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Van Zandt, Timothy, i Martin Lettau. "ROBUSTNESS OF ADAPTIVE EXPECTATIONS AS AN EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION DEVICE". Macroeconomic Dynamics 7, nr 1 (7.01.2003): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100502010313.
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Dynamic models in which agents' behavior depends on expectations of future prices or other endogenous variables can have steady states that are stationary equilibria for a wide variety of expectations rules, including rational expectations. When there are multiple steady states, stability is a criterion for selecting among them as predictions of long-run outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to study how sensitive stability is to certain details of the expectations rules, in a simple OLG model with constant government debt that is financed through seigniorage. We compare simple recursive learning rules, learning rules with vanishing gain, and OLS learning, and also relate these to expectational stability. One finding is that two adaptive expectation rules that differ only in whether they use current information can have opposite stability properties.
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Lan, Feng, i Yu Chao Wang. "Study on Income Heterogeneous Expectations and Commercial Housing Price Fluctuations – Analysis Based on Regions of the East and the West in China". Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (grudzień 2014): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.1203.
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The purpose of this paper is to analysis the effects of residents income, income heterogeneous expectations, housing price changes expectations on housing price fluctuations. The paper firstly adopts adaptive expectation method to quantify income heterogeneous expectations, based on the 2003-2012 relevant data of 23 provinces and autonomous regions of the East and the West, constructs the spatital model, and compares with the rational expectation method. Income of residents, income heterogeneous expectations and housing price changes expectations are set as explanatory variables, commodity housing price as dependent variable. The conclusion is drawn that that the increasing of income, income heterogeneous expectations and housing price changes expectations promotes commodity housing price, and the significance of adaptive expectation method in the research of expectation and housing price fluctuations is indicated.
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Gallagher, Adrian. "The Responsibility to Protect Ten Years on from the World Summit: A Call to Manage Expectations". Global Responsibility to Protect 7, nr 3-4 (30.10.2015): 254–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00704003.
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This article draws on non-Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) research into expectations to argue that in the aftermath of the intervention in Libya and non-intervention in Syria scholars have to manage RtoP expectations. In so doing, it introduces four types of expectations into the RtoP discourse: ‘expectation gaps’, ‘expectation vacuums’, ‘expectation clouding’, and ‘inherited expectations’ – the latter of which is this author’s own contribution to the discourse. To illustrate the utility of the expectations approach, the article focuses on the debate over inconsistency in order to highlight the role of expectation gaps and inherited expectations. Going forward, it calls for further research into RtoP expectation management to be conducted and identifies key debates which need to be addressed. Ultimately, it advances an understanding of the RtoP that is inherently more sensitive to its limitations and possibilities.
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Oh, Joon-Hee, i Judy Ma. "Multi-stage expectation-confirmation framework for salespeople expectation management". Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, nr 8 (1.10.2018): 1165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-01-2018-0027.
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Purpose Despite its significance in salespeople management, salespeople expectation management has received little attention in the literature, especially in the industrial marketing literature. In response, the purpose of this study is to leverage the expectation confirmation theory to present a conceptual framework that provides an effective tool for salespeople expectation management. Design/methodology/approach This study first explores the application and strategic implications of expectation-confirmation theory in salespeople expectation management and theorizes that salespeople establish pre-expectations (expectations that are developed before joining the firm), experience multiple stages of the expectation-confirmation process throughout their sales career with a firm and – in each stage – establish either a longer-term commitment to or permanent disengagement from the firm. Findings A winning strategy for sales organizations is to recognize salespeople expectations and to meet or beat these expectations. Salespeople expectation management is particularly important in sales organizations that frequently find aligning sales force management strategies with organizational imperatives to be challenging. Research limitations/implications This study extends expectation-confirmation theory by presenting a conceptual framework that: identifies the existence of pre-expectations of salespeople and their outcomes; recognizes that the expectation-confirmation process occurs across multiple stages in the salespeople’s career cycle; recognizes that the level of expectations in previous stages of one’s career cycle influences the level of expectations in subsequent stages; and conceptualizes the non-linear relationship between expectations, tenure and turnover intentions. Originality/value The multiple expectation-confirmation framework can be used for effective salespeople expectation and turnover management and may also serve as a general model of organizational interventions.
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Kube, Tobias, Winfried Rief, Mario Gollwitzer, Thomas Gärtner i Julia Anna Glombiewski. "Why dysfunctional expectations in depression persist – Results from two experimental studies investigating cognitive immunization". Psychological Medicine 49, nr 09 (22.08.2018): 1532–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002106.
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AbstractBackgroundResearch has revealed that negative expectations impact depressive symptoms. However, research on the change of dysfunctional expectations in depression is lacking so far. Therefore, the present research aimed to fill this gap by testing the hypothesis that people with the major depressive disorder (MDD), contrary to healthy individuals, maintain their expectations despite experiences that positively disconfirm expectations. Further, it was hypothesized that cognitive immunization (a cognitive reappraisal of the disconfirming evidence) is a mechanism underlying the persistence of expectations.MethodIn Study 1, we compared individuals with MDD (N = 58) to healthy individuals (N = 59). Participants worked on the same performance test and received standardized feedback that either confirmed or disconfirmed their initial performance expectations. In Study 2, we investigated the effects of cognitive immunization on expectation change among 59 individuals reporting elevated levels of depression by varying the appraisal of expectation-disconfirming feedback.ResultsResults from Study 1 show that in the expectation-disconfirming condition, healthy individuals changed their expectations, whereas individuals with MDD did not. No such difference between the two groups was found for expectation-confirming feedback. Results from Study 2 indicated that varying cognitive immunization impacted expectation change, thus suggesting a crucial role of cognitive immunization in expectation change.ConclusionsThese two studies indicated that individuals suffering from depression have more difficulties in changing their expectations after disconfirming experiences than do healthy individuals, and cognitive immunization might be a core mechanism underlying expectation persistence. Therefore, psychotherapeutic interventions should aim to inhibit cognitive immunization processes to enhance expectation change.
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Wen, Ying, Fen Luo i Hao Li. "The Impact of Aesthetic Expectations and Aesthetic Experiential Qualities on Tourist Satisfaction: A Case Study of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park". Forests 15, nr 2 (18.02.2024): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15020378.
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Aesthetic expectations often constitute the primary focus in marketing nature-based tourist destinations. However, academic research has insufficiently explored the disparity between tourists’ aesthetic expectations and the actual aesthetic quality maintenance in shaping satisfaction. Employing the Expectation Confirmation Theory, this study utilized structural equation modeling techniques to analyze survey data (n = 446). It proposed and tested an Aesthetic Expectation Confirmation Model to examine the relationship between aesthetic expectations, experiential qualities, and tourist satisfaction in the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The empirical findings show that aesthetic expectations have a direct, negative impact on satisfaction, while aesthetic expectation confirmation has a positive direct impact on satisfaction. Moreover, aesthetic expectation confirmation also plays a mediating role in the influence of aesthetic expectations and experiential quality on satisfaction. Specifically, aesthetic expectations indirectly impact satisfaction negatively through aesthetic expectation confirmation, whereas aesthetic experiential qualities have a positive, indirect impact on satisfaction through the same process. These findings offer theoretical contributions to the literature on forest recreation aesthetics and hold practical significance for the planning and management of destination aesthetics.
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Pinquart, Martin, Julia C. Koß i Helena Block. "How Do Students React When Their Performance Is Worse or Better Than Expected?" Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie 52, nr 1-2 (styczeń 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000222.
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Abstract. We analyzed grade level and sex differences for changes in expectations and coping with expectation violations, based on the ViolEx model. A sample of 114 third to sixth graders (male, n = 44, 38.6 %; female, n = 70, 61.4 %) reported their expected achievement in trials with no feedback, worse-than-expected achievement feedback, and better-than-expected feedback. Expectations improved across the no-feedback and better-than-expected feedback trials, and deteriorated across worse-than-expected trials. While expectation change did not vary by grade level or sex, reported coping with expectation violation did vary, and pupils of younger years reported higher attempts to fulfill their expectations (assimilative behavior). Immunization against worse-than-expected feedback was associated with higher expectations in the negative-feedback condition, but protective effects of immunization were lost with an increasing number of expectation violations. In addition, higher willingness to reduce one’s expectations (accommodation) inhibited the update of expectations after receiving better-than-expected feedback. Conclusions for future research are drawn.
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Shaver, Robert. "PROMISSORY OBLIGATION". History of Philosophy Quarterly 36, nr 2 (1.04.2019): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/48563643.
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Abstract Henry Sidgwick grounds promissory obligation in an obligation not to disappoint expectations. After explaining the view, I note the two standard current objections to expectation views—creating expectations is neither necessary nor sufficient for promissory obligation. I then suggest how Sidgwick (or any expectation theorist) could respond: one should agree that raising expectations is not sufficient for promissory obligation, and one can find harms, other than disappointed expectations, to explain why there is promissory obligation in cases in which expectations are not raised.
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Henry, Jensen K., Andrew R. Roney, Amelia Hummel, Elizabeth Cody, Carol A. Mancuso i Scott J. Ellis. "Great Expectations: Predicting Postoperative Expectation Fulfillment in Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Patients". Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, nr 4 (1.10.2020): 2473011420S0004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00046.
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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: In foot and ankle surgery, the fulfillment of patients’ preoperative expectations is a unique and validated method to assess postoperative success. Expectation fulfillment is closely associated with postoperative outcomes, satisfaction, and patient-reported improvement. Ideally, foot and ankle patients should have realistic expectations of surgery so that they are appropriately prepared for their postoperative symptoms and function. Inappropriately high expectations may predispose to worse outcomes because patients have unrealistic views about what their surgery can actually accomplish. Conversely, inappropriately low expectations may represent a lack of motivation to improve or participate in rehabilitation and postoperative protocols. This study aimed to identify the relationship between preoperative expectations and postoperative fulfillment. These results may facilitate surgeon-patient communication and help patients prepare for their operation and their postoperative function. Methods: Adult patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery at a single center were prospectively enrolled. Demographics, diagnosis, and outcomes surveys (Short Form [SF]-12, Foot & Ankle Outcome Score, improvement, satisfaction) were collected. Preoperatively, each patient completed the Expectations Survey (range 0-100, with 100 indicating maximum expectations), which asks about anticipated improvement in domains like pain, ambulation, function, and shoewear. Two years after surgery, for each expectation cited preoperatively, patients answered how much improvement they actually achieved. Using a ratio of the postoperative and preoperative scores, a Fulfillment Proportion (FP) was calculated, along with the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). This permitted identification of patients with unfulfilled, fulfilled, and surpassed expectations. Bivariate correlations, chi-square analyses, and multivariate regressions with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were performed to identify the relationship between preoperative expectations, clinical variables, and postoperative expectation fulfillment. Results: There were 271/340 (80%) patients with 2-year follow-up, with mean age 55.4 years and 65% female. Most common diagnoses were hallux valgus (25%), flatfoot (11%), hallux rigidus (11%), ankle arthritis (10%), and chronic tendon injury (9%). Expectation fulfillment differed significantly with extent of preoperative expectations (Figure). Patients with average/high expectations had higher rates of unfulfillment compared to patients with low preoperative expectations (40-41% vs. 22%). Rates of surpassed expectations were highest in patients with low preoperative expectations (23%) compared to average (12%) or high (0%) preoperative expectations (p<.001). In multivariate regression, the greatest predictor of postoperative FP was the preoperative expectations score (p<.001), and lower preoperative expectations conferred a 3.2x (95% CI 1.6-6.2) greater likelihood of more expectations fulfilled (p=.001). Conclusion: Preoperative expectations were a significant predictor of expectation fulfillment after foot and ankle surgery. Lower preoperative expectations were associated with fulfilled or surpassed expectations after surgery, whereas high preoperative expectations were significantly more likely to be unmet. These findings may help guide whether patients’ expectations are realistic or inappropriate preoperatively. It is imperative for surgeons to consider and discuss patients’ expectations prior to surgery to ensure they have an appropriate understanding of their potential outcome. Further research should be directed to the extent that patients’ preoperative expectations can be modified in order to maximize postoperative satisfaction.
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Singh, Ajit Kumar, i A. M. Rawani. "A Fuzzy Approach for Ranking of Student's Expectation From a Technical Institute". International Journal of Smart Education and Urban Society 10, nr 2 (kwiecień 2019): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseus.2019040103.
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Due to high competition and less employability in the technical education sector, quality in technical education has turned out to be most extreme imperative criteria to deliver better educational services. For this reason, it is required to screen the expectation of the customer of the education sector for fulfilling their needs. With aim of this, this article first illustrates the identification of the customer of the education sector, then their expectations from an institute and finally a detailed ranking of each expectation which has been done. For the ranking of student's expectations, various authors have used a number of multi-criteria decision-making methods, but the vagueness of the result was not being handled in their research. Therefore, in this study, a fuzzy approach has been used to rank the various expectations of customers. The result of the study indicates that among all student expectations, the job-oriented expectation is the most important expectation and further, an ergonomics-based expectation and a sports-based expectation are the least important expectations of the students.
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Bronsard, Camille, i Lise Salvas-Bronsard. "Rational Expectations, Expectation Functions, and Slutsky Local Structure". Canadian Journal of Economics 21, nr 4 (listopad 1988): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135269.
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Vangkilde, Signe, Jennifer T. Coull i Claus Bundesen. "Great expectations: Temporal expectation modulates perceptual processing speed." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 38, nr 5 (2012): 1183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026343.
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Johnston, Olivia, Helen Wildy i Jennifer Shand. "A decade of teacher expectations research 2008–2018: Historical foundations, new developments, and future pathways". Australian Journal of Education 63, nr 1 (8.02.2019): 44–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004944118824420.
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This literature review critically synthesizes 10 years of international teacher expectations research using a simplified “expectation effect process” model. New developments in teacher expectation research are outlined, including effects of teacher expectations on students, teachers’ development of expectations, teachers’ differential treatment of students, and students’ reactions to teacher expectations. A brief overview of pre-2008 research presents the foundations of the post-2008 research using the same “expectation effect process” model. A separate section about Australian research is also included. Results of the literature review show that while qualitative research on the topic has increased from 2008 to 2018, quantitative studies still prevail and qualitative studies on the topic—particularly those which consider students’ perspectives—are rare. Hence, this article argues that the development of a more holistic, in-depth understanding of how teacher expectations affect student outcomes is possible through contextually embedded qualitative research that includes exploration of students’ reactions to teacher expectations. In this way, further understandings about how and why expectation effects vary between students could be gained.
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Hellström, Jörgen, Rickard Olsson i Oscar Stålnacke. "Evaluating measures of individual investors’ expectations of risk and return". Review of Behavioral Finance 9, nr 3 (9.10.2017): 206–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rbf-10-2016-0066.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure individual investors’ expectations of risk and return and to evaluate different expectation measures. Design/methodology/approach The authors measure individual investors’ expectations of risk and return regarding an index fund and two stocks using survey data on a random sample of individual investors in Sweden. The survey contains three different return and four different risk expectation measures. To evaluate the different expectation measures, three different evaluation perspectives are considered. Findings The risk expectations obtained from the different measures are positively correlated across respondents, but their average magnitudes differ considerably across measures. The return expectations are also positively correlated, and their magnitudes also differ, but to a lesser extent. Consequently, the same individual can express risk expectations that either underestimate or overestimate the forward risk, depending on the measure that is used. The variations in the expectations mainly relate to differences in the responses to the questions underlying the different measures, rather than to the methods used to obtain the expectations. The results from the evaluation of the measures indicate that the expectation measure proposed by Dominitz and Manski (2011) is the only measure for which it is possible to distinguish between individuals’ expectations, using all three of the evaluation perspectives. Originality/value This is, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the first paper that evaluates different survey measures of individual investors’ expectations of risk and return.
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Shea, J. "Student Expectations, Faculty Expectations". Journal of Geological Education 41, nr 2 (marzec 1993): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-41.2.102.
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Coibion, Olivier, Yuriy Gorodnichenko i Rupal Kamdar. "The Formation of Expectations, Inflation, and the Phillips Curve". Journal of Economic Literature 56, nr 4 (1.12.2018): 1447–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20171300.
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This paper argues for a careful (re)consideration of the expectations formation process and a more systematic inclusion of real-time expectations through survey data in macroeconomic analyses. While the rational expectations revolution has allowed for great leaps in macroeconomic modeling, the surveyed empirical microevidence appears increasingly at odds with the full-information rational expectation assumption. We explore models of expectation formation that can potentially explain why and how survey data deviate from full-information rational expectations. Using the New Keynesian Phillips curve as an extensive case study, we demonstrate how incorporating survey data on inflation expectations can address a number of otherwise puzzling shortcomings that arise under the assumption of full-information rational expectations. (JEL D04, E24, E27, E31, E37)
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Duch, Raymond M., i Randolph T. Stevenson. "Context and Economic Expectations: When Do Voters Get It Right?" British Journal of Political Science 41, nr 1 (28.09.2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123410000323.
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This article discusses the accuracy and sources of economic assessments in three ways. First, following the rational expectations literature in economics, a large sample of countries over a long time period permits tests of the unbiasedness implication of the rational expectations hypotheses (REH), revealing much variation in the accuracy of expectations and the nature of the biases in expectations. Secondly, a theory of expectation formation encompassing the unbiasedness prediction of the REH and setting out the conditions under which economic expectations should be too optimistic or too pessimistic is elucidated. Zaller’s theory of political attitude formation allows the identification of variables conditioning the accuracy of expectations across contexts, drawing a link between the thinking of political scientists and economists about expectation formation. Finally, the theoretical argument that political context impacts the accuracy of average expectations is tested.
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Andreassen, Hanne, Olga Gjerald i Kai Victor Hansen. "“The Good, The Bad, and the Minimum Tolerable”: Exploring Expectations of Institutional Food". Foods 10, nr 4 (3.04.2021): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040767.
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There is a tendency towards greater expectations of consumer goods and services in society—what was once judged as ideal may now be a bare minimum. This presents a challenge for food providers in the upcoming decades. As the more demanding baby boomer cohort ages, health institutions of the future will face challenges meeting their food expectations. The purpose of this study was to explore expectation type dynamics and function with updated empirical material on aging consumers expectations of institutional food and advance our current understanding of how consumers evaluate their expectations. This qualitative study employed in-depth semi structured interviews with 14 informants between the age of 58–79. Content analysis was performed to capture the informants’ food expectations based on the expectation hierarchy proposed by Santos and Boote. Analyzing the content and relationship between different expectation types led to three main findings: expectation functions and content, interconnectedness, and the role of affect. Based on the findings, this study contributes by making several propositions for future research and proposes an updated expectancy–disconfirmation model. Importantly, this study provides novel knowledge that can help health institutions understand and meet aging consumers expectations of institutional food.
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Güler, Aslı. "Effectiveness of Expectation Channel of Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Inflation Targeting System: An Empirical Study for Turkey". Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 6, nr 2 (4.11.2016): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v6i2.1394.
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Monetary policy can affect economy through out various transmission mechanisms. One of this transmission mechanisms is expectations channel. The monetary policy can get involved in expectation channel of transmission mechanism by affecting the process of expectations formation. Because the results of policies to be implemented vary according to the expectations, the main challenge in monetary policy is to correctly manage expectations. Because of the fact that only the systematic component of monetary policy (estimated component) can affect forward looking expectations, systematic behavior of the central bank has a critical role in determining the economic consequences of monetary policy. In this study, the effectiveness of expectation channel of transmission mechanism was analyized by VAR model. According the results TCMB cannot affect inflation expectations via both the inflation targets and the policy interest. On the other hand, inflation expectations are affected significantly from actualized inflation rates and exchange rates.
Keywords: Central bank, Expectations, Monetary transmission mechanisms, Monetary policy
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Ranneva, N. A. "Inflation expectations: An overview of modern approaches". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 2 (7.02.2019): 54–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-2-54-80.
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Modern economic theory considers expectations as a key determinant of actual inflation. How agents form those expectations therefore plays a central role in macroeconomic dynamics and policy-making. The understanding of the expectation formation process and the real-time estimation of expectations are especially important for central banks because they need to be sure that longer-term inflation expectations are anchored at the target of inflation, set by the central bank. When expectations are anchored — it is a clear sign that the monetary policy is effective and that markets trust the central bank. However, it is not easy to assess the expected inflation: it is not observable and cannot be directly measured. Central banks can only use the indirect estimates of this variable. For many years the main theoretical framework for modeling and analysis of inflation expectations was Phillips curve with rational expectations which substituted the adaptive expectations. Today many alternative models of expectation formation are available. The article provides a brief overview of the evolution of theoretical approaches to inflation expectation formation and their impact on the monetary policy. Besides, using the experience of the U.S., the article addresses two main ways to gauge inflation expectations empirically — survey-based measures (for different groups of respondents) and measures based on the data from American financial markets. Shortcomings and merits of both approaches are discussed, as well as the importance of highly developed financial markets, which can become the source of more precise information on inflation expectations.
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Hsieh, Yen-Hao, i Soe-Tsyr Yuan. "Can Customer Expectations be Measured in Real Time?" International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 15, nr 01 (styczeń 2016): 119–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622015500352.
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Customer expectation has been an important issue across different academic fields. Customer expectation management enables service providers to provide customers with suitable services in order to achieve high customer satisfaction especially in real-time dynamic service contexts. Understanding actual customer expectations is the primary step before managing customer expectations. However, to our knowledge, there is no research investigating how to measure real-time customer expectations during service delivery. Hence, this study proposes a customer expectation measurement mechanism and evaluates its feasibility and reliability through simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism offers researchers and service providers a feasible approach to measuring and managing real-time customer expectations at service encounters for building satisfactory customer experiences.
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Daneau, Catherine, Charles Tétreau, Thomas Deroche, Camille Mainville, Vincent Cantin i Martin Descarreaux. "Impact of load expectations on neuromuscular and postural strategies during a freestyle lifting task in individuals with and without chronic low back pain". PLOS ONE 16, nr 2 (8.02.2021): e0246791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246791.
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Objective This study aimed to investigate how load expectations modulate neuromuscular and postural strategies in the anticipation of a freestyle lifting task with varying expected loads in individuals with and without chronic low back pain (cLBP). Methods Forty-seven participants, 28 with cLBP pain and 19 without, were recruited and completed a series of freestyle lifting trials (3 sets of box lifted for a total of 36 lifts). Verbal cues were used to modulate their expectations about the boxes’ weight: no expectation, lighter or heavier load expectations. Following each set, participants rated their perceived exertion on a visual analog scale. During the lifting protocol, kinematics (time to maximal flexion, angular velocity and joint angles), electromyography muscle activity (erector spinae and quadriceps) and center of pressure displacement were simultaneously recorded. Results Results showed that time to maximal knee flexion was modulated by load expectations in both groups (mean lighter load expectations = 1.15 ± 0.32 sec.; mean heavier load expectations = 1.06 ± 0.31 sec.). Results also showed a load expectations X group interaction for that time to maximal hip and lumbar flexion. Time to maximal hip flexion decreased with heavier load expectations (mean lighter load expectations = 1.20 ± 0.36; mean heavier load expectations = 1.16 ± 0.33) for cLBP only. Time to maximal lumbar flexion increased with heavier load expectation (mean lighter load expectations = 1.41 ± 0.27 sec.; mean lighter load expectations = 1.46 ± 0.29 sec.) for participants without LBP. However, no difference in lumbar, hip nor knee angles were observed between groups or conditions. Results highlighted significant load expectation effects for erector spinae electromyography activity, as lower muscle activations was observed for both groups with heavier load expectations (mean = 0.32 ± 0.15), compared to lighter load expectations (mean = 0.52 ± 0.27). Force plates analyses did not reveal any significant load expectation effects. Conclusion Present findings showed that load expectations modulate movement strategies and muscle activation similarly but not identically in individuals with chronic low back pain and healthy adults during freestyle lifting. Results of the present study partially differ from previous studies and suggest only minor differences in lifting strategies between healthy individuals and individuals with cLBP experiencing low level of pain and disability. More studies are needed to investigate the potential role of load expectations in the development and persistence of chronic low back pain.
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Haque, Saifa. "Expectation of Tertiary Students of Bangladesh from ELT Classrooms". Journal of NELTA 19, nr 1-2 (10.02.2015): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v19i1-2.12080.
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Expectation influences motivation and performance in Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Students’ expectation also plays a significant role in curriculum development. This paper focuses on the expectations of the students in an English language classroom and how they want to be taught. From a study on 45 students of Stamford University Bangladesh, the researcher tried to find students’ expectations about content, factors behind the expectations and effects of expectations in a language classroom using semi-structured interviews. It was found that students have expectations regarding their course content, teaching-learning style and education management. Several factors such as professional need, education background, social beliefs, personal goals and personality of the students worked behind their expectations and their expectations played a significant role in their classroom behavior and performance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v19i1-2.12080 Journal of NELTA, Vol 19 No. 1-2, December 2014: 56-64
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Olkkonen, Laura, i Vilma Luoma-aho. "Public relations as expectation management?" Journal of Communication Management 18, nr 3 (29.07.2014): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcom-02-2013-0012.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess how expectation management can contribute strategically to communication management, and how understanding and managing expectations can increase organizations’ sensitivity toward stakeholder voices and concerns. Design/methodology/approach – An example of mapping and identifying expectations is presented as a result of a thematic analysis of qualitative interview data, collected from six stakeholder groups of the media industry. Findings – Expectation types and gaps can be identified through the use of systematic expectation mapping, conceptualized in this paper as “expectation management.” Expectation management analyzes expectation types and priorities, and it assists in crafting response strategies. Four types of expectations (must, will, should, and could) were identified in an empirical study of the media industry. Research limitations/implications – As the empirical study focussed on one industry in one country, the findings should be considered an introduction to expectation mapping and expectation management, to be further developed in other settings. Practical implications – Organizations can gain strategic advantages by using expectation management to deepen communication management. New skills and processes may be needed to enable communication professionals to analyze and understand the core level of expectations. Social implications – Expectation management can help organizations respond to current societal pressures and help publics voice their concerns toward organizations. Originality/value – A new concept with strategic value is presented. The reported study of mapping and identifying expectations helps to clarity and interpret factors that shape stakeholder relationships and satisfaction on a deeper level.
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Bordia, Sarbari, Lynn Wales, Jeffery Pittam i Cindy Gallois. "Student expectations of TESOL programs". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, nr 1 (1.01.2006): 4.1–4.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0604.
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Most practitioners teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) will agree that students come with some expectations about course content and teaching methodology and that these expectations play a vital role in student motivation and learning. However, the study of student expectations has been a surprising omission from Second Language Acquisition research. In the studies reported here, we develop a model of student expectations by adapting the Expectation Disconfirmation paradigm, widely used in consumer psychology. Student and teacher perspectives on student expectations were gathered by interviews. Responses shed light on the nature of expectations, factors causing expectations and effects of expectation fulfilment (or lack of it). The findings provide new avenues for research on affective factors as well as clarify some ambiguities in motivational research in second language acquisition. The model presented here can be used by teachers or institutions to conduct classroom-based research, thus optimising students’ learning and performance, and enhancing student morale.
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Bordia, Sarbari, Lynn Wales, Jeffery Pittam i Cindy Gallois. "Student expectations of TESOL Programs". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, nr 1 (2006): 4.1–4.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.29.1.02bor.
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Most practitioners teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) will agree that students come with some expectations about course content and teaching methodology and that these expectations play a vital role in student motivation and learning. However, the study of student expectations has been a surprising omission from Second Language Acquisition research. In the studies reported here, we develop a model of student expectations by adapting the Expectation Disconfirmation paradigm, widely used in consumer psychology. Student and teacher perspectives on student expectations were gathered by interviews. Responses shed light on the nature of expectations, factors causing expectations and effects of expectation fulfilment (or lack of it). The findings provide new avenues for research on affective factors as well as clarify some ambiguities in motivational research in second language acquisition. The model presented here can be used by teachers or institutions to conduct classroom-based research, thus optimising students’ learning and performance, and enhancing student morale.
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Salehi, Elahe, Ali-Reza Ameri i Gholam-Reza Abbasian. "The impact of individual and group_based expectations on the self_image and reading comprehension of iranian intermediate efl learners". Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 14, nr 33 (27.02.2021): e15298. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.15298.
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The study scrutinized the effect of individual and group-based expectations on EFL learners' self-image and reading comprehension. This study explored the effectuality of individual expectations and group-based expectations in improving self-image and reading comprehension among EFL learners. To do so, 50 out of 120 Iranian EFL learners were chosen as the sample of the study and they were divided into two groups of Individual-based Expectation Instruction and Group-based Expectation Instruction, received five sessions of instruction along with some types of expectations and took two types of reading and self-image tests as a pre- and post-test. In general, the results showed no significant difference between the two groups’ mean scores on the post-test of self-image. The results revealed that the individual expectation group significantly outperformed the group-based expectation group on the post-test of reading comprehension. The findings suggest that using different forms of expectations in language classes can be instrumental in improving the students’ self-image and reading comprehension.
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Ahmed, Rukshana. "Development of a tool to measure patient expectations with complete removable dentures". South African Dental Journal 75, nr 7 (31.08.2020): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2020/v75no7a2.
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INTRODUCTION: Patients' expectations of complete removable dentures may play a role in determining their level of satisfaction with newly constructed complete removable dentures. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To develop a Patient Expectation Questionnaire using a validated satisfaction questionnaire as framework and subsequently determine patients' expectations of complete removable dentures. OBJECTIVES: 1. To formulate a patient expectations questionnaire using a validated satisfaction questionnaire framework-that will assesses their perceptions of new dentures 2. To determine patient expectations related to masticatory functional, pain, psychological discomfort and social disability with complete removable dentures. METHODOLOGY: All the aspects of the newly formed Patient Expectation Questionnaire (PEQ) was formulated following the framework of the OHIP-20 patient satisfaction tool. The expectation questionnaire was administered to patients at their first dental visit with the information sheet and informed consent form. RESULTS: A series of statistical tests was done to assess the validity and reliability of the Patient Expectation Questionnaire. These tests concluded that the newly formulated questionnaire was reliable. CONCLUSION: Patient expectations can be determined prior to treatment thereby allowing the clinician to manage these expectations and strive to meet the attainable ones during the construction of the complete removable denture. Amongst others masticatory efficiency and pain were identified as being high on the request list for new complete removable dentures.
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Sumarsono, Sumarsono, i Safira Amalia Hapsari. "PENGARUH EKSPEKTASI KEGIATAN USAHA TERHADAP INDEKS HARGA SAHAM GABUNGAN (Studi Kasus pada Bursa Efek Indonesia)". Jurnal Manajemen Maranatha 17, nr 2 (12.05.2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jmm.v17i2.804.
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The stock price reflect the performance of the company issuing the shares, not only at running time (t0) but also expectations for the future (t+). The intrinsic value of the stock is investor’s income in the form of dividends which depends on the income from business activities, so rating for effect of expectations of business activities can be seen as a reflection of expectations and risks to the performance of the company issuing the shares in the stock market which will affect stock prices, as reflected by Composite Stock Price Index (CSPI). This study aims to assess the effect of expectations of business activities on CSPI. The hypothesis is variables expectations of business activities individually or collectively affect the CSPI. Variable expectations of business activity expectation during the running time (t0) on business activity, financial condition and easiness access to credit and expectations in the future (t+) of business’s situation on three months ahead (t+3) and six months ahead (t+6). The study used survey data quarterly Kegiatan Dunia Usaha conducted by Bank Indonesia started from the first quarter of 2002 until the third quarter of 2016 and the data from Indonesia Stock Exchange Composite Stock Price Index after adjustment. Data taken from the publication of Bank Indonesia and Yahoo Finance. Hypothesis testing is using multiple regressionThe results of hypothesis testing found empirical evidence that the variable expectation of the company's financial condition of the present time and the expectation of business situation six months ahead have a significant positive effect on CSPI and business situation expectation over the next three months have a significant negative effect on CSPI. The variable of expectation of the current business activity and the expectation of easy access of credit have no significant effect to CSPI. All variable of expectation of business activity together have significant influence to CSPI. Keywords: Expectation of Business Activity, Composite Stock Price Index (CSPI).
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Trinidad, Jose Eos. "Collective Expectations Protecting and Preventing Academic Achievement". Education and Urban Society 51, nr 9 (15.07.2018): 1147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124518785444.
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High academic expectation—how far a student expects to get in school—is usually predictive of positive outcomes for a student. Yet less is known about mechanisms behind collective expectation: the proportion of students in a school who expect to pursue further studies. Using urban schools’ data from the Education Longitudinal Study 2002, this research examines how collective expectations affect short-term and long-term outcomes, and the predictors of these expectations. Through hierarchical linear models, I find that collective expectations are positively associated with academic outcomes, and that individual expectations remain significant even after controlling for socioeconomic status. I argue that the results illustrate how school structural and economic forces interact with collective expectations in protecting or preventing personal academic attainment.
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Fanning, Kirsten, Ling Harris, Kevin E. Jackson i Matthew T. Stern. "Investors' Responses to Reported Earnings when Management Issues Goal versus Expectation Earnings Guidance: An Experimental Investigation". Journal of Financial Reporting 4, nr 1 (marzec 2019): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jfir-52335.
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We investigate whether nonprofessional investors' responses to a company's reported earnings differ when management earnings guidance is presented as a goal or an expectation. We present 64 M.B.A. students and 262 MTurk participants with earnings guidance, manipulating between subjects whether management provides the guidance as a “goal” or an “expectation” and whether the company's reported earnings fall short or exceed investors' expectations as derived from management's earnings guidance. Our experimental results suggest that if earnings guidance is issued as a goal rather than as an expectation, investors respond less negatively when earnings fall short of investors' expectations, but not less positively when earnings exceed investors' expectations. Mediation analysis supports the interpretation that earnings falling short of investors' expectations leads investors to perceive managers as less competent and to be more disappointed when managers issue expectation rather than goal guidance, which in turn influences investors' attractiveness judgments of the company.
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Giorgetta, Cinzia, Alessandro Grecucci, Michele Graffeo, Nicolao Bonini, Roberta Ferrario i Alan G. Sanfey. "Expect the Worst! Expectations and Social Interactive Decision Making". Brain Sciences 11, nr 5 (29.04.2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050572.
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Psychological studies have demonstrated that expectations can have substantial effects on choice behavior, although the role of expectations on social decision making in particular has been relatively unexplored. To broaden our knowledge, we examined the role of expectations on decision making when interacting with new game partners and then also in a subsequent interaction with the same partners. To perform this, 38 participants played an Ultimatum Game (UG) in the role of responders and were primed to expect to play with two different groups of proposers, either those that were relatively fair (a tendency to propose an equal split—the high expectation condition) or unfair (with a history of offering unequal splits—the low expectation condition). After playing these 40 UG rounds, they then played 40 Dictator Games (DG) as allocator with the same set of partners. The results showed that expectations affect UG decisions, with a greater proportion of unfair offers rejected from the high as compared to the low expectation group, suggesting that players utilize specific expectations of social interaction as a behavioral reference point. Importantly, this was evident within subjects. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that these expectation effects carried over to the subsequent DG. Participants allocated more money to the recipients of the high expectation group as well to those who made equal offers and, in particular, when the latter were expected to behave unfairly, suggesting that people tend to forgive negative violations and appreciate and reward positive violations. Therefore, both the expectations of others’ behavior and their violations play an important role in subsequent allocation decisions. Together, these two studies extend our knowledge of the role of expectations in social decision making.
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Antichi, Lorenzo, Arianna Cacciamani, Camilla Chelini, Marco Morelli, Stefano Piacentini i Laura Gemma Pirillo. "Expectations in psychotherapy: An overview". RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA, nr 1 (maj 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rip2022oa13574.
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Expectations can influence the outcome and the process of psychotherapy. Hence, this article aims to overview the types of expectations, i.e., outcome, treatment and change. Both patients' and therapists' expectations are considered. Furthermore, determinants of expectations and moderators/mediators of expectations-outcome relationship are described. We provided theories that try to explain the influence of expectations and their relationship with the psychotherapy process. Various instruments for measuring expectations and practical advice to manage expectations in psychotherapy will be discussed. Clinicians should become increasingly aware of their own and clients' expectations. Future studies should investigate the impact of every kind of expectation and its moderation/mediation role with other psychotherapy processes.
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Inoue, Atsushi, Hidekazu Ogi i Mayumi Takakura. "Conditional Expectations for Unbounded Operator Algebras". International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2007 (2007): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/80152.
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Two conditional expectations in unbounded operator algebras (O∗-algebras) are discussed. One is a vector conditional expectation defined by a linear map of anO∗-algebra into the Hilbert space on which theO∗-algebra acts. This has the usual properties of conditional expectations. This was defined by Gudder and Hudson. Another is an unbounded conditional expectation which is a positive linear mapℰof anO∗-algebraℳonto a givenO∗-subalgebra𝒩ofℳ. Here the domainD(ℰ)ofℰdoes not equal toℳin general, and so such a conditional expectation is called unbounded.
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RUNDE, J., i C. TORR*. "Divergent Expectations and Rational Expectations". South African Journal of Economics 53, nr 3 (wrzesień 1985): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1985.tb01003.x.
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Yi, Sangyoon, i Jae-Hyeon Ahn. "Managing initial expectations when word-of-mouth matters". European Journal of Marketing 51, nr 1 (13.02.2017): 123–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-10-2015-0752.
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Purpose Consumer expectation not only influences purchase decision but also post-purchase satisfaction and word-of-mouth (WOM). This study aims to develop theories of initial expectation management by suggesting when it is desirable for new products to raise or lower consumer expectations. It systematically examines the interplay of product value and consumer heterogeneity in the dynamic process of new product diffusion under competition. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on traditional diffusion and choice models, this study develops an agent-based model to formalize and analyze how consumers’ initial expectations of a new product influence the interdependent processes of product sales, consumer satisfaction and WOM. The simulation analyses in controlled settings help understand the underlying mechanisms in a stepwise manner. Findings The results show that, although the optimal strategy for low-value products is to induce consumer expectations higher than product value, high-value products are better introduced with expectations formed close to it. The results also highlight an important drawback of “under-promising” strategies in reducing the base and volume of WOM. Further, the analysis illustrates how consumer heterogeneities in product valuation and initial expectation affect the effectiveness of expectation management. For high-value products, both heterogeneities reduce the effectiveness of the optimal strategy. For low-value products, however, value heterogeneity enhances the effectiveness, whereas expectation heterogeneity reduces it. Practical implications Firms introducing new products should be sensitive to how consumers value the product and form expectations about it. Different from firms that must rely on aggressive advertising to sell inferior products by building up high expectations, those with superior products can rely more on the power of consumer WOM, which is much less costly and thus gives them a competitive advantage. Firms should also pay attention to how diversified the consumers are in product valuation and expectation. The expectation management strategy is more effective when consumers form more similar expectations. Inferior firms may leverage this mechanism to neutralize their disadvantages. Originality/value The articulated mechanisms help push forward the research on new product diffusion and consumer expectation management. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to systematically analyze the impact of consumer heterogeneity on the effectiveness of expectation management.
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Trauth, Eileen M., Douglas W. Farwell i Denis Lee. "The IS Expectation Gap: Industry Expectations versus Academic Preparation". MIS Quarterly 17, nr 3 (wrzesień 1993): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/249773.
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Verosky, Niels J. "Corpus-based learning of tonal expectations with expectation networks". Journal of New Music Research 48, nr 2 (29.11.2018): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09298215.2018.1542447.
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von Meyer-Höfer, Marie, Sina Nitzko i Achim Spiller. "Is there an expectation gap? Consumers’ expectations towards organic". British Food Journal 117, nr 5 (5.05.2015): 1527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2014-0252.
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Purpose – While the European organic regulation exists since more than 20 years consumers still do not seem to know what to expect from European Union (EU) labelled organic food. The purpose of this paper is to examine consumer expectations towards organic food in mature and emerging EU organic food markets. Design/methodology/approach – Online consumer survey data (n=1,180; 2011) from Germany, the UK, Spain, and the Czech Republic are used to analyse the question: “Which criteria would you expect of an organic food product labelled with the EU-organic label?”. In total, 23 items including organic production criteria according to EC 834/07 and unregulated food quality criteria are tested. Mean value analysis and exploratory factor analysis are performed. Findings – Consumers expect organic food to be free from chemical pesticides and mineral fertilisers. In total, two factors affect consumers’ expectations: naturalness of organic food products; additional sustainability aspects like, e.g. resource saving. However, several differences between the analysed countries exist. Although there does not seem to be a big gap between what consumers expect from organic food and what EU organic labelled products fulfil, some attributes might not mean the same to each consumer which could be a source of consumer disappointment. Practical implications – Consequently policy makers as well as market actors should take this risk seriously and use terms like “naturalness” only with great caution when promoting organic food. Originality/value – Further cross-country studies focusing on consumer expectations towards organic food are still needed, because until today only few studies deal with consumer and marketing issues in EU countries with different organic market development.
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Vanderhoff, James. "Endogenous expectation formation methods: Evidence from consumers' inflation expectations". Journal of Macroeconomics 8, nr 1 (grudzień 1986): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0164-0704(86)90033-9.
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Edelstein, Adam I., Karen Kaiser Tegel, Sara Shaunfield, Paul E. Beaulé, John C. Clohisy, Michael Millis, Eduardo Novais i in. "ANCHOR surgeon views of patient selection and expectations for periacetabular osteotomy". Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery 6, nr 2 (21.04.2019): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnz013.
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Abstract Preoperative expectations impact shared decision making and patient satisfaction. Surgeon views of patient selection, expected outcomes and patient expectations after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for treatment of acetabular dysplasia have not been defined. We assessed surgeon views of patient selection and expected outcomes after PAO. A sample of experienced PAO surgeons participated in semi-structured phone interviews assessing: (i) factors that determine patient candidacy for PAO; (ii) surgeon expectations for PAO outcomes; (iii) surgeon perceptions of patient expectations for PAO outcomes and (iv) surgeon perceptions of discrepancies in surgeon and patient expectations and approaches for reconciling these discrepancies. Twelve surgeons (77% of PAO-performing ANCHOR surgeons) participated. The factors most commonly mentioned in determining patient candidacy for PAO were: symptoms, radiographic findings, absence of arthritis and age. Only one-quarter of the sample mentioned patient expectations as a factor in determining patient candidacy for PAO. The most common surgeon expectations were: pain reduction, joint preservation, function with activities of daily living and return to desired activities. 58% of surgeons felt that surgeon and patient expectations align most of the time. Common expectation discrepancies included return to unrestricted activities and complete pain relief. Detailed discussion was the most commonly employed strategy to resolve expectation discrepancies. PAO surgeons felt that patient expectations of complete pain relief and return to unrestricted activities were misaligned with their own expectations. Development of an expectations survey may facilitate shared decision making.
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Sinha, Saitab, i Ashutosh Mishra. "Measuring Employers' Satisfaction with Expectation Satisfaction Matrix". Purushartha - A Journal of Management Ethics and Spirituality 13, nr 01 (25.05.2019): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21844/16201913102.
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This paper examines whether employers' expectations and perceptions influence their satisfaction with the skill competencies of fresh engineering graduates (FEGs) in India. Using the expectation satisfaction matrix, we have also explored whether such skill competencies adequately satisfy employers. Data on employers' expectations and perceptions were collected through a survey of employers' representatives using a structured questionnaire. Expectations from various skillsets under consideration were categorized with exploratory factor analysis. We thus got three latent factors. The regression of these three factors was found to be significantly predicting employers' satisfaction. The indices of expectation and satisfaction of these skillsets were then plotted in the expectation satisfaction matrix to understand their relative positions. Most of the skills fell short of satisfying employers' expectations. Our results prompt us to infer that industry-academia partnerships need to be an integral feature of any curriculum to bridge the gap between course curricula on one hand and employers' expectations and satisfaction on the other. This study would help higher education institutions and FEGs in enhancing employability of the latter.
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Chen, Weizhong, i Mingming Liu. "Structural Shocks, Business Condition Expectations, and Expected Stock Market Returns". Systems 10, nr 6 (21.11.2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10060228.
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Through the interaction terms of business condition expectations and structural shocks, the non-linear effects of business condition expectations on expected stock market returns were studied. We found that the recession expectation enlarges the positive effects of a permanent shock on the expected stock market return, and also increases the negative impacts of the temporary shock. Over the long-horizon forecast, these effects increase over time. Moreover, the impacts under the recession expectation are greater than those under the expansion expectation. The results are robust and have economic significance. We also provide evidence for the existence of a negative relationship between business condition expectations and expected stock market returns.
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Heintz, Christophe, Celse Jérémy, Giardini Francesca i Max Sylvain. "Facing expectations: Those that we prefer to fulfil and those that we disregard". Judgment and Decision Making 10, nr 5 (wrzesień 2015): 442–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005581.
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AbstractWe argue that people choosing prosocial distribution of goods (e.g., in dictator games) make this choice because they do not want to disappoint their partner rather than because of a direct preference for the chosen prosocial distribution. The chosen distribution is a means to fulfil one’s partner’s expectations. We review the economic experiments that corroborate this hypothesis and the experiments that deny that beliefs about others’ expectations motivate prosocial choice. We then formulate hypotheses about what types of expectation motivate someone to do what is expected: these are justifiable hopeful expectations that are clearly about his own choices. We experimentally investigate how people modulate their prosociality when they face low or unreasonably high expectations. In a version of a dictator game, we provide dictators with the opportunity to modulate their transfer as a function of their partner’s expectations. We observe that a significant portion of the population is willing to fulfil their partner’s expectation provided that this expectation expresses a reasonable hope. We conclude that people are averse to disappointing and we discuss what models of social preferences can account for the role of expectations in determining prosocial choice, with a special attention to models of guilt aversion and social esteem.
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Sæbø, Grethe Ingebrigtsvold, i Jorunn H. Midtsundstad. "Teachers’ responsibility and expectations: Dependent on the school organisation?" Improving Schools 21, nr 3 (27.06.2018): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365480218783796.
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This article presents findings from a qualitative case study focusing on teachers’ communication concerning expectations and responsibilities in different schools. The study indicates the following: (1) the connection between structural expectations and responsibility is important, (2) different expectation structures provide different opportunities for collective responsibility, and (3) expectations from others and towards others in a learning community can limit or expand opportunities to learn from each other. These findings enable a discussion on how teachers’ responsibility depends on schools’ expectations and also raise questions about teachers’ expectations towards themselves and the quality of the schools’ expectations towards the teachers.
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Tolk, Jaap J., Rob P. A. Janssen, Tsjitske M. Haanstra, Marieke M. C. van der Steen, Sita M. A. Bierma Zeinstra i M. Reijman. "Outcome Expectations of Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients: The Influence of Demographic Factors, Pain, Personality Traits, Physical and Psychological Status". Journal of Knee Surgery 33, nr 10 (4.07.2019): 1034–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692632.
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AbstractUnfulfilled preoperative expectations have a strong influence on the outcome after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). More insight into determinants of the level of expectations is useful in identifying patients at risk for having expectations of the treatment result that are too high or too low. This information can be used in optimizing preoperative expectation management. The aim of the current study was to analyze to what extent preoperative outcome expectations of TKA patients are affected by psychological factors, demographic factors, pain, physical function, and general health status. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 204 patients with symptomatic and radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA), scheduled for primary TKA. Outcome expectations were measured using the hospital for special surgery knee replacement expectations survey. Independent variables included were age, sex, body mass index, and patient-reported outcome measures for pain, physical function, quality of life, anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, optimism, and pessimism. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between these variables and preoperative outcome expectations. Female sex, higher age, higher depression score, and duration of complaints > 50 months showed to be significant predictors of lower expectations for the treatment outcome after TKA. Baseline pain and function scores were not related to the level of preoperative expectations. The present study aids in identifying patients at risk for having either too high or too low expectations. This knowledge can be utilized in individualized expectation management interventions.
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Jakob, Mark, Alexander Nützenadel i Jochen Streb. "Erfahrung und Erwartung – eine vernachlässigte wirtschaftshistorische Perspektive?" Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 59, nr 2 (27.11.2018): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2018-0011.
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Abstract The DFG Priority Programme “Experience and Expectation – Historical Foundations of Economic Behaviour” explores how economic actors form their expectations under certain historical conditions. This project’s main hypothesis is that the formation of economic expectations is a complex process that cannot be explained solely by simple concepts such as adaptive or rational expectations, and is shaped by historical events and experience. In this introduction, we review the state of the art of modelling expectation formation in social sciences and history and preview the main findings of the articles published in this special issue.
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Lane, Kathleen Lynne, Wendy Peia Oakes, David J. Royer, Emily D. Cantwell, Holly Mariah Menzies, Abbie B. Jenkins i Tyler Hicks. "Using the Schoolwide Expectations Survey for Specific Settings to Build Expectation Matrices". Remedial and Special Education 40, nr 1 (15.01.2019): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741932518786787.
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Schoolwide expectations are a critical component of tiered systems of support, particularly when established with input from faculty and staff and then taught to all students. The expectation matrices depicting these expectations for all key settings serve as important instructional tools when teaching schoolwide expectations. In this study, we examined psychometric properties of the Schoolwide Expectations Survey for Specific Settings (SESSS)—a measure designed to assist school teams in K-12 settings constructing schoolwide expectations for seven school settings with input from all faculty and staff—with results indicating strong internal consistency of items. These settings are classrooms, hallways, cafeterias, playgrounds, restrooms, buses, and arrival/dismissal. In addition, we examined the degree to which adults in elementary, middle, and high school converged and diverged in their expectations for each setting. Using mixed-effects modeling for nested data, we found some expectations varied among school levels in some noninstructional settings. We conclude with limitations and future directions.
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Olkkonen, Laura, i Vilma Luoma-aho. "Theorizing expectations as enablers of intangible assets in public relations: Normative, predictive, and destructive". Public Relations Inquiry 8, nr 3 (wrzesień 2019): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2046147x19873091.
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Expectations intersect with many areas of public relations, yet conceptual and theoretical understandings of expectations have not been strong in public relations research. In fact, expectations are often discussed at a cursory level, expectation theories are seldom applied, and the concept of expectations is not problematized. In this article, therefore, we explore the role of expectations in public relations and illustrate how expectations shape organizational relationships, particularly by enabling or destroying the creation of organizational intangible assets. We identify gaps in how expectations are addressed in public relations, present the results from a literature review of 159 academic articles, and move forward conceptually by elaborating expectations as normative, predictive, and destructive assessments. The predictive and destructive dimensions that recognize negative expectations, in particular, can help public relations scholars understand the flipside of the much more often discussed positive expectations. Fulfillment of negative expectations, for example, can explain the active maintenance of unfavorable reputations and reputational stigmas.
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Khodaparast, Ata, Delara Laghousi, Mahasti Alizadeh i Neda Gilani. "Marriage expectation and related factors among newlywed couples in pre-marriage counseling center in Tabriz". Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 43, nr 6 (12.01.2022): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mj.2022.006.
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Background. One of the important determinants of a successful marriage is the realistic expectation about marriage. This study aimed to assess the expectations of newly married couples about marriage referred to the pre-marital counseling center, and also the factors affecting their marriage expectations. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, to examine the level of marital expectation of newlywed couples referring to the premarital counseling center in Tabriz from August 2018 to April 2019, 284 samples were chosen. The self-administered Marriage Expectation Scale was used to collect data. Results. In a sample of 284, the mean age was 26±5 years. Approximately 52% of couples had an academic education. The mean marriage expectation score was 158.13±19.74. According to the results of logistic regression, the odds of idealistic marriage expectation among couples with an academic degree was 2.94 times higher compared to those with an under diploma degree (P= 0.003). In addition, the odds of idealistic marriage expectation among employees and self-employed couples was 3.14 and 3.16 times higher compared to the unemployed ones or housewives, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion. The majority of couples had idealistic expectations about marriage and also couples with academic education, self-employed and employees had more idealistic marriage expectations.