Artykuły w czasopismach: „Exercise training”

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Cadd, Theodore L., Paul M. Slyman i Lillian M. Maizer. "The ICS Planning Process Exercise: A New Exercise Tool". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, nr 1 (1.03.1999): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-411.

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ABSTRACT The authors propose a structurally different kind of exercise where the participants not only become familiar with the plans being exercised but also have the time to learn their positions within the Incident Command System (ICS) response structure. The ICS Planning Process Exercise (IPPE) also allows for contingency plan validation. In the more familiar exercise types—tabletop exercises, functional or field exercises, and full-scale exercises—players come together for a period of time to execute the exercise. There is usually no time allowed for detailed reading of the plans or anything but the most cursory training for their assigned responsibilities within the response structure. The IPPE is an exercise conducted over a period of weeks or months at a reduced cost to the companies and agencies involved, with time built in for training and contingency plan familiarization. Moreover, assumptions made by the contingency plans or during the other style of exercises are validated or challenged as needed. The IPPE is intended to test plans and train people. The primary goals of the IPPE are to validate plans, to become familiar with plans, and to familiarize ICS personnel with their assigned positions such as Section Chief, Division Supervisor, Situation Unit Leader or any other identified responsibilities.

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Gleason, Joseph. "Taking a Step Back. Exercises as Training Opportunities." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, nr 1 (1.04.2003): 1055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1055.

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ABSTRACT Historically, many response exercises conducted by the United States Coast Guard and other oil spill response stakeholders have been conducted as functional or full-scale exercises. With the increased demands placed on many U.S. agencies as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11’ 2001, there is a greater need than ever to ensure that time spent in training and exercises produces positive and tangible results for the participants. In preparation for the joint US/Canadian response exercise, CANUSLANT 2002, the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards decided to take a step back and look at the lessons learned from previous exercises. Based on this review, the Joint Response Team (JRT) decided to focus CANUSLANT 2002 as a training opportunity and to work on the lessons learned that were repeatedly identified in earlier CANUSLANT exercises. Perhaps the most common exercise conducted in oil spill response is the functional “command post” exercise where exercise participants are assigned to ICS (Incident Command System) staff elements. Participants then respond to an exercise scenario and prescripted injects that are provided to drive participant actions. With personnel turnover, transfers, and increased operational demands, many exercise participants struggle through the crisis phase of an incident scenario and never have the opportunity to learn what it is they are supposed to be doing. When all is said and done, many exercise participants are often simply go home happy that the exercise is over and done with. The goal for CANUSLANT 2002 was to produce an exercise where the participants accomplished something tangible; that long pending issues would be discussed and perhaps even resolved. The Exercise Design Team hoped that the participants walked away from the exercise saying that it was time well spent and not simply thankful that the exercise was over. This paper outlines the factors that led to the success of the CANUSLANT 2002 cross border response exercise. This paper also highlights some of the fundamentals for varying your approach to exercises to achieve tangible results while providing personnel the skills and training required to respond in the event of a real disaster.

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Thompson, Paul D., i Beth Parker. "Statins, Exercise, and Exercise Training". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 62, nr 8 (sierpień 2013): 715–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.030.

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Ugatti, Daniel B., Victor M. Curty, Rafael Pereira i Marco Machado. "Concurrent training and caffeine supplementation on resistance training performance - A short research report". International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology 6, nr 2 (23.08.2017): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22631/ijaep.v6i2.156.

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The aim of this study was to examine the influence of caffeine supplementation (4.5 mg⋅kg−1) on lower body resistance training (RT) performance preceded with and without an acute bout of endurance exercise. In a double-blinded crossover study, 10 moderately active males (20.6±2.1 yo) carried out six exercise sessions (2 x 1RM sessions; 2 x resistance sessions; 2 concurrent sessions). Resistance exercise sessions (CAF+RES and PLA+RES) were carried out with 4 maximum sets of leg press, leg extension and leg curl to volitional fatigue at 65% of 1RM for each exercise with 1 min inter-set and inter-session rest interval. Sessions consisted on 4 maximum sets to volitional fatigue at 65% of 1RM for each exercise with 1 min of rest interval between sets and exercises. Concurrent training sessions (CAF+CON and PLA+CON) were identical but were preceded by 30 min of continuous treadmill running at 75-85% HRmax. Physical performance showed a significant main effect for treatment (p < 0.0001), protocol (p < 0.02), exercises (p < 0.0001) and sets (p < 0.0001). Physical performance during RES was reduced after endurance exercise, indicating a cumulative effect of CON. Caffeine supplementation blunted this cumulative effect. We conclude that caffeine supplementation could be used to improve the RT performance when it is done immediately after an aerobic training.

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DENİZOĞLU KÜLLİ, Hilal, Kubra ALPAY, Elif DURGUT i Ayşenur TEMİZEL. "Acute Effect of Unilateral Muscle Training Supported with Visual Feedback on Contralateral Muscle Strength and Joint Position Sense". İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, nr 18 (31.12.2022): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1131359.

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Aim: Unilateral exercise training is an effective and useful technique, especially in immobilization and neurological conditions, but the effect of unilateral muscle exercise training on muscle strength is modest. Therefore, the aim of this study is to detect the acute concomitant effect of mirror therapy and unilateral exercise training on muscle strength and joint position sense in healthy adults.Method: Thirty-one participants were randomly enrolled in two groups the mirror (n=16) and control groups (n=15). Hand grip (HG), pinch grip (PG) strengths, and joint position sense (JPS) of the wrist were assessed in both hands before and after a single exercise session which include 300 repetitive ball squeezing exercises by right (exercised) hand for all groups. The participants in the mirror group were asked to watch the mirror to see the reflection of their exercised hands, the control group only watched their exercised and unexercised hands without any visual feedback support during the exercise session. Repeated Measure ANOVA and Mixed ANOVA tests were performed to analyze in- and between-group differences.Results: The statistically significant differences were determined in unexercised hand HG and PG strength in the mirror group (F=10,105; p=0,006, ηp2=0,403; F=5,341; p=0,035; ηp2=0,263, respectively). However, any group×time interaction was found in JPS, HG, or PG tests (p<0;05). Additionally, no difference was shown in JPS in-group comparisons (p<0;05).Conclusion: The result of the study suggested that unilateral exercise training should apply concomitant with visual feedback. Further studies are needed to compare the effect of different sensory feedbacks on unilateral exercise training.

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Janosky, Joseph. "AGE APPROPRIATENESS OF COMMON NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING EXERCISES". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, nr 3_suppl (1.03.2019): 2325967119S0015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00156.

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Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a significant public health concern in the US with at least 250,000 injuries occurring annually. The rate of ACL reconstruction in adolescents has risen 33% in the past 20 years. Much effort has been dedicated to developing neuromuscular training (NMT) programs to reduce the risk of ACL injury. While preventive programs have been successful in decreasing the rate of ACL injury in young populations, the appropriateness of NMT exercises across different age groups has not yet been demonstrated. The purpose of this study is to determine if children ages 8-11 and 12-15 can perform common NMT exercises with equal ability. Methods In 2016, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) developed a series of NMT programs for young athletes. Seven exercises were selected for evaluation from both the Beginner (8-11) and Intermediate (12-15) programs. Male and female subjects aged 8-15 were recruited from schools and youth sports organizations in and around New York City. Informed consent/assent was obtained from each subject. Participants completed a demographic survey and were assigned a subject ID before testing. Participants completed two trials of each exercise. Performance was assessed after receiving visual/verbal exercise instruction and again after receiving visual/verbal cues that reinforced correct exercise technique. Three sports medicine practitioners evaluated each exercise using three performance criteria. Exercise technique was deemed correct when at least two evaluators agreed that neutral alignment of the cervical spine, lumbopelvic complex and lower extremities was maintained during each exercise. Comparisons of performance within each sex were made for 8-9 & 10-11 and 12-13 & 14-15 groups using Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Inc., Cary, NC). Results 301 total participants were evaluated (8-11 years: n = 165, 54.2% female; 12-15 years: n = 136, 39.9% female). The percentage of participants who performed exercises correctly are shown in Table 1 and 2 (attached). There was no significant difference between male and female participants who completed exercises correctly in either cohort. There was also no significant difference noted in exercise performance between participants aged 8-9 & 10-11 years or between participants aged 12-13 & 14-15 years. The use of technique cues significantly increased the percentage of participants who correctly completed the exercise across all ages and sexes (p < 0.001). 21% of the cohort aged 8-11 completed exercises correctly when provided with exercise instruction and 45% completed exercises correctly when provided with technique cues. 29% of the cohort aged 12-15 completed exercises correctly when provided with exercise instruction and 59% completed exercises correctly when provided with technique cues. The kappa statistic was used to measure inter-rater reliability and among all criteria for all evaluators k = 0.31 (8-11 cohort) and k = 0.42 (12-15 cohort). Conclusion Our results indicate that male and female children aged 8-9 & 10-11 years and 12-13 & 14-15 years can perform common NMT exercises with equal ability. This is an important consideration when designing preventive programs for young athletes based on chronological age. Additionally, only one-fourth all study participants were able to perform common NMT exercises with correct technique when provided with visual/verbal exercise instruction, while over one-half of the participants were able to perform these same exercises correctly when provided with visual/verbal technique cues. This improvement highlights the importance of providing cues that effectively improve exercise technique for young athletes. Based on motor learning theory, repeated cuing would likely increase the percentage of children who perform NMT exercises correctly. These results call attention to the urgent need for coaches and physical educators to provide appropriate technique cues when implementing NMT programs. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

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Mahmudi, Seyed Ali Akbar, Hatef Ghasemi Hamidabadi, Ardeshir Moayeri, Maryam Nazm Bojnordi, Maria Zahiri, Zahra Madani i Mina Vardiani. "Melatonin ameliorates testes against forced treadmill exercise training on spermatogenesis in rats". Folia Medica 64, nr 1 (28.02.2022): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.64.e57544.

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Introduction: It is well documented that some forced exercises can have bad effects on the genital system. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant that is effective in reducing the physical stress.  Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the supportive effect of melatonin on the quality of spermatogenesis, including count, motility, morphology, viability, and apoptosis of sperm following a forced treadmill exercise. Materials and methods: A total of 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experimental study. All rats were divided into five groups: control group, sham M group, melatonin (M) group, forced treadmill exercise group (Ft), and melatonin with forced treadmill exercise (MFt) group. The experimental group was trained to force treadmill stress for one hour of forced treadmill exercise daily, five days weekly for eight weeks. Then the sperm quality parameters were measured after dissection and removal of epididymis. Spermatogenesis and germ cell apoptosis were evaluated using Miller and Johnsen’s score and TUNEL staining separately. Results: Results showed the count, motility, morphology, and viability of sperm in forced treadmill-melatonin administrated group, significantly enhanced by melatonin treatment compared to the treadmill exercise group (p≤0.01). Also the number of apoptotic germ cells significantly decreased in treadmill exercised-melatonin administrated group compared to the treadmill exercised group. Conclusions: These results suggest that administration of melatonin can protect the testis against the detrimental effect of forced treadmill exercise in adult male rats.

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Bushman, Barbara A., i Ally Robinett. "Neuromotor Exercise Training". ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal 26, nr 4 (lipiec 2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000772.

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Duplanty, Anthony, Jakob Vingren i Jean Keller. "Exercise Training Recommendations". Strength and Conditioning Journal 36, nr 2 (kwiecień 2014): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000040.

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Braith, Randy W., i Kerry J. Stewart. "Resistance Exercise Training". Circulation 113, nr 22 (6.06.2006): 2642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.105.584060.

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Foster, Carl, Hjalti Kristjansson, John P. Porcari, Kristi Cadwell, Glenn Wright i Rebecca A. Battista. "MONITORING EXERCISE TRAINING". Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 28, nr 4 (lipiec 2008): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hcr.0000327208.14767.76.

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CONVERTINO, VICTOR A. "Endurance exercise training". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, nr 6 (czerwiec 1993): 705???712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199306000-00010.

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Bushman, Barbara. "Neuromotor Exercise Training". ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal 16, nr 6 (2012): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/fit.0b013e31826f7bfa.

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Roy, Brad A. "FUNctional Exercise Training". ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal 18, nr 3 (2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000029.

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Lambert, Jennifer E., Jason P. Myslicki, Marc R. Bomhof, Darrell D. Belke, Jane Shearer i Raylene A. Reimer. "Exercise training modifies gut microbiota in normal and diabetic mice". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, nr 7 (lipiec 2015): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0452.

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Cecal microbiota from type 2 diabetic (db/db) and control (db/+) mice was obtained following 6 weeks of sedentary or exercise activity. qPCR analysis revealed a main effect of exercise, with greater abundance of select Firmicutes species and lower Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. in both normal and diabetic exercised mice compared with sedentary counterparts. Conversely, Bifidobacterium spp. was greater in exercised normal but not diabetic mice (exercise × diabetes interaction). How exercise influences gut microbiota requires further investigation.

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Rullman, Eric, Jessica Norrbom, Anna Strömberg, Dick Wågsäter, Helene Rundqvist, Tara Haas i Thomas Gustafsson. "Endurance exercise activates matrix metalloproteinases in human skeletal muscle". Journal of Applied Physiology 106, nr 3 (marzec 2009): 804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90872.2008.

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In the present study, the effect of exercise training on the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the human skeletal muscle was investigated. Ten subjects exercised one leg for 45 min with restricted blood flow and then exercised the other leg at the same absolute workload with unrestricted blood flow. The exercises were conducted four times per week for 5 wk. Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscles of both legs at rest before the training period, after 10 days and 5 wk of training, and 2 h after the first exercise bout for analysis of MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein expression. Levels of MMP-2, MMP-14, and TIMP-1 mRNA in muscle tissue increased after 10 days of training regardless of blood flow condition. MMP-2 mRNA level in laser-dissected myofibers and MMP-2 activity in whole muscle increased with training. The level of MMP-9 mRNA and activity increased after the first bout of exercise. Although MMP-9 mRNA levels appeared to be very low, the activity of MMP-9 after a single bout of exercise was similar to that of MMP-2 after 10 days of exercise. MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein was both present throughout the extracellular matrix of the muscle, both around fibers and capillaries, but MMP-2 was also present within the skeletal muscle fibers. These results show that MMPs are activated in skeletal muscle in nonpathological conditions such as voluntary exercise. The expression and time pattern indicate differences between the MMPs in regards of production sites as well as in the regulating mechanism.

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Basoglu, Umut Davut. "Exercise Addiction: A Comparison Between the Individuals Who Exercise for Physical Recreation and Who Receive Personal Exercise Training". Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, nr 12 (28.09.2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i12.3604.

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In the study, we aim to investigate the exercise addiction levels of the individuals who join sports centers for recreational activity and the ones who also receive personal exercise training. The universe of this study is the individuals who are members of The Club sports center located in Istanbul province, the European side of Esenyurt. The sample is composed of 120 members who are selected by the simple random sampling. The participants are all the members of the sports center who have regularly exercised for at least one year and continue to sports center at least two days a week. Participants have received enlightened approvals for voluntary participation either.In order to measure exercise addiction level, we used "Exercise Addiction Scale-21" developed by Hausenblas and Downs (2002) and adapted to Turkish by Yeltep and İkizler (2007).Frequency test is used to reveal the features of the participants. The data were not normally distributed. So Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U Tests were used for cross-group comparisons. Findings were accepted as statistically significant at p <0.05 level.Results show that exercise addiction levels of individuals who have received special training and those who spend more time on monthly and weekly exercise are higher than the rest.As a conclusion, the increase in the number of days and the number of hours of exercises seems to be an antecedent, of exercise addiction. We also find out that the exercise addiction levels of individuals who receive personal exercise training are higher.

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Fisher, James Peter, Luke Carlson, James Steele i Dave Smith. "The effects of pre-exhaustion, exercise order, and rest intervals in a full-body resistance training intervention". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, nr 11 (listopad 2014): 1265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0162.

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Pre-exhaustion (PreEx) training is advocated on the principle that immediately preceding a compound exercise with an isolation exercise can target stronger muscles to pre-exhaust them to obtain greater adaptations in strength and size. However, research considering PreEx training method is limited. The present study looked to examine the effects of a PreEx training programme. Thirty-nine trained participants (male = 9, female = 30) completed 12 weeks of resistance training in 1 of 3 groups: a group that performed PreEx training (n = 14), a group that performed the same exercise order with a rest interval between exercises (n = 17), and a control group (n = 8) that performed the same exercises in a different order (compound exercises prior to isolation). No significant between-group effects were found for strength in chest press, leg press, or pull-down exercises, or for body composition changes. Magnitude of change was examined for outcomes also using effect size (ES). ESs for strength changes were considered large for each group for every exercise (ranging 1.15 to 1.62). In conclusion, PreEx training offers no greater benefit to performing the same exercises with rest between them compared with exercises performed in an order that prioritises compound movements.

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Davis, T. A., S. Klahr i I. E. Karl. "Insulin-stimulated protein metabolism in chronic azotemia and exercise". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 253, nr 1 (1.07.1987): F164—F169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.253.1.f164.

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To determine whether training reduces the acute catabolic stress of an exercise bout, control and azotemic rats, either exercise trained or untrained, were subjected to a bout of exercise or allowed to rest. Protein turnover was measured immediately following exercise in isolated muscles. Azotemia (no exercise) increased protein degradation; acute exercise (no azotemia) decreased protein synthesis. Protein catabolism was greatest in acutely exercised azotemic rats. Training reduced azotemia-induced and acute exercise-stimulated increase in protein degradation. To determine whether this improvement in protein metabolism by training was due to increased insulin sensitivity, the dose-response to insulin was determined. Resistance of protein synthesis or degradation to insulin was not observed in azotemic rats. Either acute exercise or training increased sensitivities of protein degradation and synthesis to insulin; training also increased responsiveness of protein degradation to insulin. Thus exercise training reduced the elevated muscle protein catabolism due to azotemia and/or acute exercise and enhanced the action of insulin on muscle.

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Vurmaz, Mehmet Onur, i Bergun Meric Bingul. "Investigating the Effect of Light Reaction Exercises on Agility-Quickness and Reaction Time of the U-20 Eootball Players". Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, nr 11a (29.11.2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i11a.3808.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of light reaction exercises on agility-quickness and reaction time of the U-20 Eootball Players. 20 male football players from the YeniMalatyaspor participated in this study voluntarily. T-test for agility-quickness, foot reaction test with Light-Trainer device for foot reaction speed were done before and after trainings. While the control group continued with the standard training, the exercise group performed the standard training exercises with Light-Trainer device for eight weeks. According to the results, the exercise group improved statistically (p<0.05). İt was observed that the exercises performed with Light-Trainer device had positive effects on agility-quickness and reaction speed over U-20 football players and improved their features. İt was thought that such education would be very useful in the cognitive training of young athletes.

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Burgos-Jara, Carlos, Hugo Cerda-Kohler, Esteban Aedo-Muñoz i Bianca Miarka. "Eccentric Resistance Training: A Methodological Proposal of Eccentric Muscle Exercise Classification Based on Exercise Complexity, Training Objectives, Methods, and Intensity". Applied Sciences 13, nr 13 (7.07.2023): 7969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137969.

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Eccentric resistance training that focuses on the lengthening phase of muscle actions has gained attention for its potential to enhance muscle strength, power, and performance (among others). This review presents a methodological proposal for classifying eccentric exercises based on complexity, objectives, methods, and intensity. We discuss the rationale and physiological implications of eccentric training, considering its benefits and risks. The proposed classification system considers exercise complexity and categorizing exercises by technical requirements and joint involvement, accommodating various skill levels. Additionally, training objectives are addressed, including (i) Sports Rehabilitation and Return To Sport, (ii) Muscle Development, (iii) Injury Prevention, (iv) Special Populations, and (v) Sporting Performance, proposing exercise selection with desired outcomes. The review also highlights various eccentric training methods, such as tempo, isoinertial, plyometrics, and moderate eccentric load, each with different benefits. The classification system also integrates intensity levels, allowing for progressive overload and individualized adjustments. This methodological proposal provides a framework for organizing eccentric resistance training programs, facilitating exercise selection, program design, and progression. Furthermore, it assists trainers, coaches, and professionals in optimizing eccentric training’s benefits, promoting advancements in research and practical application. In conclusion, this methodological proposal offers a systematic approach for classifying eccentric exercises based on complexity, objectives, methods, and intensity. It enhances exercise selection, program design, and progression in eccentric resistance training according to training objectives and desired outcomes.

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Bupha-Intr, Tepmanas, Jitanan Laosiripisan i Jonggonnee Wattanapermpool. "Moderate intensity of regular exercise improves cardiac SR Ca2+ uptake activity in ovariectomized rats". Journal of Applied Physiology 107, nr 4 (październik 2009): 1105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00407.2009.

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The impact of regular exercise in protecting cardiac deteriorating results of female sex hormone deprivation was evaluated by measuring changes in intracellular Ca2+ removal activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in ovariectomized rats following 9-wk treadmill running exercise at moderate intensity. Despite induction of cardiac hypertrophy in exercised groups of both sham-operated and ovariectomized rats, exercise training had no effect on SR Ca2+ uptake and SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) in hormone intact rat heart. However, exercise training normalized the suppressed maximum SR Ca2+ uptake and SERCA activity in ovariectomized rat heart. While exercise training normalized the leftward shift in pCa (−log[Ca2+])-SR Ca2+ uptake relation in ovariectomized rats, no effect was detected in exercised sham-operated rats. Similar phenomena were also observed on SERCA and on phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation levels; exercise training in ovariectomized rats enhanced SERCA expression to reach the level as that in sham-operated rats, in which there were no differences in SERCA and phospho-PLB levels between sedentary and exercised groups. In addition, the reduction in phospho-Thr17 PLB in myocardium of ovariectomized rats was abolished by exercise training. These results showed that regular exercise maintains the molecular activation of cardiac SR Ca2+ uptake under normal physiological conditions and is able to induce a protective impact on cardiac SR Ca2+ uptake in ovarian sex hormone-deprived status.

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Chang, Yu-Kai, Chien-Yu Pan, Feng-Tzu Chen, Chia-Liang Tsai i Chi-Chang Huang. "Effect of Resistance-Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Review". Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 20, nr 4 (październik 2012): 497–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.4.497.

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Several studies have demonstrated that exercise helps reduce or prevent cognitive deterioration among older adults, and recent studies have further examined the effects of resistance-exercise training on cognition. The purpose of this review was to examine the role of resistance-exercise training on cognition in healthy older adults. Specifically, it describes the definition, health benefits, and the design of resistance-exercise training. The authors also review the research related to resistance exercises and cognition and found that this exercise modality may enhance specific cognitive performances. Next, they examine the potential mechanisms underlying resistance exercise and cognitive enhancement. Finally, they consider potential therapeutics and recommendations for further research on resistance-exercise training and cognition in older adults.

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AĞGÖN, ESER, ÖZTURK AGIRBAŞ, HAMIT HAKAN ALP, IZZET UÇAN, RECEP GÜRSOY i ANTHONY C. HACKNEY. "Effect of dynamic and static strength training on hormonal activity in elite boxers". Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 12, nr 3 (30.09.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.12.3.01.

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Background: The aim of this study was to determine hormonal responses to acute and chronic exposure to static and dynamic strength training programs using resistance bands in boxers. Material and methods: 19 male national boxers participated in the study. Boxers were instructed to perform strength exercises with resistance bands for 3 days a week for 8 weeks involving either dynamic (n=10) or static (n=9) resistance exercises. Blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately after the initial exercise session, and 8 weeks later following the last exercise session. Cortisol, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were measured. Statistical analyses involved non-parametric analysis with an alpha level of .05. Results: Dynamic strength exercises were effective stimuli to growth hormone, adrenaline and noradrenaline, while static strength exercises provoked cortisol, growth hormone, adrenaline and noradrenaline responses both initially after exercise and after 8 weeks of chronic training. Neither dynamic nor static strength exercises were effective in prompting adrenocorticotropic changes after an exercise session or after 8 weeks of training. Conclusions: We showed that dynamic and static strength exercise protocols using resistance bands both could provoke acute and chronic hormonal responses in boxers similar to more traditional modes of such exercise. Abbreviations: ACTH ̶ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, GH ̶ Growth Hormone, C ̶ Cortisol.

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Li, Xiaohan, Rongfang Yu, Ping Wang, Aiwen Wang i Huiming Huang. "Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiopulmonary Function and Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Meta-Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 14 (18.07.2021): 7643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147643.

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(1) Objective: Our objective was to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that have evaluated the benefits of exercise training for elderly pulmonary fibrosis (PF) patients. (2) Methods: Studies in either English or Chinese were retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and the Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases from inception until the first week of April 2021. Age, body mass index (BMI), and exercise frequency, intensity, type, and duration were considered for each participant. The specific data recorded were the six-minute walk distance (6MWD), maximal rate of oxygen consumption (peak VO2), predicted forced vital capacity (FVC% pred), predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO% pred), predicted total lung capacity (TLC% pred), St. George’s respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) total score and a modified medical research council score (mMRC). (3) Results: Thirteen studies comprised this meta-analysis (eleven randomized controlled trials and two prospective studies design), wherein 335 patients were exercised and 334 were controls. The results showed that exercise training increased the 6MWD (Cohen’s d = 0.77, MD = 34.04 (95% CI, 26.50–41.58), p < 0.01), peak VO2 (Cohen’s d = 0.45, MD = 1.13 (95% CI, 0.45–1.82), p = 0.0001) and FVC% pred (Cohen’s d = 0.42, MD = 3.94 (95% CI, 0.91–6.96), p = 0.01). However, exercise training reduced scores for the SGRQ (Cohen’s d = 0.89, MD = −8.79 (95% CI, −10.37 to −7.21), p < 0.01) and the mMRC (Cohen’s d = 0.64, MD = −0.58 (95% CI, −0.79 to −0.36), p < 0.01). In contrast, exercise training could not increase DLCO% pred (Cohen’s d = 0.16, MD = 1.86 (95% CI, −0.37–4.09), p = 0.10) and TLC% pred (Cohen’s d = 0.02, MD = 0.07 (95% CI, −6.53–6.67), p = 0.98). Subgroup analysis showed significant differences in frequency, intensity, type, and age in the 6MWD results (p < 0.05), which were higher with low frequency, moderate intensity, aerobic–resistance–flexibility–breathing exercises and age ≤ 70. Meanwhile, the subgroup analysis showed significant differences in exercise intensity and types in the mMRC results (p < 0.05), which were lower with moderate intensity and aerobic–resistance exercises. (4) Conclusions: Exercise training during pulmonary rehabilitation can improved cardiopulmonary endurance and quality of life in elderly patients with PF. The 6MWDs were more noticeable with moderate exercise intensity, combined aerobic–resistance–flexibility–breathing exercises and in younger patients, which all were not affected by BMI levels or exercise durations. As to pulmonary function, exercise training can improve FVC% pred, but has no effect on DLCO% pred and TLC% pred.

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Vogt, Michael, i Hans H. Hoppeler. "Eccentric exercise: mechanisms and effects when used as training regime or training adjunct". Journal of Applied Physiology 116, nr 11 (1.06.2014): 1446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00146.2013.

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The aim of the current review is to discuss applications and mechanism of eccentric exercise in training regimes of competitive sports. Eccentric muscle work is important in most sports. Eccentric muscle contractions enhance the performance during the concentric phase of stretch-shortening cycles, which is important in disciplines like sprinting, jumping, throwing, and running. Muscles activated during lengthening movements can also function as shock absorbers, to decelerate during landing tasks or to precisely deal with high external loading in sports like alpine skiing. The few studies available on trained subjects reveal that eccentric training can further enhance maximal muscle strength and power. It can further optimize muscle length for maximal tension development at a greater degree of extension, and has potential to improve muscle coordination during eccentric tasks. In skeletal muscles, these functional adaptations are based on increases in muscle mass, fascicle length, number of sarcomeres, and cross-sectional area of type II fibers. Identified modalities for eccentric loading in athletic populations involve classical isotonic exercises, accentuated jumping exercises, eccentric overloading exercises, and eccentric cycle ergometry. We conclude that eccentric exercise offers a promising training modality to enhance performance and to prevent injuries in athletes. However, further research is necessary to better understand how the neuromuscular system adapts to eccentric loading in athletes.

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Fortier, J., V. Julliand, P. Harris i A. G. Goachet. "Training management of Standardbred trotters: a field survey in France". Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, nr 1 (1.01.2014): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13035.

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This study aimed to characterise the training practices of French trainers and to describe the training load undertaken by unqualified (UT) and qualified Standardbred trotters (QT). During the Paris-Vincennes 2012 meeting, 20 trainers from the Grosbois training centre were surveyed. Details of their general training practices as well as the weekly workloads for UT and QT were obtained. A nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the UT and QT data and a principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to examine links between trainer characteristics and particular training practices. Four main exercises used to train trotters were identified: (1) ‘promenade’ exercise: light exercise at walk and at slow trot (5.1±0.4 m/s) lasting 48±9 min; (2) ‘jogging’: moderate trot exercise (6.9±1.5 m/s) lasting 44±12 min; (3) ‘parcours’ exercise: moderate/high intensity trot session (10.3±0.9 m/s) over 2,844±1,412 meters with a final sprint; (4) ‘interval’ type exercise: fast trot sessions (10.8±0.9 m/s) over 1,010±212 meters with sprint phases. Trainers used a combination of these four exercises to train both UT and QT. Moreover, the estimated training weekly workload did not appear to differ between the two age categories, with apparently similar exercises and training loads being used to train both UT and QT. The results of the PCA suggested that as trainers become older and more successful they tend to change the composition of exercises used. They preferably used more ‘jogging’ type exercise, regardless of the horses’ age or training level. Whilst the weekly training plan varied between trainers, it seems that the individual trainer's annual programme was relatively constant, consisting of a repetition of a typical training week.

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Ghalavand, Akbar, Hossein Saki, Farzad Nazem, Nasim Khademitab, Hafez Behzadi nezhad, Mohsen Behbodi i Fatemeh Zeighami. "The Effect of Ganoderma Supplementation and Selected Exercise Training on Glycemic Control in Boys With Type 1 Diabetes". Jundishapur Journal of Medical Sciences 20, nr 4 (1.10.2021): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jsmj.20.4.2426.

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Background and Objectives Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of regular exercise training and Ganoderma supplementation on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Subjects and Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 40 boys with type 1 diabetes were selected and divided into 4 groups: 1) exercise, 2) supplement, 3) exercise & supplement 4) control. Exercises included 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each training session included selected exercises training. Ganoderma lucidum consumption for daily consumption of 20 grams of a brewed drink was consumed. Fasting blood sampling was performed 48 hours before and 72 hours after the intervention. Results A significant decrease was observed in 2Hour Post Prandial Glucose in the exercise & supplement group compared to the control group (P=0.018). Also Significant decrease was observed in HbA1c level in exercise (P=0.031) and exercise & supplement (P=0.043) compared to the control group. Conclusion According to the results, it can be said that combined exercise training can play an important role in the management of blood sugar in type 1 diabetes and the use of Ganoderma can increase the effectiveness of exercise in blood glycemic control along with exercise training.

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Golpayegani, Masoud, Zahra Fayazi i Yasin Hoseiny. "The Effect of Strengthing Core Stabilization Training and the Knee Strengthening Training on Improving Pain in Older Women Athletes With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome". Journal of Arak University Medical Sciences 24, nr 5 (6.03.2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jams.24.5.6275.1.

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Background and Aim: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems in the elderly that Can affect their daily activity. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a period strengthening core stabilization exercise with the Knee strengthening exercises on improving pain in female athletes with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Materials and Methods: In this study, 20 female athlete with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome participated. they were accidentally divided into two groups: strengthening core stabilization exercise (10 people( and strengthening knee exercise (10 people). Patients' pain was measured before and after eight weeks of practice interventions by visual analog scale. Paired t-test and independent t-test were used at the significant level of (P<0.05) was used to analyze the results. Ethical consideration: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Bu Ali Sina University Hamwdan with code: IR.BASU.REC.1398.032. Findings: The results showed that the pain level in both groups decreased significantly after strengthening core stabilization exercises (P=0.006) and the Knee strengthening exercises (P=0.000). Although intergroup comparison did not show a significant difference in the results (P̀=0.064), the calculation of the effect showed a greater effect of strengthening knee exercise )ES=1.8) on the improvement of pain compared to the strengthening core stabilization group (ES=0.7). Conclusion: The results showed that knee strengthening exercises and strengthening core stabilization exercise reduced the pain. But due to the higher effectiveness of knee strengthening exercises on the improvement of pain, it is recommended to use this protocol to reduce the pain of these patients.

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Figueira, Ana, Mafalda Figueira, Carina Silva, Ana Padrão, Paula Oliveira, Rita Ferreira i Jose Duarte. "Exercise Training-induced Modulation in Microenvironment of Rat Mammary Neoplasms". International Journal of Sports Medicine 39, nr 12 (10.08.2018): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0660-0198.

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AbstractDespite the importance attributed to exercise training in the breast cancer (BC) continuum, the underlying mechanisms modulating tumor behavior are unknown. We evaluated the effects of long-term moderate-exercise in the development of mammary tumors, and studied the microenvironment of infiltrative lesions, the amount of connective tissue, and balance between cellular proliferation/death.Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats, randomly assigned into four groups: two control groups (sedentary and exercised) and two models of BC groups (sedentary and exercised) induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosoureia (MNU), were sacrificed after 35 weeks of moderate-exercise, and all perceptible tumors were removed for histological and immunohistochemistry analysis.The median number of infiltrative-lesions per animal was lower in the MNU exercised animals (p=0.02). More than one histological pattern was identified, and papillary carcinoma was the most frequent in both groups. Within infiltrative-lesions, the number of immunopositive cells per μm2 of Ki67 was lower in exercised animals (p=0.002). This presents increased cell death per μm2 (p=0.019). Tumors from sedentary animals had a higher expression of collagen deposition (p=0.027).Long-term moderate-exercise has beneficial effects in tumor development with a diminished prevalence of malignancy. Within infiltrative-lesions, moderate-exercise improves the balance between cell-proliferation and cell-death with decreased connective tissue that suggests lower tumor aggressiveness.

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Pomeshkina, S. A., O. L. Barbarash i E. V. Pomeshkin. "Exercise training and erectile dysfunction in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting". Terapevticheskii arkhiv 91, nr 9 (15.09.2019): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2019.09.000149.

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Aim: to estimate the effects of exercise training on erectile function after coronary artery bypass grafting. Materials and methods. 114 men with stable coronary artery disease undergoing on - pump coronary artery bypass grafting were examined. Patients with ED were randomized into two groups comparable in the main demographic, clinical and baseline parameters: a group of patients undergoing supervised exercise trainings at the outpatient rehabilitation center (n=53) and a group of patients without any exercise trainings at the outpatient hospital (n=61). Patients were assessed 1, 6 and 12 months after CABG. All patients underwent echocardiography (ECHO-CG), bicycle ergometer test without discontinuation of the drug therapy, measurement of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), ultrasound assessment of the cavernous arteries with the further estimation of their endothelial function. Results. In addition to the expected improvements in exercise tolerance, regular cycling exercises led to a significant recovery of erectile function (number and duration of NTP, increased penile blood flow volume, estimated during NTP measurement), improved endothelial function of the cavernous arteries, compared to patients without exercise trainings. However, the obtained effects in the group with exercise trainings were short - term. One year after CABG, the number of NTP and penile blood flow volume were superior in patients undergoing exercise trainings. Differences in other parameters became less reliable between the groups. Conclusion. Aerobic exercise trainings appeared to be effective for optimizing exercise tolerance, erectile and endothelial function, and allow improving the prognosis of these patients and, therefore, are needed to be included in the rehabilitation programs for patients undergoing CABG.

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Mathieu, Bertrand, Julien Robineau, Julien Piscione i Nicolas Babault. "Concurrent Training Programming: The Acute Effects of Sprint Interval Exercise on the Subsequent Strength Training". Sports 10, nr 5 (10.05.2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10050075.

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Exercise modality has been proposed to reduce the interferences between aerobic and resistance sessions during concurrent training. The aim of the study was to examine the acute effects of cycling or running sprint interval exercise on subsequent resistance training sessions. Twenty-five competitive male rugby union players were recruited. Players were tested during three conditions: CONTROL (resistance training session only), CYCLE and RUN (corresponding to a concurrent training scheme with cycling or running sprint interval exercise conducted on the morning, followed by a resistance training session). Four hours rest was proposed between the aerobic and resistance training session. Muscle performance (bar velocity during bench press and box squat, counter movement jump height) and subjective ratings (rate of perceived exertion, wellbeing) were assessed during and after aerobic or resistance training sessions. No significant difference was observed for muscle performance (vertical jump height and bar velocity). However, significant higher perceived exertion and low-value scaled subjective wellbeing were observed in RUN (7.7 ± 1.1 and 17.9 ± 4.1, respectively) as compared with the two other conditions (6.7 ± 1.5 and 21.1 ± 3.6 for CONTROL and 7.4 ± 1.1 and 20.1 ± 3.9 for CYCLE). It was concluded that the exercise modality (running or cycling) during the aerobic exercise using a sprint interval exercise did not impact the quality of the resistance session. However, subjective ratings were affected the following days. Cycling exercises might be more adequate when performing a sprint interval training session during concurrent training programs.

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Marques, Claudia Mirian de Godoy, Patricia Veronica Lawford, Jefferson Luiz Brum Marques i Thomas Cochrane. "Moderate Exercise and Immune Response in Rats: A Model for Cancer Prevention / Exercício Moderado e Resposta Imune em Ratos: Um Modelo para a Prevenção do Câncer". Brazilian Journal of Development 8, nr 1 (20.01.2022): 5448–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n1-367.

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Exercise is believed to cause changes in population and/or activity of immunocompetent cells. Study of this relationship is difficult in humans because of the multifactorial nature of human physiology and concomitant problems in controlling extraneous variables. We have investigated the effects of 4 weeks of moderate exercise training on percentage of NK cells and Lymphocyte activity in Wistar male rats under tightly controlled laboratory conditions. The animals were randomized into two groups: exercise and control. Exercised rats ran at a treadmill speed of 20 m/min (moderate exercise intensity), for 20 minutes, 6 days/week. Laboratory and handling conditions were matched, and food was controlled for both groups. Twenty-four hours after the exercise training program, lymphocyte response did not change significantly (p0.05). Exercised rats demonstrated a significant increase in the percentage of circulating NK cell population (p0.05). Exercise training demonstrated a significantly lower body weight for the exercised rats (p0.05). With this simple model, this study supports the concept that regular moderate exercise leads to beneficial changes in the immunological response that may prevent cancer.

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Seo, Young Hwan, i Kwang Hee Im. "Influence of α-Adrenoceptor Mediated Vasoconstriction on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats after Exercise Training". Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (październik 2006): 1028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1028.

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This study aims to examine the effects of aerobic exercises for 8 weeks on vascular contraction with α-adrenaline acceptor in SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats). The rats of 8 weeks with hypertension (SHR) having the weight of 155165g were aerobic-exercised with using treadmill for 5 days a week through 8 weeks (20m/min). After 8 weeks, chest artery is extracted, suspended into organ bath and changes of isotonia tension are recorded on vital records. The piece of extracted chest artery showed density depending contraction by norepinephrine and its sensitivity to Emax and norepinephrine was significantly reduced after aerobic exercise for 8 weeks. Contraction reaction was accelerated in both groups after eliminating endothelium cell, but when LNNA was input in the state with endothelium cell, contraction reaction by norepinephrine was increased in exercise group and its aspect was similar to the contraction by norepinephrine in the state eliminating endothelium cell. Relaxation by acetylcholine was significantly increased in exercise group, but there was no difference in relaxation by sodium nitroprusside. In conclusion, vascular endothelium cell isolates niotric oxide and reduces contraction reaction of blood vessel with α exercise group, but there was no difference in relaxation by sodium nitroprusside.

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Miftahudin, Iqbal, Muhamad Syamsul Taufik, Asep Ramdan Afriyuandi i Iwan Setiawan. "PENGARUH LATIHAN INTERVAL DAN MOTIVASI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN VO2MAX PADA ATLET FUTSAL". Riyadhoh : Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga 6, nr 1 (12.06.2023): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/rjpo.v6i1.10998.

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This study aims to determine the effect of Interval Training and Motivation on increasing Vo2Max ability. The implementation of the research took place during the training process planned from June 2021 to August 2021. The research time was 2 months, the number of exercises was 18 meetings, with a frequency of 1 week 3 times. The research design used in this study is (pretest-posttest control group design). The results of this study have the effect of interval training and motivation on increasing Vo2max. The test results with the value of the interval training results 0.00 < 0.05 are declared significant, so interval training before and before being given treatment can be concluded that so from the results obtained that Interval Running Exercises have an effect on VO2max then the test results on training without exercise obtained 0.02 < 0.05, it is stated significant with exercise without exercise before being given treatment can guarantee that exercise without training methods has an effect on VO2max but it can be said that interval training has a more significant effect on increasing VO2max for athletes futsal.

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Gralla, Erica, Jarrod Goentzel i Bernard Chomilier. "Case study of a humanitarian logistics simulation exercise and insights for training design". Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 5, nr 1 (7.04.2015): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-01-2014-0001.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze a successful training exercise in detail, through both a practical and a theoretical lens, in order to identify critical aspects of its success and enable others to build upon it; and to capture insights and lessons learned in a framework that will facilitate the design of future trainings for a variety of goals and audiences. Design/methodology/approach – The authors document and analyze the case study of a successful humanitarian logistics training exercise: the World Food Programme’s Logistics Response Team (WFP’s LRT) training. The LRT is described in detail in order to capture the extensive knowledge and experience that went into developing the full-scale, immersive exercise. Findings – The authors evaluate the LRT training through a theoretical lens, considering how it teaches the diverse set of skills required and identifying reasons for its success. The authors contrast the LRT with a light version developed for classroom use, and capture insights in a framework that highlights critical aspects of training design. Research limitations/implications – The requirements and design aspects highlighted in the framework are very high level, but they focus attention on key aspects that should be considered. Future research should develop more targeted metrics for evaluating what people learn from training exercises. More generally, a systematic approach to capturing knowledge and codifying good practices should be developed. Practical implications – The detailed case study and framework provide a basis for the design and improvement of simulated emergency training exercises, which are common in the humanitarian practice community. Originality/value – The case study of WFP’s LRT training formally documents valuable knowledge and experience that went into its development. The humanitarian community can use the proposed framework to more systematically evaluate, improve, and extend training exercises.

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Kasap, Murat, İbrahim Erdemir i Recep Fatih Kayhan. "Effects of Water Intake on Biochemical Parameters and Performance During Resistance Exercise". Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, nr 12 (9.11.2018): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i12.3689.

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The study aims to determine whether water intake during resistance training impacts the amounts of potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) and to identify the effects of the reactions of these minerals on performance. Ten male university students aged between 20 and 23 participated in the study. The participants did five different previously-determined resistance exercises (3 sets of 8RM). During the training program, the participants did the resistance exercises by not consuming water in the first week and consuming water in the second week. (Pre-exercise and exercise days routine food and fluid intake was maintained, fluid intake restriction was applied only during exercise) The participants’ weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, systolic and diastolic pressure, lactate, Borg scale ratings, and K+, Na+, Mg, and Ca were determined before and after the exercises. Training volume was recorded. Performing the exercises without water intake produced a significant increase in K+. During the exercises done with water intake, there was a significant increase in Na+. No statistical differences were determined in the volume of exercise done with and without water intake. The study shows that water intake during high-intensity resistance training does not have any effect on the volume of exercise. In addition, the changes in Na+ and K+ parameters do not affect the volume of exercise. Although loss of minerals is statistically significant in exercise without water, it is understood that the total amount of minerals lost is not enough to induce a physiological change or a performance change in the total resistance training volume. Water, regardless of the volume and intensity of exercise, promotes balance of metabolism and prevents performance degradation that can occur during sport events (Murray et al., 1991). For this reason, water should be consumed not only in sports activities but also in daily activities.

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Kretzschmar, Michael, i Dieter Müller. "Aging, Training and Exercise". Sports Medicine 15, nr 3 (marzec 1993): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199315030-00005.

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Robinson, Stephanie A., i Marilyn L. Moy. "Promoting Exercise Training Remotely". Life 12, nr 2 (9.02.2022): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020262.

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There has been increased incentivization to develop remote exercise training programs for those living with chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Remote programs offer patients an opportunity to overcome barriers to accessing traditional in-person programs, such as pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Methods to deliver exercise training remotely range in complexity and types of technological modalities, including phone calls, real-time video conferencing, web- and app-based platforms, video games, and virtual reality (VR). There are a number of studies demonstrating the effectiveness of these programs on exercise capacity, dyspnea, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). However, there is great variation in these programs, making it difficult to assess findings across studies. Other aspects that contribute to the effectiveness of these programs include stakeholder perceptions, such as motivation and willingness to engage, and adherence. Finally, while the intent of these remote programs is to overcome barriers to access, they may inadvertently exacerbate access disparities. Future program development efforts should focus on standardizing how remote exercise training is delivered, engaging stakeholders early on to develop patient-centered programs that patients will want to use, and understanding the heterogeneous preferences and needs of those living with chronic respiratory disease in order to facilitate engagement with these programs.

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Jones, Bruce H., David N. Cowan i Joseph J. Knapik. "Exercise, Training and Injuries*". Sports Medicine 18, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199418030-00005.

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Kale, Sneha R., Hiral S. Master, Chhaya V. Verma, Jaimala Shetye, Swati Surkar i Amita Mehta. "Exercise Training for Astronauts". Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 7, nr 2 (2013): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0973-5674.7.2.017.

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Stewart, Kerry J., William R. Hiatt, Judith G. Regensteiner i Alan T. Hirsch. "Exercise Training for Claudication". New England Journal of Medicine 347, nr 24 (12.12.2002): 1941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra021135.

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Li, Haobo, Margaret H. Hastings i Anthony Rosenzweig. "Exercise Training in Diabetes". Circulation Research 127, nr 11 (6.11.2020): 1401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.120.318219.

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Morris, G. Stephen. "Exercise Training and Cancer". Rehabilitation Oncology 34, nr 3 (lipiec 2016): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.reo.0000000000000027.

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Ray, L. Bryan. "Exercise circuit for training". Science 370, nr 6512 (1.10.2020): 71.6–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.370.6512.71-f.

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Keteyian, Steven J. "Outcomes from Exercise Training". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (maj 2006): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00175.

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Keteyian, Steven J. "Outcomes from Exercise Training". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (maj 2006): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00316.

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Scherrenberg, Martijn, i Paul Dendale. "Exercise training in diabetes". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 26, nr 7 (5.03.2019): 698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319829674.

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&NA;. "Exercise Testing and Training". Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 21, nr 5 (wrzesień 2001): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200109000-00020.

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RAVEN, PETER B., i JAMES A. PAWELCZYK. "Chronic endurance exercise training". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, nr 6 (czerwiec 1993): 713???721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199306000-00011.

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