Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Evidence (law) – wales

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Evidence (law) – wales”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Evidence (law) – wales"

Merrington, Simon, i Steve Stanley. "‘What Works?’: Revisiting the Evidence in England and Wales". Probation Journal 51, nr 1 (marzec 2004): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550504042445.

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Bright, Susan, i Hannah Dixie. "Evidence of green leases in England and Wales". International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 6, nr 1/2 (8.04.2014): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-07-2013-0027.

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Purpose – This paper aims to report on research that investigates the use of green clauses in leases of office and retail premises in England and Wales. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examined 26 recent leases of green build properties registered at HM Land Registry. The green clauses discovered were classified and compared with the model form green clauses promoted by the London-based Better Building Partnership's Green Lease Toolkit. Findings – Of the 26 leases analysed, 18 contained some form of green provision. Research limitations/implications – As the sample selected was not representative, a larger study is needed to detect trends in green leasing. This research method does not show the impact of green clauses on property management. Practical implications – This research illustrates the types of clauses that have been used in leases but also shows that green leasing principles are not yet the industry standard. Many new, long leases still make no reference to environmental practices. Originality/value – This is the first research to be done examining the green content of agreed leases and develops a methodology that can be used for future research.

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Pattenden, Rosemary. "Authenticating ‘Things’ in English Law: Principles for Adducing Tangible Evidence in Common Law Jury Trials". International Journal of Evidence & Proof 12, nr 4 (listopad 2008): 273–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijep.2008.12.4.303.

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This article explores the true nature of authentication of tangible evidence in English law and kindred jurisdictions. It first identifies general principles governing the respective roles of judge and jury in the authentication of tangible evidence embedded within the case law of England and Wales. Those principles are then compared and contrasted to the rules governing authentication of evidence under the US Federal Rules of Evidence. Finally, general principles of authentication in English law are examined in relation to the authentication of forensic science evidence; film, video, photographs and sound recordings; private documents; computer output; and recorded confessions.

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Ohalehi, Paschal. "Fraud in small charities: evidence from England and Wales". Journal of Financial Crime 26, nr 1 (7.01.2019): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-12-2017-0122.

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Purpose Despite the increasing awareness of fraud in organisations and the potential benefits of strong fraud management through deterrence and prevention in the UK, there remains limited research on fraud in small charities. This paper aims to examine astonishing cases of fraud in small charities whilst raising awareness of the impact of fraud and its wider implication in the charity sector. Design/methodology/approach This research used a qualitative approach amongst randomly selected 24 charity trustees with income of £0-250,000 and over £250,000. Recent statistics from fraud survey published in Annual Fraud Indicator by the National Fraud Authority and the United Kingdom Fraud Costs Measurement Committee were presented and the theory of why people commit fraud is described. Findings This paper summarises evidence that shows the frequency and severity of fraud in charities, which remains increasingly high. Furthermore, smaller charities are not immune from fraud and suffer losses due to lack of segregation of duties and weak control systems when compared to larger charities with stronger control systems and better governance structure. This paper addresses a very important topic in the charity sector. Whilst fraud and fund misappropriation receive significant media coverage in large charities, smaller charities also suffer losses occasioned by fraud even in large proportion albeit with less reporting in the media. Practical implications Charity managers and trustees will benefit from having sufficient knowledge in deterrence and prevention of charity fraud. Originality/value This is a novel research as it looks into the nature of fraud in small charities of which there is limited research both in the voluntary and fraud literature.

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Stockdale, Michael, i Adam Jackson. "Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings". Journal of Criminal Law 80, nr 5 (październik 2016): 344–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018316668448.

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In its 2011 report Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings in England and Wales (Law Com No. 325), the Law Commission recommended that the admissibility of expert evidence in criminal proceedings should be governed by a new statutory regime comprising a new statutory reliability test in combination with codification and refinement of existing common law principles relating to ‘assistance’, ‘expertise’ and ‘impartiality’. The government declined to enact the Law Commission’s draft Bill due to a lack of certainty as to whether the additional costs incurred would be offset by savings. Instead the government invited the Criminal Procedure Rule Committee (CrimPRC) to consider amendments to the Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR) to introduce, as far as possible, the spirit of the Law Commission’s recommendations. The consequent amendments to CrimPR Part 33 (now CrimPR Part 19) in combination with the making of the new Practice Direction CrimPD 33A (now CrimPD 19A) by the Lord Chief Justice resulted in what he described in his 2014 Criminal Bar Association Kalisher Lecture as ‘a novel way of implementing an excellent Report’. This paper considers the possible evolution of the common law in light of these amendments, the challenges associated with adopting such a novel approach to reform and the potential opportunities for the improvement of expert evidence in criminal proceedings that the changes were intended to create.

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Ward, Alan George. "THE EVIDENCE OF ANONYMOUS WITNESSES IN CRIMINAL COURTS: NOW AND INTO THE FUTURE". Denning Law Journal 21, nr 1 (26.11.2012): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v21i1.342.

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Anonymous witness evidence, the use of which had quietly expanded in the early part of the twenty-first century in criminal courts in England and Wales, was significantly curtailed by the House of Lords in the case of R v Davis. Little over a month later the government had enacted legislation to minimise the impact of their Lordships’ ruling, yet the long-term future of this area of the criminal law of evidence remains undetermined. This article seeks to assess what impact the Criminal Evidence (Witness Anonymity) Act 2008 has had on the right to a fair trial in England and Wales and, subsequently, to weigh up the options for long-term reform in this area of the law. It will be submitted that the stated policy aim of the government, the protection of witnesses, can be achieved for the long-term without impeding or undermining the absolute right of the defendant to a fair trial.

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Mirfield, Peter. "Bad Character and the Law Commission". International Journal of Evidence & Proof 6, nr 3 (lipiec 2002): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136571270200600301.

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Report No. 273 of the Law Commission for England and Wales proposes a new scheme for the law relating to evidence of bad character in criminal trials, and no less in the case of witnesses other than the accused than in the case of the accused himself. This article broadly welcomes the governing general principles of the proposed scheme, whilst challenging the soundness of some of the terminology recommended by the Commission, as well as its conclusions on some important, albeit more specific issues.

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WATSON, KATHERINE D. "Women, violent crime and criminal justice in Georgian Wales". Continuity and Change 28, nr 2 (sierpień 2013): 245–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416013000246.

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This article examines encounters of women with the criminal justice system in Wales during the century before the Courts of Great Sessions were abolished in 1830. Drawing on evidence from cases of sexual assault and homicide, it argues that women who killed were rarely convicted or punished harshly. A gendered discretion of sorts also acted against rape victims, as trials never resulted in conviction. Using violence as a lens, the paper reveals a distinctively Welsh approach to criminal justice, and offers quantitative evidence on which further comparative studies of the history of law and crime in England and Wales may be based.

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Leadbetter, Martin J. "Fingerprint Evidence in England and Wales – The Revised Standard". Medicine, Science and the Law 45, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.45.1.1.

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Lewis, Alyson, Sian Sarwar, Jacky Tyrie, Jane Waters i Swansea University. "Exploring the Extent of Enactment of Young Children's Rights in the Education System in Wales". Cylchgrawn Addysg Cymru / Wales Journal of Education 19, nr 2 (1.11.2017): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/wje.19.2.3.

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The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) (UNCRC) is the most widely ratified of all the human rights treaties. In contrast to recent UK-wide developments, the UNCRC has been vigorously taken up in post-devolution policy and law in Wales. The Assembly's stance on children's rights distinguishes Welsh policy from the rest of the UK and children's rights have been described as 'emblematic' of Welsh devolution. This paper presents the findings of a review of readily available empirically based literature that evidences the extent to which young children in Wales (aged three to seven) routinely access their rights in education settings. The findings are presented under eight themes and provide a picture of inconsistency as well as some positive indicators. Reasons for a limited, patchy and variable evidence base for the enactment of young children's right in education settings in Wales are considered, alongside recommendations for action that would seek to address such shortfalls.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Evidence (law) – wales"

Kangur, Andreas. "Can rules of criminal evidence be devised that would be uniform across jurisdictions?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6388/.

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The thesis focuses on comparative criminal evidence law and sets out to explore whether it is possible to devise rules of criminal evidence that would suit different jurisdictions. This work should be treated as an exploratory project as it aims to find a suitable approach and then test it using three different rubrics of evidence law – evidence of prior convictions, hearsay evidence and standard of proof. Those rubrics in six different jurisdictions will be examined. The thesis first discusses the mainstream dichotomous approach to comparative criminal procedure and evidence, concluding that the inquisitorial-adversarial distinction has by today lost much of its descriptive power and was never meant to be a normative model. Instead, the author finds that all Western style jurisdictions today are concerned with accurate fact-finding and in order to facilitate accurate fact-finding, should take into consideration the cognitive needs and abilities of fact-finders. Since for the most part human cognition is universally the same, this psychology-based approach can serve as a foundation for evaluating the evidentiary regulation – and unless some extra-epistemic factors prevail, should guide legislatures towards optimizing and unifying their evidentiary regulation. Based on the recent studies in legal psychology, the author offers recommendations that would be workable in all sample jurisdictions. This is in part possible because empirical research tends to debunk often-held beliefs about professional judges being far superior fact-finders immune from the cognitive biases and emotional appeal usually attributed to jurors.

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Fairclough, Samantha. "The role of equality in the provision of special measures to vulnerable and/or intimidated court users giving evidence in Crown Court trials". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7668/.

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Vulnerable and/or intimidated court users are able to give evidence with the assistance of special measures. This thesis examines the role of equality in the provision of such measures to those giving evidence in Crown Court trials. I adopt Keith Hawkins’ conceptual framework of surround, field and frames to analyse the multitude of factors relevant to understanding its role. The standard of equality I invoke is that which underpinned the initial development of special measures for non-defendant witnesses. This is used to assess whether the law remains committed to equal treatment despite the unequal provision of special measures between vulnerable and/or intimidated defendant and non-defendant witnesses. Furthermore, using findings from interviews undertaken with 18 criminal practitioners, I consider the role that the principle of equality appears to play in the use of special measures. I conclude that the principle of equality is not consistently upheld in the provision of special measures in law and practice. Barriers to its more prominent role include the way, and the socio-political context in which, special measures law developed; the legal field in which they are invoked; and the way that criminal practitioners appear to frame decisions about their use.

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Książki na temat "Evidence (law) – wales"

Kumar, Miiko. Uniform evidence law: Commentary and materials. Wyd. 4. Pyrmont, N.S.W: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited, 2012.

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Nicola, Padfield, red. Evidence. Wyd. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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1912-1980, Cross Rupert Sir, red. Cross and Tapper on evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Commission, Great Britain Law. Criminal law: A criminal code for England and Wales. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Commission, Great Britain Law. Criminal law: A criminal code for England and Wales. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Committee on Welsh Affairs. The nursery voucher scheme in Wales: Report, together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence and Appendices. London: H.M.S.O., 1996.

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Sivadasan, Jagadeesh. Tax law changes, income shifting and measured wage inequality: Evidence from India. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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Sivadasan, Jagadeesh. Tax law changes, income shifting and measured wage inequality: Evidence from india. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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Zhang, Xuelin. Wage progression of less skilled workers in Canada: Evidence from the SLID (1993-1998). Ottawa, ON: Publications review Committee, Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada, 2002.

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Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch. i Statistics Canada. Business and Labour Market Analysis Group., red. Wage progression of less skilled workers in Canada: Evidence from the SLID (1993-1998). Ottawa, Ont: Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada, 2002.

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Części książek na temat "Evidence (law) – wales"

Choo, Andrew L. T. "England and Wales: Fair Trial Analysis and the Presumed Admissibility of Physical Evidence". W Exclusionary Rules in Comparative Law, 331–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5348-8_14.

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Geishecker, Ingo. "Outsourcing and the Demand for Low-skilled Labour: Exemplary Evidence from German Manufacturing Industries". W Minimum Wages, Low Pay and Unemployment, 176–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524071_6.

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Schöllkopf, Wieland. "Grating Diffraction of Molecular Beams: Present Day Implementations of Otto Stern’s Concept". W Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 575–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_25.

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AbstractWhen Otto Stern embarked on molecular-beam experiments in his new lab at Hamburg University a century ago, one of his interests was to demonstrate the wave-nature of atoms and molecules that had been predicted shortly before by Louis de Broglie. As the effects of diffraction and interference provide conclusive evidence for wave-type behavior, Otto Stern and his coworkers conceived two matter-wave diffraction experiments employing their innovative molecular-beam method. The first concept assumed the molecular ray to coherently scatter off a plane ruled grating at grazing incidence conditions, while the second one was based on the coherent scattering from a cleaved crystal surface. The latter concept allowed Stern and his associates to demonstrate the wave behavior of atoms and molecules and to validate de Broglie’s formula. The former experiment, however, fell short of providing evidence for diffraction of matter waves. It was not until 2007 that the grating diffraction experiment was retried with a modern molecular-beam apparatus. Fully resolved matter-wave diffraction patterns were observed, confirming the viability of Otto Stern’s experimental concept. The correct explanation of the experiment accounts for quantum reflection, another wave effect incompatible with the particle picture, which was not foreseen by Stern and his contemporaries.

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Ortega, Ana I., Francisco Ruiz, Miguel A. Martín, Alfonso Benito-Calvo, Marco Vidal, Lucía Bermejo i Theodoros Karampaglidis. "Prehistoric Human Tracks in Ojo Guareña Cave System (Burgos, Spain): The Sala and Galerías de las Huellas". W Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks, 317–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60406-6_17.

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AbstractIn 1969, members of Grupo Espeleológico Edelweiss discovered the Sala and Galerías de las Huellas in Ojo Guareña Cave system (Burgos, Spain). These contained hundreds of ancient human footprints, preserved in the soft sediment on the floor. These footprints represent the tracks of a small group of people who walked barefoot through these complex passages in the cave. Owing to the difficult compatibility of the documentation and preservation of these prints, it was not possible to study them before the development of new non-invasive remote sensing techniques. However, since 2012 optical laser scanning and digital photogrammetry have been used in Galerías de las Huellas, in combination with GIS techniques, to obtain a model of the cave floor, where the footprints and their internal morphology can be observed in detail. We have identified over 1000 prehistoric human footprints and at least 18 distinct trackways through the passages, which could have been left by around 8–10 individuals. Since 2016, an archaeological field study has been conducted in this sector, in order to determine and explore its surrounding area and find other archaeological evidence that may be directly associated with these tracks. Numerous remains of torches are preserved on the walls and floor in the immediate surroundings of the footprint sites. Some of them have been dated, which has revealed the intensive use of this underground landscape from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic-Neolithic. However, the remains in Sala and Galerías de las Huellas date solely to the Chalcolithic, around 4300 calBP.

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"The Criminal Justice System in England and Wales". W Blackstone’s Handbook for Policing Students, redaktorzy Dominic Wood, Sarah Bradshaw, Tara Dickens, Julian Parker-McLeod, Francis Simpson i Graham Weaver. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192872135.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the key features of the criminal justice system (CJS) in England and Wales. It gives a brief account of some of the legislation that protects the general rights of UK citizens, such as the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Police and Criminal Evidence (PACE) Act 1984 Codes of Practice. In the UK, the concept of the CJS refers to the law and law enforcement, and deals with transgressions of the law. The chapter then explains the process of prosecutions, which could either be conducted by the police or the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). It details the principles of criminal liability, which involves the notions of actus reus and mens rea.

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"France and England and Wales". W Improperly Obtained Evidence in Anglo-American and Continental Law. Hart Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474202503.ch-003.

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Cento, Veljanovski. "Part VI The Legal Process, 22 Expert Evidence". W Cartel Damages. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198855163.003.0022.

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This chapter explores expert evidence in English courts. Economists are used as experts, together with accountants, in competition damage cases to give opinion evidence on competition issues and quantification of damages. Experts have a duty to the court which overrides that to their clients to give independent and objective evidence. In England and Wales, there are strict rules regarding expert evidence in court. They are governed by expert rules and the rules of evidence. The chapter then details the process and the role played by experts in competition litigation. Litigation is an uncertain affair with no guaranteed outcome. Experts have a responsibility and legal duty to prepare a professional report and give evidence under oath at trial. Where an expert has been negligent and not fulfilled their duty to the court, they may be responsible for the costs incurred by the other side in dealing with their defective evidence.

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Bobek, Michal. "England and Wales". W Comparative Reasoning in European Supreme Courts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680382.003.0006.

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In this chapter, the theory and the practice of comparative reasoning in the English courts is examined. In spite of the English system being for a number of reasons ideally placed to receive comparative inspiration from abroad, there is little evidence of direct judicial foreign inspiration being drawn, with one notable exception: the inspiration obtained from other (selected few) common law countries. The question then becomes how to classify such intra-common law referencing: is it extra-systemic, comparative reasoning at all?

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Wright, Nancy E. "The problem of Aboriginal evidence in early colonial New South Wales". W Law, history, colonialism. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781526119704.00018.

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Glover, Richard. "6. Witnesses". W Murphy on Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198788737.003.0006.

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This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the law on witness competence and compatibility. The general rule of law in England and Wales is that all witnesses, including children, are competent (able to give evidence) and witnesses are also compellable (liable to be required to give evidence subject to sanction for contempt). Particular rules apply to children and persons under disability, the accused in a criminal case, and spouses and civil partners. The second part deals with oaths and affirmations, covering the requirement of sworn evidence; the effect of oaths and affirmations; and exceptions to the requirement of sworn evidence.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Evidence (law) – wales"

Watmuff, Jonathan H. "Effects of Weak Free Stream Nonuniformity on Boundary Layer Transition (Keynote Paper)". W ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45685.

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Experiments are described in which well-defined FSN (Free Stream Nonuniformity) distributions are introduced by placing fine wires upstream of the leading edge of a flat plate. Large amplitude spanwise thickness variations are present in the downstream boundary layer resulting from the interaction of the laminar wakes with the leading edge. Regions of elevated background unsteadiness appear on either side of the peak layer thickness, which share many of the characteristics of Klebanoff modes, observed at elevated Free Stream Turbulence (FST) levels. However, for the low background disturbance level of the free stream, the layer remains laminar to the end of the test section (Rx ≈ l.4×106) and there is no evidence of bursting or other phenomena associated with breakdown to turbulence. A vibrating ribbon apparatus is used to demonstrate that the deformation of the mean flow is responsible for substantial phase and amplitude distortion of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves. Pseudo-flow visualization of hot-wire data shows that the breakdown of the distorted waves is more complex and occurs at a lower Reynolds number than the breakdown of the K-type secondary instability observed when the FSN is not present.

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Tilahun, Muluken, Elaine P. Scott i Brian Vick. "The Question of Thermal Waves in Heterogeneous and Biological Materials". W ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0596.

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Abstract There have been two recent experimental studies that have sparked a renewed interest in thermal wave behavior at the macro-scale level. Both reported thermal relaxation times of 10 seconds or higher. However, no further experimental evidence of this behavior has been reported. Due to the extreme significance of these findings, the objectives of this study were to try to reproduce these earlier studies and offer an explanation for the outcome. These two previous studies were repeated following the experimental protocol provided in the studies as closely as practically possible. First, studies on heterogeneous materials were repeated using sand, an ion exchanger, and NaHC03. A second set of experiments was conducted on bologna. In both cases, the temperature response to a specified boundary condition was recorded. The results from the first set of experiments suggested that the thermal relaxation times presented in the previous study were actually the thermal lag expected from applying Fourier’s Law taking into account the uncertainty of the temperature sensor. In the second set of experiments, unlike the distinct jumps in temperature found previously, no indication of wave behavior was found. Here the explanation for the previous results was more difficult to ascertain. Possible explanations include problems with either the data acquisition system or the temperature sensors used.

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Varma, Rajendra, Joaquim A. O. Barros i José Sena-Cruz. "Behaviour of laminar RC structures subjected to cyclic loading". W IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0268.

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<p>When a concrete element is subjected to a multi-axial stress field, a suitable failure criterion is required to define the failure of concrete, e.g. Mohr-Columb, Drucker Prager, etc. This paper presents the modelling of laminar concrete structures like walls that can be considered as a plane stress problem, or 3D plane shells assumed as the assemblage of layers in plane stress state.</p><p>Some of the important aspects of the plane stress simulation are to address the following issues: the strength of concrete subjected to biaxial stresses; deviation in material properties before and after cracking; concrete cracking and, the crack propagation. As all these mechanical behaviours are critical to predict the behaviour of laminar structures, hence the issues are investigated by development of numerical model. Cyclic material constitutive laws were implemented in in-house finite element software – FEMIX. The material model matches the existing experimental evidence for the behaviour of reinforced concrete shear wall subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. The implemented model does simulate the strength increase of concrete when submitted to biaxial compression, and the strength decrease when submitted to tension-compression and tension- tension, as was evidenced by experimental research.</p>

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Vadasz, J., J. P. Meyer, S. Govender, M. Andrick, W. Carter, H. Ebrahim, A. Naidoo, I. Ngubane i M. Ogle. "Experimental Evidence of Density and Mechanical Properties Enhancements of Binary Alloys by Soldification Subject to Vibrations". W ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68148.

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Preliminary evidence of density and mechanical properties enhancement of binary alloys by solidification subject to vibrations is presented. The frequency of vibrations was increased from 0 to 100 Hz by using sound waves as the vibration source. The latter shows that the solidified microstructure, the ultimate tensile strength, and the hardness improve as the frequency increases. The chosen alloy for this study was Pb-Sb 4.4% (lead antimony 4.4%) and was selected because of its low melting temperature. The cast chosen was of a rod shape having a diameter of 10mm and a length 500mm. This choice is consistent with assuming an infinite length and therefore ignoring boundary effects in a planned theoretical follow-up analysis. Also due to the geometry of the mould it can be assumed that the cast was cooled due to conduction alone.

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Vadasz, J., J. P. Meyer, S. Govender, M. Andrick, W. Carter, H. Ebrahim, A. Naidoo, I. Ngubane i M. Ogle. "Experimental Evidence of Density and Mechanical Properties Enhancement of Binary Alloys by Solidification Subject to Vibrations". W ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88587.

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Li, H. H., i B. T. F. Chung. "The Effect of Streamwise Diffusion on Natural Convection From Isothermal, Vertical Parallel Plates". W ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0983.

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Abstract More and more evidence has shown that, at low Rayleigh numbers, the natural convective heat transfer from vertical isothermal channel walls is higher than the widely accepted fully-developed asymptote. This paper attempts to analyze the reason for this discrepancy by numerically solving the full Navier-Stokes equations and comparing with the results obtained from the parabolic type of equations. Calculations are made for the air on a wide range of the Rayleigh number and the channel aspect ratio. It is found that the vertical diffusion contained in elliptic formulation becomes important at a low Rayleigh number and cannot be neglected. The fully-developed asymptote supported by the parabolic solution appears to underpredict the Nusselt number except for special conditions.

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McCready, M. J., i D. D. Uphold. "Formation of Large Disturbances in Separated Fluid-Fluid Flows". W ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0753.

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Abstract If flow regime transitions to slugging or annular flow occur from an initially stratified state, growth of long wavelength waves to large amplitude has been implicated by previous researchers (e. g., Barnea, 1991) as an important mechanism. Thus it is not surprising that various linear stability theories have been used to predict when such waves will grow and therefore the onset of such transitions. However there is much evidence that longwave disturbances do not grow directly from infinitesimal amplitude by linear processes (e.g., Fan et al., 1993) and thus the use of linear stability theory to predict flow regime transitions may not be reliable. This paper compares experiments into wave formation with predictions of linear theory. It is seen that linear theory provides only part of the story of wave formation. Waves must be linearly unstable to grow to significant amplitude, but observed subharmonic and low mode formation or even saturation of the linearly growing peak, are not predicted by linear theory. Weakly nonlinear theories can predict wave mode interactions and stabilization, but experiments with paddle-induced waves suggest that there is no dramatic destabilization for wavenumbers below the peak as suggested from the positive value of the Landau coefficient in this range.

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Bake, Friedrich, Ulf Michel i Ingo Roehle. "Investigation of Entropy Noise in Aero-Engine Combustors". W ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90093.

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Strong evidence is presented that entropy noise is the major source of external noise in aero-engine combustion. Entropy noise is generated in the outlet nozzles of combustors. Low frequency entropy noise — which was predicted earlier in theory and numerical simulations — was successfully detected in a generic aero-engine combustion chamber. It is shown that entropy noise dominates even in the case of thermo-acoustic resonances. In addition to this, a different noise generating mechanism was discovered that is presumably of even higher relevance to jet engines: There is strong evidence of broad band entropy noise at higher frequencies (1 kHz to 3 kHz in the reported tests). This unexpected effect can be explained by the interaction of small scale entropy perturbations (hot spots) with the strong pressure gradient in the outlet nozzle. The direct combustion noise of the flame zone seems to be of minor importance for the noise emission to the ambiance. The combustion experiments were supplemented by experiments with electrical heating. Two different methods for generating entropy waves were used, a pulse excitation and a sinusoidal excitation. In addition, high-frequency entropy noise was generated by steady electrical heating.

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Biagiotti, Sara, Juri Bellucci, Michele Marconcini, Andrea Arnone, Gino Baldi, Mirko Ignesti, Vittorio Michelassi i Libero Tapinassi. "Impact of Turbine Center Frame Wakes on Downstream Rows in Heavy Duty Low Pressure Turbine". W ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90721.

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Abstract In this work, the effects of Turbine Center Frame (TCF) wakes on the aeromechanical behavior of the downstream Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) blades are numerically investigated and compared with experimental data. A small industrial gas turbine has been selected as a test case, composed of a TCF followed by the two low pressure stages and a Turbine Rear Frame (TRF) before the exhaust plenum. Full annulus unsteady computations of the whole low-pressure module have been performed. Two operating conditions, full (100%) and partial (50%) load, have been investigated with the aim of highlighting the impact of TCF wakes convection and diffusion through the downstream rows. Attention was paid to the harmonic content of rotors’ blades. From an aerodynamic point of view, the results show a slower decay of the wakes through the downstream rows in off-design conditions as compared to the design point. The wakes generated by the struts at partial load persist throughout the domain outlet, while they are chopped and circumferentially transported by the rotors motion. This is due to the strong incidence variation at which the TCF works, which induces the growth of wide regions of separated flow on the rear part of the struts. Nevertheless, the analysis of the rotors’ frequency spectrum reveals that moving from design to off-design conditions, the effect of the TCF does not change significantly, thanks to the filtering action of the first LPT stage movable Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV). From unsteady calculations the harmonic contribution of all turbine components has been extracted, highlighting the effect of statoric parts on the last LPT blade. Anyhow the TCF harmonic content remains the most relevant from an aeromechanic point of view as per experimental evidence, and it is considered for a Forced Response Analysis (FRA) on the last LPT blade itself. Finally, aerodynamic and aeromechanic predictions have been compared with the experimental data to validate the numerical approach. In the last part of this paper some general design solutions, that can help mitigation of the TCF wakes impact, are discussed.

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Arndt, N. "Blade Row Interaction in a Multistage Low-Pressure Turbine". W ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-283.

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The objective of this work was to enhance the understanding of unsteady flow phenomena in multistage low-pressure turbines. For this purpose, hot-film probe measurements were made downstream of every rotor blade row of a five-stage low-pressure turbine. Rotor-rotor interaction and stator-rotor interaction were observed to have a profound influence on the flow through the low-pressure turbine. Interaction of rotors of different turbine stages occurred owing to the influence of the wakes shed by one rotor blade row upon the flow through the next downstream rotor blade row. This wake-induced rotor-rotor interaction resulted in strongly amplitude-modulated periodic and turbulent velocity fluctuations downstream of every rotor blade row with the exception of the most upstream one. Significantly different wake depths and turbulence levels measured downstream of every rotor blade row at different circumferential positions evidenced the effect of the circumferentially nonuniform stator exit flow upon the next downstream rotor blade row. Stator-rotor interaction also strongly influenced the overturning and the underturning of the rotor wakes, caused by the rotor secondary flows, in the rotor endwall regions. Low rotor wake overturning and underturning, i.e., reduced rotor secondary flow influence, were observed to correlate well with low rotor wake turbulence levels.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Evidence (law) – wales"

Mori, Ipsos. Local Authority Capacity and Capability. Food Standards Agency, sierpień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dvl526.

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The FSA has a key role as the central competent authority in overseeing official food and feed controls undertaken by local authorities. This supports the delivery of the FSA’s mission, food you can trust, and helps ensure food is safe and what it says it is. The FSA seeks to work in partnership with local authorities to help them to deliver official food and feed controls. Local Authority (LA) Environmental Health (EH), Port Health and Trading Standards (TS) teams deliver official food and feed controls using a range of interventions as set out in the Food Law Code of Practice (FLCoP) and Feed Law Code of Practice (FeLCoP). They are instrumental to the delivery of the FSA mission, across England, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumer confidence and protect public health. Evidence from professional bodies, LAs and wider sources suggests that LAs are experiencing significant issues around the recruitment and retention of suitably/ appropriately qualified and experienced officers.(footnote 1) The FSA commissioned Ipsos UK to carry out this initial phase of discovery research to understand more about the barriers and facilitators encountered by LAs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland

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Jardim, Ekaterina, Mark Long, Robert Plotnick, Emma van Inwegen, Jacob Vigdor i Hilary Wething. Minimum Wage Increases, Wages, and Low-Wage Employment: Evidence from Seattle. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, czerwiec 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23532.

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UK, Ipsos. Survey of public attitudes towards precision breeding. Food Standards Agency, październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ouv127.

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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Bill is currently going through Parliament. Although this bill is ‘England only’ and food and feed safety and hygiene is a devolved issue, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) will introduce a separate regulatory framework for precision bred organisms (PBOs), should the Bill become law. The FSA will also work with stakeholders in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumers’ interests are protected in relation to PBOs. The FSA / Food Standard Scotland (FSS) is science and evidence led. In August 2022, the FSA and FSS commissioned Ipsos UK to conduct a two-phase social research project on precision breeding. Phase One, now complete, involved a survey of 4,177 UK residents with robust samples in each UK nation to allow comparisons between and within nations. Phase Two, scheduled to start in September 2022 and report in early 2023, will comprise a series of Citizens’ Forums in England, Wales and Northern Ireland(footnote 1). The overall aims of this project are to: explore consumer attitudes towards precision breeding gather consumer views on the FSA’s proposed regulatory framework understand consumer information needs inform how to communicate with consumers about precision breeding. This document presents interim findings for this project, reporting descriptive data from Phase One. Phase One’s core aims were to provide a snapshot of consumers’ awareness and self-assessed knowledge of precision breeding, its perceived acceptability, risks and benefits, and consumer appetite for information about this production method. These data show that awareness of precision breeding is very low, something which should be borne in mind when considering these findings. While these data reveal that there is a general openness to trying precision bred foods across the UK, with more people anticipating benefits than disbenefits from the use of precision breeding, there is a large degree of uncertainty about what impact precision bred foods may have on the different parts of the food system. This is reflected in the relatively large proportions of people taking a neutral stance or indicating they do not know enough to answer survey questions and in the strong appetite expressed for information about precision breeding to be provided. The next phase of this project will be essential for the FSA’s ability to interpret these findings’ implications, and to understand what is informing consumers’ views. The purpose of Phase One has always been to let the FSA know ‘what’ consumers think about precision breeding; Phase Two’s purpose is to build our understanding ‘why’ they think it. This will allow the FSA to develop a more nuanced understanding of consumers’ needs and incorporate this into the design of the future regulatory framework and any engagement with consumers on precision breeding. FSS will be carrying out further research in Scotland.

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Bellony, Annelle, Hugo R. Ñopo i Alejandro Hoyos. Gender Earnings Gaps in the Caribbean: Evidence from Barbados and Jamaica. Inter-American Development Bank, sierpień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010994.

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This paper analyzes gender earnings gaps in Barbados and Jamaica, using amatching comparisons approach. In both countries, as in most of the Caribbean region, females educational achievement is higher than that of males. Nonetheless, males earnings surpass those of their female peers. Depending on the set of control characteristics, males earnings surpass those of females by between 14 and 27 percent of average females wages in Barbados, and between 8 and 17 percent of average females wages in Jamaica. In the former, the highest earnings gaps are found among low-income workers. Results from both countries confirm a finding that has been recurrent with this matching approach: the complete elimination of gender occupational segregation in labor markets would increase rather than reduce gender earnings gaps. The evidence is mixed regarding segregation by economic sectors. Occupational experience, in the case of Barbados, and job tenure, in the case of Jamaica, help to explain existing gender earnings gaps.

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Bonilla-Mejía, Leonardo, Luz Adriana Flórez, Didier Hermida, Francisco Javier Lasso-Valderrama, Leonardo Fabio Morales, Juan José Ospina--Tejeiro i José Pulido. Is the Covid-19 Pandemic Fast-Tracking Automation in Developing Countries? Evidence from Colombia. Banco de la República, październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1209.

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This paper assesses whether the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated automation in developing countries. We studied the case of Colombia, a country with low R&D and productivity and with high labor informality and unemployment. We estimated event-study models to assess the differential effect of the pandemic on job openings and salaried employment by the potential degree of automation of each occupation. Our results suggest that both vacancies and salaried employment fell more in highly automatable occupations during the pandemic and have since experienced a slower recovery. The effect of the pandemic on automation is mostly driven by sectors that were affected by mobility restrictions. We also found heterogeneous effects by age and gender. The acceleration of automation is mainly affecting the labor market for females and individuals over the age of 40. Finally, we explored the differential effect on occupations with wages around the minimum wage. We found that occupations with wages close to the minimum wage exhibit the highest effect, especially at the onset of the pandemic.

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Benitez-Rueda, Miguel, Nicolás Domínguez i Eric Parrado. Mobility Restrictions and Automation in the Developing World: Evidence from Peru's Labor Market. Inter-American Development Bank, kwiecień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004864.

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Mobility restrictions have the potential to accelerate automation. Using difference-indifferences and triple-differences empirical strategies, and leveraging cross-industry variation in mobility restrictions and within-industry variations in automation risk, this paper estimates the impact of pandemic-related restrictions on automation in Peru. Our results indicate that mobility restrictions significantly decreased employment rates (22.5%) and hourly wages (74.1%) for workers in highly automatable jobs up to 18 months after the shock. These effects were particularly pronounced among women, small and medium-sized firms, informal workers, and individuals with low and medium skill levels working in manufacturing, construction, and services. Evidence suggests that occupational mobility from high-risk to low-risk jobs drove recovery afterwards.

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Cengiz, Doruk, Arindrajit Dube, Attila Lindner i Ben Zipperer. The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs: Evidence from the United States Using a Bunching Estimator. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, styczeń 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25434.

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Samaniego de la Parra, Brenda, Andrea Otero-Cortés i Leonardo Fabio Morales. The Labor Market Effects of Part-Time Contributions to Social Security: Evidence from Colombia. Banco de la República, październik 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.302.

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In 2014, Colombia implemented a policy that added flexibilization to labor contracts for part-time workers that reduced the quasi-fixed costs of employing formal workers. We find that the reform increased the probability of entering the formal sector within the targeted population: low-wage, part-time workers. We use administrative employer-employee matched data and leverage variation across cities and industries in demand for part-time work before the reform. We find that, after the tax reform, the change in the total number of formal workers is 6 percentage points higher at firms that use the new contracts relative to their counterparts that choose not to hire low-wage, formal, part-time workers under the new tax form. Mean daily wages temporarily declined after the reform.

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Neumark, David, i William Wascher. Evidence on Employment Effects of Minimum Wages and Subminimum Wage Provisions From Panel Data on State Minimum Wage Laws. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, październik 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3859.

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Gómez-Lobo, Andrés, Santiago Sánchez González i Vileydy González Mejia. Means-tested transit subsidies in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004532.

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This paper reviews three targeted transit subsidies applied in Latin America. The Vale Transporte scheme in Brazil is the oldest, having been introduced in 1985. Household survey data for 26 metropolitan areas were used to estimate the distributional impact of the Vale Transporte. The results indicate that this program is badly targeted to low-income individuals. In 19 of the 26 cities, this subsidy is regressive. The reason is that only formal sector workers are eligible for this benefit while many low-income individuals work in the informal sector in Brazil. In addition, since this subsidy is paid by employers it is reasonable to expect compensating equilibrium effects in wages or unemployment. We present evidence that suggests that this may have occurred with wages. In contrast, Bogota and Buenos Aires have implemented demand side means-tested subsidies during the last decade. In these cases, criteria from the general welfare system are used to determine eligibility and both have been implemented using smartcard payment technology. We review the available information on the design, operation, and distributional outcomes for each case. This review provides useful information for policymakers interested in the design and implementation of targeted transit subsidies.

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