Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Experiencing self”

This thesis will explore novel applications of phenomenology to performance art, specifically body art, a form which has undergone limited phenomenological analysis in existing scholarship. It will analyse the Being of the performance artist in the process of performative action, where the material is their own, “lived body” (Merleau-Ponty 2002), focusing on how their presence is perceived, produced and experienced through spectator, space, and artist. As a practice-as-research (PaR) PhD, this enquiry will be underpinned by a methodology that tests my proposed hypothesis (as detailed in chapter one) through qualitative data captured in phenomenological accounts (see preface). These will be documented experiences taken from my curatorial practice as the artistic director of the performance art festival Tempting Failure, and draw on my own experience as a solo artist. This method will enable access to embodied phenomenological experiences of both spectating and performing; offering comparative analysis of both the position of curator/spectator to a performance, and the body artist in action. These accounts will be underpinned by key phenomenological theories from Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1968, 2002) in view of considering embodied performing and spectating experientially. This will offer and test the application of phenomenology in studies of performance art; with potential transferability to other performance practices. Additional insight from Martin Heidegger’s theories (2009a, 2009b), will signpost areas for future investigation. This enquiry will be contextualised by addressing existing uses of phenomenological thinking in studies of performance art by Amelia Jones (1998, 2003, 2006, 2009) and to dance and digital technology by Susan Kozel (2007, 2015), among others. Case studies from my own PaR will be discussed from both my own artistic practice and a selection of artists I have curated as part of the festival Tempting Failure, whose practices are significant to this enquiry. The thesis questions the presence of a singular Being and the appearance of an essential Self in performance art. Instead, I propose that a multiplicity of selves are perceived through an investment in physical, psychological or aesthetic risk. This proposition will generate a new eidetic formula for the process of phenomenological perception.

This study examined the effectiveness of an intervention designed to increase self forgiveness for women who have recently experienced a romantic relationship breakup. Of particular interest were the interactions between adult attachment style, treatment condition, and time. The current study examined how the following variables differ between attachment style groups and how they change over time with respect to treatment condition: aspects of the former relationship, emotional responses to personal transgressions within the relationship, general negative and positive affect, dispositional forgivingness, positive and negative attitudes toward self, feelings of unforgiveness toward self and ex-partner, and feelings of forgiveness of self and ex-partner. Data were collected over a period of four weeks from 74 undergraduate women who had experienced a breakup within the two months prior to beginning the study. Results found that there were some initial differences in dependent variables between attachment style categories, which were controlled for when examining interaction effects between attachment, treatment condition, and time. Results indicated that attachment did not affect participants’ responses to the self-forgiveness intervention. However, there were significant interactions between treatment condition and time. Results are discussed in terms of previous research. Limitations of the current study are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.

Within a symptom framework (e. g. Bentall, 1990), the present research investigated the self-structure of individuals who were actively experiencing paranoid and persecutory delusions. The structural qualities of self-schemata were determined in two experimental groups (15 acutely unwell paranoid patients and 29 non-clinical controls) using a multiple free-sorting task. Participants were asked to endorse pre-selected self-attributes and position their chosen elements into social roles or identities. Linville's unitary index was calculated using Attneave's H algorithm. Separate positive and negative self-complexity indices were also computed following Woolfolk's model, as were levels of differentiation and integration (Rafaeli-Mor et al., 1999). Paranoid individuals displayed reduced unitary and positive self-complexity. Their responses on the negative index mirrored those of controls. The clinical group exhibited less differentiation within endorsed attributes, no overlap of self-descriptive elements and reduced identified social roles. Psychological well-being was inversely related to negative self-complexity and directly associated with positive self-structure. Against predictions, greater self-complexity did not buffer the effects of stress life-events on psychological functioning, with unitary complexity exacerbating levels of anxiety and low self-esteem. A strong inverse trend was observed between negative self-structure and length of present admission. Schizotypy was consistently associated with increased negative self-complexity, indicating a possible vulnerability marker for high-risk populations. Clinical implications include the use of interpersonal therapeutic processes to develop self-reflection skills, the importance of early interventions to prevent the fragmentation and simplification of the self and its internal working models of being, and the potential predictive use of structure to indicate schizotypy. Limitations of the research include a small sample size and under power, lack of appropriate control groups, poor definitional criteria of self-structure and the omission of multi-dimensional phenomenological measures of delusional pathology.

In recent years, attention has increasingly been given to the concept of psychological ownership in the work context. Psychological ownership can be seen as the development of feelings of possessiveness towards various targets in the organisation, therefore constituting an attitude towards, for example, emotional and cognitive rudiments. Psychological ownership can be identified in terms of the three routes or categories, namely control, knowledge and investment of self. These perceptions of ownership of something, leading to feelings of psychological ownership, formed the basis of this study. The main purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth description of the experience of ownership within the workplace, especially the routes to psychological ownership, namely control; knowledge and investment of self. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted around three themes, also called the three components of psychological ownership: control; knowledge; and investment of self. The methodology applied was a phenomenological approach. The experiences and perceptions of the middle managers of control and influence over targets or objects as well as the use of targets and objects were described as they pertain to the construct of psychological ownership. In addition knowledge of targets and objects as well as the investment of ideas, energies and time into targets and objects was described in order to arrive at a rich description of the construct for the specific sample.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Human Resource Management
unrestricted

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000), the purpose of this thesis was to investigate the role of global/dispositional autonomous and controlled motivation orientations in facilitating posttraumatic growth (PTG; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996, 2004) following the experience of various significant negative life events (Manuscript 1), relationship dissolution (Manuscript 2), and bereavement (Manuscript 3) in two university student samples. The objectives were to investigate the contribution of dispositional autonomous and controlled motivation in statistically predicting PTG above and beyond previously researched correlates; and explore the mediating role of cognitive appraisals and coping strategies in explaining the relationship between dispositional motivation orientations and PTG. Consistent with the overall hypotheses of the thesis, dispositional autonomous motivation was positively associated with PTG across all three manuscripts. Across all three manuscripts, we found that dispositional autonomous motivation explained a unique portion of the variance in explaining PTG, above and beyond previously researched correlates of PTG and dispositional controlled motivation. Mediation results indicated an indirect effect of dispositional autonomous motivation on PTG through primary cognitive appraisal (Manuscript 1). Dispositional autonomous motivation was positively associated with task-oriented coping strategies across all three manuscripts. Moreover, task-oriented coping strategies were the strongest indirect effect in Manuscript 1, and the only significant indirect effect in Manuscript 2 and Manuscript 3 between dispositional autonomous motivation and PTG. Dispositional controlled motivation was positively related to disengagement-oriented coping strategies in Manuscript 1 and 2, but unrelated in Manuscript 3. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of incorporating motivation orientations into theoretical models of PTG and aiding practitioners in better recognizing the significance of motivational factors in facilitating posttraumatic growth.

This study explored the application of the counselling technique called Focusing, with three subjects each attending four counselling sessions. A background view of Focusing identified major contributions from existential, experiential and transpersonal fields of psychology associated with the phenomenological school of counselling therapy. Naturalistic inquiry was used as a method to devise a cumulative exploration of self-acceptance and experiencing. The Focusing technique, first devised by Eugene Gendlin in the 1960's, was modified prior to the main study and then implemented as a combined counselling/training intervention. A grounded theory procedure provided the basis of a qualitative methodological examination for the study and triangulation was effected using quantitative instruments to examine an empirical outcome of the intervention for selfacceptance. The Focusing intervention was developed as a prepared script elicited by the researcher, followed by unstructured debriefing which included embedded questions about acceptance of self and the subject's process of experiencing during the intervention. Prior to commencement of the study, the researcher held some ideas but no preconceived assumptions about the outcome of the intervention in terms of its effect upon subject self-acceptance and experiencing. Upon analysis of the quantitative and qualitative results, it was concluded that exposure to a counselling process such as Focusing affects openness to and awareness of potential breadth, depth and expression of individual experiencing. Empirical measures of self-acceptance produced inconclusive results in pre- and post-testing, being more adequately explored in the outcomes of qualitative analyses. During the course of the study, five innovative methods of investigation were utilised and found to be suitable for further development towards future research.

The purpose of this project was to interview mothers of newborns who participated in early intervention services focusing on the implementation of a tool developed at the Family, Infant and Preschool Program (FIPP) in North Carolina. The intent was to examine the experience of mothers and home visitors employing the tool, which was designed to enhance the mother/infant relationship. However, a stronger focus on the relationship between mother and home visitor emerged throughout the interviews. Among some participants the relationship among practitioner and parent appeared to create a safe space to share, practice strategies and grow. Although characteristics of FIPP practices associated with the tool remained consistent among home visitors, the way in which services were implemented were unique to each home visitor and parent. Mothers participating in the project were identified as coping with numerous life stressors associated with poverty at the time of the interviews.

Diet selection and self-medication are fundamental to the survival of all species. The abilities to choose healthy foods in response to past consequences are basic elements of evolution. This study explores self-medication regarding tannins both as a medication and as a dietary challenge. In the first study, sheep with natural parasite infections were offered a low quality supplement containing a dose of tannins considered to be therapeutic (medicine), while the control infected lambs received the same supplement without tannins (placebo). This study included a group of parasite-free lambs. The parasitized lambs ate more of the tannin containing supplement than non-parasitized lambs for the first 12 d of the study, when parasite burdens were high, but differences became smaller and disappeared towards the end of the study when parasite burdens decreased. This result indicated lambs ability to detect the presence of internal parasites and to learn to ingest tannin when followed by relief from parasite burdens.In the second study, lambs grazed on pastures with forages containing saponins (alfalfa),iiialkaloids (endophyte-infected tall fescue) and tannins (birdsfoot trefoil). I observed the foraging behavior of groups of lambs after intra-ruminal infusions of tannins (treatment). Lambs that first received intraruminal infusions of tannins and then were offered 2-way choices between varieties of forages with high and low concentrations of either saponins, alkaloids, or tannins increased their preference for the high-saponin variety of alfalfa and the high-alkaloid variety of tall fescue relative to lambs not infused with tannins (controls). Lambs infused with tannins and offered choices among the 3 forages with high concentrations of secondary compounds also manifested higher preference for the high-alkaloid variety of tall fescue than control lambs. In contrast, lambs infused with tannin reduced their preference for the high-tannin variety of birdsfoot trefoil.This research has implications for many situations where forages with secondary compounds are available but underutilized. Landscapes where such forages are available could be used effectively with little or no harm to livestock if medicinal forages or supplements are made available and offered as alternatives so animals can learn about their benefits of chemical complementarities among different plant species.

In recent years there has been considerable interest and research examining psychological distress resulting from athletic injuries, as well as coping strategies for an enhanced recovery. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological effects of sport related concussions and to determine if participation in support groups can reduce these psychological side effects. Participants included concussed male and female varsity or comparable elite level athletes who were placed in either a control or an experimental group. All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States and the Post Concussion Rating Scale. Participants in the experimental group received three support group intervention sessions, while those in the control group received no intervention. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was revealed that participants in the experimental group improved their mood state. In addition to the impact of support groups on concussed athletes, factors influencing their moods were also identified including the concussion history of the athletes, the stage of rehabilitation, gender, and number of concussion symptoms.

This study reports on an investigation into individuals’ experiences of spiritual leisure. Though there is a range of literature and research that examines the independent concepts of leisure and spirituality, there continues to be a lack of empirical research into the existence and experience of leisure that may be spiritual. Given that both traditional and ongoing understandings of leisure emphasise their impact on the whole of the person, this lack of attention to the spiritual dimension creates a gap in our understanding. Leisure is increasingly seen as having a role to play in human well-being. What is less well known is the role and place of spirituality in that interplay. It is recognised that a sense of spirituality can be accessed in a diversity of ways, through, for example prayer, meditation and an engagement with sacred places. The spiritual forum of leisure however, remains less acknowledged and understood despite the fact that spiritual benefits have been identified as part of leisure participation. The purpose of this study was to develop insight into the existence and nature of this relationship by exploring the phenomenon of spiritual leisure experiences. As a primary research focus, this topic is rarely directly considered. Rather it is most often raised as an anecdotal benefit of leisure, a philosophical potential for leisure, or more recently, a component of people’s spiritual and general well-being. Based on personal interest, informed by intuition and grounded in the theoretical and philosophical concepts of leisure and spirituality, this study sought to fill some gaps in our understandings of spiritual leisure experiences. Using a phenomenological approach, this descriptive, qualitative study aimed to explore the subjective meanings individuals give to experiences they refer to as spiritual leisure. Thus, 24 co-researchers were invited to share their self-defined spiritual leisure experiences, through open, unstructured interviews and reflective journaling. The leisure experiences the co-researchers described as spiritual occurred within various locations and involved multiple contexts. These included social and solo experiences, nature based or urban environments and active or passive pursuits. Reflective of what happened, the descriptions of the co-researchers revealed that spiritual leisure experiences could vary in situation, conditions, activity and contexts. The meanings behind these descriptions were also sought and three groupings of common themes were recognised: namely triggers; responses and outcomes. These structural components of spiritual leisure were interrelated in the co-researchers conscious understandings and represented a suite of feelings, thoughts, sensations and meanings embedded in the context, actions and locations of their leisure. Finally, the research included an exploration of the underlying essences of the experiences. Five interrelated essences of spiritual leisure emerged representing the phenomenon of spiritual leisure. These were: experiencing self; time and space for self; being; becoming; and belonging. Overall, the results demonstrated that experiences of leisure that were spiritual were evident for the 24 co-researchers. The experience of spiritual leisure was understood as an event that was lived physically, emotionally and affectively and while it varied in context it also shared the characteristics of providing a forum for knowing, being and becoming more of the self. In spiritual leisure, individuals found a life-space in which to discover and know aspects of themselves and to feel a sense of belonging. This study clearly identifies leisure as a valuable and edifying aspect of some people’s lives in relation to developing their spiritual self or for experiencing their spirituality. The essential themes remind us of the true potential leisure can have in people’s lives. More broadly, the study acknowledges the nature of spiritual leisure, its structural components and the value of studying the phenomenon from the perspective of the experiencing person.

This study reports on an investigation into individuals’ experiences of spiritual leisure. Though there is a range of literature and research that examines the independent concepts of leisure and spirituality, there continues to be a lack of empirical research into the existence and experience of leisure that may be spiritual. Given that both traditional and ongoing understandings of leisure emphasise their impact on the whole of the person, this lack of attention to the spiritual dimension creates a gap in our understanding. Leisure is increasingly seen as having a role to play in human well-being. What is less well known is the role and place of spirituality in that interplay. It is recognised that a sense of spirituality can be accessed in a diversity of ways, through, for example prayer, meditation and an engagement with sacred places. The spiritual forum of leisure however, remains less acknowledged and understood despite the fact that spiritual benefits have been identified as part of leisure participation. The purpose of this study was to develop insight into the existence and nature of this relationship by exploring the phenomenon of spiritual leisure experiences. As a primary research focus, this topic is rarely directly considered. Rather it is most often raised as an anecdotal benefit of leisure, a philosophical potential for leisure, or more recently, a component of people’s spiritual and general well-being. Based on personal interest, informed by intuition and grounded in the theoretical and philosophical concepts of leisure and spirituality, this study sought to fill some gaps in our understandings of spiritual leisure experiences. Using a phenomenological approach, this descriptive, qualitative study aimed to explore the subjective meanings individuals give to experiences they refer to as spiritual leisure. Thus, 24 co-researchers were invited to share their self-defined spiritual leisure experiences, through open, unstructured interviews and reflective journaling. The leisure experiences the co-researchers described as spiritual occurred within various locations and involved multiple contexts. These included social and solo experiences, nature based or urban environments and active or passive pursuits. Reflective of what happened, the descriptions of the co-researchers revealed that spiritual leisure experiences could vary in situation, conditions, activity and contexts. The meanings behind these descriptions were also sought and three groupings of common themes were recognised: namely triggers; responses and outcomes. These structural components of spiritual leisure were interrelated in the co-researchers conscious understandings and represented a suite of feelings, thoughts, sensations and meanings embedded in the context, actions and locations of their leisure. Finally, the research included an exploration of the underlying essences of the experiences. Five interrelated essences of spiritual leisure emerged representing the phenomenon of spiritual leisure. These were: experiencing self; time and space for self; being; becoming; and belonging. Overall, the results demonstrated that experiences of leisure that were spiritual were evident for the 24 co-researchers. The experience of spiritual leisure was understood as an event that was lived physically, emotionally and affectively and while it varied in context it also shared the characteristics of providing a forum for knowing, being and becoming more of the self. In spiritual leisure, individuals found a life-space in which to discover and know aspects of themselves and to feel a sense of belonging. This study clearly identifies leisure as a valuable and edifying aspect of some people’s lives in relation to developing their spiritual self or for experiencing their spirituality. The essential themes remind us of the true potential leisure can have in people’s lives. More broadly, the study acknowledges the nature of spiritual leisure, its structural components and the value of studying the phenomenon from the perspective of the experiencing person.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel and Sport Management
Full Text

Exploring children's self-efficacy beliefs is important as these beliefs tend to affect pupils' levels of cognitive, social and emotional engagement at school. This qualitative research study focuses on the self-efficacy beliefs and sources of self-efficacy for primary-aged children identified as experiencing social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBO). A key aim of this study is to better understand the factors which might be having an impact on children's self-efficacy beliefs. Areas explored included self-efficacy beliefs in learning and behaviour management, and sources of self-efficacy beliefs, in particular perceived support from teachers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 boys (seven from mainstream school and seven from special provision) from Years 5 and 6. Pupils' teachers were also interviewed and school and pupil documentary evidence was collected to support the analysis. Each interview was transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. The self-efficacy theoretical framework was also used for the analysis and interpretation of the data. Three main themes emerged from the analysis: perceptions of schooling, perceptions of learning and perceptions of behaviour management. Children reported various levels of self-efficacy depending on the self-efficacy domain under investigation. Where self-efficacy sources were concerned it was apparent that pupils were not always aware of their past accomplishments with regards to learning and behaviour management, implying they had -insufficient information to know how to improve. An interesting finding related to the availability of self-efficacy sources in the respective provisions. Whilst children in the special provision would seem to be advantaged by the greater availability of the self-efficacy sources, in particular teacher support, their reported levels of self-efficacy did not appear to be very different to the levels of their mainstream peers. This research highlights the need to support pupils in developing their selfefficacy beliefs. The implications of the study's findings are considered in relation to future practice of educational psychologists and school-based professionals.

The research not only identified particular language processes contributing to successful and less successful therapeutic outcomes; but, how therapists use language to enable clients to make meaningful changes to their lives. The research developed a new methodology to objectively assess therapeutic performance that was based upon an analysis of several thousand therapy sessions undertaken in the QUT Psychology Clinic in order to examine the language processes associated with more and less effective psychotherapy. The research makes a unique contribution to the field of psychotherapy research, practice, and training as evidenced by publications in leading journals. The findings have significant implications for the training of clinicians wishing to understand language processes and their contribution to optimal therapeutic outcomes, and for the ongoing development of evidence-based clinical training programs.

Objectives It has been theorised that individuals have less awareness of implicit attitudes (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). Amongst a currently depressed sample, implicit associations regarding mental illness were measured using the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT; Sriram & Greenwald, 2009). Self-reported, internalised stigma was also explored. It was hypothesized that negative implicit associations regarding mental illness would positively correlate with increased help seeking depressive symptom thresholds. The relationships between stigma and depression severity and between depression severity and help seeking symptom thresholds were also explored. The associations between stigma and self-esteem and between implicit and explicit measures were also explored. Method This study utilised a cross-sectional design. Individuals with current depressive symptoms (N = 35) were recruited from mental health teams and voluntary organisations. Participants completed self-report measures and two computerised BIATs, which measured implicit associations regarding mental illness compared to physical disability and implicit self-esteem. Results Contrary to the hypothesis, implicit associations regarding mental illness were unrelated to help seeking symptom thresholds. Implicit associations were also unrelated to depression severity or implicit self-esteem. Furthermore, implicit associations were positive amongst over half of the sample, in comparison to physical disability. Self-reported internalised stigma was positively associated with increased help seeking symptom thresholds, depression severity, and self-reported x self-esteem. Consistent with Dual Process Theory (Fazio & Olson, 2003), implicit and self-report measures were unrelated. Despite evidence of positive implicit associations regarding mental illness, self-reported internalised stigma amongst the sample was high. Conclusions Future research should continue to explore implicit associations regarding mental illness amongst clinical populations. These should experiment with different measurement tools, to further the understanding of implicit associations regarding mental illness and their potential application to mental illness stigma. Efforts to improve help seeking and overall treatment outcomes for depressed individuals should consider the impact of mental illness stigma.

This thesis aims to examine the class experiences of workers who work in food retail stores in Ankara. In this respect, it focuses on the structure of food retailing as interactive service work, working conditions of workers, stratification, fragmentation and unionization of workers in stores. In addition, it examines how workers experience class as a matter of self-esteem in their workplaces, how they cope with discourtesy of costumers, how they classify costumers and whether they develop a sense of deprivation if it is taken into consideration that they work in a consumption area. It is also analyzed gender and family relations of store workers, and their future hopes and unfulfilled dreams. The study argues that stores with their workers, their managers and their diverse costumers profiles are significant places so as to observe how class differences are continuously reconstructed in everyday life through work and consumption practices. In regard to these issues, the field research of the thesis was employed through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 37 store workers who deal directly with customers and works in various food retail stores in Ankara.

Orientador: Marcia de Paula Leite
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Nesta dissertação discutimos em que medida experiências de cooperativismo no Brasil e Argentina se configuram enquanto alternativas de geração de trabalho e renda que permitem aos trabalhadores experiências de trabalho autônomo. Para tanto, analisamos duas cooperativas populares na cidade de Campinas, criadas a partir da Incubadora Tecnológica de Cooperativas Populares da UNICAMP e seis cooperativas populares na cidade de Buenos Aires, formadas a partir de empresas recuperadas. Essas experiências foram analisadas a partir de movimentos mais amplos nos quais elas se inserem, a saber, o movimento de Economia Solidária no Brasil e de Economia Social na Argentina. Não se trata, portanto, de uma comparação entre cooperativas brasileiras e argentinas, mas sim de movimentos. O trabalho de campo nos aponta para dois movimentos diferenciados, com características bastante distintas: no caso do Brasil, um movimento mais voltado para a geração de trabalho e renda, ainda que com dificuldades até para sua própria manutenção; no caso da Argentina, um movimento que extrapola a geração de renda, em direção a um trabalho mais participativo, mais democrático e mais autônomo
Summary: This work discusses experiences of cooperatives in Argentina and Brazil and the extend to which these experiences represent an alternative to job creation and income generation in which workers have autonomy. With this goal in mind, we analyzed two cooperatives in Campinas, Brazil that were created with the support of (a cooperative incubator associated with UNICAMP (Universidade de Campinas) - and six cooperatives in Buenos Aires, Argentina created from bankrupted companies. These experiences were analyzed from a broader perspective, taking into account the larger social movements to which they were a part of: the Economy of Solidarity in Brazil and the Social Economy in Argentina. This work is not a comparison between the Brazilian and Argentine cooperatives. It is, in fact, a comparison of the two social movements. The field work indicates that these are two very different movements with very different characteristics. In the case of Brazil, The Economy of Solidarity focuses on income and job creation, despite the difficulties for for its own survivor. In the case of Argentina, the focus goes beyond income generation towards a workplace that is more participative, democratic and autonomous
Mestrado
Ciencias Sociais na Educação
Mestre em Educação

Orientador: Jose Roberto Zan
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: O selo Som da Gente, ativo entre os anos de 1981 e 1992, foi criado e gerenciado pelo casal de compositores Walter Santos e Teresa Souza. A empresa produziu, ao todo, 46 discos exclusivamente instrumentais, que representam uma parte bastante significativa dos lançamentos daquele segmento, no período. A partir de um amplo levantamento bibliográfico e da realização de entrevistas com músicos e profissionais envolvidos na história do selo, procurou-se construir um extenso panorama da sua atuação, desde a escolha do cast até a divulgação e distribuição dos discos, no Brasil e no exterior, passando pela relação que se estabeleceu entre os artistas e os empresários. Analisando esses dados e incorporando-os em uma interpretação daquele momento específico do mercado fonográfico brasileiro, este trabalho pôde verificar o comportamento do selo num período de transição da estrutura de organização global desse mercado, no sentido da adoção de um sistema aberto de produção, em que a relação entre pequenas e grandes gravadoras tende a migrar de um cenário onde predomina a atuação autônoma ¿ a chamada produção independente ¿ para um cenário onde o predomínio é de uma atuação complementar entre elas ¿ as pequenas gravadoras produzindo estreitamente vinculadas às grandes
Mestrado
Mestre em Música

En la present tesi s'analitzen diversos aspectes relacionats amb la valoració personal que realitza de l'pacient hospitalitzat en unitats d'aguts de psiquiatria com són l'autoestima, estigma interioritzat, la resistència a l'estigma i la valoració de l'experiència de l'hospitalització i està situat en un moment crucial de el procés de recuperació de l'pacient com és l'alta hospitalària. Objectiu general: Estudiar la relació que hi ha entre l'autoestima, l'estigma interioritzat, resistència a l'estigma i la valoració de l'experiència de l'pacient a l'alta de les unitats d'aguts de psiquiatria hospitalària. Per poder dur a terme aquesta investigació ens plantegem la realització de dos estudis on els objectius van ser: Estudi 1: Validar un instrument fiable i vàlid que permeti mesurar l'experiència de l'pacient durant l'ingrés hospitalari en les unitats d'aguts de psiquiatria. Estudi 2: Analitzar l'autoestima, l'estigma interioritzat, la resistència a l'estigma i l'experiència de l'ingrés hospitalari a l'alta, en pacients que han ingressat en unitats d'aguts de psiquiatria. En el primer estudi es va realitzar una adaptació trans-cultural d'una escala francesa, Satispsy 22, que mesura la satisfacció de l'pacient ingressat en sales d'aguts de psiquiatria. Així mateix, duem a terme un estudi de les propietats mètriques de l'escala tant de la seva fiabilitat com de la seva validesa inclòs una anàlisi factorial confirmatori. En el segon estudi es va realitzar una anàlisi descriptiva de la mostra (n = 311) així com una anàlisi de regressió logística, anàlisi de correlacions i anàlisi de la variància entre les variables d'estudi. Els resultats del primer estudi van mostrar una escala en espanyol Satispsy-22-I amb bones propietats mètriques, equivalents a la versió original. Els resultar-de el segon estudi van revelar, entre altres, que l'autoestima correlaciona negativament amb l'estigma interioritzat i positivament amb la resistència a l'estigma. També va mostrar que aquells que van puntuar amb baixa autoestima també puntuaren pitjor a la valoració de l'experiència de l'ingrés. Com a conclusions podem dir que, la versió espanyola de Satispsy-22 (Satispsy-22-E) es pot descriure com una eina vàlida, amb bones propietats psicomètriques, per avaluar la satisfacció de l'pacient en sales d'hospitalització de psiquiatria aguda. Els resultats de l'escala van mostrar que la preocupació dels pacients en relació a l'experiència de l'ingrés hospitalari es centra en les dimensions ""Sentiments durant la Hospitalització"" i ""Activitats"". Així mateix, aquells pacients que van presentar baixa autoestima també van mostrar puntuacions més baixes en satisfacció. Addicionalment, els resultats també van mostrar que la satisfacció no actua com una variable predictora de l'autoestima. Vam comprovar que els pacients amb baixa autoestima a l'alta presentaven nivells més alts d'estigma interioritzat i més baixos de resistència a l'estigma. Igualment, l'estigma interioritzat, l'alienació, l'auto-assignació d'estereotips i la resistència a l'estigma van mostrar capacitat predictiva de l'autoestima.
En la presente tesis se analizan diversos aspectos relacionados con la valoración personal que realiza del paciente hospitalizado en unidades de agudos de psiquiatría como son la autoestima, estigma interiorizado, la resistencia al estigma y la valoración de la experiencia de la hospitalización y está situado en un momento crucial del proceso de recuperación del paciente como es el alta hospitalaria. Objetivo general: Estudiar la relación que existe entre la autoestima, el estigma interiorizado, resistencia al estigma y la valoración de la experiencia del paciente al alta de las unidades de agudos de psiquiatría hospitalaria. Para poder llevar a cabo esta investigación nos planteamos la realización de dos estudios donde los objetivos fueron: Estudio 1: Validar un instrumento fiable y válido que permita medir la experiencia del paciente durante el ingreso hospitalario en las unidades de agudos de psiquiatría. Estudio 2: Analizar la autoestima, el estigma interiorizado, la resistencia al estigma y la experiencia del ingreso hospitalario al alta, en pacientes que han ingresado en unidades de agudos de psiquiatría. En el primer estudio se realizó una adaptación trans-cultural de una escala francesa, Satispsy 22, que mide la satisfacción del paciente ingresado en salas de agudos de psiquiatría. Así mismo, llevamos a cabo un estudio de las propiedades métricas de la escala tanto de su fiabilidad como de su validez incluido un análisis factorial confirmatorio. En el segundo estudio se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la muestra (n = 311) así como un análisis de regresión logistica, análisis de correlaciones y análisis de la varianza entre las variables de estudio. Los resultados del primer estudio mostraron una escala en español Satispsy-22-E con buenas propiedades métricas , equivalentes a la versión original. Los resultaros del segundo estudio revelaron, entre otros, que la autoestima correlaciona negativamente con el estigma interiorizado y positivamente con la resistencia al estigma. También mostró que aquellos que puntuaron con baja autoestima también puntuaren peor en la valoración de la experiencia del ingreso. Como conclusiones podemos decir que, la versión española de Satispsy-22 (Satispsy-22-E) puede describirse como una herramienta válida, con buenas propiedades psicométricas, para evaluar la satisfacción del paciente en salas de hospitalización de psiquiatría aguda. Los resultados de la escala mostraron que la preocupación de los pacientes en relación a la experiencia del ingreso hospitalario se centra en las dimensiones “Sentimientos durante la Hospitalización” y “Actividades”. Asímismo, aquellos pacientes que presentaron baja autoestima también mostraron puntuaciones más bajas en satisfacción. Adicionalmente, los resultados también mostraron que la satisfacción no actúa como una variable predictora de la autoestima. Comprobamos que los pacientes con baja autoestima al alta presentaban niveles más altos de estigma interiorizado y más bajos de resistencia al estigma. Igualmente, el estigma interiorizado, la alienación, la auto-asignación de estereotipos y la resistencia al estigma mostraron capacidad predictiva de la autoestima.
In this thesis, various aspects related to the personal assessment carried out by the hospitalized patient in acute psychiatric units are analyzed, such as self-esteem, internalized stigma, resistance to stigma and the assessment of the hospitalization experience and is located in a crucial moment in the patient's recovery process, such as discharge from the hospital. Objective: To study the relationship between self-esteem, internalized stigma, resistance to stigma, and the assessment of the patient's experience at discharge from acute hospital psychiatric units. In order to carry out this research, we planned to carry out two studies where the objectives were: Study 1: Validate a reliable and valid instrument that allows the measurement of the patient's experience during hospital admission in acute psychiatric units. Study 2: To analyze self-esteem, internalized stigma, resistance to stigma and the experience of hospital admission at discharge, in patients who have been admitted to acute psychiatric units. In the first study, a cross-cultural adaptation of a French scale, Satispsy 22, was carried out, which measures the satisfaction of patients admitted to acute psychiatric wards. Likewise, we carried out a study of the metric properties of the scale, both its reliability and its validity, including a confirmatory factor analysis. In the second study, a descriptive analysis of the sample (n = 311) was performed, as well as a logistic regression analysis, correlation analysis, and analysis of variance between the study variables. The results of the first study showed a Satispsy-22-E scale in Spanish with good metric properties, equivalent to the original version. The results of the second study revealed, among others, that self-esteem correlates negatively with internalized stigma and positively with resistance to stigma. It also showed that those who scored with low self-esteem also scored worse in the assessment of the admission experience. As conclusions we can say that the Spanish version of Satispsy-22 (Satispsy-22-E) can be described as a valid tool, with good psychometric properties, to assess patient satisfaction in acute psychiatric hospital wards. The results of the scale showed that the concern of patients in relation to the experience of hospital admission is centered on the dimensions ""Feelings during Hospitalization"" and ""Activities"". Likewise, those patients who presented low self-esteem also showed lower satisfaction scores. Additionally, the results also showed that satisfaction does not act as a predictor of self-esteem. We found that patients with low self-esteem at discharge had higher levels of internalized stigma and lower levels of resistance to stigma. Likewise, internalized stigma, alienation, self-assignment of stereotypes and resistance to stigma showed predictive capacity for self-esteem.

En aquesta tesi s'exploren les diferents metodologies d'anàlisi de l'experiència UX des d'una visió centrada en usuari. Aquestes metodologies clàssiques i fonamentades només permeten extreure dades cognitives, és a dir les dades que l'usuari és capaç de comunicar de manera conscient. L'objectiu de la tesi és proposar un model basat en l'extracció de dades biomètriques per complementar amb dades emotives (i formals) la informació cognitiva abans esmentada. Aquesta tesi no és només teòrica, ja que juntament amb el model proposat (i la seva evolució) es mostren les diferents proves, validacions i investigacions en què s'han aplicat, sovint en conjunt amb grups de recerca d'altres àrees amb èxit.
En esta tesis se exploran las diferentes metodologías de análisis de la experiencia UX desde una visión centrada en usuario. Estas metodologías clásicas y fundamentadas solamente permiten extraer datos cognitivos, es decir los datos que el usuario es capaz de comunicar de manera consciente. El objetivo de la tesis es proponer un modelo basado en la extracción de datos biométricos para complementar con datos emotivos (y formales) la información cognitiva antes mencionada. Esta tesis no es solamente teórica, ya que junto con el modelo propuesto (y su evolución) se muestran las diferentes pruebas, validaciones e investigaciones en la que se han aplicado, a menudo en conjunto con grupos de investigación de otras áreas con éxito.
In this thesis, the different methodologies for analyzing the UX experience are explored from a user-centered perspective. These classical and well-founded methodologies only allow the extraction of cognitive data, that is, the data that the user is capable of consciously communicating. The objective of this thesis is to propose a methodology that uses the extraction of biometric data to complement the aforementioned cognitive information with emotional (and formal) data. This thesis is not only theoretical, since the proposed model (and its evolution) is complemented with the different tests, validations and investigations in which they have been applied, often in conjunction with research groups from other areas with success.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo conocer y analizar cuáles son las construcciones del self que elabora un grupo de jóvenes mujeres y varones internas e internos en el Penal Modelo Ancón II de la ciudad de Lima. Propongo emplear el término self como unidad de análisis, porque supone la configuración de un sujeto escindido e incorpora una serie de elementos que dan cuenta de la percepción y enunciación que elabora desde y sobre sí mismo, a partir de lo cual busca establecer sus vínculos con los demás y configurar su entorno. El self, es una categoría de naturaleza dinámica en la que interviene tanto la agencia y recursos individuales, como las condiciones y el contexto en el que se desenvuelven y relacionan los sujetos. En ese sentido, nos pemite analizar los paradigmas y mandatos sociales en los que se insertan los y las jóvenes y qué estrategias elaboran para pertenecer y formar parte del sistema social. Por otro lado, acoge la colectividad, supone la creación de uno mismo desde el cuerpo, la subjetividad y la sensibilidad. Propongo, como parte medular del diseño etnográfico, la constitución de un campo en el que la creación escénica va generando tanto las narrativas y performances que se anclan en la historia de vida y son puestas en escena (entendiéndose como acontecimiento socialmente compartido). Todo esto en medio de un espacio complejo en el que los mandatos individuales, institucionales, familiares y sociales están en tensión permanente. El self, se enuncia como sujeto solidario, maduro, reflexivo y sensible; buscando romper el estigma asociado a su condición. Su principal referente y motivación lo constituye la familia, tanto la propia, como la que construye dentro del recinto penitenciario. Se encarna un self conciente tanto de la responsabilidad individual de las consecuencias de los actos cometidos como de su futura reinserción social y de las limitaciones y desafíos que desde el presente enfrenta y debe superar para restaurar el vínculo con su familia y la sociedad, y formar parte de ellas.

[ES] El desarrollo tecnológico ha cambiado la forma en que los usuarios se relacionan con los productos dejando de ser recetores pasivos de funciones para interactuar con sistemas cada vez más complejos. El creciente avance de las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas en el mercado del retail, permite que la venta de productos se efectúe sin el contacto personal entre vendedor y comprador, siendo el registro y pago efectuados en equipos electrónicos de autoservicio llamados de self-checkout. La utilización a gran escala de estos equipos obliga al consumidor a participar en el proceso de atención realizando todos los pasos de la compra, desde pesar los productos, registrarlos y efectuar el pago. Sin embargo, esta participación no siempre satisface al usuario, pudiendo causar experiencias negativas relacionadas con fallas de interacción. Una vez que la introducción de las tecnologías autoservicios depende de la capacidad del usuario para comprender el sistema y adoptar el uso del servicio, es importante identificar los requisitos de diseño que permiten una buena interacción. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre el diseño de la interacción de los equipos electrónicos, especialmente de los self-checkouts, son escasos en el área del diseño, así como los estudios que se centran en la adopción del sistema por los usuarios. El presente estudio pretende verificar cuál es la necesidad de mejorar la interacción a través de la identificación de atributos y factores situacionales de interactividad, así como el impacto en la satisfacción e intención del usuario de volver a usar el sistema. Los datos sobre la evaluación realizada por los usuarios del sistema de auto-pago, se recogieron en Portugal a través de un cuestionario realizado en persona. El estudio analiza el grado de satisfacción en cuanto a la calidad e interacción con el sistema, el grado de motivación para su adopción, así como el perfil de los usuarios y la tendencia a adoptar en el futuro nuevas tecnologías de registro y pago de productos basados en una muestra de 400 consumidores. El análisis de los datos de la muestra revela que la mayoría de los usuarios tienen formación escolar media / alta y utilizan con mucha regularidad nuevas tecnologías. Además, presentan un fácil aprendizaje y un dominio elevado del sistema. El motivo para utilizar el self-checkout se debe principalmente a las colas de espera en las cajas con operador y al pequeño volumen de productos. En general, el análisis revela un alto grado de satisfacción con el servicio y con la calidad, sin embargo, en términos comparativos, las cajas de autoservicio no se consideran mejores que las cajas tradicionales. La evaluación de la interacción con el self-checkout fue clasificada según veintiséis atributos del sistema. El análisis identifica cuatro grupos con características similares, de las cuales dos presentan una evaluación baja. La anulación de artículos registrados, el registro de artículos sin código de barras, el registro manual, el área de ensacado, los mensajes de error, el sensor de peso y la solicitud de factura son siete atributos críticos del sistema. Se verificó que el grado de concordancia sobre la introducción en el self-checkout recae sobre las tecnologías RFID (identificación por radiofrecuencia). Por último, se señalan algunas buenas prácticas de aproximación a la recogida de información para proyecto, sobre todo a los datos que se refieren al usuario - cómo observar, cómo investigar y qué propuestas prácticas disponer en el período proyectual. Los resultados indican que el análisis de la interacción orientada al servicio self-checkout puede ser determinante para la satisfacción de la experiencia del usuario. Las implicaciones derivadas de las constataciones empíricas se discuten junto con orientaciones para futuras investigaciones.
[CAT] El desenrotllament tecnològic ha canviat la forma en què els usuaris es relacionen amb els productes deixant de ser tresorers passius de funcions per a interactuar amb sistemes cada vegada més complexos. El creixent avanç de les noves tecnologies aplicades en el mercat del retail, permet que la venda de productes s'efectue sense el contacte personal entre venedor i comprador, sent el registre i pagament efectuats en equips electrònics d'autoservici cridats de self-checkout. La utilització a gran escala d'estos equips obliga el consumidor a participar en el procés d'atenció realitzant tots els passos de la compra, des de pesar els productes, registrar-los i efectuar el pagament. No obstant això, esta participació no sempre satisfà l'usuari, podent causar experiències negatives relacionades amb falles d'interacció. Una vegada que la introducció de les tecnologies autoservicis depén de la capacitat de l'usuari per a comprendre el sistema i adoptar l'ús del servici, és important identificar els requisits de disseny que permeten una bona interacció. No obstant això, els estudis sobre el disseny de la interacció dels equips electrònics, especialment dels self- checkouts, són escassos en l'àrea del disseny, així com els estudis que se centren en l'adopció del sistema pels usuaris. El present estudi pretén verificar quina és la necessitat de millorar la interacció a través de la identificació d'atributs i factors situacionals d'interactivitat, així com l'impacte en la satisfacció i intenció de l'usuari de tornar a usar el sistema. Les dades sobre l'avaluació realitzada pels usuaris del sistema d'autopagament, es van arreplegar a Portugal a través d'un qüestionari realitzat en persona. L'estudi analitza el grau de satisfacció quant a la qualitat i interacció amb el sistema, el grau de motivació per a la seua adopció, així com el perfil dels usuaris i la tendència a adoptar en el futur noves tecnologies de registre i pagament de productes basats en una mostra de 400 consumidors. L'anàlisi de les dades de la mostra revela que la majoria dels usuaris tenen formació escolar mitja / alta i utilitzen amb molta regularitat noves tecnologies. A més, presenten un fàcil aprenentatge i un domini elevat del sistema. El motiu per a utilitzar el self-checkout es deu principalment a les cues d'espera en les caixes amb operador i al xicotet volum de productes. En general, l'anàlisi revela un alt grau de satisfacció amb el servici i amb la qualitat, no obstant això, en termes comparatius, les caixes d'autoservici no es consideren millors que les caixes tradicionals. L'avaluació de la interacció amb el self-checkout va ser classificada segons vint-i-sis atributs del sistema. L'anàlisi identifica quatre grups amb característiques semblants, de les quals dos presenten una avaluació baixa. L'anul·lació d'articles registrats, el registre d'articles sense codi de barres, el registre manual, l'àrea d'ensacat, els missatges d'error, el sensor de pes i la sol·licitud de factura són set atributs crítics del sistema. Es va verificar que el grau de concordança sobre la introducció en el self-checkout recau sobre les tecnologies RFID (identificació per radiofreqüència). Finalment, s'assenyalen algunes bones pràctiques d'aproximació a l'arreplega d'informació per a projecte, sobretot a les dades que es referixen a l'usuari - com observar, com investigar i quines proposades pràctiques disposar en el període proyectual. Els resultats indiquen que l'anàlisi de la interacció orientada al servici self- checkout pot ser determinant per a la satisfacció de l'experiència de l'usuari. Les implicacions derivades de les constatacions empíriques es discutixen junt amb orientacions per a futures investigacions.
[EN] Technological development has changed the way users relate to products from being passive recipients of functions to interacting with increasingly complex systems. The increasing advance of the new technologies applied in the retail market allows the sale of products to be made without the personal contact between seller and buyer, and the registration and payment are made in self-service electronic equipment called self-checkout. The large-scale use of these types of equipment obliges the consumer to participate in the service process by performing all the steps of the purchase, from weighing the products, registering them and making the payment. However, this participation does not always satisfy the user, and may cause negative experiences related to interaction failures. Since the introduction of self-service technologies depends on the user's ability to understand the system and adopt the use of the service, it is important to identify the design requirements that allow for good interaction. However, studies on the design of interaction of electronic equipment, namely self-checkouts, are scarce in the area of Design, as well as studies that focus on users' adoption of the system. The present study aims to verify the need to improve interaction through the identification of attributes and situational factors of interactivity, as well as the impact on user satisfaction and intention to reuse the system. The data related to the evaluation made by the users of the self-checkout system were collected in Portugal through a questionnaire carried out in person. The study examines the degree of satisfaction with the quality and interaction with the system, the degree of motivation for its adoption, as well as the profile of users and the tendency to adopt new technologies for registration and payment of products based on a sample of 400 consumers. Analysis of the sample data shows that most users have medium to high school education and regularly use new technologies. In addition, they present easy learning and a good understanding of the system. The reason for using self-checkout is mainly due to not having to wait in queues at the manned checkout and the small quantity of products. In general, the analysis reveals a high degree of satisfaction with the service and quality, however, in comparison, self-checkouts are not considered better than traditional manned checkouts. The evaluation of the interaction with the self-checkout was classified according to twenty-six attributes of the system. The analysis identifies four groups with similar characteristics, two of which present low scores. Withdrawal of registered items, registration of articles without bar code, manual registration, bagging area, error messages, weight sensor and invoice request are seven critical attributes of the system. It was also verified that the degree of agreement on the introduction in the self-checkout relies on RFID (radio frequency identification) technologies. Finally, some good practices for approaching the collection of information for the project are pointed out, especially the data that concerns the user - how to observe, how to inquire and what practical proposals to have in the design period. The results indicate that the analysis of the interaction oriented towards the self-checkout service can be a determining factor in user experience satisfaction. The implications of empirical findings are discussed together with guidelines for future research.
Silva Barreto Fernandes, FAD. (2019). Design de Interação de Produtos Tecnológicos: Experiência do Utilizador e Sistemas Complexos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/124965
TESIS

Nous considérons que tout individu a une expérience à produire. Mais quel usage en fait-il ? La Validation des acquis de l’expérience propose ainsi de faire un retour de son expérience par une approche réflexive. Néanmoins, ne devons-nous pas nous interroger sur l’intérêt pour un être humain de s’engager dans un processus aussi long, aussi rigoureux et aussi générateur de changements ? Nous servir d’un ensemble de repères historiques, juridiques, philosophiques et de recherches scientifiques (en Sciences de l’éducation, en Sociologie), nous a paru être fondamental pour pouvoir mieux cerner la validité et la légitimité d’un dispositif comme celui de la Validation des acquis de l’expérience dans les pratiques professionnelles, en l’occurrence dans le secteur social et médico-social. L’objectif principal de cette étude qualitative et empirique est de mettre en exergue les effets transformateurs du dispositif de la Validation des acquis de l’expérience aussi bien sur les candidats que sur les autres acteurs. Nous avons ainsi, analysé les données inscrites dans le journal de bord au cours de l’observation in situ, et celles issues des 20 entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent la nécessité de concevoir le travail social et médico-social, à partir d’un processus de changement inéluctable, s’opérant chez le candidat à la Validation des acquis de l’expérience, tout en modifiant aussi bien, le fonctionnement institutionnel, que le positionnement des autres acteurs qui le composent
Every individual has benefitted from some kind of experience (professional or personal).The question is what does one draw from experience ? The Accreditation of previous learning proposes an approach that evaluates this previous experience using a set of historic, legal and philosophical markers. Within the Accreditation of previous learning framework, it is possible to assess the validity and the legitimacy of an action plan concerning professional practices. My dissertation applies this approach to the social and medical-social sector. The Accreditation of previous learning could be considered as a relatively recent training system which could eventually influence other types of training courses and the actors involved in them.The main objective of this qualitative and empirical study is to highlight the effects of the Accreditation of previous learning plan on the candidates as well as on other actors. I analysed the data recorded in the logbook during in situ observation, and the result of twenty semi-directive interviews. The research results show the necessity of designing social and medical-social work, from the perspective of a process of inevitable change, taking place in the candidate’s for the Accreditation of previous learning, and of modifying the way social and medical-social institutions work as well as the way actors participate in them
Consideramos que todo individuo tiene una experiencia que aplicar. Pero ¿ cómo lo hace ? El Procedimiento de evaluación y acreditación de las competencias profesionales (P.E.A.C) implica dar una vuelta por un enfoque reflexivo de la experiencia. Sin embargo, ¿ no deberíamos interrogarnos sobre el interés que pueda tener un ser humano en embarcarse en un proceso tan largo, tan riguroso y que genera tantos cambios? Servirnos de un conjunto de indicaciones históricas, jurídicas y filosóficas y de investigaciones científicas (en Ciencias de la Educación, en Sociología), nos apareció fundamental para poder cercar mejor la validez y la legitimidad de un dispositivo como el del P.E.A.C en las prácticas profesionales, en este caso en el sector social y médico social.El objetivo principal de este estudio cualitativo y empírico es poner de relieve los efectos transformadores del dispositivo del P.E.A.C tanto sobre los candidatos como sobre otros actores. De este modo, hemos analizando los datos del diario de abordo en el transcurso de la observación in situ, y los obtenidos de las veinte entrevistas a subdirectivos. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran la necesidad de concebir el trabajo social y médico social a través de un proceso de cambio ineluctable que se produce en el candidato del P.E.A.C, modificando no solamente el funcionamiento institucional, sino el posicionamiento de otros actores que intervienen

碩士
國立屏東教育大學
教育心理與輔導學系碩士班
95
This study explores the process how two self-injured persons perceiving themselves in relationships. The research starts with the researcher’s personal loss experience and her self-perception. This study aims at how these persons deal with self-mutilation as well as their struggle with life events and problems. The purpose of the study is to realize the interaction between the self and the change of the relations in the self-injurious’ lives and to reconstruct their sense of being in the relations. The author applies narrative approach as instrument to reveal the veil of self-mutilation. Holistic-content analysis is used on collected data while other materials such as photos, diaries, and other documents are also utilized as supplement to understand the narrators and their experiences. The findings are as following: Self-injurious behavior is from the self-value, and the change of the viewpoint about themselves is closely related to the important or intimate relations. The break, loss, alienation or conflict in the relations may have impact on perceptions of themselves. In Ching’s story (one of the narrative subject), she looks back on the effect of the violent treatment and the passaway of her relative, and has tried to review the complicated relation with her mother. In Gong’s story (the other narrative subject), depending on the interaction with her mate, she finds the need and want of mother’s love, and further realizes that she hinds part of herself because of the fear of the identity of lesbian being explored and the isolation from her family. The researcher also expresses her involvement and retrospection at the end of the thesis. According to the interrelationship between two narrative subjects, the researcher re-observed the subject matter of individual relation, re-realizes the predicament of the life, and receives the unknown test.

Cell phones and the Internet have become cornerstones in the daily lives of most Americans. Researchers have rigorously studied numerous dimensions of electronically mediated communication (EMC). Yet, very little research has explored the context and consequences of negotiating multiple forms of EMC within everyday life. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of everyday forms of electronically mediated communication (EvEMC) – cell phone talk, text messages, instant messages, and email – on self-work, particularly within personal relationships. Results of OLS regression analyses of survey data collected from 617 college students and qualitative data analysis of three subsequent focus groups suggested that negotiating personal relationships with and within EvEMC produces a sense of interstitial copresence, which is an awareness of the convergence of perpetual copresence within a digital environment and presence or copresence within a physical environment. The findings suggested that interstitial copresence is inherently Janus-faced. EvEMC provided people with a strong sense of freedom and control. However, negotiating personal relationships within interstitial copresence resulted in dissolution of relational boundaries. Consequently, deceptive tactics were commonly used to negotiate self-presentation within interstitial copresence, which had consequences for people’s self-appraisals as well. Since important others were expected to be accessible virtually anytime and anywhere, people with a strong sense of interstitial copresence often had an adverse emotional reaction when important others did not answer their calls or quickly reply to their messages or call or send messages regularly. As personal relationships negotiated within interstitial copresence move toward totality, the consequences for both the self and the relationships become more pronounced. Ultimately, the study concludes that self-work with and within interstitial copresence produces an interstitial self – a relational self that is, at all times, situated within a physical environment and a digital environment, yet never completely in either environment.

M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)
This study investigated stress prevalence among high school adolescents in Maseru, the capital city of Lesotho. The aim was to suggest guidelines on how to deal with adolescents’ stress. A total of 300 respondents were purposively chosen from 5 high schools in Maseru. The subjects completed a self adopted instrument based on reviewed literature and Adolescence Stress Questionnaire (ASQ). The results showed that most adolescents in the sample experienced stress. There was no significant difference in the experience of stress between female and male adolescents. The adolescents in the higher grade reported more stress than those in the lower grade. Home problems were perceived as the most stressful factors while academic and other factors were seen as lesser concerns. Availability of money was considered as the least important source of stress. Most adolescents preferred to be alone when they were under stress and a few used drugs. Implications of the findings for adolescents, parents, teachers and educational psychologists are discussed.
Teacher Education

碩士
玄奘大學
社會福利與社會工作學系碩士在職專班
103
This study records the story of the researcher himself by using the self-narrative approach. As an only son, the researcher was in charge of handling household duties for his family after his military career; unfortunately he experienced two tragedies where his father and mother passed away due to cancer and dementia in a continuous time period. The researcher wrote this research based from regular daily notes, rearrangement of texts and writings, recollection of conversations and reflection on what he saw. The content of this research discussed the burden and pressure on the researcher during the process of taking care of his sick parents and household affairs independently. It also depicts how a death in the family brings overwhelming lonesome to a singleton, who grows up without any siblings. Despite the escalated number of singleton, due to low birth rate, most relative studies are concentrated on problems before a singleton reaches the age of thirty. There are a few studies that points out the problems that a singleton may face in the future. However, none of them reveal concrete discussion about the problems a middle-aged singleton may face. Thus, the purpose of this study is to fulfill the research gap and represent the reflection of a middle-aged singleton.

There is often a discrepancy between clinical data, including laboratory tests, and the patients’ experience of being ill. The goal of this work was to search for Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of disease other than the usual numeric data. As research model, we have used Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Those indicators should express the experience of living with the disease and be sensible to medical decisions so that they can be targeted for intervention. In chapter 2, a contextualization of CKD is made, presenting an extensive list of the standard indicators that currently drive physicians’ decisions. A general approach to chronic diseases is presented in chapter 3, highlighting models of interventions. Some existing indicators are also covered. The experimental work is presented in chapter 4. Our hypothesis was based on a conceptual model which postulated that a given Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) would be suitable for daily use in the clinical context provided that it would link predictors (demographic variables, comorbidity indices, estimates of Glomerular Filtration Rate – eGFR - and untoward events of the previous year) to Endpoints (death, dialysis, hospitalizations and emergency episodes) with statistically significant relationships and serve as indicator as surrogate of well-being. We conducted an observational study and recruited 60 patients with CKD to whom several questionnaires of PROM were administered: Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQoL). Follow-up period was 24 months. Lastly, we wanted to know the relevancy of the endpoints to the patients. For that, they were asked to rank six endpoints according to what they think their physician’s priority should be (avoid death, avoid dialysis, avoid worsening of lab tests, prevent further deterioration of medical condition, avoid hospital admissions and avoid emergency episodes). We conclude that: 1) SPPB could predict death, dialysis and hospital admissions. 2) WHODAS could predict death and dialysis. 3) Physical Functioning domain of KDQoL could predict death and hospital admissions. 4) Role Emotional domain of KDQoL could predict death. 5) Energy/Vitality domain of KDQoL could predict hospital admissions. 6) Role Physical domain of KDQoL could predict dialysis. 7) Mental Health domain of KDQoL could predict hospital admissions and emergency episodes. 8) Pain, Social Function and General Health domains of KDQoL, and SWLS were not useful in predicting any of the proposed endpoints. 9) The Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula to compute eGFR is the only that could predict mortality. 10) All eGFR formulae predicted beginning of dialysis. 11) Only the CG formula could predict the scores of some PROM scales: SPPB, Physical Function domain of KDQoL and WHODAS. 12) Both the Charlson comorbidity scales (1987 and 2011) are useful for the prediction of studied endpoints: the first predicts death and hospital admissions while the second predicted mortality, dialysis, hospitalizations and emergency episodes. 13) The highest priority of patients is that their physician’s main concern should be to “Avoid death” whereas options “Avoid dialysis” and “Avoid worsening of laboratory tests” came next, in a tie. 14) Patients ranked “Avoid hospitalization” and “Avoid emergency episodes” in the last places, after all the others. Finally, 15) Eight possible schemes were drawn from the analysis of the conceptual model. Four of them have shown to have clinical utility. Longitudinal exploration of these PROM is needed in order to reinforce their clear place at office and bedside and in disease management.
Há frequentemente uma discrepância entre os dados clínicos, incluindo análises laboratoriais, e a experiência de se estar doente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi procurar indicadores-chave de desempenho de doença para além dos dados numéricos habituais. Como modelo de investigação, utilizamos a Doença Renal Crónica (DRC). Esses indicadores devem traduzir a experiência de viver com a doença e serem sensíveis às decisões médicas, para que possam ser alvo de intervenção. No capítulo 2, é feita uma contextualização da DRC, apresentando-se uma extensa lista dos indicadores que actualmente orientam as decisões dos médicos. No capítulo 3, faz-se uma abordagem geral das doenças crónicas, destacando modelos de gestão da doença crónica. Alguns indicadores actualmente usados também são referidos. O trabalho experimental é apresentado no capítulo 4. A nossa hipótese baseou-se num modelo conceptual que postulava que uma determinada medida de resultados autorelatados pelos doentes (PROM: Patient Reported Outcome Measures) seria adequada para uso diário em contexto clínico se tivesse uma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre os preditores (variáveis demográficas, índices de comorbilidade, estimativas de Taxa de Filtração Glomerular - TFGe - e eventos adversos do ano anterior) e os resultados (morte, diálise, hospitalizações e idas ao serviço de urgência), servindo assim como indicador de bem-estar. Realizámos um estudo observacional, tendo recrutado 60 doentes renais crónicos que responderam a vários questionários de PROM: “Short Physical Performance Battery” (SPPB), “World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule” (WHODAS), “Satisfaction With Life Scale” (SWLS) e “Kidney Disease Quality of Life” (KDQoL). O período de acompanhamento foi de 24 meses. Finalmente, estudámos a relevância dos resultados para os doentes. Para isso, foi-lhes pedido que classificassem seis desfechos, de acordo com o que acham que deveria ser a prioridade do seu médico (“evitar a morte”, “evitar a diálise”, “evitar o agravamento dos exames laboratoriais”, “evitar a deterioração do seu estado geral”, “evitar internamentos hospitalares” e “evitar idas ao serviço de urgência”). Os resultados permitiram concluir que: 1) O SPPB previu morte, diálise e hospitalizações. 2) O WHODAS previu morte e diálise. 3) O domínio Função Física do KDQoL previu morte e hospitalizações. 4) O domínio Saúde Mental do KDQoL previu morte. 5) O domínio Energia/vitalidade do KDQoL previu hospitalizações. 6) O domínio físico do KDQoL previu diálise. 7) Domínio de Saúde Mental do KDQoL previu hospitalizações e idas ao serviço de urgência. 8) Os domínios Dor, Função Social e Saúde Geral do KDQoL, bem como o SWLS não foram úteis na previsão de nenhum dos resultados propostos. 9) A fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault (CG) para calcular a TFGe é a única que previu a morte. 10) Todas as fórmulas de cálculo da TFGe previram o início da diálise. 11) Apenas a fórmula de CG pôde prever a pontuação de algumas escalas do PROM: SPPB, domínio da Função Física do KDQoL e WHODAS. 12) Ambas as escalas de comorbilidade de Charlson (de 1987 e 2011) são úteis para a predição dos resultados estudados: a primeira prevê mortes e internamentos hospitalares, enquanto a segunda prediz morte, diálise, hospitalizações e idas ao serviço de urgência. 13) A principal prioridade dos doentes é que a principal preocupação do seu médico seja “evitar a morte”, enquanto as opções “evitar diálise” e “evitar o agravamento dos exames laboratoriais” vêm a seguir, empatadas. 14) Os doentes classificaram as opções “evitar hospitalização” e “evitar episódios de urgência” nos últimos lugares, depois de todas as demais. Finalmente, 15) O modelo conceptual proposto permitiu identificar oito possibilidades diferentes de relação entre preditores, PROM e resultados. Quatro deles mostraram ter utilidade clínica. São necessários estudos longitudinais com PROM para reforçar o seu papel no consultório e na enfermaria, e também na gestão da doença.
Programa Doutoral em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
成人與繼續教育研究所
102
The result of the study finds that emotional impact of the death of companion animals two main reason is: (1) Attachment interrupt result the Negative emotions; (2) Intimate relationship fracture sad. The main ways of adjustment are separated into five types: (1) illusion; (2) Pass the sadness with the family together; (3) Accompany and console by friends; (4) Find a similar “it ; (5) Support of Religion. And mostly all methods are utilized mutually. The selected method is not absolute or in stages and instead it is a continuous and interactive development process. Researchers at the transition from life companion animals died due to adjust the angle of the Future：(1) Cherish family relationship; (2) Don’t let regret happen again; (3) Question will follow you and it’s hard to get rid of; (4) The attitude of Will to live is not similar with before. The change of to face companion animals death is conclude: (1) face to the death; (2) Accept the fact of loss; (3) diver attention to other things; (4) Learn to say goodbye. 　　Finally, the researchers provided self-reflection on the process of learning; and provided some suggestions about who lost companion animal and will research relevant program planning in future.

The thesis deals with the issue of self-concept and stress. Determination of theoretical links focuses on defining of basic concepts connected with this issue. University studies are considered a demanding and stressful situation that can cause a wide range of problems in some students. There are considerable interindividual differences in stress perception - the personality can either create various defense mechanisms against critical situations or can cope with them by means of constructive perception and actions. The objective of the empirical part was to find out what is the relationship between self-concept of students of Faculty of Health and Social Studies in České Budějovice and perception and living stressful situations connected with their university study. Information necessary for quantitative research was obtained by the method of questioning. The technique applied was a questionnaire, filled in by students of both daily and combined studies. The research showed that there exists a moderate dependence between these two variables, which means that low values of self-concept and self-esteem correspond with high values of stress perception. It was also revealed that stress perception is associated mostly with an examination or a public speech of a student. This fact indicates that a situation that is directly. Thus it would be appropriate for students to know different techniques of preventing and coping with stress and they could try to reduce the tension or to eliminate stress through these techniques. Adequate self-image or self-concept is an important condition for psychical balance and satisfaction with own life and thus I believe that professional psychological care within psychological counseling at universities can contribute to solving the problem.

This qualitative study explores the process of integrating fragmented identity after relational trauma within the context of psychodrama. Previous research shows that many trauma survivors struggle with their self-identity. While the causes and consequences of trauma have been studied extensively, the process of integrating the fragmented identity requires further research. This study contributes to the fields of trauma treatment and psychodrama by offering a functional definition of integration from a psychodramatic perspective, and by studying how dramatic techniques can be used to help clients in their process of integration. Data was collected through seven semi-structured, in-depth interviews with psychodrama practitioners and therapists. The transcribed data was interpreted using Thematic Analysis after Braun and Clarke (2006). The resulting themes describe integration as a process that is intrapsychic, interpersonal, somatic and spiritual. The data suggests that all four levels of the process are significant, and that the foundation for the whole process is developing safety. The findings suggest that integration means autonomy & choicefulness, self-love & self-care, and authenticity & spontaneity. The findings imply that integration is synonymous with healing from interpersonal trauma and that psychodrama − when practiced safely − is an excellent therapeutic method for supporting this process.

Expressive Writing (EW) involves writing in an emotionally expressive manner about an experienced event, and has been shown to be related to increases in psychological and physical well-being. The purpose of the current study was to extend previous work by examining how self-presentation affects psychological and physical gains following the EW task. Forty one participants who have experienced a traumatic event were recruited from the community and given either an EW or control activity. Measures assessing self-presentation and various indices of health were administered at baseline and again at one month follow-up to determine changes in symptomatology. Results indicated that higher levels of perfectionistic self-presentation were significantly associated with less improvement in symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress. Further, a nonsignificant moderation trend emerged whereby higher levels of perfectionistic self-presentation were associated with more improvement in symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress in the EW group but not control group.

AIDS is a chronic disease that seriously affects health, emotions, social relations and household economy. People living with HIV/AIDS experience great suffering, stigmatisation and discrimination from other people around them because they know that it is incurable, contagious, evokes social disgust and is a complex disease requiring life-long self-care. This researcher explored ways people with HIV/AIDS take care of their health and manage their lives in the context of stigma and discrimination. A grounded theory study was conducted with 30 participants with HIV/AIDS, in Mahasarakham Province, Thailand. Participants were recruited from an HIV/AIDS day care clinic and by snowball sampling. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, participant observations and field notes made during home visits. Interviews were tape recorded, then transcribed verbatim. “From experiencing social disgust to passing as normal” was generated inductively from the data as the basic social psychological process of Thai people living with HIV/AIDS. From experiencing social disgust to passing as normal comprised four categories: being HIV/AIDS, making choices, keeping well and feeling empowered. The category “being HIV/AIDS”- discovering the meaning of having HIV/AIDS, comprises four concepts: being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, being stigmatised, suffering, and learning about HIV/AIDS. The category “making choices”- to live a normal life, involves three concepts: avoiding unhappy situations, getting remarried and seeking support. The category “keeping well”- maintaining emotional and physical health, includes eight concepts: religious practices, keeping a cheerful mind, self-treatment, taking care of the body, keeping the environment clean to prevent getting germs, healthy behaviours, getting healthcare services, and attention to, and concern about, medication. The last category “feeling empowered”- personal and social acceptance of illness, includes eight concepts: being encouraged, acknowledging the disease, social acceptance, tamjai, feeling proud of self, feeling good about life, feeling lucky and having hope. In the context of northeastern Thailand, successful management of HIV/AIDS was underpinned by participants making a transition from “experiencing social disgust” to “passing as normal” within their communities. The desire to live a normal life despite having HIV/AIDS motivated participants to undertake effective self-care in order to remain symptom free (thus avoiding visible signs of the disease), and to selectively disclose their illness to avoid the ongoing risk of stigma and discrimination. The findings of this study are useful in that they will provide Thai health professionals with a clearer conceptualisation of self-care among the Thai population. An inductively derived theory of self-care among Thai with HIV/AIDS can be applied and integrated by health professionals into the self-care models for people living with HIV/AIDS including models used in nursing education, research and practice.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Embora alguns estudos tenham comprovado os benefícios da compaixão no bem-estar, as pessoas podem comportar-se prossocialmente por diferentes motivos, nem todos genuinamente compassivos. A compaixão submissa - cuidar para evitar rejeição - tem sido relacionada com a vergonha, comportamentos submissos e ansiedade. Além disso, há evidência de que experiencias precoces de vergonha que revelam características traumáticas estão associadas com a vergonha e ansiedade social. O autocriticismo também tem sido relacionado com experiencias precoces de vergonha, vergonha e ansiedade social. Uma vez que não existiam estudos que relacionassem todas estas variáveis esse foi o objectivo do presente estudo, nomeadamente, investigar se o impacto traumático de experiencias precoces de vergonha estaria associado à compaixão submissa, e se a vergonha, autocriticismo e ansiedade social mediariam esta relação. O estudo transversal incluiu duas populações (estudantes e adultos) mas, uma vez que se verificaram diferenças significativas entre elas decidimos introduzir a população como variável de controlo e utilizar a amostra total (N = 515: M (idade) = 27.36; SD = 11.69). Correlações parciais revelaram associações positivas, moderadas e significativas entre todas as variáveis. Quatro modelos de mediação simples estimados com o PROCESS revelaram que o impacto traumático de experiências precoces está directamente e indirectamente associado, através da vergonha, do autocriticismo e da ansiedade social, com a compaixão submissa. Em conclusão, o impacto traumático de experiências precoces de vergonha, a vergonha, o autocriticismo e, particularmente, a ansiedade social aparentam estar no núcleo da compaixão submissa. Outros resultados são discutidos, tal como as contribuições do presente estudo e possíveis implicações clínicas.
While several studies have provided evidence of the positive effects of compassion on well-being, people can behave in prosocial ways for different reasons, not all genuinely compassionate. Submissive compassion - being caring in order to avoid rejection- has been linked to shame, submissiveness and anxiety. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that early shame experiences revealing trauma characteristics are linked to shame and social anxiety. Self-criticism has also been linked to early shame experiences, shame and social anxiety. Since there were no prior studies addressing all these variables together, this was the aim of the present study, particularly to investigate whether the traumatic impact of early shame experiences was associated with submissive compassion and if shame, self-criticism and social anxiety mediated this relationship. The cross-sectional study included two populations (student and adult samples) but, since there were significant differences we decided to introduce population as a control variable in the subsequent models and thus, only the total sample was used (N = 515: M (age) = 27.36; SD = 11.69). Partial correlations revealed positive, moderate and significant associations between all variables. Four simple mediation models were estimated using PROCESS revealing that the traumatic impact of early shame experiences is directly and indirectly associated, through shame, self-criticism and social anxiety, to submissive compassion. In conclusion, the traumatic impact of early shame experiences, shame, self-criticism, and particularly social anxiety, seem to be at the core of submissive compassion. Other results are discussed, as well as contributions of the present study and possible clinical implications.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
The Covid-19 pandemic seems to be causing symptoms of psychological distress and anincrease of mental health problems all over the world. Teachers have been particularly affectedby this pandemic, for they had to adapt to several obstacles of distance learning settings. Thiscross-sectional study aimed to investigate the traumatic impact of the pandemic on teachers’personal and professional life, and on psychological distress (i.e., symptoms of anxiety,depression and burnout). We expected experiential avoidance and self-criticism to mediate therelationship between the traumatic impact of the pandemic and burnout, depression and anxiety,as both hypothesized mediating variables may constitute vulnerability factors topsychopathology. Therefore, three double mediation models were estimated. Portugueseteachers in public schools, from elementary to high school, (N = 355; mean age 52.67 [SD =6.572]) completed an online self-report questionnaire measuring the impact of the pandemic onpersonal and professional life, the traumatic impact of the pandemic, burnout, depression,anxiety, experiential avoidance and self-criticism. Results found that teachers reported thepandemic as having a negative impact on their personal and professional lives. Regarding ourproposed models, self-criticism and experiential avoidance explained part of the impact of thetraumatic impact of the pandemic on burnout and anxiety, but only self-criticism was found tobe a significant mediator of this impact on depression. Considering these results, Compassionand Acceptance based approaches are suggested as possible interventions to prevent distressand increase well-being, by targeting self-criticism and promoting acceptance.
A pandemia Covid-19 parece estar a causar sintomas de sofrimento psicológico e um aumentode problemas relacionados com a saúde mental. Os professores têm sido particularmenteafetados pela pandemia, na medida em que esta levou à necessidade de adaptação perantevários obstáculos relacionados com as contingências do novo ensino à distância. Este estudotransversal pretendeu compreender o impacto traumático da pandemia na vida pessoal eprofissional dos professores e no sofrimento psicológico (e.g. sintomas de ansiedade,depressão e burnout). Previa-se que o evitamento experiencial e o autocriticismo mediassema relação entre o impacto traumático da pandemia e burnout, depressão e ansiedade, porambas variáveis potencialmente mediadoras poderem constituir fatores de vulnerabilidadepara o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia. Deste modo, foram testados três modelos de duplamediação. Professores Portugueses a lecionar em escolas públicas, do ensino primário aoensino secundário (N = 355; Midade = 52.67 [SD = 6.572]) responderam em formato online ainstrumentos de auto-resposta que visavam avaliar o impacto da pandemia na vida pessoal eprofissional, o impacto traumático da pandemia, burnout, depressão, ansiedade, evitamentoexperiencial e autocriticismo. Os resultados demonstram que os professores reportaram umimpacto predominantemente negativo na sua vida pessoal e profissional devido à pandemia.Relativamente aos modelos propostos, o autocriticismo e o evitamento experiencialexplicaram parte da relação do impacto traumático da pandemia no burnout e na ansiedade,mas apenas o autocriticismo constituiu um mediador do impacto traumático na depressão.Tendo em conta estes resultados, abordagens baseadas na Compaixão e Aceitação sãosugeridas como possíveis intervenções de modo a prevenir sofrimento e aumentar o bem-estarpsicológico, ao trabalhar o autocriticismo e a promoção de aceitação.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Até à data, vários estudos demonstraram uma associação positiva entre o impacto traumático da pandemia COVID-19 e a psicopatologia. Deste modo, torna-se crucial compreender que fatores podem estar a mediar este efeito. O auto-criticismo e o evitamento experiencial estão associados a uma menor adaptabilidade à pandemia e a níveis mais elevados de psicopatologia, nomeadamente os níveis de burnout em populações de estudantes e professores e de ansiedade aos testes nos alunos. No entanto, do nosso conhecimento, estas variáveis não foram ainda investigadas em conjunto em estudos anteriores. Assim sendo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar o efeito mediador do auto-criticismo e do evitamento experiencial na relação entre o impacto traumático da pandemia COVID-19 e os níveis de burnout e ansiedade aos testes em estudantes universitários, e os níveis de burnout nos professores universitários. Deste modo, este estudo incluiu duas amostras, estudantes universitários (N = 484) e professores universitários (N = 70). Os participantes foram recrutados em várias universidades portuguesas e preencheram medidas de auto-resposta relacionadas com o impacto traumático da pandemia COVID-19, auto-criticismo, evitamento experiencial e burnout e, na amostra de alunos universitários, a ansiedade aos testes foi também avaliada. Os resultados mostraram que o impacto traumático da pandemia COVID-19 estava direta e indiretamente, através do auto-criticismo e evitamento experiencial, associado de forma positiva aos níveis de burnout e ansiedade aos testes nos alunos universitários e aos níveis de burnout nos professores universitários. Em suma, um maior impacto traumático da pandemia COVID-19, auto-criticismo e evitamento experiencial parecem estar associados a níveis mais elevados de burnout e ansiedade aos testes em alunos universitários, e a níveis mais elevados de burnout em professores universitários. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de estudos futuros que permitam compreender o impacto nocivo da pandemia COVID-19 na saúde mental dos estudantes e professores universitários, e a relevância de desenvolver intervenções psicológicas baseadas em intervenções focadas na compaixão e na Terapia da Aceitação e Compromisso (ACT) com o objetivo de minimizar as consequências da pandemia na saúde mental e bem-estar dos estudantes e professores universitários.
Several studies have demonstrated the positive association between the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and psychopathology. Thus, it is crucial to explore factors that could mediate this effect. Self-criticism and experiential avoidance have been linked with a lower adaptability to the pandemic and higher psychopathology levels, namely burnout in student and teacher populations and test anxiety in students. However, to our knowledge, no prior studies have addressed all these variables together. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-criticism and experiential avoidance on the relationship between the traumatic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and burnout and test anxiety levels in university students, and burnout levels in university professors. This cross-sectional study included two samples: university students (N = 484) and professors (N = 70). Participants were recruited from various universities across Portugal and completed self-report measures regarding the traumatic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, self-criticism, experiential avoidance, and burnout, and in the university students’ sample alone, test anxiety was also assessed. Results showed that the traumatic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was directly and indirectly, through self-criticism and experiential avoidance, associated with burnout and test anxiety levels in university students and with burnout levels in university professors. In conclusion, a higher traumatic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, self-criticism and experiential avoidance seem to be associated with higher levels of burnout and test anxiety in university students and higher burnout levels in university professors. These results suggest the need for further studies to better understand the damaging impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on university students and professors’ mental health and the relevance of developing psychological interventions based upon compassion focused interventions and the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to minimise the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on university students’ and professors’ mental health and well-being.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Consistente literatura tem demonstrado que experiências emocionais positivas precoces e competências autocompassivas assumem um papel central na regulação emocional e na saúde mental. Paralelamente tem sido apontado que a relação entre experiências precoces e competências de autocompaixão com a sintomatologia depressiva poderá ser mediada por diferentes mecanismos. Numa amostra de 389 sujeitos da população geral, com idades compreendidas entre os 18-50 anos, o presente estudo testou um modelo integrador no qual foi hipotetizado que a proximidade e conexão aos outros e o evitamento experiencial funcionam como mecanismos mediadores nestas relações. A análise path confirmou a adequabilidade do modelo, que explica 34% da variância da sintomatologia depressiva. Os resultados revelaram a associação significativa entre experiências precoces afiliativas positivas e competências autocompassivas e menores níveis de sintomatologia depressiva, sendo essas relações totalmente mediada por uma maior proximidade ao outro e por menor tendência a endossar estratégias de evitamento experiencial.Este estudo constitui um importante contributo para a clarificação do impacto das vivências afiliativas precoces e das competências autocompassivas na saúde mental. Os dados sugerem que as intervenções para a promoção da saúde mental se devem focar no desenvolvimento de competências de conexão ao outro e de aceitação, enquanto mecanismos subjacentes à mudança.
The literature has consistently shown that early positive emotional experiences and self-compassionate competences assume a central role in emotion regulation and mental health. Further, it has been pointed that the relationship of early experiences and self-compassion abilities with depressive symptomatology may be mediated by several different mechanisms. Using a sample of 389 participants from the general population, aged between 18 and 50 years old, the present study explored an integrative model hypothesizing that social closeness and experiential avoidance act as mediators of the aforementioned relationships. A path analysis confirmed the adequacy of the model, which was shown to explain 34% of the variance of depression symptoms. Results further revealed the significant association of early positive affiliative experiences and self-compassionate competences with lower levels of depression symptoms, and that these relationships are mediated by higher closeness to others and a lower tendency to engage in experiential avoidance strategies. Overall, this study may constitute a relevant contribution to the clarification of the impact of early affiliative experiences and self-compassionate abilities in one’s mental health. Present data suggest that interventions to promote mental health should focus on the development of social closeness and acceptance competences, as mechanisms underlying the process of change.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Embora diversos estudos tenham abordado as memórias do impacto negativo das experiências precoces de vergonha, vergonha externa e autocriticismo na ansiedade social, nenhum estudou o crescimento pós traumático como moderador na relação entre as memórias do impacto traumático das experiencias precoces de vergonha e ansiedade social, nem todas estas variáveis em conjunto, particularmente os efeitos mediadores e moderadores. Deste modo, o presente estudo pretendeu avaliar as memórias do impacto negativo das experiências de vergonha precoces na explicação da AS, explorando o papel mediador da vergonha externa e autocriticismo nesta relação. O estudo transversal dispôs de duas amostras comunitárias: estudantes universitários (N= 357; M idade = 20.54; DP = 1.62) e adultos da população portuguesa (N = 180; M idade = M = 42,83; DP = 9.80). Em ambas as amostras, impacto traumático das experiencias precoces de vergonha, vergonha externa e autocriticismo são preditores significativos da ansiedade social, sendo que a vergonha externa e o autocriticismo funcionam ainda como mediadores da relação entre memórias do impacto traumático das experiencias precoces de vergonha e ansiedade social. Nesta relação o crescimento pós traumático assumiu-se como um moderador significativo para ambas as amostras, sendo que as correlações desta variável com impacto traumático das experiencias precoces, ansiedade social, vergonha externa e autocriticismo são positivas e significativas. Em termos clínicos, estes resultados salientam a importância de trabalhar não só a vergonha externa e autocriticismo na ansiedade social mas também as memórias das experiencias de vergonha na infância ou adolescência e o crescimento pós-traumático que pode ocorrer como resultado dos acontecimentos adversos.
Although multiple studies have approached the memories of negative impact of early shame experiences, external shame and self-criticism in social anxiety, none has studied neither the post traumatic growth as a moderator in the relationship between the memories of traumatic impact regarding early experiences of shame and social anxiety, nor all of the variables as a whole, particularly the mediating and moderating effects. Therefore, the present study intended to evaluate the memories of the negative impact of early shame experiences in the explanation of social anxiety, exploring the mediating role of external shame and self-criticism in this relationship. The cross-sectional study has laid out two communal samples: university students (N = 357; Mage = 20.54; SD = 1.62) and adults in the Portuguese population (N = 180; Mage = 42.83; SD = 9.80). In both samples, the traumatic impact of early shame experiences, external shame and self-criticism are all meaningful predictors of social anxiety, with external shame and self-criticism working as mediators of the relationship between memories of traumatic impact regarding early shame experiences and social anxiety. In this relationship, the posttraumatic growth has named itself a meaningful moderator to both samples, with the correlations of this variable with traumatic impact of early experiences, social anxiety, external shame and self-criticism being positive and meaningful. In clinical terms these results highlight the importance of working not only the external shame and self-criticism in social anxiety, but also the memories of experiences of childhood and teenage shame and the posttraumatic growth that can occur as a result of adverse events.

Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia, na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
De acordo com as estimativas da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS, 2009), o suicídio constitui uma das principais causas de morte entre os indivíduos dos 15 aos 24 anos de idade. O comportamento suicidário não letal constitui o principal fator de risco para o suicídio (Corcoran et al., 2004; Nimeus et al., 2002; Reinherz et al., 2006; Sidley et al., 1999; Brown, Beck, et al., 2000). A prevalência tanto da ideação suicida como da tentativa de suicídio têm vindo a aumentar consideravelmente entre os adolescentes, nos últimos anos (Rey et al., 1998). Não são conhecidos estudos sobre os comportamentos suicidários em Cabo Verde. O objetivo principal da presente dissertação foi analisar os comportamentos suicidários (ideação e para-suicídio) em adolescentes cabo-verdianos. Especificamente, pretendeu-se avaliar a prevalência de ideação suicida e de para-suicídio nessa população, e analisar os seus correlatos psicológicos e demográficos. Isto é, avaliar a contribuição das variáveis sintomatologia depressiva, desesperança, ansiedade, perceção de suporte social, autocompaixão, autocriticismo, autotranquilização, comparação social, vergonha externa, derrota, encurralamento, comportamentos de submissão, experiências de vida precoces, estilos parentais na infância, qualidade dos relacionamentos interpessoais, regulação emocional e variáveis sociodemográficos, na predição da ideação suicida. E a contribuição das variáveis de rank social na predição do para-suicídio nessa população. Os estudos, de desenho transversal, foram realizados em amostras não clínicas e clínica, num total de 2017 adolescentes cabo-verdianos de ambos os géneros, dos 14 aos 22 anos de idade. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma prevalência tanto de ideação suicida como de para-suicídio entre os adolescentes estudados similares às de diversos países onde esses comportamentos já são considerados problemas de saúde pública. Os resultados dos estudos sublinham ainda a importância das variáveis do rank social (especialmente a derrota, o encurralamento externo e o encurralamento interno), da sintomatologia depressiva e da desesperança, na predição da ideação suicida. Ademais, realçam a função protetora da perceção do suporte social da família na génese da ideação suicida. Por outro lado, os resultados evidenciaram a importância e impacto das experiências de vida precoces de ameaça, submissão e desvalorização na ideação suicida, e o papel mediador das dificuldades de regulação emocional na relação entre as experiências de vida precoces e a ideação suicida. Na amostra clínica os resultados mostraram a importância das variáveis do rank, especialmente a derrota, e de níveis elevados de sintomatologia depressiva na predição do para-suicídio. Em síntese, os resultados desta dissertação sublinharam a importância das variáveis do rank na predição da ideação suicida e do para-suicídio, da perceção do suporte social enquanto fator protetor da predição da ideação suicida, e da regulação emocional enquanto mediador da relação entre as experiências de vida precoces e a ideação suicida. Esses resultados parecem importantes para esforços de prevenção que procurem reduzir os comportamentos suicidários e para a promoção da investigação nas áreas da saúde pública e saúde mental em Cabo Verde.
According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2009) estimates, suicide is one of the leading causes of death among individuals from 15 to 24 years old. Nonlethal suicidal behaviour is are the main risk factor for suicide (Corcoran et al., 2004; Nimeus et al., 2002; Reinherz et al., 2006; Sidley et al., 1999; Brown, Beck, et al., 2000). The prevalence for both suicidal ideation and suicide attempt has been substantially rising among adolescents in the last years (Rey et al., 1998). There are no studies about suicidal behaviors in Cape Verde. The main aim of the current dissertation is to analyze suicidal behaviours (ideation and parasuicide) in Cape Verdean adolescents. Specifically, we aim at assessing the prevalence of suicidal ideation and parasuicide in such population, and at examining their psychological and demographical correlates. That is, to assess the contribution of the variables depressive symptomatology, hopelessness, anxiety, social support, selfcompassion, self-criticism, self-reassurance, social comparison, external shame, defeat, entrapment, submissive behaviours, early life experiences, parental styles in childhood, quality of interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, gender, age, years of education, marital status and occupation, in the prediction of suicidal ideation. And the contribution of the ranking variables in predicting suicide attempts in this population. The studies, with a cross-sectional design, were conducted in nonclinical and clinical samples, comprising a total of 2017 Cape Verdean adolescents of both genders, with ages ranging from 14 to 22 years old. The results showed a not negligible prevalence of both suicidal ideation and parasuicide among the studied adolescents. They highlight the importance of social ranking variables (especially external shame, internal and external entrapment, and submissive behaviours), of depressive symptomatology and of hopelessness, in the prediction of suicidal ideation. Moreover, they emphasize the protective function of family social support in the onset of suicidal ideation. On the other hand, the results revealed the importance and the impact that early life experiences of threat, submissiveness and devaluation have on suicidal ideation, and the mediational role that difficulties in emotion regulation play in such association. In the clinical sample the results showed the importance of ranking variables, especially defeat, and of increased levels of depressive symptomatology, in predicting suicide attempt. To sum up, the results of this dissertation underline the importance of ranking variables in predicting suicidal ideation and parasuicide, of the perception of social support as a protective factor in the prediction of suicidal ideation, and of emotion regulation as a mediator on the relationship between early life experiences and suicidal ideation. These results are important to promote prevention efforts aimed at reducing suicidal behaviours, and to promote research and prevention efforts in the field of mental health in Cape Verde.