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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Exercise tolerance”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

AHMAD, AYAZ, i KHALID AMJAD KAYANI. "EXERCISE TOLERANCE TEST". Professional Medical Journal 13, nr 04 (16.12.2006): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4922.

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Objective: To ascertain the role of Exercise Tolerance Test as ascreening tool for coronary artery disease, in asymptomatic men who had one or more risk factors for developingischemic heart disease. Design: A descriptive study. Place and Time Period: Department of Medicine PAF HospitalMushaf Sarghoda from March 2004 to March 2005. Patients and Methods: A total no of 100 asymptomatic men age25-50 years with mean age of 38 years were included in the study. They were divided in to five groups according tonumber of risk factors they had for developing CAD. Following risk factors were included in the study (hypertension,diabetes ,smoking, obesity, hyper-lipidemia, family history of CAD.). All of them underwent E.T.T over treadmill usingmodified Bruce protocol. Test was considered positive if 2mm or more ST segment depression was noted .those testedpositive had coronary angiogram done to confirmed IHD. Results: Seven out of 100 tested positive for IHD on E.T.T.Those tested positive underwent coronary angiography 6 out of seven showed significant narrowing of coronaryarteries and 1 had normal angiogram. These results showed that E.T.T has a 76% sensitivity and 87% Specificity.Conclusion: E.T.T is an important, reliable and cost effective test to detect latent CAD in asymptomatic persons whohad multiple risk factors for developing CAD.

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Gaunt, Helen. "Exercise tolerance testing". British Journal of Cardiac Nursing 14, nr 1 (2.01.2019): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2019.14.1.31.

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Silva-Filho, Antonio, Luana Azoubel, Rodrigo Barroso, Erika Carneiro, Carlos Dias-Filho, Rachel Ribeiro, Alessandra Garcia, Carlos Dias, Bruno Rodrigues i Cristiano Mostarda. "A Case-control Study of Exercise and Kidney Disease: Hemodialysis and Transplantation". International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, nr 03 (31.01.2019): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0810-8583.

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AbstractWe aimed to analyze the effect of an exercise training program in autonomic modulation, and exercise tolerance of hemodialysis and kidney-transplanted patients. 4 groups of exercised and non-exercised patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney-transplanted subjects had their biochemical tests, and heart rate variability evaluations analyzed. Also, sleep quality, anxiety and depression questionnaires were evaluated. Both exercised groups showed improvements in cardiovascular autonomic modulation, biochemical markers, and exercise tolerance after the exercise training program. The exercised kidney-transplanted patients group showed better improvements in cardiovascular autonomic modulation, biochemical markers, and exercise tolerance when compared to the exercised hemodialysis patients group. Both groups showed improvements in sleep quality, anxiety, and depression. The group of kidney-transplanted patients show better results in the cardiovascular autonomic modulation than subjects undergoing hemodialysis. However, the patients undergoing hemodialysis showed improvements in blood pressure, HDL, hemoglobin and phosphorus, changes not observed in the kidney-transplanted group. Exercise is beneficial for both hemodialysis and kidney-transplanted patients groups. However, exercise programs should be focused mainly in improving cardiovascular risk factors in the HD patients.

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Wakabayashi, Hidetaka. "Nutrition and Exercise Tolerance". Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 59, nr 1 (18.01.2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrmc.59.40.

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Pettitt, Robert W., i Ida E. Clark. "High-Intensity Exercise Tolerance". Strength and Conditioning Journal 35, nr 2 (kwiecień 2013): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e31828a9520.

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Boudoulas, Harisios, i Carl V. Leier. "Zatebradine and exercise tolerance". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 27, nr 4 (marzec 1996): 951–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(96)84779-6.

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Király, Michael A., Holly E. Bates, Natalia A. Kaniuk, Jessica T. Y. Yue, John H. Brumell, Stephen G. Matthews, Michael C. Riddell i Mladen Vranic. "Swim training prevents hyperglycemia in ZDF rats: mechanisms involved in the partial maintenance of β-cell function". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 294, nr 2 (luty 2008): E271—E283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00476.2007.

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Exercise improves glucose tolerance in obese rodent models and humans; however, effects with respect to mechanisms of β-cell compensation remain unexplained. We examined exercise's effects during the progression of hyperglycemia in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats until 19 wk of age. At 6 wk old, rats were assigned to 1) basal-euthanized for baseline values; 2) exercise-swam individually for 1 h/day, 5 days/wk; and 3) controls ( n = 8–10/group). Exercise (13 wk) resulted in maintenance of fasted hyperinsulinemia and prevented increases in fed and fasted glucose ( P < 0.05) compared with sham-exercised and sedentary controls ( P < 0.05). β-Cell function calculations indicate prolonged β-cell adaptation in exercised animals alone. During an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), exercised rats had lower 2-h glucose ( P < 0.05) vs. controls. Area-under-the-curve analyses from baseline for IPGTT glucose and insulin indicate improved glucose tolerance with exercise was associated with increased insulin production and/or secretion. β-Cell mass increased in exercised vs. basal animals; however, mass expansion was absent at 19 wk in controls ( P < 0.05). Hypertrophy and replication contributed to expansion of β-cell mass; exercised animals had increased β-cell size and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation rates vs. controls ( P < 0.05). The relative area of GLUT2 and protein kinase B was significantly elevated in exercised vs. sedentary controls ( P < 0.05). Last, we show formation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates, a response to cellular/oxidative stress, occurred in nonexercised 19 wk-old ZDF rats but not in lean, 6 wk-old basal, or exercised rats. In conclusion, improved β-cell compensation through increased β-cell function and mass occurs in exercised but not sedentary ZDF rats and may be in part responsible for improved glucoregulation.

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Dickson, Eric W., Christopher P. Hogrefe, Paula S. Ludwig, Laynez W. Ackermann, Lynn L. Stoll i Gerene M. Denning. "Exercise enhances myocardial ischemic tolerance via an opioid receptor-dependent mechanism". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): H402—H408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00280.2007.

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Exercise increases serum opioid levels and improves cardiovascular health. Here we tested the hypothesis that opioids contribute to the acute cardioprotective effects of exercise using a rat model of exercise-induced cardioprotection. For the standard protocol, rats were randomized to 4 days of treadmill training and 1 day of vigorous exercise ( day 5), or to a sham exercise control group. On day 6, animals were killed, and global myocardial ischemic tolerance was assessed on a modified Langendorff apparatus. Twenty minutes of ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion resulted in a mean infarct size of 42 ± 4% in hearts from sham exercise controls and 21 ± 3% ( P < 0.001) in the exercised group. The cardioprotective effects of exercise were gone by 5 days after the final exercise period. To determine the role of opioid receptors in exercise-induced cardioprotection, rats were exercised according to the standard protocol; however, just before exercise on days 4 and 5, rats were injected subcutaneously with 10 mg/kg of the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. Similar injections were performed in the sham exercise control group. Naltrexone had no significant effect on baseline myocardial ischemic tolerance in controls (infarct size 43 ± 4%). In contrast, naltrexone treatment completely blocked the cardioprotective effect of exercise (infarct size 40 ± 5%). Exercise was also associated with an early increase in myocardial mRNA levels for several opioid system genes and with sustained changes in a number of genes that regulate inflammation and apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that the acute cardioprotective effects of exercise are mediated, at least in part, through opioid receptor-dependent mechanisms that may include changes in gene expression.

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Hamazaki, Nobuaki, Kentaro Kamiya i Atsuhiko Matsunaga. "Simplified Evaluation of Exercise Tolerance". Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 59, nr 1 (18.01.2022): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrmc.59.4.

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McAllister, Richard M., Michael D. Delp i M. Harold Laughlin. "Thyroid Status and Exercise Tolerance". Sports Medicine 20, nr 3 (wrzesień 1995): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199520030-00005.

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Tough, Jackie. "Conducting an exercise tolerance test". British Journal of Cardiac Nursing 2, nr 5 (maj 2007): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2007.2.5.23461.

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Alexander, Andrew M., Shane M. Hammer, Kaylin D. Didier, Dryden R. Baumfalk, Joshua R. Smith i Thomas J. Barstow. "Upper Limits Of Exercise Tolerance". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, nr 5S (maj 2017): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000518603.34535.a8.

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Tamaki, Tetsuro, Shuichi Uchiyama, Yoshiyasu Uchiyama, Akira Akatsuka, Roland R. Roy i V. Reggie Edgerton. "Anabolic steroids increase exercise tolerance". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 280, nr 6 (1.06.2001): E973—E981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.6.e973.

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The influence of an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) on thymidine and amino acid uptake in rat hindlimb skeletal muscles during 14 days after a single exhaustive bout of weight lifting was determined. Adult male rats were divided randomly into Control or Steroid groups. Nandrolone decanoate was administered to the Steroid group 1 wk before the exercise bout. [3H]thymidine and [14C]leucine labeling were used to determine the serial changes in cellular mitotic activity, amino acid uptake, and myosin synthesis. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, used as a measure of muscle damage, increased 30 and 60 min after exercise in both groups. The total amount of weight lifted was higher, whereas CK levels were lower in Steroid than in Control rats. [3H]thymidine uptake peaked 2 days after exercise in both groups and was 90% higher in Control than in Steroid rats, reflecting a higher level of muscle damage. [14C]leucine uptake was ∼80% higher at rest and recovered 33% faster postexercise in Steroid than in Control rats. In a separate group of rats, the in situ isometric mechanical properties of the plantaris muscle were determined. The only significant difference was a higher fatigue resistance in the Steroid compared with the Control group. Combined, these results indicate that AAS treatment 1) ameliorates CK efflux and the uptake of [3H]thymidine and enhances the rate of protein synthesis during recovery after a bout of weight lifting, all being consistent with there being less muscle damage, and 2) enhances in vivo work capacity and the in situ fatigue resistance of a primary plantarflexor muscle.

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CHIDNOK, WEERAPONG, FRED J. DIMENNA, STEPHEN J. BAILEY, ANNI VANHATALO, R. HUGH MORTON, DARYL P. WILKERSON i ANDREW M. JONES. "Exercise Tolerance in Intermittent Cycling". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 44, nr 5 (maj 2012): 966–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31823ea28a.

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Adachi, Hitoshi. "Evaluation of Exercise Tolerance Using Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test（CPX）". Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 59, nr 1 (18.01.2022): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrmc.59.12.

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Kozlowski, Karl F., John J. Leddy i Barry Willer. "Aerobic Exercise Improves Exercise Tolerance In Post Concussion Syndrome." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (maj 2009): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000354135.23623.fd.

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Iannetta, Danilo, Ahmad Qahtani, Louis Passfield, Martin MacInnis i Juan M. Murias. "Exercise Tolerance: New Insights From Single-leg Cycling Exercise". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, Supplement (czerwiec 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000560498.29232.1f.

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Gifford, Jayson, Jason Kofoed, Olivia Leach, Taysom Wallace, Abigail Dorff, Brady E. Hanson, Meagan Proffit, Garrett Griffin i Jessica Collins. "Impact of Interrepetition Rest on Muscle Blood Flow and Exercise Tolerance during Resistance Exercise". Medicina 58, nr 6 (18.06.2022): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060822.

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Background and Objectives: Muscle blood flow is impeded during resistance exercise contractions, but immediately increases during recovery. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of brief bouts of rest (2 s) between repetitions of resistance exercise on muscle blood flow and exercise tolerance. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy young adults performed single-leg knee extension resistance exercises with no rest between repetitions (i.e., continuous) and with 2 s of rest between each repetition (i.e., intermittent). Exercise tolerance was measured as the maximal power that could be sustained for 3 min (PSUS) and as the maximum number of repetitions (Reps80%) that could be performed at 80% one-repetition maximum (1RM). The leg blood flow, muscle oxygenation of the vastus lateralis and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured during various exercise trials. Alpha was set to p ≤ 0.05. Results: Leg blood flow was significantly greater, while vascular resistance and MAP were significantly less during intermittent compared with continuous resistance exercise at the same power outputs (p < 0.01). PSUS was significantly greater during intermittent than continuous resistance exercise (29.5 ± 2.1 vs. 21.7 ± 1.2 W, p = 0.01). Reps80% was also significantly greater during intermittent compared with continuous resistance exercise (26.5 ± 5.3 vs. 16.8 ± 2.1 repetitions, respectively; p = 0.02), potentially due to increased leg blood flow and muscle oxygen saturation during intermittent resistance exercise (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, a brief rest between repetitions of resistance exercise effectively decreased vascular resistance, increased blood flow to the exercising muscle, and increased exercise tolerance to resistance exercise.

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Baiamonte, Brandon A., Robert R. Kraemer, Chelsea N. Chabreck, Matthew L. Reynolds, Kayla M. McCaleb, Georgia L. Shaheen i Daniel B. Hollander. "Exercise-induced hypoalgesia: Pain tolerance, preference and tolerance for exercise intensity, and physiological correlates following dynamic circuit resistance exercise". Journal of Sports Sciences 35, nr 18 (7.10.2016): 1831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1239833.

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Sandbakk, Øyvind, Thomas Haugen i Gertjan Ettema. "The Influence of Exercise Modality on Training Load Management". International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, nr 4 (1.04.2021): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0022.

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Purpose: To provide novel insight regarding the influence of exercise modality on training load management by (1) providing a theoretical framework for the impact of physiological and biomechanical mechanisms associated with different exercise modalities on training load management in endurance exercise and (2) comparing effort-matched low-intensity training sessions performed by top-level athletes in endurance sports with similar energy demands. Practical Applications and Conclusions: The ability to perform endurance training with manageable muscular loads and low injury risks in different exercise modalities is influenced both by mechanical factors and by muscular state and coordination, which interrelate in optimizing power production while reducing friction and/or drag. Consequently, the choice of exercise modality in endurance training influences effort beyond commonly used external and internal load measurements and should be considered alongside duration, frequency, and intensity when managing training load. By comparing effort-matched low- to moderate-intensity sessions performed by top-level athletes in endurance sports, this study exemplifies how endurance exercise with varying modalities leads to different tolerable volumes. For example, the weight-bearing exercise and high-impact forces in long-distance running put high loads on muscles and tendons, leading to relatively low training volume tolerance. In speed skating, the flexed knee and hip position required for effective speed skating leads to occlusion of thighs and low volume tolerance. In contrast, the non-weight-bearing, low-contraction exercises in cycling or swimming allow for large volumes in the specific exercise modalities. Overall, these differences have major implications on training load management in sports.

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Novikova, V. P., V. L. Gritsinskaya, I. A. Leonova i A. I. Khavkin. "Obesity in children: the role and contribution of physical activity in comprehensive treatment". Voprosy dietologii 10, nr 4 (2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/2224-5448-2020-4-24-28.

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The article presents an analytical review of scientific research on physical activity of overweight and obese children and adolescents. Obese children have low physical activity levels, decreased exercise tolerance, low adherence to active lifestyles. Worldwide and Russian studies showed that the effectiveness of losing weight and achieving the optimal body weight is higher when various kinds of physical exercises are included in comprehensive obesity treatment programmes. The most significant results for losing weight and increasing exercise tolerance are obtained in patients who are more highly motivated for moderate or high physical activity during 60-minute exercises not less than 3 times a week. Key words: children, adolescents, obesity, physical activity

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Roemmich, James, Kelsey Ufholz, Kyle Flack, Tori Kaster i William Siders. "High Intensity Interval Training to Increase Tolerance for Exercise Intensity". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29.05.2020): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa066_018.

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Abstract Objectives Increasing the reinforcing value of a stimulus occurs after repeated exposures to the reinforcer via neuroadaptations that increase the incentive salience of the stimulus. Exercise is a reinforcer and increasing exercise reinforcement (RRVex) may be dependent on simultaneously increasing tolerance for exercise intensity. Positive outcome expectancy (POE) of participating in an intervention can be an important determinant of treatment efficacy, such as when attempting to increase tolerance for exercise intensity or RRVex. We hypothesized that (1) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) that produces great discomfort would increase tolerance for exercise intensity, (2) adding a positive outcome expectancy (POE) component to HIIT would further increase tolerance for exercise intensity and, (3) increases in tolerance for exercise discomfort would mediate increases in RRVex. Methods A randomized controlled trial with a factorial design included HIIT + POE (n = 33 adults, n = 19 women) and HIIT-only (n = 33, n = 19 women) groups. Both groups participated in HIIT 3 d/wk for 6 wks. HIIT + POE received POE treatment each exercise session. Outcomes were measured at baseline, after 6 weeks of HIIT, and 4 weeks post-HIIT (10 wk). Changes in the RRVex were assessed by a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement task. Other outcomes were outcome expectations, tolerance for exercise intensity, and behavior regulations of exercise. Results Outcome expectancy did not change in either group. Tolerance for exercise discomfort increased (P < .001) above baseline by 12% at 6 wk and 13% at 10 wk. Intrinsic, integrated, and identified behavior regulations of exercise were all increased (P < .01) at 6 wk and remained so at 10 wk. However, RRVex was not changed and change in RRVex was not correlated with change in tolerance for exercise intensity. Conclusions HIIT increases tolerance for exercise intensity and intrinsic, integrated, and identified behavior regulations of exercise. Funding Sources USDA-ARS.

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Zheng, Jia, Ana Barbara Alves-Wagner, Kristin I. Stanford, Noah B. Prince, Kawai So, Joram D. Mul, Ercument Dirice, Michael F. Hirshman, Rohit N. Kulkarni i Laurie J. Goodyear. "Maternal and paternal exercise regulate offspring metabolic health and beta cell phenotype". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8, nr 1 (luty 2020): e000890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000890.

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ObjectivePoor maternal and paternal environments increase the risk for obesity and diabetes in offspring, whereas maternal and paternal exercise in mice can improve offspring metabolic health. We determined the effects of combined maternal and paternal exercise on offspring health and the effects of parental exercise on offspring pancreas phenotype, a major tissue regulating glucose homeostasis.Research design and methodsBreeders were high fat fed and housed±running wheels before breeding (males) and before and during gestation (females). Offspring groups were: both parents sedentary (Sed); maternal exercise only (Mat Ex); paternal exercise only (Pat Ex); and maternal+paternal exercise (Mat+Pat Ex). Offspring were sedentary, chow fed, and studied at weaning, 12, 20 and 52 weeks.ResultsWhile there was no effect of parental exercise on glucose tolerance at younger ages, at 52 weeks, offspring of Mat Ex, Pat Ex and Mat+Pat Ex displayed lower glycemia and improved glucose tolerance. The greatest effects were in offspring from parents that both exercised (Mat+Pat Ex). Offspring from Mat Ex, Pat Ex, and Mat+Pat Ex had decreased beta cell size, whereas islet size and beta cell mass only decreased in Mat+Pat Ex offspring.ConclusionsMaternal and paternal exercise have additive effects to improve glucose tolerance in offspring as they age, accompanied by changes in the offspring endocrine pancreas. These findings have important implications for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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Madsen, H. B., G. Handberg i T. Graven-Nielsen. "Exercise and conditioned pain modulation have different effects on cuff pressure pain tolerance in humans". Scandinavian Journal of Pain 3, nr 3 (1.07.2012): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2012.05.045.

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Abstract Background/aims Exercise and experimental pain is known to cause an acute decrease of the pain sensitivity. Assessment of pain inhibitory mechanisms is often done by paradigms of exercise and experimental pain in both healthy subjects and pain patients. It is currently unknown whether pain and different types of exercise has similar effects on pain sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of experimental pain and different types of exercise on deep tissue pain tolerance in healthy subjects. Methods On two separate days fifty-four healthy subjects (23 females, 33.8 ± 15.0 years) were assigned in random order to cold pressor tests (ice water at 1–2°C; 120 s duration) for the dominant hand and foot, bicycling exercises (100 W and 200 W; 20 min duration), and isometric contraction exercises (30% and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction, MVC; 180 s duration) of the dominant quadriceps and biceps brachii muscles. Before, immediately after, and 10 min after cold pressor tests and exercises, pressure pain tolerance (PTT) were assessed with computerized cuff-algometry at the non-dominant lower-leg and upper arm. Subjects reaching maximum stimulation intensity at baseline were excluded from the analysis. PTTs were analysed with repeated measures ANOVA and multiple comparisons. Results Immediately and 10 min after the cold pressor test in the dominant hand and foot significantly increased PTTs were found at the non-dominant upper arm and lower leg (P < 0.05). Both intensities of dominant biceps brachii isometric contractions produced a significant increase in the PTT at the non-dominant lower leg immediately after and 10 min after contractions (P < 0.05). After the 30% dominant quadriceps isometric contraction the PTT at the non-dominant lower leg was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion Cold pressor pain produced a contralateral and extrasegmental increase in deep tissue pain tolerance. Isometric arm exercise produced an extrasegmental increase in pain tolerance, whereas isometric leg contractions produced a contralateral effect. Aerobic exercise had no effect on pain tolerance. Thus, exercise and pain related inhibitory effects were not comparable. Acknowledgment/disclosures H.B. Madsen was supported by grants from the philanthropic foundation TrygFonden (7-11-0990), The Danish Rheumatism Association 8R95-A1871), The Research Foundation of the Danish Physiotherapy Association and The Fund for Physiotherapy in Private Practice.

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Molgat-Seon, Yannick, Jeremy D. Road i A. William Sheel. "Do isolated leg exercises improve dyspnea during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?" Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, nr 9 (wrzesień 2013): 996–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0045.

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Dyspnea, the subjective feeling of shortness of breath, is a hallmark feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programs aim to improve dyspnea, thereby increasing exercise tolerance and health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. Exercise training is proven to be an essential component of PR; however, there is no consensus regarding which training modality confers the greatest therapeutic benefit. Secondary to pulmonary impairment, many COPD patients develop limb muscle dysfunction (LMD), particularly in the leg muscles. Mounting evidence suggests that peripheral limitation to exercise as a result of LMD is frequent in patients with COPD. LMD of the legs, or lower limb muscle dysfunction, has been shown to markedly influence ventilatory and dyspnea responses to exercise. Accordingly, isolated training of leg muscles may contribute to reducing dyspnea and increase exercise tolerance in patients with COPD. Indeed, relative to the largely irreversible impairment of the pulmonary system, the leg muscles are an important site by which to improve patients’ level of function and quality of life. Isolated leg exercises have been shown to improve LMD and may constitute an effective training modality to improve dyspnea and exercise tolerance in COPD within the context of PR.

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Elliott, Adrian D., Ricardo S. Mishima, Dennis H. Lau i Prashanthan Sanders. "Improving exercise tolerance with catheter ablation". Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 30, nr 11 (8.09.2019): 2291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.14145.

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&NA;. "Quinapril improves exercise tolerance and BP". Inpharma Weekly &NA;, nr 740 (czerwiec 1990): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199007400-00035.

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Painter, P., P. Hanson, D. Messer-Rehak, S. W. Zimmerman i N. R. Glass. "Exercise Tolerance Changes Following Renal Transplantation". American Journal of Kidney Diseases 10, nr 6 (grudzień 1987): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(87)80192-0.

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Lim, Pitt O. "Impaired Exercise Tolerance in Hypertensive Patients". Annals of Internal Medicine 124, nr 1_Part_1 (1.01.1996): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-124-1_part_1-199601010-00008.

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Zhang, F., Y. Wu i J. Jia. "Exercise preconditioning and brain ischemic tolerance". Neuroscience 177 (marzec 2011): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.018.

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Bortel, L. M. A. B., i M. A. Baak. "Exercise Tolerance with Nebivolol and Atenolol". Drug Investigation 3, S1 (styczeń 1991): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258296.

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Sugiura, Akira. "Exercise tolerance in Parkinson's disease patients". Autonomic Neuroscience 186 (grudzień 2014): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2014.09.012.

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Massie, Barry M. "Exercise tolerance in congestive heart failure". American Journal of Medicine 84, nr 3 (marzec 1988): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(88)90208-2.

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KHAIRY, PAUL, MARIO TALAJIC, MANUEL DOMINGUEZ, JEAN-CLAUDE TARDIF, MARTIN JUNEAU, LINDA LAVOIE, DENIS ROY i MARC DUBUC. "Atrioventricular Interval Optimization and Exercise Tolerance". Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 24, nr 10 (październik 2001): 1534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.01534.x.

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Van Bortel, Luc M. A. B., i Marleen A. van Baak. "Exercise tolerance with nebivolol and atenolol". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 6, nr 3 (czerwiec 1992): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00051145.

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Puente Maestú, Luis, Julia García de Pedro i Paola Antonella Benedetti. "The Future of Exercise Tolerance Testing". Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition) 54, nr 8 (sierpień 2018): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2017.10.028.

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Papp, L. A., i J. M. Gorman. "Exercise tolerance in panic disorder patients". European Neuropsychopharmacology 3, nr 3 (wrzesień 1993): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(93)90167-k.

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Stein, Jonathan M., Laszlo A. Papp, Donald F. Klein, Susannah Cohen, Joshua Simon, Donald Ross, Jose Martinez i Jack M. Gorman. "Exercise tolerance in panic disorder patients". Biological Psychiatry 32, nr 3 (sierpień 1992): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(92)90109-d.

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Gong, Xingrui, Rongmei Fan, Qinghong Zhu, Xihong Ye, Yongmei Chen i Mazhong Zhang. "Exercise Reduces Morphine-Induced Hyperalgesia and Antinociceptive Tolerance". BioMed Research International 2021 (27.09.2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6667474.

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Chronic morphine intake for treating various pain is frequently concomitant with morphine-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance. The mechanisms can be explained by the activation of p38-MAPK proteins in microglia in the spinal cord horn. Exercise has been shown to prevent the development of microglia overactivation. Thus, we designed to test whether exercise prevents the morphine-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance as well as suppression of p38 phosphorylation. A p38 inhibitor SB203580, exercise, and exercise preconditioning were used for treating morphine-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance development in the present study. The behavior tests for hyperalgesia and tolerance were performed in male Wistar rats before and after morphine administration. Western blotting and immunostaining for examining phosphorylated-p38 expression were performed after the behavior tests. Our results showed that SB203580 and exercise, but not exercise preconditioning, prevented the occurrence of morphine-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance. Meanwhile, exercise decreased morphine-induced phosphorylated-p38 overexpression. In summary, exercise prevented the development of morphine-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance. The mechanism may be related to inhibition of p38 phosphorylation.

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Chippa, Reeta, i Lavanya Ayyer. "Benefits of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Post COVID Patients: A Retrospective Study". International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 10, nr 5 (11.10.2022): 4389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2022.161.

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Background: COVID-19 disease has spread worldwide irrespective of age, gender and comorbidities. lung is the main affecting organ in corona virus disease due to which patients infected with covid19 has impacting on exercise tolerance, quality of life and dyspnoea. Purpose: to observe the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in post covid patients. Objectives: to observe the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation of dyspnoea by MMRC scale and exercise tolerance by 6min walk test in post covid patients. Methodology: A total of 61 patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. dyspnoea and exercise tolerance score has recorded before and after the pulmonary rehabilitation. Result: post pulmonary rehabilitation score in terms of dyspnoea and exercise tolerance has showed extremely significant improvement (p<0.001) as compared to pre pulmonary rehabilitation score. Conclusion: pulmonary rehabilitation is effective in improving dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in post covid patients. KEYWORDS: Pulmonary Rehabilitation, COVID-19, Exercise Tolerance, Dyspnoea.

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Wolfe, Larry A., Sarah A. Charlesworth, Nicole M. Glenn, Aaron P. Heenan i Gregory A. L. Davies. "Effects of Pregnancy on Maternal Work Tolerance". Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, nr 2 (1.04.2005): 212–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-116.

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This review summarizes current information on the tolerance of healthy pregnant women and their fetuses to acute strenuous exertion. Maximal aerobic power, expressed in L•min−1, is not significantly affected in women who maintain an active lifestyle, whereas values expressed in mlùkg−1ùmin−1 decline with advancing gestational age in relation to maternal/fetal weight gain. Efficiency during standard exercise testing and the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (Tvent) also appear to be unaffected by pregnancy, but the ability to utilize carbohydrate and exercise anaerobically during brief strenuous exercise may be reduced. Fetal responses to short strenuous exercise are usually moderate and revert to baseline values within approximately 30 min postexercise. Future studies should examine alveolar gas exchange kinetics at the start of exercise and during recovery from both moderate and strenuous exertion. Existing studies of the responses of pregnant women to prolonged exercise have focused primarily on substrate utilization and glucose homeostasis. Other maternal responses to prolonged exercise that should be examined include acid-base regulation, temperature regulation, fluid and electrolyte balance, and perception of effort. Fetal reactions should also be examined in relation to maternal responses. Until evidence-based, occupation-specific guidelines become available, it is recommended that pregnant women use the Joint SOGC/CSEP Clinical Practice Guideline: Exercise in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period, published by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (2003). Key words: human gestation, maximal exercise, prolonged exercise, fetal well-being

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Schlader, Zachary J., Matthew S. Ganio, James Pearson, Rebekah A. I. Lucas, Daniel Gagnon, Eric Rivas, Karen J. Kowalske i Craig G. Crandall. "Heat acclimation improves heat exercise tolerance and heat dissipation in individuals with extensive skin grafts". Journal of Applied Physiology 119, nr 1 (1.07.2015): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00176.2015.

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Burn survivors with extensive skin grafts have impaired heat dissipation and thus heat tolerance. This study tested the hypothesis that heat acclimation (HA) improves these factors in this population. Thirty-four burn survivors were stratified into highly [>40% body surface area (BSA) grafted, n = 15] and moderately (17-40% BSA grafted, n = 19) grafted groups. Nine healthy nonburned subjects served as controls. Subjects underwent 7 days of HA involving 90 min of exercise at ∼50% peak oxygen uptake in 40°C, 30% relative humidity. On days 1 and 7, subjects exercised in the heat at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production. Pre-HA, all controls and 18/19 subjects in the 17–40% group completed 90 min of exercise. Conversely, heat exercise tolerance was lower ( P < 0.01) in the >40% group, with 7/15 subjects not completing 90 min of exercise. Post-HA, heat exercise tolerance was similar between groups ( P = 0.39) as all subjects, except one, completed 90 min of exercise. Pre-HA, the magnitude of the increase in internal temperature during exercise occurred sequentially ( P ≤ 0.03) according to BSA grafted (>40%: 1.6 ± 0.5°C; 17–40%: 1.2 ± 0.3°C; control: 0.9 ± 0.2°C). HA attenuated ( P < 0.01) increases in internal temperature in the control (by 0.2 ± 0.3°C), 17–40% (by 0.3 ± 0.3°C), and >40% (by 0.3 ± 0.4°C) groups, the magnitude of which was similar between groups ( P = 0.42). These data indicate that HA improves heat tolerance and dissipation in burn survivors with grafted skin, and the magnitude of these improvements are not influenced by the extent of skin grafting.

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Bailey, Stephen J., Lee M. Romer, James Kelly, Daryl P. Wilkerson, Fred J. DiMenna i Andrew M. Jones. "Inspiratory muscle training enhances pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise tolerance in humans". Journal of Applied Physiology 109, nr 2 (sierpień 2010): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00077.2010.

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Fatigue of the respiratory muscles during intense exercise might compromise leg blood flow, thereby constraining oxygen uptake (V̇o2) and limiting exercise tolerance. We tested the hypothesis that inspiratory muscle training (IMT) would reduce inspiratory muscle fatigue, speed V̇o2 kinetics and enhance exercise tolerance. Sixteen recreationally active subjects (mean ± SD, age 22 ± 4 yr) were randomly assigned to receive 4 wk of either pressure threshold IMT [30 breaths twice daily at ∼50% of maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP)] or sham treatment (60 breaths once daily at ∼15% of MIP). The subjects completed moderate-, severe- and maximal-intensity “step” exercise transitions on a cycle ergometer before (Pre) and after (Post) the 4-wk intervention period for determination of V̇o2 kinetics and exercise tolerance. There were no significant changes in the physiological variables of interest after Sham. After IMT, baseline MIP was significantly increased (Pre vs. Post: 155 ± 22 vs. 181 ± 21 cmH2O; P < 0.001), and the degree of inspiratory muscle fatigue was reduced after severe- and maximal-intensity exercise. During severe exercise, the V̇o2 slow component was reduced (Pre vs. Post: 0.60 ± 0.20 vs. 0.53 ± 0.24 l/min; P < 0.05) and exercise tolerance was enhanced (Pre vs. Post: 765 ± 249 vs. 1,061 ± 304 s; P < 0.01). Similarly, during maximal exercise, the V̇o2 slow component was reduced (Pre vs. Post: 0.28 ± 0.14 vs. 0.18 ± 0.07 l/min; P < 0.05) and exercise tolerance was enhanced (Pre vs. Post: 177 ± 24 vs. 208 ± 37 s; P < 0.01). Four weeks of IMT, which reduced inspiratory muscle fatigue, resulted in a reduced V̇o2 slow-component amplitude and an improved exercise tolerance during severe- and maximal-intensity exercise. The results indicate that the enhanced exercise tolerance observed after IMT might be related, at least in part, to improved V̇o2 dynamics, presumably as a consequence of increased blood flow to the exercising limbs.

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Evans, Ellen M., Rachael E. Van Pelt, Ellen F. Binder, Daniel B. Williams, Ali A. Ehsani i Wendy M. Kohrt. "Effects of HRT and exercise training on insulin action, glucose tolerance, and body composition in older women". Journal of Applied Physiology 90, nr 6 (1.06.2001): 2033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2033.

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The independent and combined effects of exercise training and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on body composition, fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and insulin action were studied in postmenopausal women, aged 68 ± 5 yr, assigned to control ( n = 19), exercise ( n = 18), HRT ( n = 15), and exercise + HRT ( n = 16) groups. The exercise consisted of 2 mo of flexibility exercises followed by 9 mo of endurance exercise. HRT was conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg/day and trimonthly medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg/day for 13 days. Total and regional body composition were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum glucose and insulin responses were measured during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. There were significant main effects of exercise on reductions in total and regional (trunk, arms, legs) fat mass, increase in leg fat-free mass, and improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action. There were significant main effects of HRT on the reduction of total fat mass (HRT, −3.0 ± 4.0 kg; no HRT, −1.3 ± 2.6 kg), with a strong trend for reductions in trunk and leg fat mass (both P = 0.07). There was also a significant improvement in insulin action in response to HRT. These results suggest that there are independent and additive effects of exercise training and HRT on the reduction in fat mass and improvement in insulin action in postmenopausal women; the effect of HRT on insulin action may be mediated, in part, through changes in central adiposity.

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Bubnova, M. G., i A. L. Persiyanova-Dubrova. "Six-minute walk test in cardiac rehabilitation". Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 19, nr 4 (5.09.2020): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2561.

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Six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a simple and safe tool for assessing exercise tolerance in various categories of patients. Currently, 6MWT is used to assess the functional status of a patient and determine the strategy of increasing physical activity, primarily in patients with reduced exercise tolerance and contraindications for cardiopulmonary exercise test. The basic requirements for the 6MWT are presented, taking into account the factors affecting its informativeness and accuracy, as well as the interpretation of results. The diagnostic and prognostic value of 6MWT in different categories of patients are discussed. The prospects for 6MWT use in cardiac rehabilitation for planning rehabilitation program, prescribing exercises, determining the risk of complications, and evaluating the effectiveness are considered. The limitations of 6MWT and ways to overcome it, as well as directions for further research are presented.

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Vidal, Pablo, Lisa A. Baer, Elisa Félix-Soriano, Felix T. Yang, Daniel A. Branch, Kedryn K. Baskin i Kristin I. Stanford. "Distinct Effects of High-Fat and High-Phosphate Diet on Glucose Metabolism and the Response to Voluntary Exercise in Male Mice". Nutrients 14, nr 6 (12.03.2022): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14061201.

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The prevalence of metabolic diseases is rapidly increasing and a principal contributor to this is diet, including increased consumption of energy-rich foods and foods with added phosphates. Exercise is an effective therapeutic approach to combat metabolic disease. While exercise is effective to combat the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet on metabolic health, the effects of exercise on a high-phosphate diet have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of a high-fat or high-phosphate diet in the presence or absence of voluntary exercise on metabolic function in male mice. To do this, mice were fed a low-fat, normal-phosphate diet (LFPD), a high-phosphate diet (HPD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks and then subdivided into either sedentary or exercised (housed with running wheels) for an additional 8 weeks. An HFD severely impaired metabolic function in mice, increasing total fat mass and worsening whole-body glucose tolerance, while HPD did not induce any notable effects on glucose metabolism. Exercise reverted most of the detrimental metabolic adaptations induced by HFD, decreasing total fat mass and restoring whole-body glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, voluntary exercise had a similar effect on LFPD and HPD mice. These data suggest that a high-phosphate diet does not significantly impair glucose metabolism in sedentary or voluntary exercised conditions.

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Shmaliy, Anna V., Andrey V. Chernyshev, Aram F. Khechumyan, Anatoliy T. Bykov i Leonid S. Khodasevich. "The Use of Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Complex Medical Rehabilitation of Stable Coronary Heart Disease in Patients Permanently Residing in Humid Subtropics". Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 21, nr 3 (30.06.2022): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2022-21-3-96-107.

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Aim. To study the dynamics of overall tolerance in patients in the early recovery period of ischemic stroke (IS) with mild and moderately severe paresis, to evaluate the effect of aerobic training in this group of patients on exercise tolerance during inpatient treatment as of Compulsory Medical Insurance (CMI). Material and methods. The first group of 30 patients were examined (17 women, 13 men, the average age – 60,6±6,45 years old) during the 4-6 week of IS. Total points of the FIM scale were 118±5,2 /121,8±4,5. The second group- control group consisted of 30 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI). The following were mainly dominated among the vascular risk factors in both groups of patients: atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic artery of various degrees of severity poorly controlled arterial hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia. Physical exercise tolerance was assessed by cardiopulmonary testing on a bicycle ergometer using the Quark CPET spiroergometer system from COSMED (Italy). The peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak), the maximum load performed in metabolic units (MET), the percentage of the proper maximum oxygen consumption (% pred VО2 peak) with constant ECG monitoring, blood pressure during the exercise test were evaluated. Patients with stroke received aerobic training during rehabilitation treatment – 10-12 sessions according to the target indicators. Results and discussion. The minimum required values of VO2 peak to provide an active daily life equals on average 15 -18 ml/min *kg of oxygen. Analysis of the results of our study showed a decrease in the VO2 peak in group 1 of stroke patients to 13.22 ± 3.32 ml/min * kg. The VO2 peak at stroke is only 54.96% ± 12.82 of the proper average values of VO2 and corresponds to 3.73 ± 0.92 MET. The results of the study confirm a very low level of exercise tolerance in the stroke group, which is significantly lower than in the CCI group (VO2 peak is 19.43 ± 4.77 ml/min * kg, which is 83.96 ± 12.93% of the proper average values and corresponds to 5.74 ± 1 .65 MET). The results of the study confirm a very low level of exercise tolerance in the stroke group, which is significantly lower than in the CCI group (VO2 peak is 19.43 ± 4.77 ml/min * kg, which is 83.96 ± 12.93% of the proper average values and corresponds to 5.74 ± 1.65 MET). Cardiopulmonary testing showed the absence of reliable dynamics of VO2 peak (p=0.29) and MET (p= 0.4) at the end of the rehabilitation course. A significant increase in VO2 peak was observed only in some patients who reached a load intensity level of 70% or more of the peak heart rate during training. Later a control study was conducted among 16 patients of the stoke group after 6 months. Cardiopulmonary testing showed the absence of reliable dynamics of the studied parameters in the absence of cardio training ambulatory. Our study of the patients’ with stroke condition in dynamics showed that there was no possibility of spontaneous (without aerobic exercise) restoration of exercise tolerance. Conclusion. In the early recovery period of IS, patients have a persistent long-term decrease of overall tolerance. Aerobic exercises have shown safety and good tolerance in IS rehabilitation programs. Aerobic exercises should be long-term, begin in a hospital and continue during ambulatory treatment. The intensity of training is a key parameter in the adjustment of Aerobic exercises for the patients with IS.

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Vitacca, Michele, Adriana Olivares, Laura Comini, Giuliana Vezzadini, Annamaria Langella, Alberto Luisa, Anna Petrolati, Gianluigi Frigo i Mara Paneroni. "Exercise Intolerance and Oxygen Desaturation in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Triggers for Respiratory Rehabilitation?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 23 (23.11.2021): 12298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312298.

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The role that oxygen desaturation plays in exercise tolerance and its rehabilitative implications in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are unclear. We aimed to test exercise tolerance and oxygen saturation levels both during exercise and at night in PD patients to better define their rehabilitative needs. In clinically stable PD patients, undergoing inpatient rehabilitation, and in “ON” phase, we prospectively assessed clinical data, sleepiness, comorbidities, PD severity (Hoehn&Yahr, HY), motor function (ADLs, UPDRSII and UPDRSIII, Barthel Index, Functional Independence Measure), balance, spirometry, respiratory muscles (MIP/MEP), peak cough expiratory flow (PCEF), continuous night oxygen monitoring, and meters at 6MWT. Of 55 patients analyzed (28 with moderate–severe PD, HY ≥ 2.5), 37% and 23% showed moderate–severe impairment on UPDRSII and UPDRSIII, respectively; 96% had reduced exercise tolerance and severe respiratory muscles impairment (MIP/MEP < 45% pred.); 21.8% showed desaturations during exercise; and 12.7% showed nocturnal desaturations. At multiple regression, low exercise tolerance and low mean nocturnal and exercise-induced saturation correlated with several respiratory and motor function and disability indices (all p < 0.03). Exercise tolerance, exercise-induced desaturations, and nocturnal desaturations were extremely frequent in PD patients and were worse in more severe PD patients. This suggests considering a combined role for motor and respiratory rehabilitation in these patients.

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Stoller, Douglas, Peter Pytel, Sophie Katz, Judy U. Earley, Keith Collins, Jamie Metcalfe, Roberto M. Lang i Elizabeth M. McNally. "Impaired exercise tolerance and skeletal muscle myopathy in sulfonylurea receptor-2 mutant mice". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 297, nr 4 (październik 2009): R1144—R1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00081.2009.

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By sensing intracellular energy levels, ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels help regulate vascular tone, glucose metabolism, and cardioprotection. SUR2 mutant mice lack full-length KATP channels in striated and smooth muscle and display a complex phenotype of hypertension and coronary vasospasm. SUR2 mutant mice also display baseline cardioprotection and can withstand acute sympathetic stress better than normal mice. We now studied response to a form of chronic stress, namely that induced by 4 wk of daily exercise on SUR2 mutant mice. Control mice increased exercise capacity by 400% over the training period, while SUR2 mutant mice showed little increase in exercise capacity. Unexercised SUR2 mutant showed necrotic and regenerating fibers in multiple muscle skeletal muscles, including quadriceps, tibialis anterior, and diaphragm muscles. Unlike exercised control animals, SUR2 mutant mice did not lose weight, presumably due to less overall exertion. Unexercised SUR2 mutant mice showed a trend of mildly reduced cardiac function, measured by fractional shortening, (46 ± 4% vs. 57 ± 7% for SUR2 mutant and control, respectively), and this decrease was not exacerbated by chronic exercise exposure. Despite an improved response to acute sympathetic stress and baseline cardioprotection, exercise intolerance results from lack of SUR2 KATP channels in mice.

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Fitting, JW. "Respiratory muscle fatigue limiting physical exercise?" European Respiratory Journal 4, nr 1 (1.01.1991): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.04010103.

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Inspiratory muscle fatigue has been documented during loaded breathing or acute respiratory failure, but its role in exercise limitation is still undetermined. Electromyographic (EMG) signs of diaphragmatic fatigue develop in normal subjects hyperventilating above 70% of maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), a ventilatory level commonly attained at peak exercise. EMG signs of diaphragmatic fatigue also occur during high power cycling exercise in normal subjects and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, a loss of respiratory muscle strength has rarely been documented following strenuous physical exercise with techniques independent of the subjects' collaboration. Prior inspiratory muscle fatigue decreases exercise tolerance in normal subjects but its effect is largely unknown in COPD patients. Respiratory muscle rest by negative pressure ventilation was reported to improve exercise tolerance in COPD, but this beneficial effect was not confirmed by controlled studies. The effect of inspiratory muscle training on exercise tolerance is still undefined by existing data, in part because of differences in methods and selection criteria between studies. Although respiratory muscle fatigue may occur during exercise, it is not clearly established whether interventions directed at respiratory muscles may improve exercise tolerance in COPD.

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