissances. Notre travail s'insère dans le cadre de l'application des techniques de l'Intelligence Artificielle à la Statistique. Il vise en particulier à étudier la faisabilité et le développement d'un Système Expert Statistique dans le domaine des Systèmes de Production Industrielle. Nous avons élaboré ALADIN (Aide Logicielle pour l'Analyse de Données Industrielles), un système destiné à aider un utilisateur non-spécialiste à analyser des données recueillies sur des procédés industriels. L'architecture de ce système est flexible et allie aspect qualitatif (connaissances sur les procédés industriels et connaissances sur les méthodes statistiques et d'analyse de données) et aspect quantitatif (collection de programmes d'analyse). Pour l'instant, nous nous sommes limités aux problèmes d'Analyse en Composantes Principales. Outre l'aspect industriel, ALADIN présente l'avantage de fournir une assistance au niveau de chacun des nombreux maillons de la conduite d'une analyse de données et particulièrement en amont de l'analyse proprement dite i. E. Lors de la phase de prétraitement et de préparation des données: cette étape, toujours nécessaire compte tenu de la nature des mesures, est en effet généralement longue et fastidieuseTo analyses industrial process behavio, many kinds of information are needed. As tye ar mostly numerical, statistical and data analysis methods are well-suited to this activity. Their results must be interpreted with other knowledge about analysis prcess. Our work falls within the framework of the application of the techniques of the Artificial Intelligence to the Statistics. Its aim is to study the feasibility and the development of statistical expert systems in an industrial process field. The prototype ALADIN is a knowledge-base system designed to be an intelligent assistant to help a non-specialist user analyze data collected on industrial processes, written in Turbo-Prolong, it is coupled with the statistical package MODULAD. The architecture of this system is flexible and combing knowledge with general plants, the studied process and statistical methods. Its validation is performed on continuous manufacturing processes (cement and cast iron processes). At present time, we have limited to principal Components analysis problems
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Reeve, Colin. "The role of experts in policy making". Thesis, Aston University, 1985. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15170/.
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As public policy issues increasingly have a technical aspect to them an interactive relationship has developed between science and policy. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the two aspects of this relationship: the influence of science on policy and the influence of policy implications on science. Most existing studies in this area treat only one or other of these aspects. Furthermore, they tend to provide interesting case study material but very little theoretical analysis. This thesis attempts to overcome these problems by dealing with both aspects of the interaction between science and policy and by providing theoretical models of this relationship. The thesis combines the theoretical development of these models with the analysis of three empirical case studies: the controversy in Britain over smoking and health; the application of educational psychology to the development of education policy in Britain; the controversy over the health effect of lead in the environment. The theoretical models are developed in Part 1. In Part 2 the empirical case studies are presented and in Part 3 the theoretical material is assessed in the light of these case studies. The main thesis of this study is that there is a fundamental mismatch between science and policy-making. Criticism is always essential in science. However, when science is involved in the policy process, either scientific claims are not subjected to a significant level of criticism or they are scrutinized so closely that no view achieves general consensus and conflicting advice results. In this situation, contrary to the traditional view, science can generate uncertainty. The role which science plays in the policy process is influenced by this level of criticism, by the context of political power and by the progress of an issue through the various stages of the policy process.
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Sainati, Gilles. "Décentralisation et systèmes experts applications d'urbanisme communal /". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600965f.
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Liang, Ying Siu. "Programmation d'un robot par des non-experts". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM020/document.
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Le sujet de recherche est dans la continuité des travaux réalisés au cours de mon M2R sur la programmation par démonstration appliqué à la cobotique en milieu industriel. Ce sujet est à la croisée de plusieurs domaines (interaction Humain-Robot, planification automatique, apprentissage artificiel). Il s'agit maintenant d'aller au delà de ces premiers résultats obtenus au cours de mon M2R et de trouver un cadre générique pour la programmation de « cobots » (robots collaboratifs) en milieu industriel. L'approche cobotique consiste à ce qu'un opérateur humain, en tant qu'expert métier directement impliqué dans la réalisation des tâches en ligne, apprenne au robot à effectuer de nouvelles tâches et à utiliser le robot comme assistant « agile ». Dans ce contexte la thèse propose un mode d'apprentissage de type « end-user programming », c'est-à-dire simple et ne nécessitant pas d'être expert en robotique pour programmer le robot industriel BaxterThe increasing presence of robots in industries has not gone unnoticed.Cobots (collaborative robots) are revolutionising industries by allowing robots to work in close collaboration with humans.Large industrial players have incorporated them into their production lines, but smaller companies hesitate due to high initial costs and the lack of programming expertise.In this thesis we introduce a framework that combines two disciplines, Programming by Demonstration and Automated Planning, to allow users without programming knowledge to program a robot.The user constructs the robot's knowledge base by teaching it new actions by demonstration, and associates their semantic meaning to enable the robot to reason about them.The robot adopts a goal-oriented behaviour by using automated planning techniques, where users teach action models expressed in a symbolic planning language.In this thesis we present preliminary work on user experiments using a Baxter Research Robot to evaluate our approach.We conducted qualitative user experiments to evaluate the user's understanding of the symbolic planning language and the usability of the framework's programming process.We showed that users with little to no programming experience can adopt the symbolic planning language, and use the framework.We further present our work on a Programming by Demonstration system used for organisation tasks.The system includes a goal inference model to accelerate the programming process by predicting the user's intended product configuration
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Conzon, Vanessa Mariangela. "Occupational invocation : managing experts through occupational norms". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122833.
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Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2018Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 36-41).
Using data from a 16-month ethnographic study of a pharmaceutical company research unit, I examine how managers can successfully manage expert contractors. These expert scientists perform essential work in advancing drug development projects. However, they often complete work late, refuse to perform requested work, and act in other ways that managers believe impedes project progress. Although the literature on expert management suggests that these challenges can be overcome by rewarding, punishing, and socializing experts, these practices are difficult to implement when expert workers are contracted from outside of the organization. I show how managers can manage expert contractors through a process I label occupational invocation. In this process, managers first publicly highlight experts' breaches of shared occupational norms. Managers then reintegrate experts by providing them with an opportunity to display a correction of their actions such that they align with the community's expectations as well as the contracting organization's interests. By referencing common norms, occupational invocation helps enable the management of expert contractors.
by Vanessa Mariangela Conzon.
S.M. in Management Research
S.M.inManagementResearch Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management
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Smith, Harriet K. "Adherence to ethical standards: Pharmacists as experts". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127834/1/Harriet_Smith_Thesis.pdf.
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Credence goods are characterised by qualities of products that cannot be detected by consumers before their use, preventing them from assessing beforehand the true experienced utility. This study aims to apply the credence goods framework to the joint diagnosis-treatment in the sale of over-the-counter medicines in a real world setting. The presence of inefficiencies was studied through a unique sample (394 observations) of OTC pharmaceutical purchases in a controlled Australian field setting. This study provides first evidence from a simulated patient experiment on the provision of advice and pharmaceuticals using the credence goods framework in Australia. The results indicate there are significant inefficiencies present through over- and under-treatment, overselling and diagnostic failure. The analysis found that pharmacies were engaging in strategic overselling as a substitute for overcharging strategies which were not attainable due to institutional conditions.
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Fisher, Jennifer M. "You Are How You Speak: A Discursive Study of Experts and Expertise in Pediatric Pain Assessment". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479823947632025.
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Whitworth, Charles C. "Growing, pruning and the structure of local regions in the hierarchical mixtures of experts and the mixtures of experts". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299598.
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Attiaoui, Dorra. "Belief detection and temporal analysis of experts in question answering communities : case strudy on stack overflow". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S085/document.
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L'émergence du Web 2.0 a changé la façon avec laquelle les gens recherchent et obtiennent des informations sur internet. Entre sites communautaires spécialisés, réseaux sociaux, l'utilisateur doit faire face à une grande quantité d'informations. Les sites communautaires de questions réponses représentent un moyen facile et rapide pour obtenir des réponses à n'importe quelle question qu'une personne se pose. Tout ce qu'il suffit de faire c'est de déposer une question sur un de ces sites et d'attendre qu'un autre utilisateur lui réponde. Dans ces sites communautaires, nous voulons identifier les personnes très compétentes. Ce sont des utilisateurs importants qui partagent leurs connaissances avec les autres membres de leurs communauté. Ainsi la détection des experts est devenue une tache très importantes, car elle permet de garantir la qualité des réponses postées sur les différents sites. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une mesure générale d'expertise fondée sur la théorie des fonctions de croyances. Cette théorie nous permet de gérer l'incertitude présente dans toutes les données émanant du monde réel. D'abord et afin d'identifier ces experts parmi la foule d'utilisateurs présents dans la communauté, nous nous sommes intéressés à identifier des attributs qui permettent de décrire le comportement de chaque individus. Nous avons ensuite développé un modèle statistique fondé sur la théorie des fonctions de croyance pour estimer l'expertise générale des usagers de la plateforme. Cette mesure nous a permis de classifier les différents utilisateurs et de détecter les plus experts d'entre eux. Par la suite, nous proposons une analyse temporelle pour étudier l'évolution temporelle des utilisateurs pendant plusieurs mois. Pour cette partie, nous décrirons com- ment les différents usagers peuvent évoluer au cours de leur activité dans la plateforme. En outre, nous nous sommes également intéressés à la détection des experts potentiels pendant les premiers mois de leurs inscriptions dans un site. L'efficacité de ces approches a été validée par des données réelles provenant de Stack OverflowDuring the last decade, people have changed the way they seek information online. Between question answering communities, specialized websites, social networks, the Web has become one of the most widespread platforms for information exchange and retrieval. Question answering communities provide an easy and quick way to search for information needed in any topic. The user has to only ask a question and wait for the other members of the community to respond. Any person posting a question intends to have accurate and helpful answers. Within these platforms, we want to find experts. They are key users that share their knowledge with the other members of the community. Expert detection in question answering communities has become important for several reasons such as providing high quality content, getting valuable answers, etc. In this thesis, we are interested in proposing a general measure of expertise based on the theory of belief functions. Also called the mathematical theory of evidence, it is one of the most well known approaches for reasoning under uncertainty. In order to identify experts among other users in the community, we have focused on finding the most important features that describe every individual. Next, we have developed a model founded on the theory of belief functions to estimate the general expertise of the contributors. This measure will allow us to classify users and detect the most knowledgeable persons. Therefore, once this metric defined, we look at the temporal evolution of users' behavior over time. We propose an analysis of users activity for several months in community. For this temporal investigation, we will describe how do users evolve during their time spent within the platform. Besides, we are also interested on detecting potential experts during the beginning of their activity. The effectiveness of these approaches is evaluated on real data provided from Stack Overflow