Rozprawy doktorskie: „Exercise tolerance”

1

Staiano, Walter. "Mind over muscle? Psychobiology of exercise tolerance". Thesis, Bangor University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613639.

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It has always been of great interest for scientists to study human performance and fatigue in order to better understand the limiting factors and determinants, which ultimately rule exercise tolerance in humans. In the last decades, the focus has moved to study fatigue and human performance not only from a physiological point of view but also to integrate it with psychophysiological mechanisms in order to reach a fuller understanding of fatigue processes and its implications on exercise performance. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the most prominent models of exercise tolerance and delineate psychological and physiological factors determining and/or limiting exercise performance. Moreover, the role of "effort" and its implications for exercise tolerance has been defined and elucidated. In chapter 2, it has been shown that maximal voluntary cycling power measured before and immediately after exhaustive cycling exercise does not decrease below the constant power at which participants were cycling at exhaustion. Such decrease in power, therefore, does not explain and challenge the traditional assumptions that in high intensity aerobic exercise muscle fatigue causes exhaustion, which occurs when the power generated from the muscles does not match any longer the power required by the task. Moreover, this study suggests the implication of other psychobiological variables such as rating of perceived exertion as important determinant and main limiting factor of exercise tolerance In chapter 3 has been tested the hypothesis that rating of perceived exertion and naturally occurring muscle pain, the two main perceptual determinants influencing physical performance have a different impact on physical performance. Muscle pain unpleasantness (Cook's scale) and rating of perceived exertion (RP E) (Borg's scale) were rated during a high intensity aerobic cycling test. During the cycling task, a constant increase in RPE was reported until subjects withdrew exercise while naturally occurring muscle pain rating increased at a moderate level without reaching the maximal rating. These findings suggest a high correlation between rating of perceived exertion and high intensity cycling at exhaustion and minimize the impact of naturally occurring muscle pain as limiting factor in aerobic performance. In chapter 4 it has been tested the validity and efficacy of a novel protocol to measure neural correlates of rating of perceived exertion using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By comparing two different conditions: Fatigued leg vs. Non fatigued Leg, nine participants performed a series of leg extensions tasks alternating both legs. During this task, brain activation was measured using a 3 Tesla fMRI scanner and rating of perceived exertion has been recorded. Main results have shown an increase in rating of perceived exertion concomitantly to an increase in central motor command across the series of leg extension task performed and a significant activation of the cingulate gyrus and insular cortex has been detected when comparing higher ratings of effort compared to lower ones. These new findings may help the understanding of the neurobiology of perceived exertion and the brain areas and neural processes implicated with an increase of the rating of perceived exertion. Moreover, it elucidates the role of effort-based decisionmaking mechanisms related with perceived exertion. Overall, our findings showed the validity of a more psychophysiological approach to study complex processes of fatigue and to delineate main determinants involved in human performance with particular attention to the rating of perceived exertion. It redefined the role and the impact of exercise-related muscle pain in endurance performance. Finally, it proposes new neurophysiological insights into the origin and development of perceptions of effort in the brain. iii

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2

Ward, Judith Ann. "Role development of nurses supervising exercise tolerance tests". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences Centre, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5228.

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Exercise Tolerance Testing (ETT) is widely accepted as an important diagnostic and prognostic tool and its primary purpose is to assess patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Previous studies have focused on concordance between doctors and other supervising personnel in regards to safety outcomes. ETTs are increasingly supervised by nurses now as a result of medical devolvement in this role. This study contributes a new perspective to international literature and focuses on understanding the process of role development for cardiac nurses who supervise ETTs. The overall aim was to gain greater understanding of how cardiac nurses have developed in the role of supervising ETTs and what their process has been. This is a mixed methods study that has utilised both qualitative descriptive techniques and descriptive quantitative data. These data were obtained by individual interviews with ETT nurses and the Clinical Director of Cardiology, and a survey of technicians who work alongside the ETT nurses at a tertiary hospital. Data were also obtained from a national survey of cardiac centres in New Zealand. Both methods were employed to give greater depth to the subject and place local findings in context with national data and international literature. Findings show there have been a number of international and local evolutionary factors contributing to the emergence of the ETT nurse’s role over time. Specific themes emerged from the interviews that describe individual process of role development. Technicians identified that the ETT service has improved as a consequence of having ‘dedicated ETT nurses’. Variability in regards to work place practices, training and assessment were found in the national survey. There is further potential for both increasing the number of nurses practicing as ETT nurses and further expansion of the role, however continued fragmentation, inconsistent service delivery and variation in national standards for practice in New Zealand may be barriers to collective and individual role development.

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3

Davies, Matthew John. "Limitations to exercise tolerance in health and disease". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20510/.

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Exercise tolerance, the ability to sustain an exercise task, is a key determinant of performance, morbidity, mortality and quality of life. However, the fatigue mechanisms that underpin exercise tolerance remain poorly understood. The aim of this thesis was to determine: 1) the origins of fatigue causing the limit of tolerance (LoT) during whole-body dynamic exercise in which V̇O2max is attained, and 2) how this is altered by the task demands and in the presence of chronic heart failure (CHF). To assess this, maximum voluntary isokinetic cycling power was measured before, during and instantaneously at LoT of exercise, and compared to the task demands. To provide additional insight these power data were supplemented by gas exchange and electromyography measures. First, a series of ramp-incremental exercise tests were performed, using different ramp-incrementation rates to change power demand at LoT. Next, the power-tolerable duration relationship was used to investigate the effect of altering the power demand during constant-power exercise. In both studies, reducing power demands, and as a consequence slowing the rate of energy utilisation and metabolite build-up, caused a significant reserve in maximal voluntary power at LoT to become increasingly evident. A reduced exercise tolerance is a cardinal symptom of CHF, the consequence of fatigue and/or dyspnoeic sensations during exercise. At the LoT in CHF, the magnitude of difference between the maximal voluntary isokinetic power and task demands was different between individuals, suggesting this measurement may distinguish between individuals for which either the exercising muscles, or mechanisms proximal to this, are ultimately limiting exercise. These data demonstrate that the origins of task failure at V̇O2max can be altered, depending on the exercise task and health status. In future it is hoped these data can inform development of targeted strategies, aimed at increasing exercise tolerance, and as a consequence enhancing quality of life.

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4

Carlier, Mauraine. "Profiling individuals for pleasurable physical exercise : the neuropsychology of tolerance of exercise intensity". Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30039/document.

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Les ressentis affectifs lors d’un exercice physique ont été révélés comme prédicteurs de l’engagement dans une pratique régulière (Mohiyeddini, Pauli, & Bauer, 2009). Toutefois, alors que certains ont la possibilité d’expérimenter positivement une séance, d’autres ne le sont pas (Van Landuyt, Ekkekakis, Hall , & Petruzzello, 2000). Une des explications avancées par la théorie du double mode (Ekkekakis, 2003) est que les différences observées entre les individus sont dues à l'interaction existante entre leurs capacités physiques et leurs caractéristiques psychologiques. Dans ce contexte, mon travail de thèse visait à comprendre comment une caractéristique psychologique telle que la tolérance à l'effort peut impacter les réponses affectives d’un individu lors de la réalisation d'un exercice physique modéré. La tolérance est définie comme un trait qui influence la capacité de l'individu à continuer à s'exercer à un niveau d'intensité imposé même si l'activité devient inconfortable ou désagréable (Ekkekakis, Hall et Petruzzello, 2005). À ce jour, mon travail a révélé que le concept de tolérance semble être un concept valable dans un échantillon européen francophone (étude I) et ce quelle que soit la pratique physique hebdomadaire auto-déclarée par les individus. Mon travail montre également que la tolérance à l’effort impacte effectivement les ressentis durant un exercice physique modéré (études II et IV). De plus, il semblerait que plus les individus sont tolérants à l'effort, plus ils sont capables de produire un exercice physique intense (études III et IV). Fait intéressant, les résultats ont révélé que le niveau de tolérance semble être associé à l'efficacité du fonctionnement cognitif. Plus précisément, plus les individus possèdent des fonctions exécutives efficaces, plus ils possèdent un niveau élevé de tolérance à l'effort (étude III). Enfin, l'effet positif d'un environnement de distraction musicale sur la perception de la difficulté de l'exercice physique n'a été révélé que chez les personnes très tolérantes (étude IV); suggérant que la musique peut ne pas être adaptée à tous. En conclusion, à travers la réalisation d'une évaluation psychométrique de la version francophone (étude I), d'un paradigme dual (étude II) et d'une évaluation neuropsychologique des capacités cognitives des individus (étude III), mon travail de thèse a révélé que la tolérance à l’effort semble être un concept francophone valide prédisant la réponse affective positive ou négative à l'exercice physique ; et ce que l’exercice se réalise dans le silence ou en la musique (Études II et IV)
Affective responses to physical exercise have been reported as predictors of the degree of engagement a personis ready to set in regular practice (Mohiyeddini, Pauli, & Bauer, 2009). According to the dual mode theory, theindividuals’ differences occurring during the exercise are due to the interplay between one’s physical abilitiesand one’s psychological characteristics (Ekkekakis, 2003) with some experiencing positively the session whileothers do not (Van Landuyt, Ekkekakis, Hall, & Petruzzello, 2000). Hence, my thesis work targeted the betterunderstanding of the effect of one of the psychological characteristics, the Tolerance to effort, on one’saffective responses during moderate physical exercise. Furthermore, I tried to reveal that a neuropsychologicaldefinition of the Tolerance to effort can be possible, even required for prescribing exercise program. Toleranceis defined as a trait that influences one’s ability to continue exercising at an imposed level of intensity even ifthe activity becomes uncomfortable or unpleasant (Ekkekakis, Hall, & Petruzzello, 2005). To date, my workhas revealed that the concept of Tolerance seems to be a valid concept in a French-speaking European sample(Study I). Interestingly, the results were revealed whatever the individuals’ self-reported weekly physicalpractice. My work also shows that the way one experiences a physical exercise depends on one’s tolerancelevel (Studies II and IV). Furthermore, the more individuals were tolerant to effort, the more they were able toproduce intense physical exercise (Studies III and IV). Interestingly, results revealed that one’s tolerance levelseems to be associated with one’s efficiency of cognitive functioning. More specifically, the more individualspossess efficient executive functions, the more they possess high level of Tolerance to effort (Study III).Finally, the positive effect of a musical distracting environment on one’s perception of physical exercisedifficulty was revealed only in high tolerant individuals (Study IV); suggesting that music may not be adaptedto all. To conclude, through the conduction of a psychometric assessment of the French-speaking version(Study I), a dual task paradigm (Study II) and a neuropsychological assessment of individuals cognitiveabilities (Study III), my thesis work has revealed that one’s tolerance level seems to be a French-speaking validconcept predicting the positive or negative affective response to physical exercise either in silence or in music(Studies II and IV) and defining one’s tolerance to effort from a cognitive standpoint

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5

Ferguson, Carrie. "Human Exercise Tolerance and the Parameters of Aerobic Function". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485174.

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The determinants of exercise intolerance are vital as they impinge on all individuals and are applicable across the whole spectrum of physical abili.ties. Key in this regard is the rate at which pulmonary oxygen uptake (Vo2 ) adapts to meet the energetic requirement at exercise onset, with this dependent on both the limit (i.e. v02 max) and the contour (i.e. v02 kinetics) of the v02 response. The purpose of this research was. to better understand the mechanisms. controlling v02 kinetics, and also to investigate the mechanisms determining high-intensity exercise tolerance, with specific reference to the hyperbolic power-duration (P-t) relationship. Three studies were conducted: 1. The role of 02 delivery in the control of v02 kinetics during moderate-intensity cycle ergometry. The presence of a delayed increase in deoxygenated [haemoglobin] in the region of muscle interrogation suggests that, during this delay phase, there is a dynamic balance between capillary perfusion and O2 consumption. Hence, it was \. concluded that 02 delivery is not a primary determinant of v02 kinetics, although its potential contribution under certain conditions is acknowledged. 2. Effects of supra-critical power (CP) 'priming' exercise on the profile and parameters of the P-t relationship (i.e. CP and W'J and parameters of aerobic function (i.e. the v02 time constant (rVo2 ), functional gain, lactate threshold (BJ .and Va] maJ during subsequent supra-CP exercise performed to the tolerable limit. 't vo2 , functional gain, SL, CP, v02 max were unaffected, but WI was decreased such that exercise tolerance was reduced as a predictable function of the re-define'd P-t relationship. It was concluded that WI is a key parameter of high-intensity exercise tolerance. 3. The kinetics of w' recovery, relative to Ã‚Â·those of v02 and blood [Lactate]. WI recovery was clearly dissociated both from that of metabolic rate and blood [Lactate], being slower compared to the former but more rapid relative to the latter. Consistent with the results of Chapter 4, exercise tolerance was reduced as a predictable function of the re-defined P-t relationship, supporting the notion that WI 'depletion' shapes high intensity exercise tolerance. Furthermore, doubt is cast on the current view that WI simply reflects a fixed 'store' of energy; rather, accumulation of fatigue-related metabolites instead may be important in defining the physiological constructs ofthis parameter.

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Bailey, Stephen John. "O2 uptake kinetics as a determinant of exercise tolerance". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3078.

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Oxygen uptake ( O2) kinetics determine the magnitude of the O2 deficit and the degree of metabolic perturbation and is considered to be an important determinant of exercise tolerance; however, there is limited empirical evidence to demonstrate that O2 kinetics is a direct determinant of exercise tolerance. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate O2 kinetics as a determinant of exercise tolerance and to consider its potential interaction with the maximum O2 ( O2max) and the W′ (the curvature constant of the hyperbolic power-duration relationship) in setting the tolerable duration of exercise. Recreationally-active adult humans volunteered to participate in the investigations presented in this thesis. Pulmonary O2 kinetics was assessed on a breath-by-breath basis and exercise tolerance was assessed by a time-to-exhaustion trial, with exhaustion taken as the inability to maintain the required cadence. A period of repeated sprint training (RST) resulted in faster phase II O2 kinetics (Pre: 29 ± 5, Post: 23 ± 5 s), a reduced O2 slow component (Pre: 0.52 ± 0.19, Post: 0.40 ± 0.17 L•min-1), an increased O2max (Pre: 3.06 ± 0.62, Post: 3.29 ± 0.77 L•min-1) and a 53% improvement in severe exercise tolerance. A reduced O2 slow component and enhanced exercise tolerance was also observed following inspiratory muscle training (Pre: 0.60 ± 0.20, Post: 0.53 ± 0.24 L•min-1; Pre: 765 ± 249, Post: 1061 ± 304 s, respectively), L-arginine (ARG) administration (Placebo: 0.76 ± 0.29 L•min-1 vs. ARG: 0.58 ± 0.23; Placebo: 562 ± 145 s vs. ARG: 707 ± 232 s, respectively) and dietary nitrate supplementation administered as nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BR) (Placebo: 0.74 ± 0.24 vs. BR: 0.57 ± 0.20 L•min-1; Placebo: 583 ± 145 s vs. BR: 675 ± 203, respectively). However, compared to a control condition without prior exercise, the completion of a prior exercise bout at 70% Δ (70% of the difference between the work rate at the gas exchange threshold [GET] and the work rate at the O2max + the work rate at the GET) with 3 minutes recovery (70-3-80) speeded overall O2 kinetics by 41% (Control: 88 ± 22 s, 70-3-80: 52 ± 13 s), but impaired exercise tolerance by 16% (Control: 437 ± 79 s, 70-3-80: 368 ± 48 s) during a subsequent exercise bout. When the recovery duration was extended to 20 minutes (70-20-80) to allow a more complete replenishment of the W′, overall kinetics was speeded to a lesser extent (by 23%; 70-20-80: 68 ± 19 s) whereas exercise performance was enhanced by 15% (70-20-80: 567 ± 125 s) compared to the control condition. In addition, the faster O2 kinetics observed when exercise was initiated with a fast start (FS; 35 ± 6 s), compared to an even start (ES; 41 ± 10 s) and slow start (SS; 55 ± 14 s) pacing strategy, allowed the achievement of O2max in a 3 minute trial and exercise performance was enhanced. Exercise performance was unaffected in a 6 minute trial with a FS, despite faster O2 kinetics, as the O2max was attained in all the variously paced trials. Therefore, the results of this thesis demonstrate that changes in exercise performance cannot be accounted for, purely, by changes in O2 kinetics. Instead, enhanced exercise performance appears to be contingent on the interaction between the factors underpinning O2 kinetics, the O2max and the W′, in support of the proposed ‘triad model’ of exercise performance.

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7

Alexander, Andrew M. "Exercise tolerance through the severe and extreme intensity domains". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38249.

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Master of Science
Department of Kinesiology
Thomas J. Barstow
Background and Aim: The power-duration relationship accurately predicts exercise tolerance for constant power exercise performed in the severe intensity domain. At intensities above critical power (CP), the power-duration relationship establishes a hyperbolic curve. However, the prediction of exercise tolerance is currently unclear for work rates within the extreme intensity domain (durations <2min). We hypothesized that the power-duration relationship deviates from a linear 1/time relationship for WRs within the extreme intensity domain. Methods: Six men completed nine bilateral knee-extension tests on non-consecutive days and then performed 3 exercise tests in the severe intensity domain (S1-S3; T[subscript lim]>2–15min) and 4 in the extreme domain at 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%1RM (T[subscript lim]<2min), in random order. Twitch force (Q[subscript tw]), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and voluntary activation (VA) were measured on the right vastus lateralis before and after <80s) each test; EMG was measured on the right vastus lateralis throughout each test. T[subscript lim] were plotted as a function of 1/Time. T[subscript lim] for the extreme intensities were compared to the predicted T[subscript lim] of the slope of the S1-S3 regression. Results: The r² for the severe domain 1/time model was 0.99 ± 0.007. T[subscript lim] for exercise at 60%1RM was not different than the predicted T¬lim, however, T¬lim for exercise at 70–90%1RM was shorter than the predicted T[subscript lim] (p<0.05). Post hoc analysis of the extreme domain (70–90%1RM) revealed a significant linear relationship, suggesting a W’ within the extreme domain (W’ext). T[subscript lim] of exercise at 60% 1RM was not different from the predicted value of the 1/Time relationship of the extreme domain. Q[subscript tw] and MVC were significantly decreased following exercise at S1-S3 and 60% 1RM, while no changes existed in Q[subscript tw] or MVC following exercise at 80 and 90%1RM. Further, no changes were found in VA following any exercise intensity. Conclusion: These data suggest that exercise tolerance in the extreme domain is limited by different factors than in the severe domain. However, there is a separate but measurable W’ext. Further, the factors limiting exercise in the extreme domain must be those from can be recovered by the time post-exercise measurements were made.

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Mendes, Olga de Castro [UNESP]. "Tolerância ao esforço físico e função cardíaca em diferentes períodos pós-indução de estenose aórtica em ratos". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89172.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_oc_me_botfm.pdf: 471774 bytes, checksum: 85d9ae9190c29d29bbfa5997d937273b (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Em razão de, em estudos que analisam a relação remodelação cardíaca e estenose aórtica supravalvar: ser importante a detecção precoce da disfunção ventricular; o método hemodinâmico ser ideal para detecção da disfunção, porém inadequado para estudos seqüenciais; a taquipnéia manifestar-se, geralmente, quando há deterioração cardíaca grave e não estar estabelecida a relação entre a capacidade funcional e a função ventricular, torna-se necessário identificar se o(s) primeiro(s) sinal(is) de intolerância ao esforço físico está(ão) relacionado(s) a disfunção ventricular. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivos avaliar em diferentes períodos, 3, 6, 12 e 18 semanas, após indução de estenose aórtica supravalvar em ratos a: 1) função do ventrículo esquerdo em repouso e as alterações morfológicas cardíacas por meio do ecocardiograma; 2) tolerância ao esforço físico, em teste incremental em esteira; 3) relação entre a tolerância ao esforço físico e a função cardíaca determinada em repouso. Foram utilizados 37 ratos Wistar, jovens, machos divididos em dois grupos: controle operado (GC, n=13) e estenose aórtica supravalvar (GEAo, n=24). O GEAo foi submetido a cirurgia com implantação de um clipe na artéria aorta para a indução da estenose aórtica supravalvar. O GC foi submetido à mesma cirurgia, porém sem a implantação do clipe. Os animais foram mantidos com água e ração e ad libitum, em ambiente com temperatura controlada a 23°C e ciclo de luz invertido. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados no ciclo escuro, com o auxílio de iluminação fluorescente vermelha, cuja emissão de onda, por ser longa, não é percebida pelos animais. Dos 24 ratos do grupo estenose aórtica (GEAo), 10 morreram e dois apresentaram sinais de insuficiência cardíaca ao final do experimento, taquipnéia associada a derrame pleural...
Considering that, in studies analyzing the relationship between cardiac remodeling and supravalvar aortic stenosis, the early detection of ventricular dysfunction is important, the hemodynamic method is ideal to detect such dysfunction although it is inadequate for sequential studies, tachypnea is generally manifested when severe cardiac deterioration exists and that the relationship between functional capacity and ventricular function has not been established, it is necessary to identify whether the first sign(s) of exercise intolerance is(are) related to ventricular dysfunction. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating, in different periods - 3, 6, 12 and 18 weeks - after the induction of supravalvar aortic stenosis in rats, the following aspects: 1) function of the left ventricle at rest and cardiac morphological alterations by means of an echocardiogram; 2) exercise tolerance during an incremental test on a treadmill; 3) relationship between exercise tolerance and cardiac function determined at rest. Thirty-seven young male Wistar rats were used. The animals were separated into two groups: operated control (CG, n=13) and supravalvar aortic stenosis (GEAo, n=24). GEAo was submitted to surgery with the implantation of a clip on the aorta artery for induction of supravalvar aortic stenosis. GC was submitted to the same type of surgery although without clip implantation. The animals were given water and chow ad libitum and maintained in a controlledtemperature environment at 23°C and an inverted light-dark cycle. All the procedures were performed in the dark cycle by using red fluorescent illumination, whose long wave emission is not perceived by the animals. Of the 24 rats in the GEAo ten died and two presented signs of cardiac insufficiency at the end of the experiment, tachypnea associated with pleural stroke, thrombus in the left atrium and hypertrophia in the right ventricle, thus... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Morgan, A. D. "Psychological and physiological factors affecting exercise tolerance in chronic bronchitis". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19158.

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Morton, Darren. "Effect of lactate tolerance board training on upper body anaerobic performance". Thesis, University of Ballarat, School of Human Movement and Sport Sciences Ballarat, Vic. :, 1994. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/32852.

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"The present study was concerned with the effect of lactate tolerance training and a period of reduced training on the energy systems and associated performance."
Thesis (Master of Science (Human Movement)

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Johnson, Jessica. "The effect of exercise on thermo-tolerance in pregnant Holstein heifers". Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32630.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Timothy G. Rozell
Dairy cows require a low-stress environment in order to efficiently produce milk, and thus stress management is a common focal point for both researchers and producers. A primary source of stress for dairy cattle is associated with the environment, particularly heat, and therefore a considerable amount of research has been done in an attempt to find ways of reducing heat stress. Most of the research, however, has focused on using heat abatement techniques to cool the cow, using evaporative cooling systems to reduce temperature in the environment thus also cooling the cow, and selective breeding to improve thermal tolerance. Whereas cow comfort has been improved, there are still negative responses to heat stress today including decreased milk production and altered milk composition. Cattle remove excess body heat primarily through evaporative and convective cooling in the respiratory system and exercise is likely to improve blood flow and efficiency of heat transfer within the lungs. Furthermore, exercise has been proven to improve performance in humans and horses. This study was designed to determine whether or not exercise improved fitness and heat tolerance, and to observe whether there were any resulting effects on milk production and parturition. Two experiments were carried out during the late summer/early fall of 2014 and summer of 2015. Each experiment utilized a different exercise regimen: experiment 1 used a combination of high-intensity intervals and endurance training, whereas experiment 2 involved an endurance regimen performed during the afternoon in early summer. Pregnant Holstein heifers (Experiment 1, n = 24; Experiment 2, n = 24) were exercised in an 8-panel motorized walker over a period of 8 wk that ended approximately 21 d prior to parturition. In experiment 1, fitness was improved in heifers that were exercised compared with their non-exercised counterparts based on their duration of exercise and speed of exercise at failure (P < 0.05). During a cool hour of the day after 6 wk of exercise, exercised heifers spent more time in body temperature zone 1 (< 39.0°C) compared with their non-exercised counterparts (P < 0.05). Exercised heifers also spent less time (P < 0.05) than non-exercised heifers in body temperature zone 3 (> 40.0°C) during the hottest hour of a hot day during the 6th week. No treatment effects (P > 0.10) were found for weekly milk components or milk production. In experiment 2, exercise resulted in greater milk protein and solids-not-fat (SNF) percentage (P < 0.05) compared with contemporaries that did not exercise; however, there was no difference in weekly milk production during the first 150 days (P > 0.10). Fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk were calculated and no difference was detected between treatments (P > 0.10). These results are the first to show that high-intensity intervals and endurance training exercise in pregnant dairy heifers can improve heat tolerance, increase production of milk protein and SNF, and perhaps increase animal comfort and well-being during hot weather.

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Mendes, Olga de Castro. "Tolerância ao esforço físico e função cardíaca em diferentes períodos pós-indução de estenose aórtica em ratos /". Botucatu, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89172.

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Resumo: Em razão de, em estudos que analisam a relação remodelação cardíaca e estenose aórtica supravalvar: ser importante a detecção precoce da disfunção ventricular; o método hemodinâmico ser ideal para detecção da disfunção, porém inadequado para estudos seqüenciais; a taquipnéia manifestar-se, geralmente, quando há deterioração cardíaca grave e não estar estabelecida a relação entre a capacidade funcional e a função ventricular, torna-se necessário identificar se o(s) primeiro(s) sinal(is) de intolerância ao esforço físico está(ão) relacionado(s) a disfunção ventricular. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivos avaliar em diferentes períodos, 3, 6, 12 e 18 semanas, após indução de estenose aórtica supravalvar em ratos a: 1) função do ventrículo esquerdo em repouso e as alterações morfológicas cardíacas por meio do ecocardiograma; 2) tolerância ao esforço físico, em teste incremental em esteira; 3) relação entre a tolerância ao esforço físico e a função cardíaca determinada em repouso. Foram utilizados 37 ratos Wistar, jovens, machos divididos em dois grupos: controle operado (GC, n=13) e estenose aórtica supravalvar (GEAo, n=24). O GEAo foi submetido a cirurgia com implantação de um clipe na artéria aorta para a indução da estenose aórtica supravalvar. O GC foi submetido à mesma cirurgia, porém sem a implantação do clipe. Os animais foram mantidos com água e ração e ad libitum, em ambiente com temperatura controlada a 23°C e ciclo de luz invertido. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados no ciclo escuro, com o auxílio de iluminação fluorescente vermelha, cuja emissão de onda, por ser longa, não é percebida pelos animais. Dos 24 ratos do grupo estenose aórtica (GEAo), 10 morreram e dois apresentaram sinais de insuficiência cardíaca ao final do experimento, taquipnéia associada a derrame pleural... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Considering that, in studies analyzing the relationship between cardiac remodeling and supravalvar aortic stenosis, the early detection of ventricular dysfunction is important, the hemodynamic method is ideal to detect such dysfunction although it is inadequate for sequential studies, tachypnea is generally manifested when severe cardiac deterioration exists and that the relationship between functional capacity and ventricular function has not been established, it is necessary to identify whether the first sign(s) of exercise intolerance is(are) related to ventricular dysfunction. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating, in different periods - 3, 6, 12 and 18 weeks - after the induction of supravalvar aortic stenosis in rats, the following aspects: 1) function of the left ventricle at rest and cardiac morphological alterations by means of an echocardiogram; 2) exercise tolerance during an incremental test on a treadmill; 3) relationship between exercise tolerance and cardiac function determined at rest. Thirty-seven young male Wistar rats were used. The animals were separated into two groups: operated control (CG, n=13) and supravalvar aortic stenosis (GEAo, n=24). GEAo was submitted to surgery with the implantation of a clip on the aorta artery for induction of supravalvar aortic stenosis. GC was submitted to the same type of surgery although without clip implantation. The animals were given water and chow ad libitum and maintained in a controlledtemperature environment at 23°C and an inverted light-dark cycle. All the procedures were performed in the dark cycle by using red fluorescent illumination, whose long wave emission is not perceived by the animals. Of the 24 rats in the GEAo ten died and two presented signs of cardiac insufficiency at the end of the experiment, tachypnea associated with pleural stroke, thrombus in the left atrium and hypertrophia in the right ventricle, thus... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Antônio Carlos Cicogna
Coorientador: Katashi Okoshi
Banca: Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff
Banca: Vilmar Baldissera
Mestre

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13

Fluckey, James D. "The effects of progressive resistance exercises on glucose tolerance in individuals with NIDDM". Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834626.

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This study was conducted to determine if improvements in glucose tolerance could be demonstrated following an acute bout of progressive resistance exercises. Fourteen individuals, not currently weight training, were assigned to two groups using the guidelines established by the WHO for NIDDM and normal (CON), based on the results of a three hour 75 g (-1.2M) load oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Eight blood samples were collected during the OGTT and assayed for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. Each subject from the NIDDM (n=7) and CON (n=7) groups participated in a familiarization period, including a IRM, with eight different Nautilus selectorized exercise machines utilizing both the upper and lower body. A 3 set x 10 repetition exercise protocol based on the IRM was conducted and followed 18 hours later by another OGTT. Two day diets were replicated from the prior OGTT. Analysis of variance failed to demonstrate significant differences in the total responses or at any specific sampling points from pre to postprotocol for glucose (p=0.53), C-peptide (p=0.07) or the C-peptide:insulin ratio (p=0.16) in either group. Blood insulin levels from pre to postprotocol were significantly reduced (p=0.001) by 24% and 22% for the NIDDM and CON groups, respectively. These data suggest that a single series of progressive resistance exercises improve insulin uptake by the tissues without augmenting glucose disposal.
School of Physical Education

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14

Dawes, Helen. "Perception of fatigue and exertion during a cycling exercise test in brain injured subjects". Thesis, University of East London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365905.

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15

Coleman, Kirsty Lee. "Exercise tolerance and skeletal muscle structure and function in patients with chronic obstructive pulminary disease". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17935.

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Bibliography: pages 143-154.
Exercise intolerance is well documented in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Historically, this exercise intolerance has been attributed to the central factors of lung damage and subsequent heart failure. However, recent evidence suggests that (i) patients with cardiac and renal failure suffer from skeletal muscle (SM) abnormalities that impair exercise tolerance and (ii) patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may have metabolic and functional abnormalities of SM. However, no studies have conducted a detailed investigation of SM structure and function and their relation to exercise tolerance in patients with COPD.

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16

Tuttle, James Alexander. "Novel intervention to confer cellular tolerance : applications & mechanisms". Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622707.

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Exercise in hot environments decreases the temperature gradient for heat loss to the external environment increasing internal heat storage. Work completed decreases and exertional heat illness risk increases. Heat acclimation (HA) programmes which last between 7 -10 d improve heat tolerance by reducing rectal temperature (Tre) during exercise. Thermotolerance is also improved. These adaptations enable work to be maintained for longer periods of time. Exertional heat illness risk is also decreased. However, HA is not logistically feasible during rapid redeployment of military, athletic, occupational and emergency worker populations to hot environments. Therefore, developing an acute preconditioning trial to enhance heat tolerance and thermotolerance could be advantageous. This thesis first determined the effect of treadmill gradient (flat or downhill running) and environmental conditions (temperate~ 20oe, 50 % relative humidity (RH) or hot conditions; 30°C, 50 % RH) on heat shock protein 72 mRNA (Hsp72 mRNA), heat shock protein 90 alpha mRNA (Hsp90a mRNA), glucose regulated protein 78 mRNA, glucose regulate protein 94 mRNA, exercising Tre and HR, Study 2 investigated whether an acute trial combining downhill running and hot environmental conditions (Hot downhill) elevated basal HSP72 concentrations, attenuated exercising Tre• HR, vastus lateralis (VL) and leukocyte Hsp72 mRNA and Hsp90a mRNA responses during an identical trial 7 d later. Downhill running and hot environmental conditions increased leukocyte Hsp72 mRNA, leukocyte Hsp90a mRNA, exercising Trc and DOMS further than flat running and temperate environmental conditions. Increased Hsp72 mRNA and Hsp90a mRNA were mainly exercising Tre and metabolic strain dependent. Exercising Tn; (at 30 min) and DOMS were reduced during or following the second hot downhill trial. Attenuated Hsp72 mRNA and Hsp90a mRNA responses within the VL and leukocytes also occurred. Basal VL HSP72 increased after the second hot downhill trial In conclusion, an acute hot downhill trial decreases exercising Tn: and DOMS during an identical trial 7 d later but basal HSP72 concentrations are not affected. Leukocyte Hsp72 mRNA and Hsp90a mRNA are valid surrogates of the VL response.

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17

Derman, Kirsten Louise. "Exercise tolerance and skeletal muscle structure and function in patients with severe chronic heart failure". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27032.

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Fatigue and exercise intolerance are common symptoms experienced by patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Historically it has been argued that central cardiopulmonary factors including pulmonary congestion and reduced lung compliance cause dyspnoea that limits the exercise tolerance of such patients. But recent studies have indicated that exercise capacity in patients with CHF may not be limited solely by central cardiorespiratory factors. Rather the focus has shifted to aspects of the peripheral circulation and skeletal muscle function as possible factors limiting the exercise tolerance of patients with CHF. However there are few studies describing both the structural and functional abnormalities in the skeletal muscle of patients with CHF. In the first study of this dissertation, 11 patients with end-stage heart failure (NYHA class Ill-IV) and 10 healthy control subjects (C) underwent i) graded exercise to exhaustion for determination of peak oxygen consumption (VO₂ peak) and peak work load (Wlpeak); ii) isometric and isokinetic tests of skeletal muscle function and iii) radionuclide angiography for determination of ejection fraction (EF%). VO₂ peak (12.5 ± 1.0 vs 34.3 ± 3.5 mlO₂fkg/min; p<0.001), Wlpeak (73 ± 10 vs 224 ± 14 W; p<0.001), total work performed by the quadriceps muscles (TWQ) in a 30 sec isokinetic test (TWQ; 1565 ± 166 vs 2892 ± 345 J; p<0.05), and hamstring muscles (TWH) (TWH; 604 ± 163 vs 2003 ± 326 J; p<0.05), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) of the quadriceps muscles (MVC; 134 ± 12 vs 194 ± 11 Nm; p<0.001) and isokinetic peak torque of the ~uadriceps (PKTQ) (PKTQ; 133 ± 15 vs 203 ± 23 Nm; p<0.05) and hamstring muscles (PKTH) (PKTH; 60 ± 8 vs 108 ± 16 Nm; p<0.05) and time to fatigue during a test of isometric endurance (68 ± 12 vs 100 ± 10 sec; p<0.05) were all significantly lower in patients with CHF. However when corrected for the reduced lean thigh volume (muscle mass) in patients with CHF, PKTQ, PKTH and MVC were no longer different from control values. But the total work performed by the quadriceps and hamstring muscles in a 30 second isokinetic test was reduced even when corrected for the reduced lean thigh volume in patients with CHF. Furthermore, patients with CHF terminated progressive cycle exercise to exhaustion at heart rates, rates of ventilation, respiratory exchange ratios and blood lactate concentrations that were significantly lower than values achieved by control subjects during maximal dynamic exercise. These data suggest that skeletal muscle functional abnormalities including a decreased resistance to the development of fatigue exist in patients with severe CHF. In the second study of this dissertation, 10 patients with CHF who participated in the first study and eight control subjects underwent a skeletal muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle for light and electron microscopic analysis. Significant histological and ultrastructural changes were found in all SM biopsies from patients with CHF. These included atrophy and hypertrophy of fibres, fibre splitting, internalized nuclei, nuclear knots, moth-eaten fibres, increased lipid droplets. Electron microscopy showed a large variety of nonspecific abnormalities, including mitochondrial changes, Z-band degeneration and accumulation of intracellular glycogen. Ultrastructural morphometry revealed capillary basement membrane width significantly increased in the SM of patients with CHF, (409 ± 13 vs 121 ± 3 nm; p<0.01). A novel, blinded, impartially scored method for grading SM pathology showed that SM biopsies of patients with CHF had higher scores for myopathic changes compared to C (12.0 ± 1.5 vs 1.6 ± 1.0 arbitrary units; p<0.05). SM pathology score correlated significantly with VO₂ peak, Wlpeak, and TWQ (p<0.05 to p<0.02) but not with EF%. EF% did not correlate with either VO₂ peak, Wlpeak or TWQ. These data support the hypothesis that: i) severe SM structural and functional abnormalities may limit exercise capacity in patients with CHF; ii) the severity of SM pathology but not resting systolic cardiac function, predicts exercise performance in patients with CHF.

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18

Law, Roberta. "Effects of a three-week hamstrings stretch program on muscle extensibility and stretch tolerance in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain". Connect to full text, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5420.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Sydney, 2009.
Title from title screen (viewed September 25, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy to the Faculty of Medicine. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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19

Burton, Kate J. "Inflammatory markers, physical activity and exercise tolerance in the adult cystic fibrosis population". Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/389845.

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Background & objective: Adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) were assessed to establish whether a relationship exists between inflammation (systemic and/or pulmonary), physical activity and/or exercise tolerance, following in-hospital treatment for an acute exacerbation, and whether these factors can predict for time to next pulmonary exacerbation. In addition to this, demographic information was collected to establish if age, sex, lung function, and/or body mass index is related to the primary study outcomes. Methods: Adults with CF were included following hospitalisation for a pulmonary exacerbation and were followed up for 12 months. Inflammatory markers were measured immediately post discharge via sputum and plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α. Physical activity was monitored for 7 days post discharge via a Sensewear armband. Exercise tolerance was measured at this same time point via six-minute walk test (6MWT), modified shuttle test-25 (MST-25) and isometric quadriceps strength. Statistical analyses included Shapiro-Wilk’s test and Q-Q plots to determine normal distribution, Ttests, Pearson’s correlational analyses and one-way MANOVAs. Results: Thirty-two adults with CF (18 (56%) male, aged 28.8 ± 8.8 years, FEV1 59.4 ± 23.0% predicted) were prospectively recruited via a sample of convenience. Physical activity negatively correlated with plasma inflammation (r = -0.48, p < 0.01), and positively with disease severity via FEV1 (r = 0.45, p < 0.05) and body mass index (r = 0.39, p < 0.05). Body mass index also negatively correlated with sputum inflammation (r = -0.51; p > 0.01). No associations were found between plasma cytokines and measures of exercise tolerance (six minute walk distance (6MWD), MST-25, quadriceps strength). 6MWD and MST-25 had low and moderate positive correlations respectively with disease severity in both FEV1 (r = 0.48, p = 0.005; r = 0.79, p < 0.001) and FEV1 % predicted (r = 0.43, p < 0.05; r = 0.66, p < 0.001). Male participants had significantly greater quadriceps strength than females (t (30) = 3.779, p = 0.001). Quadriceps strength did not correlate with either 6MWD (r = 0.22, p > 0.1) or MST-25 (r = 0.35, p > 0.01). There was no significant relationship between time to reexacerbation and any inflammatory marker, or any measure of physical activity or exercise tolerance (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: Increased physical activity levels following exacerbation in adults with CF is associated with lower levels of systemic inflammation, however, is unrelated to pulmonary inflammation. Both systemic and pulmonary inflammation are unrelated to measures of exercise tolerance (aerobic nor strength related). Time to next pulmonary exacerbation is not related to postdischarge inflammation, physical activity levels or exercise tolerance. MST-25 was found to be a stronger predictor of FEV1 compared to 6MWD. No associations were found between sex and physical activity and/or aerobic exercise tolerance.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School Allied Health Sciences
Griffith Health
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20

Oldroyd, John Charles. "A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in people with impaired glucose tolerance". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341785.

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21

Mee, Jessica Anne. "Heat tolerance and acclimation in female athletes". Thesis, University of Brighton, 2016. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/ad621228-0ca8-4569-8dd1-12ee5f9d67ed.

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This thesis aimed to develop a running heat tolerance test (RHTT) to assess changes in heat tolerance and to investigate the mechanism and optimisation of heat acclimation (HA) for female athletes. The first study introduced a RHTT and assessed its repeatability. Results demonstrate good agreement, strong correlations and small differences between repeated trials. The typical error of measure values suggested low within-participant variability. Furthermore, the RHTT was effective in differentiating between individuals’ physiological responses, demonstrating that heat tolerance lies along a continuum. The second study examined the sensitivity of the RHTT to changes in heat tolerance and to evaluate individual responses to HA. Results demonstrate that the RHTT is sensitive to changes in heat tolerance and that the magnitude of adaptation is highly individual; supporting the use of the RHTT in future investigations. Reducing thermal strain through HA in not fully understood for a female population. The third study compared males’ and females’ temporal patterning to short-term HA (STHA; 5-d) and long-term HA (LTHA; 10-d). The RHTT was used to quantify changes in heat tolerance. The results confirm that whilst STHA may be effective in achieving partial adaptation in males and females, females require LTHA to establish reductions in thermoregulatory and cardiovascular strain. Improved thermotolerance following HA, reduces disruptions to cellular homeostasis principally, but not exclusively, by increasing basal heat shock protein 72 following transcription of its gene (Hsp 72 mRNA) as part of the heat shock response (HSR). The fourth study compared males’ and females’ Hsp72 mRNA response during STHA and LTHA. The similar transcription of Hsp72 mRNA observed in all participants suggests that there are no differences in the endogenous criteria to elicit the HSR between sexes. The fifth study assessed the effectiveness of preceding STHA with a passive heat exposure (HAsauna) in females. HAsauna resulted in reductions in thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and perceptual strain. The adaptation pathway was likely mediated in part, by plasma volume expansion and an improved thermoeffector and thermosensitivity response of the sudomotor function. Together, evidence in this thesis supports the notion that special considerations need to be taken when using HA to attenuate thermoregulatory strain in female athletes prior to training and competing in the heat.

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22

Born, Stephanie Ann. "The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Exercise Performance following a Short-term Low Carbohydrate Diet". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo149340968232177.

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23

Brambrink, Jill K. "Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following exercise : influence of muscle mass and absolute work". Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834516.

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To determine the influence of muscle mass and absolute work on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following exercise, glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were analyzed in twelve subjects at baseline and 16 to 18 hrs following three different exercise trials performed on a cycle ergometer: 1) two-legged exercise at 60% of two-leg maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 2) one-legged exercise at 60% of the oneleg VO2max, and 3) a second one-leg trial at 60% of one-leg VO2max with work matched to the work obtained during the two-leg trial. Each trial was preceeded by two days of inactivity and a three day diet replication. Analysis of serum glucose concentrations during the post-exercise OGTTs demonstrated that glucose tolerance was unaffected by either the amount of active tissue incorporated in the exercise and/or the amount of work completed by the active tissue. On the other hand, serum insulin concentrations following the two-leg trial decreased 23.5% from 347.62 ±37.98 to 266.05 :L41.62 gU/ml in comparison to the one-leg trial (p < 0.05). The incorporation of a smaller muscle mass which completed an equal amount of absolute work as the larger muscle mass (i.e. one-leg work matched trial) resulted in a large (19%), but nonsignificant reduction in the total insulin compared to the one-leg relative work trial. In addition, total insulin following the two-leg and the one-leg work matched trials were reduced by 19% and 14%, respectively, in comparison to baseline. However, they did not reach statistical significance. The results of this study indicate that the incorporation of a larger muscle mass during an acute bout of aerobic exercise results in a reduction in serum insulin in response to a post-exercise oral glucose challenge. In addition, increasing the absolute work of a muscle mass results in similar reductions in serum insulin regardless of the amount of muscle mass involved in the exercise. While glucose tolerance was unaltered by either the amount of active tissue and/or the amount of work completed by the active tissue.
School of Physical Education

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24

Broxterman, Ryan M. "The influence of oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization on the determinants of exercise tolerance". Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19083.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Anatomy and Physiology
Thomas J. Barstow
The physiological mechanisms determining the tolerable duration of exercise dictate human physical accomplishments across all spectrums of life. Despite extensive study, these specific mechanisms, and their dependence on oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization, remain, a certain extent, undefined. The purpose of this dissertation was to test the overarching hypothesis that muscle contraction characteristics (i.e., intensity of contraction, muscle contraction-relaxation duty cycle, etc.) alter oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization, which directly influence the power-duration relationship and fatigue development, and therefore, exercise tolerance. To accomplish this, specific interventions of altered muscle contraction-relaxation duty cycle and blood flow occlusion were utilized. In the first investigation (Chapter 2), we utilized low and high muscle contraction-relaxation duty cycles to alter blood flow to the active skeletal muscle, demonstrating that critical power (CP) was reduced with the high muscle contraction-relaxation duty cycle due to a reduction in blood flow, while the curvature constant (W’) was not altered. The second investigation (Chapter 3) utilized blood flow occlusion to show that CP was reduced and W’ increased for blood flow occlusion exercise conditions compared to control blood flow exercise conditions. The final investigation (Chapter 4) utilized periods of blood flow occlusion during and post-exercise to reveal greater magnitudes of peripheral and central fatigue development during blood flow occlusion exercise compared to control blood flow exercise. Moreover, this investigation demonstrated that W’ was significantly related to the magnitude of fatigue development. Collectively, alterations in oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization via muscle contraction characteristics and blood flow occlusion directly influence CP and the magnitude of fatigue development. However, W’ does not appear to be influenced by manipulations in oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization, per se. Rather, W’ may be determined by the magnitude of fatigue accrued during exercise, which is dependent upon oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization. The novel findings of the investigations presented in this dissertation highlight important physiological mechanisms that determine exercise tolerance and demonstrate the need for interventions that improve oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization in specific populations, such as those with chronic heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, to improve exercise tolerance.

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25

Schneider, Barbara Anne. "Resistive exercise : strength, body composition, glucose tolerance and insulin action in african american women /". The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148793512587949.

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26

SATHER, TOM MALVIN. "MECHANISMS OF CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESYNCOPAL-LIMITED LOWER BODY NEGATIVE PRESSURE TOLERANCE (ORTHOSTASIS)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188096.

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In man, tolerance to an orthostatic stress varies widely. Compensatory cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stressors such as head-up tilt, +Gz acceleration, and lower body negative pressure (LBNP) have been identified. However, physiologic reactions associated with the capacity to withstand a presyncopal- limited orthostatic exposure requires additional clarification. The relationship between maximal oxygen uptake (‘VO₂ max) and presyncopal-limited LBNP tolerance was examined in adult male subjects categorized into high (HAC) and low (LAC) aerobic capacity groups. In addition to similar (N.S.) cardiovascular responses, the (mean) and cumulative LBNP stress indices (CS)) observed in the HAC (722 torr•min) and LAC (784 torr•min) groups were also similar (N.S.). These data fail to support a relationship between LBNP tolerance and ‘VO₂ max. Cardiovascular responses associated with LBNP tolerance were measured during the control period (pre-LBNP) and final minute (peak LBNP) of decompression. The CSI criterion distinguished high (HT, n = 10) and low (LT, n = 8) LBNP tolerant groups was 640 torr•min. A greater (p < 0.05) end-diastolic volume and cardiac output was observed in the HT subjects during pre-LBNP may have provided a larger reserve to utilize throughout exposure to LBNP. At peak LBNP, both groups demonstrated similar (N.S.) cardiac outputs despite a higher (p < 0.05) HT heart rate. These data suggest that a major mechanism in prolonging LBNP tolerance may have been a greater LBNP-induced tachycardia. Blood samples were drawn to determine group differences in vasoactive neuroendocrine response. During peak LBNP, concentrations of norepinephrine increased (p < 0.05) in both groups. The HT group displayed greater (p < 0.05) LBNP-induced increases in vasopressin and plasma renin activity. These data suggest that HT subjects may have supplemented the catecholamine pressor response by involving the vasopressin and renin-angiotensin systems. The affect of cholenergic and beta-adrenergic blockades on cardiovascular responses to LBNP were examined in six HT and five LT subjects. CSI in both groups were unchanged (N.S.) by administration of atropine as compared to a placebo LBNP exposure. Propranolol however, reduced (p < 0.05) LBNP tolerance in both groups. This CSI reduction was greater (p < 0.05) in the HT subjects. The reduction in LBNP tolerance appeared closely associated with the negative chronotropic effect.

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27

Luberto, Christina Marie. "An Experimental Test of the Effects of A Brief Mindfulness Exercise on Distress Tolerance Among Adult Cigarette Smokers". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439294359.

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28

Porter, David A. "The effect of oral coenzyme Q10 on the exercise tolerance of middle-aged, untrained men". Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/776715.

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McNeilly, Andrea Margaret. "Exercise and a-lipoic acid in the prevention of metabolic disturbances in impaired glucose tolerance". Thesis, University of Ulster, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523108.

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30

Diesel, Wayne Jonathan. "Factors limiting the exercise tolerance of patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing maintenance haemodialysis". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26548.

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Exercise tolerance, measured as peak oxygen consumption (VO₂ peak), is very low in patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Due to their associated anaemia and low peak heart rates during maximal exercise it has been argued that the reduced blood oxygen carrying capacity and central cardiovascular limitations are primarily responsible for the poor exercise tolerance of these patients. However, others suggest that peripheral (skeletal muscle) limitations including impaired substrate utilization, muscle weakness caused by peripheral neuropathy and myopathy, malnutrition and general physical deconditioning are responsible for the poor exercise tolerance. The present thesis was therefore designed to study whether central cardiovascular function or anaemia or muscle weakness causes patients with end-stage renal failure to terminate exercise at workrates well below those achieved by healthy controls.

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31

Aloush, Sami Mohammad. "Predictors of Exercise Tolerance, Severity of Dyspnea and Quality of Life in Pulmonary Rehabilitation Patients". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1372853967.

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32

Alves, Alberto Jorge de Carvalho. "tics and Heart Failure- The effect of exercise training and gene variants on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance in heart failure patients". Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63662.

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33

Smirmaul, Bruno De Paula Caraça [UNESP]. "Preference for and tolerance of the intensity of exercise: brazilian portuguese adaptation and validation, normative values, factors associated and relationship with exercise behavior". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148549.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Respostas afetivas durante o exercício são relacionadas com a aderência ao exercício e com o comportamento atual/futuro de exercício. Entretanto, há grande variabilidade interindividual nas respostas afetivas ao exercício. Tal variabilidade é parcialmente explicada por diferenças individuais na preferência e tolerância da intensidade de exercício. Assim, os objetivos dessa tese de doutorado foram: Artigo 1 – adaptar o Questionário de Preferência e Tolerância da Intensidade de Exercício para a população brasileira e realizar uma avaliação psicométrica inicial; Artigo 2 – testar a validade estrutural do Questionário em uma amostra populacional diversa e avaliar sua invariância fatorial entre subgrupos de sexo e idade; Artigo 3 – explorar os fatores associados com a Preferência e Tolerância da intensidade de exercício em uma amostra populacional diversa, assim como fornecer valores normativos populacionais; Artigo 4 – testar se os constructos de preferência e tolerância da intensidade de exercício são associados com o comportamento de exercício longitudinalmente em uma amostra populacional diversa. Para isso, os seguintes métodos foram utilizados: Artigo 1 – tradução e retrotradução, produção de uma versão do Questionário em Português Brasileiro, e avaliação psicométrica e validação de constructo usando correlações transversais entre os escores de Preferência e Tolerância e variáveis de atividade física; Artigo 2 – análise fatorial confirmatória e teste de invariância fatorial multigrupos da versão em Português Brasileiro do Questionário em subgrupos de sexo e idade em uma amostra populacional de 622 participantes; Artigo 3 – regressão linear múltipla entre os escores de Preferência e Tolerância com idade, sexo, IMC, e atividade física no tempo de lazer (AFTL) moderada e vigorosa em uma amostra populacional de 622 participantes; Artigo 4 – regressões lineares múltiplas, correlações parciais e regressões logísticas multinomais envolvendo variáveis demográficas e antropométricas, assim como o comportamento de exercício tanto de 2007-2008 como de 2014-2015 de 622 participantes. Os resultados foram: Artigo 1 – A versão em Português do Brasil do PRETIEQ reteve as propriedades psicométricas da versão original, demonstrando adequada consistência interna, confiabilidade teste-reteste e correlações transversais com variáveis de atividade física dentro adultos jovens. Artigo 2 – a versão em Português do Brasil do PRETIE-Q reteve as propriedades estruturais da versão original e demonstrou invariância para sexo e idade. Artigo 3 – dentro alguns preditores significativos, apenas idade (r = - 0,348 e r = -0,341) e AFTL vigorosa (r = 0,276 e r = 0,140) foram significativamente e independentemente associadas com os escores de Preferência e Tolerância, respectivamente. Além disso, valores normativos populacionais estratificados por categorias de idade são apresentados. Artigo 4 – controlando por idade, sexo, IMC e níveis passados de AFTL, o aumento em 1 unidade nos escores de Preferência e/ou Tolerância foram associados com ≈5min/semana de AFTL total, ≈2min/semana de AFTL moderada e ≈2min/semana de AFTL vigorosa. Além disso, considerando os níveis recomendados de AFTL, o aumento de 1 unidade dos escores de Preferência e/ou Tolerância foram associados com ≈4-6%, 12,4% e 9,1% maiores chances de atingir longitudinalmente os níveis recomendados de AFTL total, moderada ou vigorosa, respectivamente.
Affective responses during exercise are related to exercise adherence and current/future exercise behavior. However, there is large inter-individual variability in affective responses to exercise. Such variability is partly explained by individual differences in preference for and tolerance of the intensity of exercise. Thus, the aims of this PhD thesis were: Article 1 – to adapt the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q) for the Brazilian population and to perform an initial psychometric evaluation; Article 2 – to test the structural validity of the PRETIE-Q in a diverse population sample and to evaluate its factorial invariance across gender and age subgroups; Article 3 – to explore the factors associated with Preference for and Tolerance of the exercise intensity in a diverse population sample, as well as to provide population-based normative values; Article 4 – to test whether the constructs of preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity are associated to exercise behavior longitudinally in a diverse population sample. For this, the following methods were used: Article 1 – translation and back-translation, production of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q, and psychometric evaluation and construct validation using cross-sectional correlations between the Preference and Tolerance scores and physical activity variables; Article 2 – confirmatory factor analysis and a test of multigroup factor invariance of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q across gender and age subgroups in a population sample of 622 participants; Article 3 – multiple linear regression between Preference and Tolerance scores with age, gender, BMI and moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a population sample of 622 participants; Article 4 – multiple linear regressions, partial correlations and multinomial logistic regressions involving demographic and anthropometric variables, as well as exercise behavior from both 2007-2008 and 2014-2015 of 622 participants. The results were: Article 1 – The Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q retained the psychometric properties of the original, demonstrating adequate internal consistency, testretest reliability, and cross-sectional correlations with physical activity variables among young adults. Article 2 – The Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q retained the structural properties of the original and demonstrated gender and age invariance. Article 3 – among a few significant predictors, only age (r = -0.348 and r = -0.341) and vigorous LTPA (r = 0.276 and r = 0.140) were found to be significantly and independently associated with both Preference and Tolerance scores, respectively. In addition, population-based normative values stratified by age categories are presented. Article 4 – controlling for age, gender, BMI and past LTPA levels, a 1-unit increase in Preference and/or Tolerance scores was associated with additional ≈5min/week of total LTPA, ≈2min/week of moderate LTPA and ≈2min/week of vigorous LTPA. In addition, considering the recommended levels of LTPA, a 1-unit increase in Preference and/or Tolerance scores was associated with ≈4-6%, 12.4% and 9.1% greater odds of longitudinally attaining the recommended levels of total, moderate and vigorous LTPA, respectively.
FAPESP: 2013/10503-0

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Smirmaul, Bruno de Paula Caraça. "Preference for and tolerance of the intensity of exercise : brazilian portuguese adaptation and validation, normative values, factors associated and relationship with exercise behavior /". Rio Claro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148549.

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Orientador: Eduardo Kokubun
Resumo: Affective responses during exercise are related to exercise adherence and current/future exercise behavior. However, there is large inter-individual variability in affective responses to exercise. Such variability is partly explained by individual differences in preference for and tolerance of the intensity of exercise. Thus, the aims of this PhD thesis were: Article 1 - to adapt the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q) for the Brazilian population and to perform an initial psychometric evaluation; Article 2 - to test the structural validity of the PRETIE-Q in a diverse population sample and to evaluate its factorial invariance across gender and age subgroups; Article 3 - to explore the factors associated with Preference for and Tolerance of the exercise intensity in a diverse population sample, as well as to provide population-based normative values; Article 4 - to test whether the constructs of preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity are associated to exercise behavior longitudinally in a diverse population sample. For this, the following methods were used: Article 1 - translation and back-translation, production of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q, and psychometric evaluation and construct validation using cross-sectional correlations between the Preference and Tolerance scores and physical activity variables; Article 2 - confirmatory factor analysis and a test of multigroup factor invar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

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Alves, Alberto Jorge de Carvalho. "tics and Heart Failure- The effect of exercise training and gene variants on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance in heart failure patients". Tese, Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63662.

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Noonan, Benjamin Carter. "The Physiological Effects of Hockey Protective Equipment on High Intensity Intermittent Exercise". Yale University, 2006. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-06282006-133133/.

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Ice hockey is a contact sport played in a cold environment which leads to assumptions that players are not exposed to a thermal challenge. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the wearing of hockey protective equipment during an exercise protocol designed to simulate a hockey game would induce a thermal challenge and lead to decrements in performance. In order to test this hypothesis and qualify the physiological responses, subjects performed a standardized protocol performed on a stationary cycle ergometer in an environmental chamber set at typical (12ºC) ice hockey ambient conditions. The simulation was performed twice; once while wearing cotton undergarments only (NP), and once while wearing cotton undergarments and the typical protective equipment worn during a hockey game (P). Work intensity during each trial was held constant and was evaluated by examining mean power output, which was similar under both P and NP conditions (348.2 W vs 352.08 W, P > 0.05) P vs NP, respectively. Body (37.18 ºC vs 36.58 ºC) and skin temperatures (34.12 ºC vs 28.85 ºC) were elevated in P vs NP, respectively (P<0.05). Core temperatures (37.50 ºC vs 37.41ºC) displayed a trend towards being higher in P vs NP particularly during the third period of simulation (P = 0.053). Sweat loss as a percent of body mass was greater in P vs NP (2.57% vs 1.18%, respectively P<0.05), which led to an increase in plasma osmolality (287 vs 283 mosmol/kg H2O, respectively P<0.05) working heart rate (83.7% vs 78.8% of maximum heart rate), resting heart rate (63.4% and 55.9% of maximum heart rate), and urine specific gravity (1.026 vs 1.017) for P vs NP respectively (each P<0.05). The drop-off in power from pre to post simulated game was examined in both conditions by the use of five repeated maximal six second sprints interspersed with 24 seconds of recovery. The drop-off in both peak (12.0% vs 0.2%) and mean power (14.5% vs 2.7%) was greater in P versus NP (P<0.05). Plasma lactate concentration was higher following the simulated game in P vs NP (9.64 vs 5.96 mmol/L, P<0.05) as was plasma norepinephrine (2274.0 vs 1366.9 pg/ml, P<0.05). Rating of Perceived Exertion increased by 30-53% in the P condition (P<0.05) even though power outputs were equivalent. The elevated body temperature and increased water loss appeared to increase glycolytic flux, which when coupled with the consequences of thermal stress, reduced power output and led to the perception of elevated work intensities during the simulated game.

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Bilzon, James L. J. "Influence of heat stress and carbohydrate availability on substrate metabolism and exercise tolerance time in humans". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7594.

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Whilst the effects of environmental heat stress on the physiological responses of humans during exercise have been investigated for over half a century, the mechanisms responsible for fatigue during exercise in the heat are not well understood. There is increasing evidence that heat stress increases the reliance on carbohydrate (CHO), particularly muscle glycogen, as a fuel for prolonged exercise. The provision of CHO during exercise and during short-term recovery from exercise in the heat may theoretically offer some benefit. However, the literature available on the efficacy of CHO feedings during prolonged running in the heat is scarce. The aim of the experiments that are reported in this thesis were to investigate the effects of heat stress and CHO feeding regimens on substrate metabolism and exercise tolerance during prolonged running. An initial investigation revealed that the heat stress imposed by wearing a military protective clothing ensemble during prolonged running impaired exercise tolerance time and increased the reliance on CHO as a fuel. This response was associated with increases in circulating adrenaline and lactate concentrations, which may be indicative of an enhanced ß-adrenergic receptor stimulation of muscle glycogenolysis. Thus, further studies into the efficacy of CHO supplementation regimens during exercise and recovery from exercise in the heat were performed. Rehydration with a carbohydrate-electrolytes olution (CES) during a 4-h recovery period markedly increased total CHO utilisation and exercise tolerance during subsequent exercise in the heat (35°C) compared to a sweetened placebo. Whilst there was no difference in post-recovery exercise tolerance time after ingesting 55-g or 220-g of CHO within a CES, ingesting 220-g lead to a five-fold increase in estimated glycogen synthesis during recovery, which increased CHO availability and utilisation during subsequent exercise. Ingesting a 12.5% glucose solution attenuated the increased reliance on endogenous CHO stores during exercise in the heat, but the associated increases in thermal and cardiovascular strain and gastric discomfort may have been responsible for the impairment of exercise capacity. These findings suggest that increases in endogenous CHO metabolism occur in response to exogenous heat stress during prolonged running. Whilst CHO ingestion during short-term recovery periods are associated with favourable changes in glycogen synthesis and tolerance to subsequent exercise in the heat, ingestion of a hypertonic glucose solution during exercise in the heat, may impair exercise capacity.

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Ghosh, Sumona. "Effects of Exercise Training on Metabolic Intermediate Phenotypes in Inbred Rat Strains". University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1182807006.

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Schell, Timothy Craig. "The influence of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on glucose disposal in young male subjects". Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/902477.

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Considerable research has been performed on the effects of exercise and glucose tolerance, however, most of this work has examined aerobic exercise designs. This study examines the immediate post-exercise glucose turnover in eight male subjects exposed to a single bout of running and PRE. Both exercise protocols were designed to be of similar duration and at an intensity representing a typical exercise session. This study was conducted in an effort to offer individuals with NIDDM an alternative to the established aerobic forms of exercise for improved glucose control. Each subject completed two preliminary procedures, which consisted of a maximal graded exercise test and a session where a 1 RM was established on six different Cybex variable resistance machines. Subjects then completed a baseline oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in which eight blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Two exercise protocols, separated by 3 to 10 days, consisting of a 40 minute treadmill run at 75% VO2max and a 40 minute, 3 set x 10 repetition based on 75% of the1 RM, were performed and followed 45 minutes later by another OGTT. The results demonstrated that there were no apparent differences in blood glucose or insulin levels post-exercise between the exercise modes. However, the form of exercise did seem to have a varied effect on insulin production. The results of the OGTT demonstrated an explicit difference in the insulin response between the lifting and running trials, with the lifting trial being significantly higher than the resting or running trials. The increased insulin levels observed in the lifting trial may be indicative of increased secretion from the pancreas or that the secreted insulin is simply not being used. The insulin resistance observed in the lifting trial may be due to the muscles inability to respond to insulin or some other metabolic factor(s) released during exercise. Additional studies should be performed on different populations to examine the effects of PRE and running in a effort to better understand the mechanisms responsible for glucose uptake.
School of Physical Education

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Patel, Leena Jayesh Gavin Timothy P. "Does minimally invasive robotic surgical treatment alter exercise tolerance in patients with atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation at seven to eleven weeks post-operative?" [Greenville, N.C.] : East Carolina University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/1892.

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Thesis (M.S.)--East Carolina University, 2009.
Presented to the faculty of the Department of Exercise and Sport Science. Advisor: Timothy P. Gavin. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 5, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

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Cockcroft, Emma Joanne. "The effect of high-intensity interval exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in healthy and diabetic youth". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/26926.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type two diabetes mellitus (T2D) are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Insulin resistance (IR) and hyperglycaemia are risk factors for CVD and T2D and are known to be prevalent in youth. Physical activity (PA) is known to improve IR and glucose tolerance in youth, but current levels of PA are low meaning alternative PA recommendations are needed. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effect of low volume high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on insulin and glucose health outcomes in male children and adolescents. Additionally, the thesis will explore the potential for HIIE to improve glycaemic control in paediatric patients with type one diabetes mellitus (T1D). Chapter 4 examines the relationship between estimates of insulin sensitivity (IS) based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and fasted assessment methods, in addition to the day-to-day reliability of these measures in children and adolescents. Results from this chapter advocated the Cederholm index to measure IS in this sample due to the low day to day reliability (coefficient of variation (%CV) of 6.4%). Chapter 5 demonstrates comparable results, reporting moderate improvements to IS and glucose tolerance measured via an OGTT 10 minutes after a single bout of HIIE and work-matched moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) in adolescent boys (13-15 y old). The findings from Chapter 5 are extended in Chapter 6, where changes to OGTT derived IS and glucose tolerance were measured up to 24 h post exercise and fasting measures of IS up to 48 h after exercise. Improvements to IS and glucose tolerance after the OGTT persisted for up to 24 h after HIIE and MIE, but no changes to fasting outcomes were observed over the 48 h period. In contrast to Chapter 5, Chapter 7 reports that a single bout of HIIE but not work-matched MIE resulted in only a small improvement in IS in 8-10 year old boys. Chapter 8 assesses the efficacy of 6 sessions of HIIE performed over 2 weeks to alter fasting and postprandial (mixed-meal tolerance test) insulin and glucose outcomes in adolescent boys. In contrast to acute exercise (Chapters 5 and 6), HIIE training over 2 weeks did not improve insulin and glucose outcomes in this population. Finally, Chapter 9 presents a case study on three adolescents with T1D to examine the effect of acute HIIE and MIE on glycaemic control. This study indicates that both MIE and HIIE have the potential to improve short-term (24 h) glycaemic control within this clinical population. Taken collectively, the studies from this thesis demonstrate that HIIE offers an effectual and feasible alternative to MIE to improve insulin and glucose health outcomes in healthy children and adolescents, and short-term glycaemic control in adolescents with T1D.

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Fujii, Nidia Aparecida Hernandes. "Caracterização do perfil de atividade física na vida diária de pacientes portadores de DPOC do Brasil e comparação com pacientes da Áustria /". Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87298.

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Orientador: Fábio de Olivereira Pitta
Banca: Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos
Banca: Denilson de Castro Teixeira
Resumo: Avaliar as características de atividades físicas na vida diária de pacientes brasileiros portadores de DPOC e sua relação com diferentes variáveis fisiológicas. Métodos: Quarenta pacientes brasileiros portadores de DPOC (18 homens; 66±8 anos; VEF1 46±16%pred; IMC 27±6 Kg.m-2) e 30 idosos saudáveis foram avaliados quanto às atividades físicas na vida diária utilizando-se um acelerômetro multiaxial (Dynaport Activity Monitor, Holanda) por 12 h/dia durante 2 dias da semana. Foram ainda avaliados: capacidade máxima e funcional de exercício (teste incremental máximo e teste de caminhada de 6 minutos [TC6], respectivamente), pressões máximas inspiratória e expiratória (PImax e PEmax, respectivamente), força muscular periférica (1 repetição máxima e força de preensão manual), qualidade de vida (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ]), estado funcional (questionário London Chest Activity of Daily Living [LCADL]) e sensação de dispnéia (escala do Medical Research Council [MRC]). Resultados: Pacientes portadores de DPOC apresentaram menor tempo gasto andando/dia quando comparados aos idosos saudáveis (55±33 versus 80±28 min/dia; p=0,001) e menor intensidade de movimento (1,9±0,4 versus 2,3±0,6 m/s2; p=0,004). Os pacientes com DPOC também tenderam a passar mais tempo sentados (294±114 versus 246±122 min/dia; p=0,08). O tempo andando/dia correlacionou-se com TC6 (r=0,42; p=0,007), carga máxima de trabalho (r=0,41; p=0,009), idade, MRC e domínio atividade do SGRQ (-0,31≤ r ≤-0,43; p≤0,05 para todos). Conclusão: Apesar de serem mais ativos do que pacientes europeus estudados previamente, pacientes brasileiros portadores de DOPC são menos ativos em comparação a idosos saudáveis. O tempo gasto andando/dia é apenas moderadamente relacionado à capacidade máxima e funcional de exercício
Abstract: To evaluate the characteristics of physical activities in daily life in Brazilian patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the relationship of these characteristics with different physiologic variables. Methods: Forty Brazilian COPD patients (18 men; 66±8 years; FEV1 46±16%pred; BMI 27±6 Kg.m-2) and 30 healthy age- and sex-matched subjects performed assessment of physical activity in daily life with an accelerometerbased activity monitor (Dynaport Activity Monitor, The Netherlands) for 12 h/day in 2 weekdays. Other measurements included maximal and functional exercise capacity (incremental exercise test and six-minute walk test [6MWT], respectively), maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, peripheral muscle force (1-repetition maximum and handgrip force), quality of life (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ), functional status (London Chest Activity of Daily Living questionnaire) and dyspnea sensation (Medical Research Council scale, MRC). Results: COPD patients had lower daily time spent walking in comparison to healthy elderly (55±33 versus 80±28 min/day; p=0.001) as well as reduced movement intensity (1.9±0.4 versus 2.3±0.6 m/s2; p=0.004). In addition, COPD patients also tended to have more daily sitting time (294±114 versus 246±122 min/day, p=0.08). Time spent walking in daily life was correlated with 6MWT (r=0.42; p=0.007), maximal workload (r=0.41; p=0.009), age, MRC scale and SGRQ activity domain (-0.31 ≤ r ≤ -0.43; all p≤0.05). Conclusion: Despite being more active than previous reports of European COPD cohorts, Brazilian patients with COPD are less active in comparison to healthy elderly. Daily time spent walking in real life is only moderately related with maximal and functional exercise capacity
Mestre

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Stevens, Glen Harold John. "Blood Pressure Regulation During Simulated Orthostatism Prior to and Following Endurance Exercise Training". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277914/.

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Cardiovascular responses and tolerance to an orthostatic stress were examined in eight men before and after eight months of endurance exercise training. Following training, maximal oxygen consumption and blood volume were increased, and resting heart rate reduced. Orthostatic tolerance was reduced following training in all eight subjects. It was concluded that prolonged endurance training decreased orthostatic tolerance and this decrease in tolerance appeared associated with attenuated baroreflex sensitivity and alterations in autonomic balance secondary to an increased parasympathetic tone noted with training.

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Dioguardi, Giuseppe Sebastiano. "Avaliação dos efeitos da corrida de maratona nos marcadores de estresse oxidativo, inflamatórios e miocárdicos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/98/98131/tde-15092011-103643/.

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Fundamentos: Os efeitos benéficos do exercício físico regular, moderado, estão bem estabelecidos. De outra parte, os efeitos do exercício intenso, prolongado e exaustivo são controversos. Alguns efeitos indesejáveis podem ser o estresse oxidativo, a oxidação da LDL nativa e a resposta inflamatória de fase aguda. Objetivo: avaliar essas variáveis em maratonistas. Os efeitos agudos foram avaliados imediatamente e 72 h após a corrida e os efeitos crônicos foram avaliados na comparação com grupo controle. Casuística e métodos: população constituída por vinte e sete maratonistas, homens, 41+- 8 anos de idade, 74% brancos, sadios e 26 controles equiparáveis. Resultados: 1) Em condições basais (maratonistas x controles) no perfil oxidativo evidenciou-se: a) estado antioxidante total do plasma (TAS); 3,76+-0,34 versus 3,45+-0,32, mmol/L, p=0,002; b) peróxidos; 0,41+-0,15 versus 0,65+-0,42, p=0,011; c) LDLox; sem diferença significativa; d) anticorpos anti-Ldlox; não houve diferença significativa. No perfil imunoinflamatório observou-se: a) PCR us; 1,49+-1,11 versus 1,03+-1,39, mg/L, p=0,004; b) IL-15; 42,83+-109,47 versus 34,80+-128,57 pg/ml, p=0,021; c) TNF-alfa 8,07+-13 versus 33,98+-39,63 pg/ml. 2) Maratonistas, condições basais versus imediatamente após a prova: a) LDLox; 88,18+-22,05 versus 148,46+-74,76 U/L, p<0,001; b) Interleucinas: IL-6=30,08+-40,66 versus 113,61+-91,39, pg/ml, p<0,05, IL-8=38,36+-36,57 versus 85,02+-53,91,pg/ml,p 1600%); CPK; 205+-121 versus 403+-134, p<0,05; DHL; 107+-28 versus 302+-44 U/L, p<0,05. e) Marcadores cardíacos: CKMB-Massa; 2,65+-2,43 versus 5,34+-3,01, troponina I; 0,023+-0,032 versus 0,045+-0,044,ng/ml,p<0,05. 3) Maratonistas, condições basais versus 72 h após a prova: a) TAS; 3,76+-0,34 versus 3,39+-0,92 U/L, p=0,05; b) anticorpos anti-LDLox; 439,23+-409,65 versus 225,10+-189,16,U/L, p<0,001; c) peróxidos=0,41+-0,15 versus 0,49+-0,11 U/L, p=0,03. No perfil inflamatório observou-se: a) PCR us 1,49+-1,11 versus 3,15+-2,22, mg/l,p<0,05; b) IL-8;38,36 +- 36,57 versus 45,28+-25,21 pg/ml, p <0,05. Marcadores músculo-esqueléticos a) CPK; 205,93+-121,47 versus 601,30+_567,80 U/L, p<0,001e b)DHL;197,44+-28,99 versus 267,30+-78,21 U/L, p<0,001. Enzimas cardíacas: a) CKMB-Massa;2,65+-2,43 versus 4,88+-5,60 ng/ml, p<0,05. O ecocardiograma mostrou cavidades esquerdas e massa do VE maiores em maratonistas que em controles. Adicionalmente foram submetidos a angiotomografia coronária 22 maratonistas e 20 controles. Em 5 (22,7%) dos maratonistas e em 3 (15%) dos controles, foram encontradas placas ateroscleróticas discretas. Conclusões: após corrida de maratona observa-se agudamente estresse oxidativo, aumento da LDLoxidada, resposta inflamatória de fase aguda e aumento da CKMB-massa. Estas alterações não foram observadas em condições basais.
The beneficial effects of regular, moderate exercise are well estabilished. On the other hand, the effects caused by the heavy and exhaustive exercise for longer periods are controversial. Some of these unpleasant effects. may be oxidative stress, the oxidation of the native LDL and acuse phase inflammatory response. Objective: Assess these variables in marathon runners. The acute effects were assessed immediately and 72 hours after the race, the chronical effects were assessed in basal condition and in comparision with the control group. Methods: A population consisting of 27 marathon runners, male, 41± 8 y old, 74% white, healthy and 26 matchable controls. Results: 1) On basal conditions (marathon runners X control group) regarding oxidative profile, the findings were the following: a) Total Anti-oxidant State of the plasma (TAS); 3.76 ± 0.34 versus 3.45 ± 0.35 mmol/L , p=0.002; b) Peroxides 0.48± 0.15 versus 0.65± 0.42, p=0.011 c) Anti ox LDL antibodies, and oxLDL without a significative difference. In the immunoinflamatory profile the findings are the following observed: a) us CRP; 1.49± 1.11 versus 1.03± 1.36, mg/L, p=0.004; b) IL-15; 42.83± 109.47 versus 4.80± 128.57 pg/ml, p=0.021; c) TNF-alfa 8.07± 13 versus 33.98± 39.63 pg/ml. 2) Marathon runners´ basal conditions versus their condition immediately after the race. a) OxLDL; 88.18± 22.05 versus 148.46± 74.76 U/L, p<0.001; b) Interleukynes: IL-6=30.08± 40.66 versus 113.61± 91.39, pg/ml p<0.05, IL-8=38.63± 36.57 versus 85.02± 53.91,pg/ml, p<0.05, IL-10=21.08± 36.12 versus 141.82± 124.98,pg/ml, p<0.05, IL-15=42.83± 109.47 versus 169.60± 244.84 pg/ml, p<0.05, e TNF-alfa=8.07± 13 versus 32.65± 42.24, ph/ml, p<0.05; c) leucocytes; 5.581± 1.122 versus 13.807± 5.393, mil/ml, p<0.05; d) skeletal muscle markers: myoglobine; 41± 31 versus 659± 344,ng/ml, p<0.05 (>1600%); CPK; 205± 121 versus 403± 134, p<0.05; DHL; 107± 28 versus 302± 44 U/L, p<0.05. e) Myocardial markers: CKMB-mass; 2.65± 2.43 versus troponina I; 0.023± 0.032 versus 0.045± 0.044, ng/ml, p<0.05. 3) Marathon runners´ basal conditions versus their condition 72 hours after the race: a) TAS; 3.76± 0.34 versus 3.39± 0.92 U/L, p=0.05; b) Anti-oxLDL antibodies; 439.23± 409.65 versus 225.10± 489.16, U/L, p<0.001; c) Peroxides= 0.41± 0.15 versus 0.49± 0,11 U/L, p=0.03. Regarding the oxidative profile, the following was found: a) us CRP 1.49± 1.11 versus 3.15± 2.22, mg/l, p<0.05; b) IL-8; 38.36± 36.57 versus 45.28± 25.21pg/ml, p<0.05. Skeletal muscle markers: a) CPK; 205.93± 121.47 versus 601.30± 567.80 U/L, p<0.001 e b) DHL; 197.4± 28.99 versus 267.3± 78.21 U/L, p<0.001. Cardiac enzymes: a) CMKB-mass; 2.65± 2.43 versus 4.88± 5.6 ng/ml, p<0.05. The echocardiogram showed bigger left cavities and increased VE mass in marathon runners than the ones in the control group. In addition, 22 marathon runners and 20 individuals in the control group were submitted to coronary angiotomography. Discreet atherosclerotic plaques were found in five marathon runners and in three individuals of the control group. Conclusion: Accute oxidative stress, inflammatory response acute phase, increased oxLDL as well as a higher level of the CKMB mass were observed after the marathon race.

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Wong, Shirley Candice. "The effects of novel hybrid exercise rehabilitation on cardiovascular function and orthostatic tolerance in individuals with spinal cord injury". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5531.

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Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) often suffer from orthostatic hypotension (marked reduction in blood pressure upon assuming an upright posture) and exercise may assist with its treatment by improving cardiovascular health and autonomic regulation. Hybrid exercise (concurrent movement of the arms and legs) promotes enhancements in venous return, ventricular filling, and cardiorespiratory function. However, limited research has evaluated the effects of hybrid exercise on orthostatic tolerance. Accordingly, this study evaluated the effects of arm and hybrid exercise on orthostatic response and on cardiorespiratory function during peak exercise. Additionally, the effects of spinal cord lesion level were examined. Asymptomatic persons with SCI (C4-T6) and age- and gendermatched able-bodied controls participated in four testing days. The first two testing days examined participants’ orthostatic tolerance following rest followed by a peak arm cycle or hybrid exercise test (in random order). The final two testing days assessed the acute effects of steady state arm and hybrid exercise on orthostatic response (in random order). There was no significant decrease (p=O.07) in middle cerebral artery blood velocity upon assuming the upright position following a bout of hybrid steady state exercise in participants with SCI (67.2 ± 18.8 to 61.8 ± 14.8 cm s-1, respectively). Hybrid exercise resulted in significantly (p

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CARDIM, Adriane Borba. "Efeitos agudos do alongamentos dos músculos da caixa toráxica sobre a mobilidade diafragmática e a cinemática toracoabdominal de pacientes com DPOC durante o exercício: ensaio clínico randomizando". Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18325.

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Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-15T13:45:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Adriane Cardim 2015.pdf: 1719203 bytes, checksum: 5820b852957920840a3967619c38ee97 (MD5)
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A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é uma desordem respiratória associada à disfunção muscular esquelética e ao desenvolvimento de hiperinsuflação pulmonar o que contribui para dispneia e redução da tolerância ao exercício. O alongamento dos músculos da caixa torácica e a vibração de corpo inteiro surgem como terapias alternativas para recuperar a função muscular e melhorar a capacidade funcional. Os objetivos desta dissertação foram: 1. Avaliar os efeitos agudos de um programa de alongamentos da musculatura da caixa torácica sobre a mobilidade diafragmática e a cinemática toracoabdominal de pacientes com DPOC durante o exercício; 2. Avaliar a qualidade da evidência da literatura dos efeitos da vibração de corpo inteiro (VCI) sobre a capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC. Foi realizado um ensaio clínico composto por 14 pacientes com DPOC, 6 hiperinsufladores severos (HS) e 8 não hiperinsufladores (NH). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Alongamento (GA) e Controle (GC) e tiveram avaliadas a mobilidade diafragmática bem como o padrão ventilatório e os volumes da parede torácica antes da intervenção (GA ou GC) e após exercício de carga constante em bicicleta ergométrica. Os resultados mostraram aumentos no volume corrente abdominal (p<0,001), mobilidade diafragmática (p=0,030), além de maiores valores de saturação periférica de oxigênio (p=0,024) no GA em relação ao GC nos pacientes com HS; e redução da frequência respiratória (p=0,023), aumento do volume inspiratório final (p=0,004) e menor sensação de fadiga de membros inferiores (p=0,043) no GA em relação ao GC nos pacientes NH. A sessão de alongamentos não foi capaz de aumentar a tolerância ao exercício. Também foi desenvolvida uma revisão sistemática e metanálise que incluiu quatro artigos envolvendo 185 pacientes, todos os estudos mostraram aumento na distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos no grupo com VCI em relação ao controle (57,85 m; IC 95% 16,33-99,33). A qualidade da evidência foi moderada. Concluímos que o alongamento dos músculos da caixa torácica pode trazer benefícios agudos para os pacientes com DPOC, principalmente naqueles que apresentam hiperinsuflação dinâmica severa e que a vibração de corpo inteiro é capaz de melhorar a capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disorder associated with skeletal muscle dysfunction and the development of lung hyperinflation which contributes to dyspnea and reduced exercise tolerance. Stretching the muscles of the rib cage and the whole body vibration emerge as alternative therapies to restore muscle function and improve functional capacity. The objectives of this study were: 1. To assess the acute effects of a stretching program for the muscles of the rib cage on the diaphragmatic motion and kinematics thoracoabdominal patients with COPD during exercise; 2. To assess the quality of evidence from the literature of the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) on the functional capacity of patients with COPD. It conducted a clinical trial comprising 14 patients with COPD, 6 severe hyperinflators (SH) and 8 non hyperinflators (NH). Patients were divided into two groups: Stretching (SG) and control (CG) and were evaluated diaphragmatic mobility and the ventilatory pattern and volume of the chest wall before the intervention (SG or CG) and after constant load exercise bicycle exercise. The results showed increases in abdominal tidal volume (p <0.001), diaphragmatic mobility (p = 0.030), as well as higher peripheral oxygen saturation values (p = 0.024) in SG than the CG in patients with SH; and reduced respiratory rate (p = 0.023), increased end-inspiratory volume (p = 0.004) and less sense of fatigue of the lower limbs (p = 0.043) in SG than the CG in NH patients. The stretching session was not able to increase exercise tolerance. It was also developed a systematic review and meta-analysis that included four articles involving 185 patients, all studies showed an increase in the distance covered on the six-minute walk test in the group with VCI compared to the control (57.85 m; 95% CI 16.33 to 99.33). The quality of evidence was moderate. We conclude that the stretching of the muscles of the rib cage can bring benefits for acute COPD patients, particularly those with severe dynamic hyperinflation and the whole-body vibration can improve the functional capacity of patients with COPD.

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Jeon, Justin Yong. "Effects of functional electrical stimulation-assisted cycling exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in people with spinal cord injury". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28951.pdf.

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Mabry, Jessica Erin. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Disease Patients: Associations with Physical Activity Status, Metabolic Syndrome, and Exercise Tolerance". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50607.

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in older U.S. adults and the prevalence is anticipated to rise in this age group along with obesity, a prominent risk factor for OSA. Recently, OSA was determined to be highly prevalent among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. Objectives: Examine associations between OSA risk and physical activity (PA), metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), and exercise responses to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in elderly patients with AAA disease. Methods: Elderly patients (n=326 for Studies 1 and 2; n=114 for Study 3) newly diagnosed with small AAAs (aortic diameter "2.5 and < 5.5 cm) were recruited. Data collection for all participants included: extraction of medical history and drug information from medical records; completion of a physical examination to assess resting vital signs and anthropometrics; fasting blood draw for several biochemical analyses; completion of a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET); and completion of interviews and questionnaires for health history, PA, and OSA risk. Results: 57% of subjects were High-risk for OSA and 17% were classified in the highest-risk Berlin Risk Score (BRS) 3 group; these subjects reported fewer blocks walked/day, flights of stairs climbed/day, and expended fewer Calories when engaged in these activities compared to Low-risk counterparts, independent of obesity. Among those at High-risk for OSA, 45% had MetSyn. Subjects with the highest BRS also had the highest prevalence of MetSyn and values for the MetSyn component biomarkers. Exercise capacity and physiological responses at rest, during exercise, and recovery were similar between groups at High- and Low-risk for OSA. Conclusions: Reduced levels of PA among elderly AAA patients at High-risk for OSA could have unfavorable implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and all-cause and CVD mortality. Subjects demonstrating the most clinical symptoms of OSA showed a significantly higher prevalence for MetSyn and several of the biomarkers that determine MetSyn. In clinical practice, the BRS may be useful for identifying those AAA patients at increased risk for both OSA and MetSyn.
Ph. D.

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Hart, Nicolas H. "Bone strength, load tolerance and injury risk in elite Australian football". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1593.

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A paucity of research exists to characterise and investigate lower-body musculoskeletal characteristics and morphological adaptations in elite Australian Footballers with the aim to improve screening, monitoring and load management practices. Given the high prevalence of lower-body skeletal injuries in Australian Football; and the ability to measure, modify and train muscle and bone strength and their derivatives; this project served to extend scientific understanding of musculoskeletal morphology and bone strength characteristics in elite level field-based team sport athletes through a series of research studies using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). In particular, studies one and two provided normative and comparative lower-body musculoskeletal profiles of elite Australian Footballers, stratified by training age (exposure), limb function (asymmetry) and injury incidence (stress fracture), while study three quantified the morphological changes and magnitude of adaptation and maladaptation experienced by Australian Footballers following an in-season and off-season annual phase. The general conclusion provided by the collective studies of this thesis promotes the importance of bone structure and geometry as potent contributors to skeletal robustness, and bone strength. Athletes with higher levels of training exposure and greater physical resilience exhibited higher tibial mass and cortical density with thicker cortical walls and larger muscle and bone cross-sectional areas. Asymmetrical adaptations from differential loading patterns between limbs through-out an in-season and off-season generate vastly different unilateral load tolerance capabilities when extrapolated overtime. The high-impact gravitational loads experienced by the support limb appear to optimise the development of robust skeletal properties specific to bone structure and geometry which may serve as a loading model to prophylactically enhance bilateral musculoskeletal strength and resilience. Study one provided a set of normative and comparative lower-body musculoskeletal values to describe and compare muscle and bone morphology between less experienced and more experienced athletes (training age); and differential loading patterns between the kicking and support limbs (limb function). Fifty-five athletes were stratified into less experienced (≤ 3 years; n = 27) and more experienced (> 3 years; n = 28) groups in accordance with their training age. All athletes underwent whole-body DXA scans and lower-body pQCT tibial scans on the kicking and support limbs respectively. More experienced players exhibited greater tibial mass, trabecular vBMD, cortical vBMD and total vBMD (p < 0.009; d ≥ 0.79); greater cortical thickness and cortical area (p < 0.001; d ≥ 0.92), and larger stress-strain indices and absolute fracture loads (p ≤ 0.018; d ≥ 0.57) than less experienced players. More experienced players also exhibited greater muscle mass and muscle cross-sectional area (p ≤ 0.016; d ≥ 0.68). Differences were also observed between limbs, with greater material (tibial mass and cortical vBMD), structural (trabecular area, cortical area, total area, periosteal area and cortical thickness) and strength (stress-strain index and absolute fracture load) characteristics evident in the support leg comparative to the kicking leg of more experienced players (d ≥ 0.20); with significantly higher asymmetries in tibial mass and cross-sectional area evident in more experienced players than less experienced players as a product of limb function over time. The findings of this study illustrate that training exposure and continued participation in Australian Football produced greater lower-body material, structural and strength adaptations; with chronic exposure to asymmetrical loading patterns developing differential morphological changes between the kicking and support Study two provided a retrospective and comparative set of lower-body musculoskeletal data to describe and compare muscle and bone morphology between injured and non-injured Australian Football athletes, in addition to injured and non-injured limbs within injured players, in order to identify musculoskeletal characteristics which may predispose athletes to stress fractures or highlight skeletal fragility. Fifty-five athletes were stratified into injured (n = 13) and non-injured (n = 42) groups. All athletes underwent whole-body DXA scans and lower-body pQCT tibial scans across both limbs. Injured players exhibited lower tibial mass (p ≤ 0.019; d ≥ 0.68), cortical vBMD (d ≥ 0.38) and marrow vBMD (d ≥ 0.21); smaller cortical area and periosteal area (p ≤ 0.039; d ≥ 0.63); smaller trabecular area, marrow area, total area, endocortical area and cortical thickness (d ≥ 0.22); lower stress-strain indices, absolute fracture loads and relative fracture loads (support leg: p ≤ 0.043; d ≥ 0.70, kicking leg: d ≥ 0.48) than non-injured players. Injured players also exhibited lower muscle cross-sectional area and muscle mass (p ≤ 0.034; d ≥ 0.79), yet higher muscle density (d ≥ 0.28) than non-injured players. Differences between injured and non-injured limbs internal to injured players were also observed, with lower material (tibial mass and total vBMD), structural (cortical area and cortical thickness) and strength (stress-strain index and relative fracture load) in the injured limb comparative to the non-injured limb (d = 0.20 – 0.70). Muscle density was lower in the injured limb (d = 0.54). The findings of this study illustrate a general inferiority and global musculoskeletal weakness in injured players, with non-injured players ~10-12% stronger across both limbs. Injured players were skeletally slender with smaller muscle and bone cross-sectional areas and thinner cortices. Similarly, injured limbs of injured players also exhibited smaller structural proportions, highlighting the importance of cortical area and cortical thickness as key structural and geometric skeletal properties with potent contributions to bone strength and resilience. limbs. Indeed, routine high-impact, gravitational load afforded to the support limb preferentially improves bone structure and geometry (cross sectional area and thickness) as potent contributors to bone strength and skeletal fatigue resistance. Study three provided a seasonal investigation into lower-body musculoskeletal adaptations over the course of a ~26 week in-season and ~10 week off-season period in Australian Football. Forty athletes (n = 40) and twenty-two athletes (n = 22) were recruited to quantify morphological changes in muscle and bone following the in-season and off-season periods respectively. All athletes underwent whole-body DXA scans and lower-body pQCT tibial scans for the kicking and support limbs at the commencement and conclusion of each season. Australian Football athletes exhibited increases in trabecular vBMD, total vBMD and cortical thickness in the kicking leg; with increased cortical vBMD, total vBMD, trabecular area, total area, periosteal area, cortical thickness and reduced endocortical area in the support leg following the in-season period. Percent changes between limbs were significantly different for trabecular vBMD, cortical vBMD, total vBMD and trabecular area (p ≤ 0.049; d ≥ 0.46), despite similar increments in bone strength (~44 – 50 N), demonstrating asymmetrical morphological responses to differential loading patterns in-season. Conversely, Australian Football athletes exhibited material decreases in tibial mass, trabecular vBMD, cortical vBMD and total vBMD in both limbs over the off-season by similar yet opposite magnitudes to the benefits accrued during the in-season, in addition to reduced muscle area, highlighting a general musculoskeletal de-training effect. Structural adaptations were mostly maintained or increased for both limbs over the off-season, with bone strength completely reversed in the kicking leg, yet wholly preserved in the support leg; a lasting adaptation from regular high-impact, gravitational loading specific to the support leg. The findings of this study illustrate the osteogenic potential of a ~26 week in-season, and the de-training potential of a ~10 week off-season. Specifically, the kicking and support limbs continued to show asymmetrical morphological adaptations to differential in-season and off-season loading and de-loading patterns.

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Graham, Daniel Joseph. "The Long Term Effects of Short-Wave Diathermy and Long-Duration Static Stretch on Hamstring Flexibility". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd624.pdf.

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