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Blunt, Christopher. "Hierarchies of evidence in evidence-based medicine". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3284/.
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Hierarchies of evidence are an important and influential tool for appraising evidence in medicine. In recent years, hierarchies have been formally adopted by organizations including the Cochrane Collaboration [1], NICE [2,3], the WHO [4], the US Preventive Services Task Force [5], and the Australian NHMRC [6,7]. The development of such hierarchies has been regarded as a central part of Evidence-Based Medicine (e.g. [8-10]), a movement within healthcare which prioritises the use of epidemiological evidence such as that provided by Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs). Philosophical work on the methodology of medicine has so far mostly focused on claims about the superiority of RCTs, and hence has largely neglected the questions of what hierarchies are, what assumptions they require, and how they affect clinical practice. This thesis shows that there is great variation in the hierarchies defended and in the interpretations they are, and can be, given. The interpretative assumptions made in using hierarchies are crucial to the content and defensibility of the underlying philosophical commitments concerning evidence and medical practice. Once this variation is been identified, it becomes clear that the little philosophical work that has been done so far affects only some hierarchies, under some interpretations. Modest interpretations offered by La Caze [11], conditional hierarchies like GRADE [12-14], and heuristic approaches such as that defended by Howick et al. [15,16] all survive previous philosophical criticism. This thesis extends previous criticisms by arguing that modest interpretations are so weak as to be unhelpful for clinical practice; that GRADE and similar conditional models omit clinically relevant information, such as information about variation in treatments’ effects and the causes of different responses to therapy; and that heuristic approaches lack the necessary empirical support. The conclusion is that hierarchies in general embed untenable philosophical assumptions: principally that information about average treatment effects backed by high-quality evidence can justify strong recommendations, and that the impact of evidence from individual studies can and should be appraised in isolation. Hierarchies are a poor basis for the application of evidence in clinical practice. The Evidence-Based Medicine movement should move beyond them and explore alternative tools for appraising the overall evidence for therapeutic claims.
2
Harris, Rodger C. "Propensity evident [i.e. evidence] fusion alchemy : rules of evidence 414 and the legal metamorphosis of similar similar offenses evidence in child molestation cases in the military /". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1436204.
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Thesis (M.J.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006."May 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-174). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2006]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
3
Edwards, Trista. "Spectral Evidence". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984188/.
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Spectral Evidence is a collection of poems that instigates a variety of omens, signs, divinations, and folktales to explore the concept of wish fulfillment. They arise in obedience to the compulsion to repeat past dramas brought on by failed love, the nostalgia of childhood, the damning legacy of language, the restriction of gender roles, death, etc. In order to quell these anxieties, the speaker looks beyond the self to both history and mythology, often invented mythologies as an attempt to control or recast the story-to give shape to the obscurities of life by creating a system of belief in order to forge meaning or confuse oneself into believing. In many ways this collection is all about belief or in wanting to believe. Through language, God is written into existence. God is the name of the blanket we put over the mystery to give it shape. Here, in this collection, God is an ant's egg. a cherry pit, a colony of white moths, a severed hand, the color red, a little bird. This collection explores these vehicles of meaning, the words that provide the shell of meaning, and the power of invention in hopes to gain control over what is deemed uncontrollable. While the speaker may be casting omens as "pre-ordained" entities outside of her power, it is her convictions in these signs that her own psychological and associative link between their meaning and their appearance that she conjures and creates because the existing systems of language, religion, and belief do not serve her. This creation is what is powerful. It is healing. It is birth. It is not involuntary wish fulfillment. It is the deliberative satisfaction of desire-on of the most insurrectionary acts a woman can execute.
4
Drofová, Martina. "Vedení daňové evidence a převod daňové evidence na účetnictví". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-3287.
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Práce podává ucelený přehled tematiky vedení daňové evidence a převodu daňové evidence na účetnictví. Je zde popsáno, co stojí před každým podnikatelem na začátku jeho podnikatelské činnosti, dále pravidla pro vedení daňové evidnce a účetnictví. Problematika daňové evidence je podpořena praktickými příklady z evidence podnikatele. Oblast "převod daňové evidence na účetnictví" obsahuje důvody přechodu, základní principy, na kterých převod funguje a na závěr práce je knkrétní příklad převodu daňové evidence na účetnictví.
5
Gillespie, Ann M. "Untangling the evidence : teacher librarians and evidence based practice". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61742/2/Ann_Gillespie_Thesis.pdf.
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The research was a qualitative study investigating the lived experiences of teacher librarians as evidence based practitioners in Australian school libraries. It addressed how teacher librarians understood, applied and implemented evidence based practice, and investigated what these teacher librarians considered to constitute evidence. Two key critical findings of this research are that evidence based practice for teacher librarians is a holistic experience and evidence for teacher librarians can take many forms, including professional knowledge, observations, statistics, informal feedback and personal reflections.
The study is significant to teacher librarians, library and information professionals, schools and school administrators, and the research field.
6
Mellifont, Kerri Anne. "The derivative imperative : how should Australian criminal trial courts treat evidence deriving from illegally or improperly obtained evidence?" Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16388/1/Kerri_Mellifont_Thesis.pdf.
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How should Australian criminal trial courts treat evidence deriving from illegally or improperly obtained evidence? The fact that derivative evidence gives rise to factors distinct from primary evidence makes it deserving of an examination of its peculiarities. In doing so, the assumption may be put aside that derivative evidence falls wholly within the established general discourse of illegally or improperly obtained evidence. Just as the judicial response to primary evidence must be intellectually rigorous, disciplined and principled, so must be the response to derivative evidence. As such, a principled analysis of how Australian courts should approach derivative evidence can significantly contribute to the discourse on the law with respect to the exclusion of illegally or improperly obtained evidence. This thesis provides that principled analysis by arguing that the principles which underpin and inform the discretionary exclusionary frameworks within Australia require an approach which is consistent as between illegally obtained derivative evidence and illegally obtained primary evidence.
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Mellifont, Kerri Anne. "The derivative imperative : how should Australian criminal trial courts treat evidence deriving from illegally or improperly obtained evidence?" Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16388/.
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How should Australian criminal trial courts treat evidence deriving from illegally or improperly obtained evidence? The fact that derivative evidence gives rise to factors distinct from primary evidence makes it deserving of an examination of its peculiarities. In doing so, the assumption may be put aside that derivative evidence falls wholly within the established general discourse of illegally or improperly obtained evidence. Just as the judicial response to primary evidence must be intellectually rigorous, disciplined and principled, so must be the response to derivative evidence. As such, a principled analysis of how Australian courts should approach derivative evidence can significantly contribute to the discourse on the law with respect to the exclusion of illegally or improperly obtained evidence. This thesis provides that principled analysis by arguing that the principles which underpin and inform the discretionary exclusionary frameworks within Australia require an approach which is consistent as between illegally obtained derivative evidence and illegally obtained primary evidence.
8
Rychetnik, Lucie. "Matters of Judgement: Concepts of evidence among teachers of medicine and public health". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2076.
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Introduction The aim of this study was to examine how the term “evidence” was conceived and used among academics and practitioners who teach medicine and public health. The rationale for the study was the widespread debate in the 1990s about evidence in health care. Methods Qualitative data were collected between 1996 to 1999. The core data came from unstructured interviews with researchers and practitioners linked to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney. Other sources of data were: participant observation of group interactions in the Faculty of Medicine and at national and international conferences about evidence in health care; discourse in health care literature; and Internet posting to an international “evidence-based health” Email discussion list. The Grounded Theory method was adopted to analyse and interpret these data. The process involved systematic coding of the data to develop conceptual categories. These categories were employed to formulate propositions about the topic of evidence and how it was conceived and used by the study participants. Results Researchers and practitioners often discussed evidence from a “realist” view: that is they valued scientifically derived and rigorously substantiated knowledge about the natural world. Yet despite their widely shared epistemological perspectives, study participants presented several diverse concepts of evidence. Their ideas were also dynamic and evolving, and often influenced by the developing (local and international) debates and controversies about evidence-based medicine (EBM). Grounded Theory analysis leads to the selection of a core “social process”. This is a core conceptual category that draws together the ideas observed in the data, and that is adopted to present the study findings. In this study, “judgement” was identified as the core social process to underpin all examined reflections and discussions about evidence. Study participants defined the concept of evidence through a combination of description and appraisal. Evidence was described in three ways, i.e.: as a “measure of reality”, by its “functional role”, or as a “constructed product”. Evidence was also appraised on three “dimensions”, i.e.: “benchmarked”, “applied” and “social” dimensions of evidence. Participants invoked these concepts of evidence differently when forming their own judgements about medical or public health knowledge; when making decisions about clinical practice; and when using argument and persuasion to influence the judgements of others. Many researchers and practitioners also modified their judgements on evidence in the light of EBM. This was based on perceptions that EBM had become a dominant rhetoric within health care, which had the potential to channel the flow of resources. This led to an increasing consideration of the “social dimension” of evidence, and of the social construction and possible “misuse” of the term evidence. Conclusions The concept of evidence is presented in this study as a multi-dimensional construct. I have proposed that the three descriptions and three dimensions of evidence presented in this study, and recognition of the way these may be invoked when forming and influencing judgments, can be used as a basis for communicating about evidence in medicine and public health among colleagues and with students. There are significant gaps in knowledge (based on empirical research) about the social dimension of evidence. Particularly, in situations where researchers and practitioners wish to employ the concept of evidence to influence others’ medical and public health practice and wider social policy.
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Rychetnik, Lucie. "Matters of Judgement: Concepts of evidence among teachers of medicine and public health". University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2076.
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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Introduction The aim of this study was to examine how the term “evidence” was conceived and used among academics and practitioners who teach medicine and public health. The rationale for the study was the widespread debate in the 1990s about evidence in health care. Methods Qualitative data were collected between 1996 to 1999. The core data came from unstructured interviews with researchers and practitioners linked to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney. Other sources of data were: participant observation of group interactions in the Faculty of Medicine and at national and international conferences about evidence in health care; discourse in health care literature; and Internet posting to an international “evidence-based health” Email discussion list. The Grounded Theory method was adopted to analyse and interpret these data. The process involved systematic coding of the data to develop conceptual categories. These categories were employed to formulate propositions about the topic of evidence and how it was conceived and used by the study participants. Results Researchers and practitioners often discussed evidence from a “realist” view: that is they valued scientifically derived and rigorously substantiated knowledge about the natural world. Yet despite their widely shared epistemological perspectives, study participants presented several diverse concepts of evidence. Their ideas were also dynamic and evolving, and often influenced by the developing (local and international) debates and controversies about evidence-based medicine (EBM). Grounded Theory analysis leads to the selection of a core “social process”. This is a core conceptual category that draws together the ideas observed in the data, and that is adopted to present the study findings. In this study, “judgement” was identified as the core social process to underpin all examined reflections and discussions about evidence. Study participants defined the concept of evidence through a combination of description and appraisal. Evidence was described in three ways, i.e.: as a “measure of reality”, by its “functional role”, or as a “constructed product”. Evidence was also appraised on three “dimensions”, i.e.: “benchmarked”, “applied” and “social” dimensions of evidence. Participants invoked these concepts of evidence differently when forming their own judgements about medical or public health knowledge; when making decisions about clinical practice; and when using argument and persuasion to influence the judgements of others. Many researchers and practitioners also modified their judgements on evidence in the light of EBM. This was based on perceptions that EBM had become a dominant rhetoric within health care, which had the potential to channel the flow of resources. This led to an increasing consideration of the “social dimension” of evidence, and of the social construction and possible “misuse” of the term evidence. Conclusions The concept of evidence is presented in this study as a multi-dimensional construct. I have proposed that the three descriptions and three dimensions of evidence presented in this study, and recognition of the way these may be invoked when forming and influencing judgments, can be used as a basis for communicating about evidence in medicine and public health among colleagues and with students. There are significant gaps in knowledge (based on empirical research) about the social dimension of evidence. Particularly, in situations where researchers and practitioners wish to employ the concept of evidence to influence others’ medical and public health practice and wider social policy.
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Johansson, Åsa, i Teresé Stattin. "Footwear Impression as Forensic Evidence - Prevalence, Characteristics and Evidence Value". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Mathematics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11805.
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Den forensiska vetenskapen innefattar en mängd olika vetenskaper som tillämpas för att bistå och besvara frågor av intresse för rättsväsendet. Skoavtrycksjämförelser har använts sedan slutet av 1700-talet för att bistå i brottsutredningar. Genom att undersöka egenskaper hos ett skoavtryck kan en forensiker ge utredaren värdefull information om skon och ibland även om bäraren. I bästa fall är skoavtrycket så unikt att det kan individualiseras och identifieras till en specifik sko.
För att underlätta och förbättra den forensiska bevisvärderingen är det av stort intresse att statistiskt erhålla förekomsten av ett bevis. Genom att samla in data gällande sulmönster och sedan etablera en databas kan styrkan hos ett specifikt skoavtryck fastställas. I denna studie samlades 687 avtryck in slumpmässigt och lades in i ett visualiserat databasklassificeringssystem, SIMSALAPIM, varpå en statistisk utvärdering utfördes.
Resultatet i denna studie visar på att ett specifikt sulmönster generellt förekommer endast en gång i databasen, varför det kan sägas att ett skoavtryck tillför en viss styrka/värde som forensiskt bevis även om det inte besitter några individualiserande detaljer. Vidare, genom ytterliggare statistiska utvärderingar, kunde även ett samband mellan ålder och typ av sko ses.
The Forensic Science comprises a variety of sciences that are applied in order to assist and answer questions of interest to the legal system. Since the end of the 18th century footwear impression comparison has been applied to assist in crime investigations. By examining the characteristics of a footwear impression the forensic scientist may provide the investigator with valuable information about the footwear and sometimes even about the wearer. Ultimately, the footwear impression is so unique that it can be individualized and identified to a specific shoe.
In order to facilitate and improve the forensic evidence evaluation it is of great interest to statistically establish the prevalence of evidence. By collecting data of outsole patterns and then recording it in a database the strength of a specific footwear impression can be determined. In this survey 687 impressions were randomly collected and recorded in a visualised database classification system, SIMSALAPIM1, whereupon a statistical evaluation was performed.
The result of this survey indicates that a specific outsole pattern typically only occurs once in the database, wherefore it can be stated that any footwear impression provides some strength/value as forensic evidence even though there are no individual characteristics present. Moreover, through additional statistical evaluations, a relation between age and shoe type also was revealed.
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Villanueva, Elizabeth. "Evidence-based mentorship program| Overview, review of evidence, and approach". Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3727336.
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Nurses comprise the largest segment of the healthcare workforce. Adequate numbers of nurses help to ensure sufficient and safe nursing care in all settings. The current nursing shortage poses a barrier to optimum nursing care, and the nature of recruitment and retention of nurses has generated research interest because of its association with the labor shortage. The purpose of the project was to develop a nurse mentorship program for possible adoption by a northern state correctional facility. Goals are to aid recruitment and improve retention of nurses in the facility. This quality improvement project was informed by Jean Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring. Program development was guided by a team of interdisciplinary stakeholders in the institution, including a nurse educator, institutional directors of both education and nursing departments, and senior staff nurses who agreed agreeing to function as project coordinators. The peer-reviewed literature and institutional contexts informed program conceptualization and planning for implementation and planning. A series of meetings were held in which the project team explored and discussed available evidence relative to institutional context and needs. The primary product of the project was a mentoring program, and secondary products include plans for implementation and evaluation of that program by the institution in the future as part of a broader institutional initiative. The developed program was shared with 5 nurse scholars with relevant expertise as a content validation process, with revisions made in accordance with feedback. The implementation and evaluation plans include all details necessary for operationalizing as well as evaluating merit and worth of the program over time.
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Donegan, James Joseph. "The effect of conditioning evidence on auditors' evidence sufficiency assessments". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187266.
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The auditor's report (AICPA 1988) generally contains two statements of belief. The first is an opinion as to whether the financial statements examined are free of material misstatement. The second is an assertion that the audit provides a reasonable basis for the opinion expressed. If the auditor judges the examination to have been inadequate, then the report should either be suitably qualified or no opinion offered. Evaluating the sufficiency of evidence obtained is thus an important part of the auditor's task. Considerable research exists describing auditor knowledge of error frequencies and causes, as well as the cognitive factors that affect error judgments. In comparison, less is known about evidence sufficiency judgments and their impact on the opinion formulation process. This monograph: (1) further examines the relationship between audit risk and evidence sufficiency judgments first hypothesized by Waller and Felix (1984); and (2) reports an experiment which investigates the effect of consistent and inconsistent conditioning evidence on the revision of evidence sufficiency assessments. The results suggest that conditioning evidence increases sufficiency assessments, except when unexpected audit differences are discovered.
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Waters, Donna. "Evidence : the knowledge of most worth". University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1903.
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Doctor of PhilosophySimilar to their colleagues throughout the world, nurses and midwives in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, welcome evidencebased practice (EBP) as a means to improve patient or client outcomes. This thesis explores the way nurses and midwives understand evidence for EBP and aims to determine whether members of these professions currently have the knowledge and skills necessary to implement evidence‐based care. Three separate studies were conducted to explore NSW nurses’ readiness for EBP. Attitudes, knowledge and skill were investigated using an EBP questionnaire returned by 383 nurses. The views of 23 nursing opinion leaders were elicited during qualitative in‐depth interviews, and their ideas on maximising the potential for future nurses to confidently engage in EBP were explored. Current approaches to teaching EBP in undergraduate nursing programs were investigated by examining documents issued by NSW nursing education providers. The results demonstrate many differences between the ways NSW nurses currently understand evidence for EBP, and a range of approaches to teaching EBP in undergraduate nursing programs. Under current conditions, nurses graduating from universities in NSW commence practice with varying levels of preparation for EBP and enter into a professional arena that is itself struggling to cope with the concepts and language of this approach to improving healthcare. v Evidence for the effectiveness of EBP is slowly accumulating and despite some small positive signs, the collective results of this thesis suggest that current educational approaches are not capable of producing the kind of results that are both necessary and desirable for the promotion of evidence‐based nursing practice in NSW. Articulating a commitment to EBP, using a common language and a consistent approach are among the recommendations made for the future promotion of EBP in nursing education.
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Stanfield, Allison R. "The authentication of electronic evidence". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/93021/1/Allison_Stanfield_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines whether the rules for of evidence, which were developed around paper over centuries, are adequate for the authentication of electronic evidence. The history of documentary evidence is examined, and the nature of electronic evidence is explored, particularly recent types of electronic evidence such as social media and 'the Cloud'. The old rules are then critically applied to the varied types of electronic evidence to determine whether or not these old rules are indeed adequate.
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Turner, Philip Bryan. "Digital Evidence Bags". Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490497.
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This thesis analyses the traditional approach and methodology used to conduct digital forensic information capture, analysis and investigation. The predominant toolsets and utilities that are used and the features that they provide are reviewed. This is used to highlight the difficulties that are encountered due to both technological advances and the methodologies employed. It is suggested that these difficulties are compounded by the archaic methods and proprietary formats that are used. An alternative framework for the capture and storage of information used in digital forensics is defined named the 'Digital Evidence Bag' (DEB). A DEB is a universal extensible container for the storage of digital information acquired from any digital source. The format of which can be manipulated to meet the requirements of the particular information that is to be stored. The format definition is extensible thereby allowing it to encompass new sources of data, cryptographic and compression algorithms and protocols as developed, whilst also providing the flexibility for some degree of backwards compatibility as the format develops. The DEB framework utilises terminology to define its various components that are analogous with evidence bags, tags and seals used for traditional physical evidence storage and continuity. This is crucial for ensuring that the functionality provided by each component is comprehensible by the general public, judiciary and law enforcement personnel without detracting or obscuring the evidential information contained within. Furthermore, information can be acquired from a dynamic or more traditional static environment and from a disparate range of digital devices. The flexibility of the DEB framework permits selective and/or intelligent acquisition methods to be employed together with enhanced provenance and continuity audit trails to be recorded. Evidential integrity is assured using accepted cryptographic techniques and algorithms. The DEB framework is implemented in a number of tool demonstrators and applied to a number of typical scenarios that illustrate the flexibility of the DEB framework and format. The DEB framework has also formed the basis of a patent application.
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Lipton, P. "Explanation and evidence". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371691.
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Roe, Michael Robert. "Cryptography and evidence". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627396.
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Bardach, David R. "Evidence-Based Hospitals". UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/epb_etds/5.
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In 2011 the University of Kentucky opened the first two inpatient floors of its new hospital. With an estimated cost of over $872 million, the new facility represents a major investment in the future of healthcare in Kentucky. This facility is outfitted with many features that were not present in the old hospital, with the expectation that they would improve the quality and efficiency of patient care. After one year of occupancy, hospital administration questioned the effectiveness of some features. Through focus groups of key stakeholders, surveys of frontline staff, and direct observational data, this dissertation evaluates the effectiveness of two such features, namely the ceiling-based patient lifts and the placement of large team meeting spaces on every unit, while also describing methods that can improve the overall state of quality improvement research in healthcare.
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Cummings, John. "Evidence of Lives". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5177.
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Evidence of Lives is a novel that deals with themes of childhood abuse, mental illness, and alienated families. The book opens with the main character, forty-two-year-old Mark Barr, who has returned home from New York to West Virginia after eleven years for his older brother Steve's funeral. Steve, having died of a heart attack at forty-six, was mentally ill most of his adult life, though Mark has always questioned what was "mentally ill" and what was the result of their father's verbal and physical abuse during their childhood. When Mark discovers that there is to be no funeral, but a cremation without service, he calls his girlfriend, an attorney back in New York, who tells him he has a "legal responsibility" to voice his brother's oral will. Just nights before his death, Steve called Mark and conveyed his last wishes to be buried, not cremated. The book unfolds into an odyssey for Mark to discover love for his brother posthumously in a loveless family. Evidence of Lives is a portrait of an oldest brother's supposed mental illness and unfulfilled life, as well as a redeeming tale of a youngest brother's alienation from his family and his guilt for abandoning them.M.F.A.
Masters
English
Arts and Humanities
Creative Writing
20
Schumacher, Melissa Renée. "Causation and evidence". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101525.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This work addresses questions about causation and evidence: How can we learn what causes what? Can we get evidence for objects that don't cause anything? And what is the evidential relationship between events in a causal loop? Structural equations accounts of causation seem to provide a good basis for discovering causal relationships through observation. But these accounts can sometimes give the wrong verdict in cases that are structurally similar to cases that they do get right. Distinctions between default and deviant states, and between more and less normal worlds, have been introduced to solve this problem. In "Defaults, Normality, and Control" I argue that both of these kinds of solution introduce new problems without solving the old one. I propose a different theory of causation based on the structural equations account, designed to capture the intuition that the causes of an event are whatever could have, by not occurring, most easily prevented that event. In the philosophical literature, Occam's Razor is standardly taken to be a constraint on the amount of (types of) objects a theory can be justifiably committed to. In "Occam's Razor and Philosophical Objects" I introduce an interpretation of Occam's Razor that doesn't fit that standard mold, but gives plausible answers to the questions "What is theoretical simplicity?" and "Why should we believe the simpler theory?". I then apply it to abstract and non-fundamental objects, and show that theories that include such objects need be no more complex than theories that don't. We can therefore be justified in believing such theories, even though they make the same predictions about observables as alternative theories. In "Playing Dice With a Time Machine: A New Puzzle About Causal Loops", I use an original puzzle case to bring out the problem of calculating the probabilities of events in a causal loop, and I propose a solution. I also point to some difficulties involved in reaching that solution.
by Melissa Renée Schumacher.
Ph. D. in Linguistics
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Wells, Ian (Ian T. ). "Evidence and choice". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113773.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 81-84).
This dissertation defends causal decision theory and argues against its main rival, evidential decision theory. In Chapter 1, I introduce a decision problem in which evidentialists end up predictably worse off, on average, than causalists. This result is surprising since comparisons of average welfare have traditionally been taken to support evidential decision theory and undermine causal decision theory. In Chapter 2, Jack- Spencer and I give a new argument for one of causal decision theory's distinctive recommendations: two-boxing in Newcomb's problem. Unlike arguments based on causal dominance, our argument relies on a more basic principle connecting rational choice to guidance and actual value maximization. In Chapter 3, I take up the issue of rationalization. Is it possible to manipulate the demands of rationality in predictable ways? I argue that it is not. Then I show that if evidential decision theory is true, rationalization is not only possible but sometimes advisable.
by Ian Wells.
Ph. D.
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Schultheis, Ginger (Virginia Kathleen). "Belief and evidence". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120680.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 76-80).
Chapter 1, 'Living on the Edge: Against Epistemic Permissivism,' argues that Epistemic Permissivists face a special problem about the relationship between our first- and higher-order attitudes. They claim that rationality often permits a range of doxastic responses to the evidence. Given plausible assumptions about the relationship between your first- and higher-order attitudes, you can't stably be on the edge of the range, so there can't be a range at all. Permissivism, at least as it has been developed so far, can't be right. I consider some new ways of developing Permissivism, but each has problems of its own. Chapter 2, 'Belief and Probability,' argues that rational belief doesn't reduce to subjective probability. Under the right circumstances, I argue, acquiring conflicting evidence can defeat your entitlement to believe a certain hypothesis without probabilistically disconfirming that hypothesis. I consider three probabilistic theories of rational belief-a simple threshold view, Hannes Leitgeb's stability theory, and a new theory involving imprecise credence-and show that none of them can account for the cases I describe. Chapter 3, 'Can We Decide to Believe?', takes up the question of whether we can decide to believe. There are two main arguments for the conclusion that believing at will is impossible, which I call the retrospective argument and the aim-of-belief argument, respectively. Neither, I argue, demonstrates that believing at will is impossible in all cases. The retrospective argument leaves open the possibility of believing at will in acknowledged permissive cases; the aim-of-belief argument leaves open the possibility of believing at will when credal attitudes are imprecise.
by Ginger Schultheis.
Ph. D. in Philosophy
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Mann, Abbey. "Evidence Based Medicine". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6442.
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Lomofsky, Lynne. "Body of evidence". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13911.
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Includes bibliographies.This body of work is an experiential study which aims primarily to investigate the effect of the Western medical anatomisation of myself - the cancer patient - on and through my artmaking. The dissertation aims to contextualise my practice - to situate it somewhere between the different readings of cancer according to the Western theory of disease, the Eastern and New Age understandings of the body and ill health, and the work of other artists. It seeks balance between these competing discourses and looks for integration through them. The responses of other artists to their ill bodies are described, several of them exploiting medical technology, others subverting the language of the dominant discourse and the image of the 'good' patient with a 'bad' body. My own work attempts to make art around and out of the experience of cancer. The artmaking is an attempt to gather an understanding of my condition and to integrate art and life. The challenge is to visually represent this. I began the work with an ambivalence - was I an activist helping others, or was I merely immersed in my own struggle to maintain sanity, to reach a peace with my body, a calm space from which to deal with my condition? I have dismissed this ambivalence and settled on the latter position, which has the indirect effect of helping others. I have realized, like Jo Spence, that it is easy to burn yourself out when you work from a position of anger. Art and science have exploited and depicted the body throughout their history, sometimes in ways that overlap, sometimes at cross purposes that conflict, and sometimes in mutually supportive ways. When examining the binaries of revealing and concealing, visibility and invisibility, legibility and illegibility, one cannot avoid a conflict with the medical system. However, through the excavation of my body by modern medical technology, I have evolved from previously seeing only the horror of a tumour to now also seeing the hidden beauty of the other landscapes inside my body. My artmaking is thus taken up as a personal issue, not attempting to shock or to be placatory, but to externalize the cancer experience and, rather than simply reacting to it, to find the beauty inside my body.
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Walden, Rachel R. "Evidence-Based Psychiatry". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8838.
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Petrová, Zuzana. "Evidence Based Policy". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9228.
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This thesis refers to the Evidence Based Policy and Regulatory Impact Analysis. Both of them are important instruments for creating the economic policy. Evidence based policy is based on the collection and evaluation of the relevant data concerning the realization of either government or non-government programs. There are different methods for evaluating. Methods for the evaluation and the process of the evaluation are contained in the first part of this thesis. The second part is related to Regulatory Impact Analysis, which is linked to the production of the better regulation. Evolution of the RIA in the European union and Great Britain, analysis of the quality of the RIA and assessment of the implementation of the RIA into the legislative procedure is the main body of this thesis. The third part is dedicated to the RIA in the Czech Republic. The integration of the RIA into the legislation and the rules for the assessment of the impacts caused by the regulation are described in this part. This part also includes several RIAs analysis. The weak side of the RIA is described as well in the last part.
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Schmiederová, Kristina. "Evidence majetku obcí". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71890.
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The thesis deals with the issues of record keeping of the municipal property with regard to their development. The main goal is an identification of obtaining information resources for property passportization from time and financial point of view. The property passportization is defined as multifunctional record keeping and the thesis contains a proposal based on experience (for real estate -- on the basis of real situation in municipalities). The draft of the evidential card is created in Microsoft Excel.
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Pust, Joel Eric 1968. "Intuitions as evidence". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288736.
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This essay addresses the use of intuitions as evidence in contemporary analytic philosophy. Chapter 1 demonstrates that intuitions are currently treated as the primary source of evidence in philosophical investigation. Chapter 2 defends an account of intuition on which an intuition that p involves p's seeming necessarily true. Chapter 3 takes up one broad strand of contemporary skepticism about the evidential value of intuitions. It outlines some contemporary arguments against the use of intuitions in moral philosophy, semantics, modal metaphysics, and epistemology. It concludes with an outline of the general argument form of which the particular arguments presented are instances. Chapter 4 explains why one contemporary attempt to meet this kind of skepticism fails, and then goes on to argue that the skeptical arguments fail because they are unsupported and self-defeating. Chapter 5 turns to a more general ground of skepticism about intuitions: the claim that we have no independent assurance of their reliability. Drawing on the work of Thomas Reid and William Alston, it shows that this fact cannot reasonably ground a skepticism restricted to intuition because the same is true of every one of our basic faculties.
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Schatz, Bradley Lawrence. "Digital evidence : representation and assurance". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16507/1/Bradley_Schatz_Thesis.pdf.
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The field of digital forensics is concerned with finding and presenting evidence sourced from digital devices, such as computers and mobile phones. The complexity of such digital evidence is constantly increasing, as is the volume of data which might contain evidence. Current approaches to interpreting and assuring digital evidence rely implicitly on the use of tools and representations made by experts in addressing the concerns of juries and courts. Current forensics tools are best characterised as not easily verifiable, lacking in ease of interoperability, and burdensome on human process.
The tool-centric focus of current digital forensics practise impedes access to and transparency of the information represented within digital evidence as much as it assists, by nature of the tight binding between a particular tool and the information that it conveys. We hypothesise that a general and formal representational approach will benefit digital forensics by enabling higher degrees of machine interpretation, facilitating improvements in tool interoperability and validation. Additionally, such an approach will increase human readability.
This dissertation summarises research which examines at a fundamental level the nature of digital evidence and digital investigation, in order that improved techniques which address investigation efficiency and assurance of evidence might be identified. The work follows three themes related to this: representation, analysis techniques, and information assurance.
The first set of results describes the application of a general purpose representational formalism towards representing diverse information implicit in event based evidence, as well as domain knowledge, and investigator hypotheses. This representational approach is used as the foundation of a novel analysis technique which uses a knowledge based approach to correlate related events into higher level events, which correspond to situations of forensic interest.
The second set of results explores how digital forensic acquisition tools scale and interoperate, while assuring evidence quality. An improved architecture is proposed for storing digital evidence, analysis results and investigation documentation in a manner that supports arbitrary composition into a larger corpus of evidence.
The final set of results focus on assuring the reliability of evidence. In particular, these results focus on assuring that timestamps, which are pervasive in digital evidence, can be reliably interpreted to a real world time. Empirical results are presented which demonstrate how simple assumptions cannot be made about computer clock behaviour. A novel analysis technique for inferring the temporal behaviour of a computer clock is proposed and evaluated.
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Schatz, Bradley Lawrence. "Digital evidence : representation and assurance". Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16507/.
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The field of digital forensics is concerned with finding and presenting evidence sourced from digital devices, such as computers and mobile phones. The complexity of such digital evidence is constantly increasing, as is the volume of data which might contain evidence. Current approaches to interpreting and assuring digital evidence rely implicitly on the use of tools and representations made by experts in addressing the concerns of juries and courts. Current forensics tools are best characterised as not easily verifiable, lacking in ease of interoperability, and burdensome on human process. The tool-centric focus of current digital forensics practise impedes access to and transparency of the information represented within digital evidence as much as it assists, by nature of the tight binding between a particular tool and the information that it conveys. We hypothesise that a general and formal representational approach will benefit digital forensics by enabling higher degrees of machine interpretation, facilitating improvements in tool interoperability and validation. Additionally, such an approach will increase human readability. This dissertation summarises research which examines at a fundamental level the nature of digital evidence and digital investigation, in order that improved techniques which address investigation efficiency and assurance of evidence might be identified. The work follows three themes related to this: representation, analysis techniques, and information assurance. The first set of results describes the application of a general purpose representational formalism towards representing diverse information implicit in event based evidence, as well as domain knowledge, and investigator hypotheses. This representational approach is used as the foundation of a novel analysis technique which uses a knowledge based approach to correlate related events into higher level events, which correspond to situations of forensic interest. The second set of results explores how digital forensic acquisition tools scale and interoperate, while assuring evidence quality. An improved architecture is proposed for storing digital evidence, analysis results and investigation documentation in a manner that supports arbitrary composition into a larger corpus of evidence. The final set of results focus on assuring the reliability of evidence. In particular, these results focus on assuring that timestamps, which are pervasive in digital evidence, can be reliably interpreted to a real world time. Empirical results are presented which demonstrate how simple assumptions cannot be made about computer clock behaviour. A novel analysis technique for inferring the temporal behaviour of a computer clock is proposed and evaluated.
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Krejzarová, Jitka. "Daňová evidence individuálního podnikatele". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15641.
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This thesis is focused on individuals who decided to set up their own business. It describes all steps and conditions necessary to establish and carry on the business according to the Czech legislation (i.e. registration with competent authorities, payments for health and social insurance, tax payments). The major part of the thesis deals with the main entrepreneur's obligation - keeping an evidence in order to calculate the individual income tax. This evidence can be in the form called "tax evidence" based on cash basis (in other word it means evidence of incomes and expenditures). One chapter also deals with the question of the transition between the tax evidence and the accounting. The last chapter shows a practical example of keeping tax evidence, calculating tax liability and height of the insurance including completed forms.
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Plunkett-Latimer, Jacob. "Truth in Evidence: The Construction of Video Evidence in Judicial Decisions". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36229.
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This study focuses on the conceptualization of video evidence as constructed by judges in their written decisions in Canadian criminal courts and the impact this conceptualization has on understandings of truth. Recent years have seen substantial developments in video recording technology and in the cultural practices that support its use. Of particular interest to this study is the mobilization of video as a means of legitimizing truth claims. Using a qualitative content analysis of 52 recent (2005-2015) Canadian criminal court decisions, this study seeks to understand the way in which judges discuss video evidence in their decisions and the impact these discussions have on discourses of truth. The results of this analysis illustrate that the features typically associated with video evidence coincide closely with specific and longstanding discourses of objectivity, reliability, and credibility that are used to evaluate competing claims in criminal courts—discourses that have traditionally been developed with reference to evaluating testimony. Judges’ adoption of these particular criteria over any others results in video achieving an eminent position in the hierarchy of evidence before the courts. The way in which judges conceptualize video evidence both reflects the historic discourses that shape the current judicial approach to video evidence and (re)creates discourses that will be relied on in future. Given the influential role of courts as official arbiters of truth, the discourses adopted by judges have important implications both within and beyond the legal system.
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Russo, Michael J. "The effects of emotionally charged evidence on juror verdicts : photographic evidence /". The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487776801323701.
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Anton, Ivana. "Husserl’s Modal Sense of Evidence: Modality versus Modalization". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Departamento de Humanidades, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/112902.
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Phenomenological evidence has been characterized as fulfillment of a meaning intention, comprehension that tends to assimilate evidence to fulfilled consciousness, without making justice to the essential and mutual implication of emptiness and fullness that constitutes it out of its horizontic-intentional kind. The horizon, typically configured, offers the field of possible fulfillment; that is why it can be said that evidence takes place in a consciousness of possibility, namely, a modal one, though in an originary material and not doxic or positional sense,because it is the first one that is incumbent upon relationships of fulfillment. Modality that essentially characterizes evidence does not reveal itself then in the possible modalization as positional modification of a unitary content, but in its outlined” material configuration of fullness and emptiness that gives somethingas something referring to other possibilities as moments of its own validity.La evidencia fenomenológica ha sido caracterizada como cumplimiento de una intención mentante, comprensión que tiende a asimilar la evidencia con la conciencia plena, sin hacer justicia a la esencial implicancia mutua de vacío y plenitud que la constituye por su carácter horizóntico-intencional. El horizonte, configurado típicamente, ofrece el campo de cumplimiento posible, por lo que puede sostenerse que la evidencia tiene lugar en una conciencia de posibilidad, es decir, modal, aunque en sentido originariamente material y no dóxico o posicional, pues es el primero el que compete a las relaciones de cumplimiento. La modalidad que caracteriza esencialmente a la evidencia no se revela entonces en la modalización posible en cuanto modificación posicional de un contenido unitario, sino en su configuración material perfilada” de plenitud y vacío que da algo como algo remitiendo a otras posibilidades como momentos de su propia validez.
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Mena, Tudela Desirée. "Implantación y evaluación de una estrategia interactiva de Práctica Basada en la Evidencia en alumnos de Enfermería". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401493.
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El desarrollo de la PBE ha supuesto un cambio de paradigma tanto a nivel sanitario como a nivel docente. Además, el denominado Proceso Bolonia ha forzado a crear, mantener y revolucionar el aprendizaje de los alumnos a través de ciertas técnicas innovadoras.
Ambos cambios de paradigma unidos y con la figura central del alumno hacen que se tengan que evaluar nuevas estrategias de aprendizaje relacionadas con la PBE. De esta manera, el objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral es estudiar el resultado de la aplicación de una estrategia docente interactiva de aprendizaje de PBE para la adquisición de la competencia de investigación a través de la asignatura “Cuidados Básicos de Enfermería” en alumnos de segundo curso del Grado en Enfermería al finalizar el periodo teórico-práctico-clínico.The development of EBP has meant a paradigm shift both at the health level and at the teaching level. In addition, the so-called Bologna Process has forced to create, maintain and revolutionize student learning through certain innovative techniques. Both paradigm shifts and the central figure of the pupil make it necessary to evaluate new learning strategies related to EBP. In this way, the objective of this doctoral thesis is to study the result of the application of an interactive teaching strategy of EBP for the acquisition of research competence through the subject "Basic Nursing Care" in students of second Degree course in Nursing at the end of the theoretical-practical-clinical period.
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Vargas, Erick Rodolfo. "The Anglo American academic attitude towards the field of judicial evidence and its usefulness to rational fact finding in Honduras /". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99155.
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I address the problem of the lack of academic attention to evidentiary issues in Honduras in comparison to Common Law Countries. I feel that Honduran law students need to be taught a working scheme to deal with issues of admissibility and weight of evidence in order to achieve the rational determination of facts.Moreover, I draw such a scheme from the conceptual basis for admission of evidence and the probative processes identified by Wigmore. I think that if this scheme were applied to trial records, academicians would identify problems in the admission and weight of evidence and would develop approaches to make reason and justice prevail.
The scheme is presented in the form of a chart and because it is adapted to the Honduran context I consider that it will have a positive effect on academic research, theorization and teaching of issues of admission and weight of evidence in Honduras.
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Karam, Tanya J. "Is unusual inadmissible evidence more difficult to ignore than neutral inadmissible evidence?" Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1379435.
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This experiment was a replication and extension of Pickel, Karam, and Warner's (2006) study by using wiretap evidence instead of hearsay. The design was a 2 (admissibility) X 2 (unusualness) factorial with a control group that had no critical evidence. Participants were 129 mock jurors who listened to an audio-recording of a trial and made some decision about the case. Results showed that the critical evidence had no effect on guilt judgments. However, the unusualness manipulation did have an effect on the memory of the critical testimony, in that the participants in the unusual groups had a better memory than the neutral groups. Explanations of the results are discussed, along with limitations and suggestions for future research.Department of Psychological Science
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Wandel, Simon. "Multi-parameter evidence synthesis /". Bern : [s.n.], 2009. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/09wandel_s.pdf.
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Decadt, Bart. "Evidence-based laparoscopic surgery". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268504.
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Morrison, Joe. "The evidence of holism". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489667.
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Evidential holism, which is closely associated with the works of W.V.O. Quine, maintains that evidence is only applicable to whole theories. It is endorsed in many disparate debates about analyticity, a priority, mathematical Platonism, and meaning. But in discussions about confirmation theory it receives less sympathetic attention: many philosophers of science regard evidential holism as implausible, poorly motivated and of dubious usefulness. Moreover, many of the philosophical applications of evidential holism lead to highly controversial conclusions. In order to determine how plausible holism is, I distinguish three evidentially holistic theses: holism about prediction,. holism about falsification, and holism about confirmation. I argue that Quine only subscribed to holism about prediction and falsification. I identify a strong source of motivation for following Quine: this is the idea that observation is theory-laden. If we accept that observation is theory-laden, then we have very good reasons for accepting holism about prediction and falsification. In addition, the theory-Iadenness of observation provides us with non-arbitrary grounds for restricting the scope of the holistic claims about prediction and falsification. I argue that holism about confirmation is not a consequence of the theory-ladenness of observation, and will only follow if we rely upon an untenable principle of hypothetico-deductivism. This hypothetico-deductive principle is pre-theoretically compelling, so identifying its role in a (flawed) argument for holism about confirmation provides an explanation of why so many commentators have casually assumed that evidential holism is committed to holism about confirmation. Having rejected holism about confirmation and motivated a narrower, less controversial version of evidential holism than that which is usually discussed by philosophers of science, I explore its role in three influential argumentative applications. I show that commitment to evidential holism carries no commitment to holism about meaning, or to the repudiation of a priori justification, or to mathematical Platonism.
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Shanmugam, Karthikeyan. "Validating digital forensic evidence". Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7651.
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This dissertation focuses on the forensic validation of computer evidence. It is a burgeoning field, by necessity, and there have been significant advances in the detection and gathering of evidence related to electronic crimes. What makes the computer forensics field similar to other forensic fields is that considerable emphasis is placed on the validity of the digital evidence. It is not just the methods used to collect the evidence that is a concern. What is also a problem is that perpetrators of digital crimes may be engaged in what is called anti-forensics. Digital forensic evidence techniques are deliberately thwarted and corrupted by those under investigation. In traditional forensics the link between evidence and perpetrator's actions is often straightforward: a fingerprint on an object indicates that someone has touched the object. Anti-forensic activity would be the equivalent of having the ability to change the nature of the fingerprint before, or during the investigation, thus making the forensic evidence collected invalid or less reliable. This thesis reviews the existing security models and digital forensics, paying particular attention to anti-forensic activity that affects the validity of data collected in the form of digital evidence. This thesis will build on the current models in this field and suggest a tentative first step model to manage and detect possibility of anti-forensic activity. The model is concerned with stopping anti-forensic activity, and thus is not a forensic model in the normal sense, it is what will be called a “meta-forensic” model. A meta-forensic approach is an approach intended to stop attempts to invalidate digital forensic evidence. This thesis proposes a formal procedure and guides forensic examiners to look at evidence in a meta-forensic way.
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Ousley, Lisa, i Retha D. Gentry. "Evidence-Based Physical Examination". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7142.
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This chapter helps the reader to review the anatomy and describe the life-span variances of the skin, hair, and nails and to develop a systematic approach to performing a comprehensive history and physical examination of the integumentary system. It discusses the key history and physical exam findings of common skin disorders. Understanding the structure and the function of the skin complements evidence-based physical assessment of the integumentary system. A competent clinician must have fundamental knowledge of the functions, topography, and major components of the skin. Taking a comprehensive history is one of the most important tools in determining an accurate diagnosis. The patient’s current health status, past medical history, family history, and personal and psychosocial history as well as the patient’s home, occupational, and travel history may all affect the condition of his or her skin, hair, and nails. The clinician must also consider the patient’s age, gender, race, culture, and environment.
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Liermann, Martin Charles. "Depensation : evidence and implications /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6365.
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Taylor-Raebel, Gary. "Vocalisations evidence from Germanic". Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/19698/.
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A vocalisation may be described as a historical linguistic change where a sound which is formerly consonantal within a language becomes pronounced as a vowel. Although vocalisations have occurred sporadically in many languages they are particularly prevalent in the history of Germanic languages and have affected sounds from all places of articulation. This study will address two main questions. The first is why vocalisations happen so regularly in Germanic languages in comparison with other language families. The second is what exactly happens in the vocalisation process. For the first question there will be a discussion of the concept of ‘drift’ where related languages undergo similar changes independently and this will therefore describe the features of the earliest Germanic languages which have been the basis for later changes. The second question will include a comprehensive presentation of vocalisations which have occurred in Germanic languages with a description of underlying features in each of the sounds which have vocalised. When considering phonological changes a degree of phonetic information must necessarily be included which may be irrelevant synchronically, but forms the basis of the change diachronically. A phonological representation of vocalisations must therefore address how best to display the phonological information whilst allowing for the inclusion of relevant diachronic phonetic information. Vocalisations involve a small articulatory change, but using a model which describes vowels and consonants with separate terminology would conceal the subtleness of change in a vocalisation. The model presented here has therefore been designed to unite the descriptions of consonants and vowels to better demonstrate this change whilst allowing for relevant phonetic information to be included.
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Ponton, Rhys. "Evidence based harm reduction". Thesis, University of Bath, 2006. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438656.
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Review of the literature demonstrated that knowledge surrounding the process of illicit drug injection preparation is limited. A better understanding of the details of injection preparation methods could inform study of the risks and complications, as well as the development of harm reduction advice. This project had two main objectives: To characterise the injection preparation process in detail, then to attempt to quantify the risks posed by these injections through laboratory investigations. The project had specific focus on the use of the acids by injectors to increase the solubility of insoluble illicit drugs. To study injection preparation, a novel interview was designed to record the methods that a cohort of injectors used to prepare their injections of heroin and 'crack' cocaine. The interview incorporated two separate sections: firstly a semi-structured questionnaire, then observation of participants preparing an inert 'fake drug' for injection using their usual preparation procedure for real drug. The injector interviews documented the use of acids by injectors in detail. The injection preparation demonstration enabled a complete characterisation of the preparation procedures for heroin, crack and speedball injections and enabled the development of a standardised method by which injections using real drug samples could be reproduced in the laboratory. Prepared injections were subjected to a number of assays to evaluate their properties. These assays allowed a comparison with pharmaceutically prepared injections (pharmacopoeia standards) to provide some quantification of risk. Investigations were conducted into the drug content, the microflora, the particulate content and the physical characteristics of the injections. Electrospray mass spectrometry was used to identify the components within illicit heroin samples. This methodology has never before been used to examine illicit drug samples. The project developed microbiological investigation techniques that enabled the isolation and identification of micro-organisms within drug injection solutions. Particulate content of injection solutions was found to be high, and the use of rudimentary illicit filters was shown to add to this. The use of filters made specifically for illicit drug users could significantly reduce this content. Overall, no significant risks were identified and this supports current harm reduction advice which was not based on any published research.
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Machado, Loreni Teresinha. "Presenting evidence in court". Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90230.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T07:27:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 243845.pdf: 1666542 bytes, checksum: ce1ccb5a284cf113c137fd8f10b0d0ef (MD5)
Esta tese investiga o discurso do interrogatório de um acusado sob julgamento criminal em um tribunal inglês. Examina-se como os advogados de defesa e acusação constroem suas histórias através da interação pergunta-resposta durante o interrogatório do acusado; descrevem-se alguns dos elementos lingüísticos que supostamente colaboram para que a história se torne mais atraente para o júri e analisa-se como o acusado é lingüisticamente retratado tanto na história da defesa quanto na da acusação.
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Zhao, Hongxia, Michael Garrett i Carol M. Trivette. "DEC Evidence Synthesis Group". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4447.
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Petrova, Mila. "(Mis)trusting health research synthesis studies : exploring transformations of 'evidence'". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14426.
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This thesis explores the transformations of evidence in health research synthesis studies – studies that bring together evidence from a number of research reports on the same/ similar topic. It argues that health research synthesis is a broad and intriguing field in a state of pre-formation, in spite of the fact that it may appear well established if equated with its exemplar method – the systematic review inclusive of meta-analysis. Transformations of evidence are processes by which pieces of evidence are modified from what they are in the primary study report into what is needed in the synthesis study while, supposedly, having their integrity fully preserved. Such processes have received no focused attention in the literature. Yet they are key to the validity and reliability of synthesis studies. This work begins to describe them and explore their frequency, scope and drivers. A ‘meta-scientific’ perspective is taken, where ‘meta-scientific’ is understood to include primarily ideas from the philosophy of science and methodological texts in health research, and, to a lesser extent, social studies of science and psychology of science thinking. A range of meta-scientific ideas on evidence and factors that shape it guide the analysis of processes of “data extraction” and “coding” during which much evidence is transformed. The core of the analysis involves the application of an extensive Analysis Framework to 17 highly heterogeneous research papers on cancer. Five non-standard ‘injunctions’ complement the Analysis Framework – for comprehensiveness, extensive multiple coding, extreme transparency, combination of critical appraisal and critique, and for first coding as close as possible to the original and then extending towards larger transformations. Findings suggest even lower credibility of the current overall model of health research synthesis than initially expected. Implications are discussed and a radical vision for the future proposed.
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Logarajah, Saravanarajah. "Confronting the new frontier of evidence: Are the current rules of evidence in Western Australia capable of dealing effectively with digital evidence?" Thesis, Logarajah, Saravanarajah (2015) Confronting the new frontier of evidence: Are the current rules of evidence in Western Australia capable of dealing effectively with digital evidence? Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41659/.
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Digital evidence may be retrieved from mobile phone logs, messages posted on social media websites, information stored on computer hard drives and electronic mail messages. We use information and communications technology driven by digital technology every time we make a call with our mobile phones or withdraw money from an automated teller machine. The growing use of information and communications technology has led to the creation of an abundance of digital material that may become relevant as evidence in a legal dispute.
There are numerous differences between digital evidence and hardcopy paper evidence. Some of these differences involve availability of metadata, level of persistence, the level of duplicability and volume, the level of vulnerability to corruption and the ease of modification. Notwithstanding these differences, both digital material and paper material are admitted into evidence in Western Australian courts through a general provision which admits most documents, s 79C of the Evidence Act 1906 (WA).
Advances in technology have led to issues such as the development of malware and uncertainty in authorship of digital evidence which create difficulties in assessing the reliability of digital evidence. The last comprehensive review of Evidence Act 1906 (WA) which focused mainly on the admission of computer records and documentary statements evidence was undertaken by the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia in 1980. The amendments which addressed the Commissions were implemented in 1987. Those amendments occurred well before the internet gained global popularity or social-networking was even developed.
The current provisions in the Evidence Act 1906 (WA) that admit digital evidence evidence may be outdated as they were developed mainly to deal with computer records that were used as a back-up for hardcopy paper documents and not modern technologies such as digital communication. These provisions do not require authorship of electronic statements to be proven and also do not deal with the inherent reliability issues of digital evidence. Consequently, WA courts may fail in their role as gatekeepers in preventing unreliable evidence from being considered by the juries. These outdated provisions may also be unduly burdensome on litigants who may wish to rely on digital evidence to prove their case.
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Prawatmuang, Woramon. "Effects of positive evidence, indirect negative evidence and form-function transparency on second language acquisition : evidence from L2 Chinese and L2 Thai". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270338.
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This study investigates second language (L2) acquisition of word orders and markers of collectivity in Chinese and Thai. One of the differences between Chinese and Thai is that Chinese nominal phrases appear with a “numeral + classifier + noun” word order while Thai phrases appear as “noun + numeral + classifier”. Another difference is that men, the Chinese collective marker, cannot be used with nouns referring to animals or indefinite nouns, while phûak, the Thai collective marker, can do so. Based on the cross-linguistic differences, an empirical study was conducted to answer whether Thai learners of Chinese and Chinese learners of Thai would be able to acquire target language (TL) structures that are different from those in their native language (L1) and whether they could reject incorrect TL structures. One hundred and forty-four participants were recruited to complete an acceptability judgment task and a self-paced reading task. It is found that both Chinese and Thai learners could perform native-like in their acceptance of TL word orders since early stages of acquisition. However, it took them until an advanced level to be able to completely reject incorrect TL word orders that resembled structures in their L1. Thai learners also faced difficulty rejecting the use of men with animal and indefinite nouns in their L2 Chinese. In contrast, Chinese learners tended to be successful in their acquisition of phûak. The results are interpreted in terms of roles of positive evidence and form-function transparency. In general, L2 learners tend to acquire a TL structure earlier when they can receive positive evidence in TL input and when a form-function connection of the structure is transparent. Nonetheless, these factors do not have an absolute effect on acquisition outcome since some learners may be able to use a probabilistic learning strategy to successfully acquire L2 knowledge even when positive evidence is unavailable.