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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Executions (Law) – Germany"
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Niedobitek, Matthias. "The German Bundesrat and Executive Federalism". Perspectives on Federalism 10, nr 2 (1.06.2018): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pof-2018-0023.
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Abstract The German Basic Law constitutes federalism as a unique political system which is characterised by intertwined decision-making of the Federation (Bund) and the component units (Länder). The executives of the two federal tiers and the Länder executives within the Bundesrat play a major role in making joint decisions. They are forced to make decisions in the ‘joint-decision mode’ (Politikverflechtung) which is detrimental to accountability. Reform efforts were made to unbundle competences and to reduce the number of bills which require the Bundesrat’s consent. Due to the dominance of the executives and the distribution of powers between the federal tiers (legislation is dominated by the Bund, execution is dominated by the Länder), German federalism is rightly called ‘executive federalism’. German federalism can even be regarded as an embodiment of that concept since it covers all possible aspects of ‘executive federalism’. The Bundesrat has an important share in that classification.
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Głowacki, Krzysztof, Christopher Andrew Hartwell, Kateryna Karunska, Jacek Kurczewski, Elisabeth Botsch, Tom Göhring i Weronika Priesmeyer-Tkocz. "The Rule of Law and Its Social Reception as Determinants of Economic Development: A Comparative Analysis of Germany and Poland". Law and Development Review 14, nr 2 (1.06.2021): 359–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2021-0043.
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Abstract The rule of law is not just a necessary condition for a modern liberal society but also an important prerequisite for a stable, effective and sustainable market economy. However, relevant legal norms may be more or less successful depending on their social reception within a particular country. This study explores the connection between the rule of law, especially in terms of how it is viewed socially, and the functioning of market economy in the examples of two geographically contiguous yet often-diverging countries, namely Germany and Poland. We utilise two approaches to examine this issue, first studying societal perceptions of the various dimensions of the rule of law by way of standardized surveys and in-depth interviews conducted in both countries to determine the de facto state of the rule of law in the economic context. Secondly, we measure the effect of the de jure and de facto rule of law on economic outcomes using a multivariate panel analysis. Combining new institutional economics and sociology of law, our analysis finds that Polish firms perceive the rule of law and its execution by the state in a restrictive perspective, contributing to insecurity. German interviewees, however, showcase the supportive and transaction cost-reducing properties of the rule of law, displaying higher trust in the state. These findings are supported by an econometric analysis of the drivers of rule of law in both Poland and Germany, which shows the importance of rule of law in terms of a level playing field contributing to higher levels of investment.
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Krüper, Julian. "Strukturprobleme des Glücksspielrechts". Die Verwaltung 54, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 37–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/verw.54.1.37.
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Comprised of a plurality of legal actors and powered by a highly polarised social and legal discourse, German gambling law provides a framework for the ever booming gambling market. It is challenged by digitalization and by the internationalization of gambling. In addition, it faces adverse regulatory impulses, ranging from liberalization to a firm regulatory grasp within a couple of years. On the one hand, it purports to offer a sufficiently attractive supply of gambling products in order to draw the public into legal forms and away from illegal forms of gambling. On the other hand, its regulatory objective seeks to fence in and suppress the gambling urges of the population. On the whole, German gambling law is characterized by three, legally and factually interdependent problems. First, it needs to come up with a practical, inclusive and dynamic legal definition of its subject-matter, i. e.: what counts as legally relevant gambling? Second, it needs to define, maintain and implement larger objectives in regard to a target audience that do not overburden the executive und judicial branch with the need to reconcile contradicting regulatory impulses. Finally, it needs to guarantee a sufficient degree of implementation, which is achieved by combination of rational and high-quality legislation, adequate resources, and the necessary political will. Gambling law in Germany lacks these features to varying degrees. It, therefore, increasingly falls prey to mere legal symbolism that pretends to govern the gambling market much more than it actually does. The constitutional distribution of legislative and executive competencies in favor of the German Länder (“states”) is largely insufficient. Governing gambling in an international and highly digitalized market requires federal legislation and execution. The German federal authorities should consider federalizing gambling law by means of Art. 72 II GG and creating a federal gambling agency on the basis of Art. 87 III GG.
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Álvarez Álvarez, Leonardo. "La coerción federal en la Ley Fundamental. La recepción de una categoría clásica del sistema descentralizado alemán". Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, nr 43 (23.05.2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.43.2019.24419.
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Este trabajo analiza la categoría de la coerción federal en la Ley Fundamental alemana. La coerción federal atribuye al Estado central la facultad de responder frente a la infracción de las obligaciones federales por parte de los Estados federados. La doctrina apenas ha construido una teoría de la coacción federal vinculada a la vigente Ley Fundamental, sino que ha asumido, con carácter general, los resultados de la ejecución federal. Una categoría que encuentra su origen en la época de la confederación alemana del siglo xix y en un concepto de Constitución y de sistema descentralizado distintos a los asumidos en la vigente Constitución.This paper analyses the federal coercion in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. The Federal coercion allows the Central State to respond to a breach of the federal obligations by the federated states. The literature has not developed a theory of the federal coercion for the German Constitution. The function and the content of the federal coercion in the current german Constitution has been imported of the category of the federal execution, arisen from the xix German confederation system and based on a different concept of Constitution and decentralized State.
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Knežević, Marko. "The security right of an execution order on tangible property". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 56, nr 2 (2022): 459–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns56-38331.
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Enforcement law reforms have not bypassed the enforcement of monetary claims against tangible property. The security right of an execution order acquired by an attachment levy (ger. Pfändungspfandrecht), since the previous Law on Enforcement and Security, is now acquired only by registration, at the request of the executive creditor. The paper tries to give dogmatic contours to this new concept. Starting from the already completed theories in German and Austrian doctrine, it turns out that for the current Serbian concept the most appropriate is so-called mixed theory. At the same time, however, its deficits and erroneous evaluations of the legislator are shown.
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Cai, Zi-Jian. "Highlighting the Recent Historical Innovations in Political Progressions from Law". Journal of Social Sciences Research, nr 58 (5.08.2019): 1204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.58.1204.1209.
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In this paper, it is highlighted the recent big historical innovations of politics from law the world people participating enthusiastically, manifested in television and recorded as diaries. It was the author Cai who started and led the democratic law execution in China in 2000, which was new in history and helped establish the theory of armed police. Besides overcoming the difficulties after the June 4th Incident and acquiring some provincial supports in China, it further promoted the democracy in Mideast in many countries, differentiating the democratic law execution and democratic revolution by the legality of route map to election. During this period, it was proposed by the Mideast people the revival of race by law. To control the democratic crimes, it was suggested by the world people to innovatively use the party disciplines in congresses at various levels, including the communist parties worldwide, the Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan, the Democratic National Construction Association of China, the Christian Democratic Union in Germany, and so on. It was the international movement of “Marx-MingXun calling for competitive election” that overcame the autocratic influence from China, increased the democratic proportion of world communists, and revived the communist parties synchronously in the whole world to practice law to control the democratic crimes. It was Taiwan president YingWen Cai of Democratic Progressive Party and Germany Chancellor Merkel of Christian Democratic Union who elevated the law against democratic crimes to the national level. It is expected that these political innovations would improve the democracy and law.
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Ekart, Andrej, i Sylvia Zangl. "The Admissibility of Defences against the Substantive Claim in Cross-Border Enforcement of Judgments in Europe". Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 9, nr 4 (19.10.2011): 311–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/9.4.311-333(2011).
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Authors discuss the admissibility of defences against the substantive claim (e.g. objection of the debtor that the enforceable claim has been discharged) in cross-border enforcement in Europe. In the context of Regulation 44/2001 in some countries, like Germany, courts have admitted such defences in exequatur proceeding. In other countries, like Slovenia and Austria, such objections have to be asserted with legal remedies of the national execution law. Debtor can defend himself against European enforcement order, order for payment and small claims judgment with legal remedies of national execution law, if he has discharged the debt after the rendering of decision.
Keywords: • cross-border enforcement • European enforcement order • European order for payment • European small claims procedure • international jurisdiction • EU
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Kaplan, S. N. "Top Executives, Turnover, and Firm Performance in Germany". Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 10, nr 1 (1.04.1994): 142–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/10.1.142.
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ERTUĞRUL, Meltem. "RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ADMINISTRATION FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY THE BEHAVIOR OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN GERMAN AND SWISS LAW". Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 26, nr 3 (31.07.2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1123743.
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It is possible that public officials who perform the actions of the administration, which has a wide organizational structure and field of activity, may harm individuals during the performance of public service. In principle, these damaging behaviors are attributed to the administration. According to which liability provisions the administration will be held responsible for damages arising from the behavior of public officials during the execution of administrative service, German and Swiss legal systems are regulated differently from Turkish law. For example, in German Law, the responsibility of the administration is resolved in civil jurisdiction, according to the provisions of private law. Since our law terms of the responsibility of the administration, is based on the French system, there are generally works comparable to the French law. There are a limited number of studies about the responsibility of the administration caused from the activities of the public officials, on the German and Swiss law. In this study, it was aimed to fill this gap and was tried to be examined according to German and Swiss laws, of the responsibility of the administration for the damages caused by the faulty performance of the public duty.
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Kuryndin, Pavel A. "Models of Forced Execution of Administrative Acts". Zakon 21, nr 6 (czerwiec 2024): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37239/0869-4400-2024-21-6-178-185.
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Administrative bodies, when making a decision on a certain issue, adopt an adinistrative act. However, its enforcement may encounter problems when an individual is unwilling to voluntarily comply with its requirements, even under the threat of sanctions. As a general rule, Russian legislation does not recognise administrative act as an executive document per se. Hence, the purpose of the study is the search for models and means of ensuring the execution of administrative acts in the shortest possible time without significant costs. In continental law, there are two approaches to determining the rules to enforce administrative acts execution. The first is the French approach. It is based on the fact that enforcement is ensured by measures of responsibility. In case of refusal or evasion by a person, the administrative body must go to court to obtain an executive document and subsequently initiate enforcement proceedings. The German approach recognises administrative acts as the force power for an executive document. Under these conditions, the administrative body can avoid the judicial stage. However, as French judicial practice shows, compulsory execution of an administrative act is possible without involving the judicial system in this process. These are cases of urgent or exceptional circumstances (any disaster or military action). Therefore, Russian doctrine and practice can pay attention to the French approach. This will ensure the achievement of legitimate goals without significantly complicating procedures and will maintain law and order.
Książki na temat "Executions (Law) – Germany"
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Selmer, Peter. Verwaltungsvollstreckungsverfahren: Typologie und Einzelfragen des Vollstreckungsrechts des Bundes und der Länder bei der Durchführung ordnungs- und polizeirechtlicher Massnahmen. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1996.
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Schmüser, Gunnar Lennart. Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Haupt- und Sekundärinsolvenzverfahren nach der EuInsVO. Frankfurt, M: P. Lang, 2009.
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Müller, Henning. Die Lebensversicherung in der Zwangsvollstreckung. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2005.
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Bockslaff, Rafaela. Die Behandlung des "Mephisto-Falles" als Beispiel für die Problematik der Vollstreckung von bundesverfassungsgerichtlichen Entscheidungen. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1987.
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Schapp, Hilke. Die Präklusion von Gestaltungsrechten nach [Paragraph] 767 Abs. 2 ZPO: Eine kritische Untersuchung der Rechtsprechung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rechtskraft und der materiellen Rechtslage. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2011.
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Wettlaufer, Arno. Die Vollstreckung aus verwaltungs-, sozial- und finanzgerichtlichen Titeln zugunsten der öffentlichen Hand. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1989.
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Kunz, Jürgen. Die Vorgesellschaft im Prozess und in der Zwangsvollstreckung: Eine Untersuchung zur Rechts- und Verfahrenssubjektivität der echten und unechten Vorgesellschaft. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1994.
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Tobias, Nikoleyczik, i Schult Ludger, red. Manager liability in Germany: Director liability of members of management and supervisory boards of German companies. München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2012.
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Montag, Hans Dieter. Die Anwendung der Strafvorschriften des GmbH-Rechts auf faktische Geschäftsführer. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1994.
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Jungkurth, Frank. Konzernleitung bei der GmbH: Die Pflichten des Geschäftsführers. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2000.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Executions (Law) – Germany"
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Paulus, Andreas L. "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Italian Concerns Between Constitutional Rights and International Law". W Remedies against Immunity?, 337–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_18.
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AbstractSentenza 238/2014 has led to a sharp dissonance between the international law of state immunity as interpreted by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and Italian constitutional law as understood and applied by the Corte Costituzionale. While the interpretation and application by the Italian Constitutional Court (ItCC) of the access-to-courts provision in the Italian Constitution may not have been inevitable, this does not remove the need for finding a solution to the stalemate between international and domestic law. On the one hand, the easy solution, namely that the rejection of German state immunity from jurisdiction does not necessarily remove immunity from execution into German property, appears unlikely to be accepted by the ItCC because it would give stones rather than bread to the complainants and render court access a futile exercise. On the other hand, bringing Sentenza to its logical conclusion would result in Italy having to return to Germany what Italian courts took from her by requiring compensation—either by way of the general international law of restitutio in integrum, which the Corte Costituzionale has neither contemplated nor contradicted, or by way of the 1961 Treaty between Germany and Italy in which Italy promises to indemnify Germany against any further claims. Thus, a compromise would have to distinguish between full access to the Italian courts notwithstanding international immunity—as required by the ItCC—and substantive law, which could accept a more symbolical recognition of the suffering of the victims. That recognition could stem from a direct source other than the two states involved, such as a common fund, and address only the small group of immediate victims who were unjustly, if arguably legally, excluded from the previous compensation scheme of the 1960s. It is by no means certain, however, whether such an outcome would be acceptable to all sides—including the Corte itself. Thus, legal certainty would have to be established as quickly as possible so that the victims can still receive at least symbolic compensation.
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Kadelbach, Stefan. "State Immunity, Individual Compensation for Victims of Human Rights Crimes, and Future Prospects". W Remedies against Immunity?, 143–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_7.
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AbstractThis chapter first recapitulates the state of affairs as to the principle of state immunity and why exceptions from jurisdictional immunity for gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law are not recognized. It explores customary law and the global compensation treaty between Germany and Italy. Both indicate that Italy would be obligated to indemnify Germany from individual claims raised before Italian courts.In a second step, the development towards individual rights in public international law will be taken up. It appears that human beings are increasingly recognized as holders of individual claims but, apart from human rights treaty systems, lack the capacity under international law to invoke their rights before courts. Instead, they depend on their home states, which have standing but are not entitled to waive the individual rights of their citizens.In order to reconcile the seemingly antagonistic regimes of state immunity and claim settlement, prospects for a friendly solution of the present dilemma will be assessed. Against the background of cases pending before Italian courts, it will be examined whether the distinction between jurisdictional immunity and immunity from execution opens up a way out of the impasse, which the two states and private capital could pursue, and whether this solution would create a precedent for other similar constellations.Lastly, some concluding remarks will address lessons to be learnt for future conflicts. They will deal with elements of a general regime of compensation, drawing from the experience of both past reparation schemes and the experience of reconciliation in post-totalitarian societies. Such elements could be a duty to seek bona fide settlements, possible consequences of violations for domestic court proceedings, methods of assessing damages inspired by mass claim processing, the categorization of claims according to the gravity of violations, rules on evaluating evidence, procedures to give victims a say, and appropriate forms of monetary and non-pecuniary compensation including the necessary institutional framework.
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Roden, Dimitri. "‘Ich habe noch nie sterben gesehen, wie man in Belgien stirbt’: Military Chaplain Otto Gramann and the Execution of Hostages and Convicts in German-Occupied Belgium and Northern France (1940–1944)". W Studies in the History of Law and Justice, 121–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72050-6_8.
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Palchetti, Paolo. "Right of Access to (Italian) Courts über alles? Legal Implications Beyond Germany’s Jurisdictional Immunity". W Remedies against Immunity?, 39–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_2.
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AbstractThe main consequence of Sentenza 238/2014 is that Germany has been denied jurisdictional immunities before Italian courts. However, the inflexible conception of the right of access to courts adopted by the Corte Costituzionale gives rise to a number of questions that go well beyond the issue at stake in Judgment 238/2014. First, there is the issue of whether the right of access to justice should also prevail over the international customary rule on immunity from execution. Secondly, one may ask whether the need to protect the right provided by Article 24 of the Italian Constitution could trump the criteria established by Italian law for exercising civil jurisdiction in order to allow access to justice in respect to all international crimes, even those committed outside Italian territory and involving individuals having no link to Italy. Finally, there is the question of whether a sacrifice of the right of access to justice would be justified if alternative, non-judicial means of redress were available to the victims; in particular, whether an alternative means of redress should in any case ensure to each and every individual victim full compensation or whether instead, in light of the specific circumstances of the case—the fact that the crimes occurred in the course of an international armed conflict affecting hundreds of thousands of victims—such alternative means could provide only symbolic compensation based on a lump sum settlement. This chapter aims at exploring these and possibly other issues arising in connection to the broad interpretation of the principle of access to justice given by the Corte Costituzionale.
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Boggero, Giovanni, i Karin Oellers-Frahm. "Between Cynicism and Idealism: Is the Italian Constitutional Court Passing the Buck to the Italian Judiciary?" W Remedies against Immunity?, 281–309. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_15.
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AbstractIn this chapter we focus on the consequences of Sentenza 238/2014 for the Italian judiciary. The judgment of the Corte Costituzionale obliges the Italian tribunals to admit claims for the reparation of victims or the heirs of victims and to decide on the merits. In this context, a series of difficult legal questions arise that require consistent answers. The practice shows, however, that consistent answers cannot be taken for granted as long as the decision is in the hands of lower-level tribunals. The questions to be solved concern, firstly, who can bring a claim: the victims only or—in cases where they are no longer alive—also their spouses, children, or even grandchildren and other family members? This raises a second question namely whether there is any time limit for bringing claims, which of course touches upon more general concerns, such as intertemporal law, statutory limitations, prescriptions, forfeiture and inadmissibility due to reparation agreements. Thirdly, there is the question as to the specific nature of the reparations: for example, financial reparations and their calculation standards, or satisfaction only? A further question arising from all decisions granting reparation relates to the execution of the judgments, as it seems rather illusory that Germany will comply voluntarily with such judgments. An additional aspect the chapter addresses is the broader impact of the decisions of the Italian judiciary: the non-recognition of state immunity before Italian tribunals will make Italy an attractive forum for similar claims, evidence of which has already emerged. Furthermore, the decisions of the tribunals will serve—although certainly involuntarily—as precedents in similar cases not only in Italy. Such effects will concern issues such as (a) the reparation of war-related claims on an individual basis and (b) their consequences for the readiness of states to terminate armed activities by concluding peace treaties and reparation agreements on a lump sum basis. With a view to actual armed conflicts that are mostly not international armed conflicts the question has then to be asked (c) whether individual reparation claims will lead to discriminatory consequences as reparation will probably only be realizable for victims of war crimes committed by state organs and not those committed by non-state actors. The chapter will then conclude by trying to assess more in general the task of constitutional and/or supreme courts to balance the consequences flowing from their decisions against their power or intent to enhance the development of (international) law.
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Christian, Bumke, i Voßkuhle Andreas. "30 Arts. 83 et seq. GG: The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration". W German Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808091.003.0030.
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This chapter discusses the relevant provisions of Art. 83 et seq. of the Grundgesetz (GG) with regard to the execution of federal laws by the federal state and the states. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal state and the states are each assigned their own separate administrative powers by the Grundgesetz. The question that arises is how strict the separation of state administration vs federal administration of federal laws is required by the constitution, and whether it always makes sense. To answer this question, the chapter examines the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence concerning the presumption of state responsibility and joint administration (joint execution of federal laws) between federal and state governments. It also considers the states' autonomous execution of federal laws as well as their execution of federal laws on federal commission before concluding with an analysis of the federal administration/execution of federal laws.
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Kircheimer, Otto. "Administration of German Criminal Justice Under Military Government". W Secret Reports on Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691134130.003.0021.
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This chapter discusses the administration of criminal justice in Germany under military government. The report claims that German criminal law conflicts in many respects not only with the theories and practices for which German criminal law had previously stood, but also with the theories which, in Anglo-American countries, are traditionally linked to the functions of criminal law. This conflict alone does not suffice to impose upon military government a duty to revise or revoke criminal legislation. The chapter considers changes in the German criminal justice system which are necessary not only for the security of the occupying army and the orderly development of German political and social life, but also for the execution of the policies and purposes of the United Nations. It also makes a number of recommendations with respect to military government's approach to criminal law, substantive law, procedural law, problems of jurisdiction, amnesty problems, prosecution of Nazi offenders against German citizens, and problems of administration.
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Zeidman, Lawrence A. "Forced sterilization under the NazisPreventing people with neuropsychiatric disorders from polluting the German gene pool". W Brain Science under the Swastika, 319–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728634.003.0008.
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The first negative eugenic measure passed by the Hitler regime in July 1933 was the forced sterilization law, which primarily targeted neuropsychiatric patients with “feeblemindedness,” schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Also included were Huntington’s chorea, bipolar disorder, and alcoholism, along with other congenital defects. The law was based on a prior Weimar Germany draft that was never enacted. Although Germany was late to enact a sterilization law, it was more rapidly implemented and executed than in other countries. In 12 years of the Nazi regime, 400,000 people were forcibly sterilized. The hypocritical execution of the law, supposedly foolproof because of the use of “hereditary health courts” and appeals courts, resulted in people of lower socioeconomic background being preferentially affected, and also in non-hereditary forms of diseases (e.g., symptomatic epilepsy) being included. Most in German neuroscience also seemed unconcerned with the 0.5% mortality rate of sterilization procedures, resulting in at least 2000 deaths.
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Nordemann, Axel, i Tara Aaron-Stelluto. "The Relationship Between Trademark Rights and Unfair Competition Law". W Overlapping Intellectual Property Rights, 445–74. Wyd. 2. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844477.003.0017.
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Abstract This chapter expounds on the relationship between trademark rights and unfair competition law. Laws against unfair competition ensure the proper execution of the competition between market participants and the observation of the rules of fairness. Moreover, the federal law of trademarks and unfair competition primarily exists for the benefit of consumers while also offering market players advantages like nationwide protection and the ability to bring cases in federal court. The chapter looks into scenarios wherein trademark infringements and unfair competitive practices coincide, while simultaneously referencing German law, American laws, and European laws. It also cites that national laws and jurisdiction are influenced by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) jurisdiction.
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Zeidman, Lawrence A. "Austrian and Czech neuroscience becomes “coordinated” under National Socialism". W Brain Science under the Swastika, 279–318. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728634.003.0007.
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The Austrian neuroscience consolidation came swiftly and terribly on “non-Aryans.” Austrian anti-Semitism was arguably even more virulent than in Germany. And laws had already escalated in Nazi Germany to the point that Jewish physicians at most could only treat other Jews as derogatorily called “sick treaters”; these laws were instantly applicable in “annexed” Austria, with no stepwise progressive disfranchisement. Even “Aryan” neurologists who were thought to be unsympathetic to the Nazi movement were dismissed shortly after the “annexation.” The Vienna university neurology clinic was taken over primarily by SS neurologists who had been “illegal” Nazis before the annexation and were extremely dedicated to the Nazi cause. At least one, Walther Birkmayer, spoke of expanding the sterilization law to other hereditary conditions not stipulated already by the law. At least nine racial or political neuroscientist replacements, including directors of institutes, led to racial hygiene consequences, including execution of sterilization and euthanasia programs.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Executions (Law) – Germany"
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Kovaļevska, Anita. "Faktiskās rīcības jēdziens Latvijā un Vācijā". W Latvijas Universitātes 80. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.80.42.
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The concept of real action (Realakt – in German) is well known in both Latvia and Germany. In both countries, real action is contrasted with those acts of public administration that produce legal effects, thus explaining the distinction between real action and administrative acts, regulatory acts and contracts. In Germany, however, the concept of real action is broader and actually covers all activities of public administration, which do not produce legal effects. Consequently, public administration’s activities (actions) in the field of private law, activities (actions) aimed at the execution of an administrative act, simple administrative activities (actions), internal public administration activities (actions) and procedural activities (actions) are also covered by the concept of real action.
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Gałkiewicz, Dominika P. "Sustainability Reporting Practices of Real Estate Companies from Germany, Austria and Switzerland – First Insights from 2020". W Sixth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.s.p.2022.81.
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In the last twenty years, sustainability became a strong movement leading to regulatory initiatives around the world. In this study, the European regulation is compared with common sustainability reporting practices in the Real Estate Sector in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The goal of the study is to show what type of information related to employees, and other social and governance issues are being provided and by how many firms in the year 2020. The findings show that more than half of the analyzed firms report the total number of employees, the share of women and the number of permanent full-time contracts. Furthermore, supervisory board members are listed by 37 out of 53 companies. More than a third of the 53 companies confirmed to have anti-corruption processes implemented and 25 firms state to have UN SDGs included in their reports. However, details on diversity and employee-related information are often, more than 50% of the time, missing (e.g. salary ratio of woman to man, average sick days/year, total number of trainees, executive pay ratio, total accidents, average age, proportion of female executives, % of woman on the board of directors, staff turnover rate, newly hired employees, employee-satisfaction, full-time employees and part-time employees). Moreover, the involvement of firms, customers, suppliers and employees in following human rights guidelines, ESG and Code of Conduct rules is low. Less than a third of companies stated to follow the human rights guidelines obtained a sustainability certificate or employee well-being certificate and provided ESG-specific employee training. Performing Code of Conduct training for employees, customer surveys, and implementing business partner Code of Conduct/Supplier Code of Conduct besides mentioning the cases of corruption and incidents of discrimination are reported by less than one-third of firms. These results are important for individuals, companies and politicians implementing new rules related to sustainability reporting in Europe.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Executions (Law) – Germany"
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Flandin, Simon, Germain Poizat i Romuald Perinet. Proactivité et réactivité: deux orientations pour concevoir des dispositifs visant le développement de la sécurité industrielle par la formation. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/948rpn.
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In a world exposed to uncertainty and upsets, the development of organizational resilience is often proposed to improve performance. Intended as a complement – but also sometimes as a counterpoint – to management approaches based on anticipation and preparedness, resilience-based approaches aim to improve the ability of professionals to react in an opportune manner to extraordinary and unexpected situations. Despite increasing interest for this change in paradigm, few concrete case studies have been documented. The work presented in this document explores the possibilities offered by new training modalities, for and using resilience, which aim to improve the ability of professionals to produce safety in work situations. The work is part of a research project called FOResilience, led by Simon Flandin and Germain Poizat at the University of Geneva, which was partially funded by the FonCSI. Three characteristics of the authors’ approach are worth emphasizing: - They adopt a broad definition of “training”, which includes professional development activities and organizational interventions, with a particular interest for methods that differ from classical classroom-based training, such as crisis exercises, discussion forums, coaching, and collective analysis of work situations. - They are more interested in activities and methods that develop professionals’ ability to interpret ambiguous situations and to act and cooperate in unexpected or critical situations, than in activities that promote a quasi-mechanical execution of a procedure or deployment of a pre-established plan. - They see safety as resulting as much from the daily work activities that develop professionals’ ability to act in appropriate ways in a constantly evolving context, as from the initial safe system design and careful implementation of operating procedures that cover all possible situations. Two families of training/intervention methods are analyzed: - Methods that develop proactivity in routine situations, the daily activities that create conditions which are favourable to safe operations. These include different forms of discussion between professionals that aim to improve the shared understanding of goal conflicts, of the decisions and compromises made, the difficulties encountered (such as procedures that are inappropriate in certain situations) and improvement opportunities. - Methods that encourage reactivity in extraordinary or critical situations and the ability to bounce back after a critical organizational upset. These include various simulation-based methods, such as crisis exercises, though designed to improve the ability of professionals to make sense of and react in appropriate ways to unexpected events, rather than the classical objective of exercises to check correct execution of a predefined plan.