Artykuły w czasopismach: „Exercise Physiology”

1

Ward, Susan A. "Exercise physiology: exercise hyperpnea". Current Opinion in Physiology 10 (sierpień 2019): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.05.010.

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Irvin, Charles G. "Exercise Physiology". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 17, nr 6 (1.11.1996): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/108854196778606356.

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McArdle, W. D., F. I. Katch i V. L. Katch. "Exercise Physiology". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 23, nr 12 (grudzień 1991): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199112000-00013.

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Dotson, Charles O., i James H. Humphrey. "Exercise Physiology". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199201000-00029.

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Groves, Jay, William H. Frist, Dan Lange, Zafer Karabulut, T. K. Yeoh i Susann DeMarino. "EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY". Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 13, nr 5 (wrzesień 1993): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199309000-00007.

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Powers, Scott K., i Edward T. Howley. "Exercise Physiology". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, nr 3 (marzec 1995): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199503000-00027.

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Wallace, Janet. "Exercise Physiology". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 3, nr 01 (luty 1985): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1022598.

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Kersey, Robert D., i Jack Ransone. "Exercise Physiology". Athletic Therapy Today 7, nr 3 (maj 2002): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/att.7.3.52.

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Zderic, Theodore W. "Inactivity Physiology vs. Exercise Physiology". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (maj 2006): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00445.

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Sutton, Michael. "Clinical Exercise Physiology". Physiotherapy Canada 56, nr 03 (2004): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6640.2004.00014.

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McMurray, Robert G. "Developmental Exercise Physiology". Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 28, nr 12 (grudzień 1996): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199612000-00014.

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Elliott, William Leland. "Exercise physiology perspective". Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 5, nr 4 (październik 2001): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jbmt.2001.0242.

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Weeks, Susan M. "Clinical Exercise Physiology". Physiotherapy 82, nr 2 (luty 1996): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)66978-7.

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Jones, William E. "Exercise physiology research". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23, nr 3 (marzec 2003): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jevs.2003.39.

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Hintz, Harold F. "Exercise physiology section". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 8, nr 3 (maj 1988): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(88)80014-5.

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Malina, Robert M. "Developmental Exercise Physiology". American Journal of Human Biology 9, nr 4 (1997): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6300(1997)9:4<526::aid-ajhb15>3.0.co;2-o.

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Şen, Elif. "EGZERSİZ FİZYOLOJİSİ VE EGZERSİZ TESTLERİ". Toraks Cerrahisi Bulteni 10, nr 1 (1.03.2017): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/tcb.2017.005.

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Grocott, Michael Patrick William, Denny Zelda Hope Levett i Susan Ann Ward. "Exercise physiology: exercise performance at altitude". Current Opinion in Physiology 10 (sierpień 2019): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.06.008.

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Sangermano, Sarah, Terrence Pugh i Susan I. Yaguda. "Exercise physiology in cancer care." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, nr 5_suppl (10.02.2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.5_suppl.135.

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135 Background: Cancer survivors can benefit from exercise at many points in the cancer care continuum. The Exercise Physiology Internship was developed by the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and Levine Cancer Institute (LCI) to address the exercise needs of patients with cancer. Although the interns had a background in physical fitness, they required training regarding the medical complexity of this population and how this affects their ability to exercise. To bridge this gap, LCI approached Carolinas Rehabilitation to assist in providing safe and effective exercises to cancer survivors. Methods: The intern program was modified to include cancer rehabilitation. Education was performed by the rehabilitation team, with emphasis on treatment-related side effects, contraindications for exercise, cancer-related fatigue, and safety considerations. Interns assisted therapists with impairment based rehabilitation to learn how physical fitness integrates with rehabilitation. Prior to 1:1 intern consults, the therapist and intern reviewed the most recent oncology notes, and the intern consulted the therapist regarding safety considerations or exercise modifications. The intern also worked with a clinical nurse specialist at LCI who provided information regarding disease processes, treatment side effects and potential residual implications of treatment and disease. Results: Following modification of the program, interns reported feeling more prepared and confident when providing 1:1 consults to survivors. Referrals from providers within LCI grew, with 5 consults in Spring 2016, 13 consults in Summer 2016, and at least 19 consults to be completed this semester. Interns also became more integrated into the cancer center, providing consults during infusion and in physician clinics. Conclusions: Exercise physiology interns are an asset to the cancer survivorship and rehabilitation teams. By collaborating with the rehabilitation team, interns can provide safe and effective exercise prescriptions to cancer survivors. Interns can also provide rehabilitation referrals for patients who require impairment-based therapy. With continued program development, opportunities for intervention may present throughout the continuum of care.

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Powers, Scott K., i Michael C. Hogan. "Advances in exercise physiology: exercise and health". Journal of Physiology 599, nr 3 (31.01.2021): 769–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp281003.

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Rodean, Janet. "Exercise Physiology: Exercise, Performance, and Clinical Applications". Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, nr 2 (luty 1997): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199702000-00019.

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Han, Jin, Darrell Neufer i Henriette Pilegaard. "Exercise: from physiology to bedside to physiology". Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 472, nr 2 (luty 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-020-02358-5.

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Carter, Jason R., i John B. West. "Space physiology within an exercise physiology curriculum". Advances in Physiology Education 37, nr 3 (wrzesień 2013): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00035.2013.

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Compare and contrast strategies remain common pedagogical practices within physiological education. With the support of an American Physiological Society Teaching Career Enhancement Award, we have developed a junior- or senior-level undergraduate curriculum for exercise physiology that compares and contrasts the physiological adaptations of chronic terrestrial exercise (TEx) and microgravity (μG). We used a series of peer-reviewed publications to demonstrate that many of the physiological adaptations to TEx and μG are opposite. For example, TEx typically improves cardiovascular function and orthostatic tolerance, whereas μG can lead to declines in both. TEx leads to muscle hypertrophy, and μG elicits muscle atrophy. TEx increases bone mineral density and red blood cell mass, whereas μG decreases bone mineral density and red blood cell mass. Importantly, exercise during spaceflight remains a crucial countermeasure to limit some of these adverse physiological adaptations to μG. This curriculum develops critical thinking skills by dissecting peer-reviewed articles and discussing the strengths and weaknesses associated with simulated and actual μG studies. Moreover, the curriculum includes studies on both animals and humans, providing a strong translational component to the curriculum. In summary, we have developed a novel space physiology curriculum delivered during the final weeks of an exercise physiology course in which students gain critical new knowledge that reinforces key concepts presented throughout the semester.

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Priego-Quesada, Jose I. "Exercise Biomechanics and Physiology". Life 11, nr 2 (19.02.2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11020159.

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Squires, Ray W. "Essentials of Exercise Physiology". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 70, nr 1 (luty 1995): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/70.1.104.

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Nevill, M. E. "Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology". British Journal of Sports Medicine 25, nr 4 (1.12.1991): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.25.4.247-a.

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Cumming, David, i Garry Wheeler. "Opioids in Exercise Physiology". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 5, nr 02 (maj 1987): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021865.

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Maughan, Ron. "History of Exercise Physiology". Journal of Sports Sciences 33, nr 15 (19.01.2015): 1639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.998008.

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Squires, Ray W. "Essentials of Exercise Physiology". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 70, nr 1 (luty 1995): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64682-x.

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Lovell, David K. "Exercise Physiology: An Overview". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 1, nr 3 (grudzień 1985): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30743-5.

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Soames, Roger. "Biomechanics and exercise physiology". Medical Engineering & Physics 16, nr 5 (wrzesień 1994): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4533(90)90016-2.

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Gabaree, Catherine L. V. "EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY CORNER: Glucagon". National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 11, nr 2 (1989): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1989)011<0048:g>2.3.co;2.

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Fry, Andrew. "EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY CORNER: Norepinephrine". National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 11, nr 3 (1989): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1989)011<0053:n>2.3.co;2.

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Gabaree, Catherine L. V. "EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY CORNER: Hemoglobin". National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 11, nr 1 (1989): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1989)011<0054:h>2.3.co;2.

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Fry, Andrew. "EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY CORNER: Epinephrine". National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 11, nr 4 (1989): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1989)011<0058:e>2.3.co;2.

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TIPTON, CHARLES M. "12 Contemporary Exercise Physiology". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 26 (1998): 315???340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00003677-199800260-00014.

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37

Brooks, George A., Scott K. Powers i Timothy I. Musch. "Integrative Physiology of Exercise". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, nr 11 (listopad 2006): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802b7dae.

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Brodie, D. A. "Biomechanics and exercise physiology". Clinical Biomechanics 7, nr 1 (luty 1992): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(92)90016-w.

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39

Rossiter, Harry B., i Brian Glancy. "Editorial overview: Exercise physiology". Current Opinion in Physiology 10 (sierpień 2019): iii—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.07.004.

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Rullman, Eric, Jessica Norrbom, Anna Strömberg, Dick Wågsäter, Helene Rundqvist, Tara Haas i Thomas Gustafsson. "Endurance exercise activates matrix metalloproteinases in human skeletal muscle". Journal of Applied Physiology 106, nr 3 (marzec 2009): 804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90872.2008.

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In the present study, the effect of exercise training on the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the human skeletal muscle was investigated. Ten subjects exercised one leg for 45 min with restricted blood flow and then exercised the other leg at the same absolute workload with unrestricted blood flow. The exercises were conducted four times per week for 5 wk. Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscles of both legs at rest before the training period, after 10 days and 5 wk of training, and 2 h after the first exercise bout for analysis of MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein expression. Levels of MMP-2, MMP-14, and TIMP-1 mRNA in muscle tissue increased after 10 days of training regardless of blood flow condition. MMP-2 mRNA level in laser-dissected myofibers and MMP-2 activity in whole muscle increased with training. The level of MMP-9 mRNA and activity increased after the first bout of exercise. Although MMP-9 mRNA levels appeared to be very low, the activity of MMP-9 after a single bout of exercise was similar to that of MMP-2 after 10 days of exercise. MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein was both present throughout the extracellular matrix of the muscle, both around fibers and capillaries, but MMP-2 was also present within the skeletal muscle fibers. These results show that MMPs are activated in skeletal muscle in nonpathological conditions such as voluntary exercise. The expression and time pattern indicate differences between the MMPs in regards of production sites as well as in the regulating mechanism.

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Welle, Stephen, Kirti Bhatt i Charles A. Thornton. "Stimulation of myofibrillar synthesis by exercise is mediated by more efficient translation of mRNA". Journal of Applied Physiology 86, nr 4 (1.04.1999): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.4.1220.

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Resistance exercises stimulate protein synthesis in human muscle, but the roles of changes in mRNA concentrations and changes in the efficiency of mRNA translation have not been defined. The present study was done to determine whether resistance exercise affects concentrations of total RNA, total mRNA, actin mRNA, or myosin heavy-chain mRNA (total and isoform specific). Eight subjects, 62–75 yr old, performed unilateral knee extensions at 80% of their one-repetition-maximum capacity on days 1, 3, and 6 of the study. On day 7, biopsies of exercised and nonexercised vastus lateralis muscles were obtained. Myofibrillar synthesis was determined by stable- isotope incorporation, and mRNA concentrations were determined by membrane hybridization and PCR-based methods. The exercise stimulated myofibrillar synthesis [30 ± 6 (SE)%] without affecting RNA or mRNA concentrations. The effect of exercise on protein synthesis in individual subjects did not correlate with the effect on total RNA and mRNA concentrations. These data suggest that the stimulation of myofibrillar synthesis by resistance exercise is mediated by more efficient translation of mRNA.

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Brown, Stanley P., Dorothy Hash i Brian Lyons. "Clinical Exercise Physiology: Current Perspectives on Exercise Prescription". Physical Therapy Reviews 6, nr 3 (wrzesień 2001): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ptr.2001.6.3.189.

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Puhl, Susan M., i Kristine Clark. "EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Exercise Intensity and Body Fat Loss". National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 14, nr 6 (1992): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1992)014<0016:eiabfl>2.3.co;2.

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Glickman, Ellen, Edward J. Ryan i David Bellar. "Exercise Physiology, Cognitive Function, and Physiologic Alterations in Extreme Conditions". BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/359325.

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Farrell, Peter A., Mark J. Fedele, Jazmir Hernandez, James D. Fluckey, John L. Miller, Charles H. Lang, Thomas C. Vary, Scot R. Kimball i Leonard S. Jefferson. "Hypertrophy of skeletal muscle in diabetic rats in response to chronic resistance exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology 87, nr 3 (1.09.1999): 1075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1075.

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This study had the following objectives: 1) to determine whether diabetic rats could increase muscle mass due to a physiological manipulation (chronic resistance exercise), 2) to determine whether exercise training status modifies the effect of the last bout of exercise on elevations in rates of protein synthesis, and 3) to determine whether chronic resistance exercise alters basal glycemia. Groups consisted of diabetic or nondiabetic rats that performed progressive resistance exercise for 8 wk, performed acute resistance exercise, or remained sedentary. Arterial plasma insulin in diabetic groups was reduced by about one-half ( P < 0.05) compared with nondiabetic groups. Soleus and gastrocnemius-plantaris complex muscle wet weights were lower because of diabetes, but in response to chronic exercise these muscles hypertrophied in diabetic (0.028 ± 0.003 vs. 0.032 ± 0.0015 g/cm for sedentary vs. exercised soleus and 0.42 ± 0.068 vs. 0.53 ± 0.041 g/cm for sedentary vs. exercised gastrocnemius-plantaris, both P < 0.05) but not in nondiabetic (0.041 ± 0.0026 vs. 0.042 ± 0.003 g/cm for sedentary vs. exercised soleus and 0.72 ± 0.015 vs. 0.69 ± 0.013 g/cm for sedentary vs. exercised gastrocnemius-plantaris) rats when muscle weight was expressed relative to tibial length or body weight (data not shown). Another group of diabetic rats that lifted heavier weights showed muscle hypertrophy. Rates of protein synthesis were higher in red gastrocnemius in chronically exercised than in sedentary rats: 155 ± 11 and 170 ± 7 nmol phenylalanine incorporated ⋅ g muscle−1 ⋅ h−1in exercised diabetic and nondiabetic rats vs. 110 ± 14 and 143 ± 7 nmol phenylalanine incorporated ⋅ g muscle−1 ⋅ h−1in sedentary diabetic and nondiabetic rats. These elevations, however, were lower than in acutely exercised (but untrained) rats: 176 ± 15 and 193 ± 8 nmol phenylalanine incorporated ⋅ g muscle−1 ⋅ h−1in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Finally, chronic exercise training in diabetic rats was associated with reductions in basal glycemia, and such reductions did not occur in sedentary diabetic groups. These data demonstrate that, despite lower circulating insulin concentrations, diabetic rats can increase muscle mass in response to a physiological stimulus.

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Friden, J., P. N. Sfakianos i A. R. Hargens. "Muscle soreness and intramuscular fluid pressure: comparison between eccentric and concentric load". Journal of Applied Physiology 61, nr 6 (1.12.1986): 2175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.6.2175.

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This study investigates the dynamic and resting intramuscular pressures associated with eccentric and concentric exercise of muscles in a low-compliance compartment. The left and righ leg anterior compartments of eight healthy males (ages 22–32 yr) were exercised by either concentric or eccentric contractions of the same load (400 submaximal contractions at constant rate, 20/min for 20 min at a load corresponding to 15% of individual maximal dorsiflexion torque). Tissue fluid pressures were measured with the slit-catheter technique before, during, and after the exercise. Average peak intramuscular pressure generated during eccentric exercise (236 mmHg) was significantly greater than during concentric exercise (157 mmHg, P less than 0.001). Peak isometric contraction pressure in the eccentrically exercised compartment was significantly higher both within 20 min postexercise and on the second postexercise day (P less than 0.001). Resting pressure 2 days postexercise was significantly higher on the eccentrically exercised side (10.5 mmHg) compared with the concentrically exercised (4.4 mmHg, P less than 0.05). The ability to sustain tension during postexercise isometric contractions was impaired on the “eccentric” side. Soreness was exclusively experienced in the eccentrically exercised muscles. We conclude that eccentric exercise causes significant intramuscular pressure elevation in the anterior compartment, not seen following concentric exercise, and that this may be one of the factors associated with development of delayed muscle soreness in a tight compartment.

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Li, K. C., R. F. Zernicke, R. J. Barnard i A. F. Li. "Differential response of rat limb bones to strenuous exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology 70, nr 2 (1.02.1991): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.554.

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We examined the influence of a strenuous exercise regimen on tibial and metatarsal bones to show not only how the geometric, histological, and mechanical properties of immature bone respond to strenuous exercise but also how long bones within the same limb may respond differentially to exercise. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 wk old) were divided randomly into two groups: a sedentary control (n = 15) and an exercised group (n = 15). The exercise intensity was 80-90% of maximum oxygen capacity 5 days/wk for 10 wk. Mechanical properties of tibia and second metatarsus (MT) were determined with three-point bending, and contralateral bones were used for geometric and histological analyses. Length and middiaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of the exercised tibiae were significantly less than controls, but material properties were not different. The exercised tibiae had significantly lower structural properties (e.g., loads at the proportional limit and maximum and energy at failure load). The middiaphyseal dorsal cortex of exercised MT was significantly thicker than controls, but tensile stress at the proportional limit and elastic modulus of exercised MT were significantly less than controls. The average number of osteons and osteocytes per unit area of the tibial middiaphysis was significantly greater in the exercised group--especially in lateral and posterior cortices. The number of osteons and osteocytes per unit area in the MT, however, was significantly less in the exercised group. The differential effects of strenuous exercise on tibia and MT suggest that local loading and bone-specific responses have important roles in modulating the response of immature bone to strenuous exercise.

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Mostafa, Abeer F., Shereen M. Samir i R. M. Nagib. "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid and its role in exhaustive-exercise-induced changes in female rat ovulatory cycle". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 96, nr 4 (kwiecień 2018): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2017-0354.

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Exhaustive exercises can cause delayed menarche or menstrual cycle irregularities in females. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are incorporated into a wide range of benefits in many physiological systems. Our work aimed to assess the role of ω-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the deleterious effects of exhaustive exercise on the female reproductive system in rats. Virgin female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (12 rats in each): control group, omega-3 group treated with DHA, exhaustive exercise group, and exhaustive exercised rats treated with DHA. Omega-3 was given orally to the rats once daily for 4 estrous cycles. Exhaustive exercises revealed lower levels in progesterone and gonadotropins together with histopathological decrease in number of growing follicles and corpora lutea. Moreover, the exercised rats showed low levels of ovarian antioxidants with high level of caspase-3 and plasma cortisol level that lead to disruption of hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. ω-3 PUFA DHA has beneficial effects on the number of newly growing follicles in both sedentary and exercised rats with decreasing the level of caspase-3 and increasing the antioxidant activity in ovaries. Exhaustive exercises can cause ovulatory problems in female rats that can be improved by ω-3 supplementation.

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Bupha-Intr, Tepmanas, Jitanan Laosiripisan i Jonggonnee Wattanapermpool. "Moderate intensity of regular exercise improves cardiac SR Ca2+ uptake activity in ovariectomized rats". Journal of Applied Physiology 107, nr 4 (październik 2009): 1105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00407.2009.

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The impact of regular exercise in protecting cardiac deteriorating results of female sex hormone deprivation was evaluated by measuring changes in intracellular Ca2+ removal activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in ovariectomized rats following 9-wk treadmill running exercise at moderate intensity. Despite induction of cardiac hypertrophy in exercised groups of both sham-operated and ovariectomized rats, exercise training had no effect on SR Ca2+ uptake and SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) in hormone intact rat heart. However, exercise training normalized the suppressed maximum SR Ca2+ uptake and SERCA activity in ovariectomized rat heart. While exercise training normalized the leftward shift in pCa (−log[Ca2+])-SR Ca2+ uptake relation in ovariectomized rats, no effect was detected in exercised sham-operated rats. Similar phenomena were also observed on SERCA and on phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation levels; exercise training in ovariectomized rats enhanced SERCA expression to reach the level as that in sham-operated rats, in which there were no differences in SERCA and phospho-PLB levels between sedentary and exercised groups. In addition, the reduction in phospho-Thr17 PLB in myocardium of ovariectomized rats was abolished by exercise training. These results showed that regular exercise maintains the molecular activation of cardiac SR Ca2+ uptake under normal physiological conditions and is able to induce a protective impact on cardiac SR Ca2+ uptake in ovarian sex hormone-deprived status.

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Wolfe, L. A., R. M. Walker, A. Bonen i M. J. McGrath. "Effects of pregnancy and chronic exercise on respiratory responses to graded exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology 76, nr 5 (1.05.1994): 1928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.5.1928.

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Effects of cycle ergometer conditioning (heart rate 143 +/- 2 beats/min, 25 min/session, 3 sessions/wk) during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy were studied in 18 healthy previously sedentary women. A nonexercising control group (n = 9) was also studied. Graded exercise tests were conducted for both groups at approximately 17, 27, and 37 wk of gestation and at 20 wk postpartum. Both groups exhibited augmented ventilatory responses to exercise throughout pregnancy. Significant aerobic conditioning effects observed in the exercised group between entry and third trimester of pregnancy testing included a 17% increase in oxygen pulse at peak exercise, reduction in the respiratory exchange ratio during standard submaximal exercise, and an increase in work rate at the onset of blood lactate accumulation. Onset of blood lactate accumulation did not change significantly in the control group. Respiratory exchange ratio at peak exercise was higher in postpartum tests compared with those conducted in late gestation in both groups. Peak postexercise lactate levels were also significantly lower in second and third trimesters of pregnancy testing compared with postpartum in the control group. This effect appeared to be prevented by physical conditioning in the exercised group. The study results support the hypothesis that moderate aerobic conditioning increases maximal aerobic power and the capacity for sustained submaximal exercise. Chronic exercise also appeared to help to preserve anaerobic working capacity in late gestation.

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