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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Evidence (law) – england"
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Cocks, Raymond, i Christopher Allen. "The Law of Evidence in Victorian England". American Journal of Legal History 42, nr 3 (lipiec 1998): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/846184.
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Simpson, A. W. Brian, i Christopher Allen. "The Law of Evidence in Victorian England". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 30, nr 3 (1998): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053336.
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Horstman, Allen, i C. J. W. Allen. "The Law of Evidence in Victorian England". American Historical Review 104, nr 4 (październik 1999): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649706.
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Pue, W. Wesley. "The Law of Evidence in Victorian England (review)". Victorian Studies 43, nr 2 (2001): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2001.0032.
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Pattenden, Rosemary. "Authenticating ‘Things’ in English Law: Principles for Adducing Tangible Evidence in Common Law Jury Trials". International Journal of Evidence & Proof 12, nr 4 (listopad 2008): 273–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijep.2008.12.4.303.
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This article explores the true nature of authentication of tangible evidence in English law and kindred jurisdictions. It first identifies general principles governing the respective roles of judge and jury in the authentication of tangible evidence embedded within the case law of England and Wales. Those principles are then compared and contrasted to the rules governing authentication of evidence under the US Federal Rules of Evidence. Finally, general principles of authentication in English law are examined in relation to the authentication of forensic science evidence; film, video, photographs and sound recordings; private documents; computer output; and recorded confessions.
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ELLIOT, MICHAEL D. "New Evidence for the Influence of Gallic Canon Law in Anglo-Saxon England". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 64, nr 4 (9.09.2013): 700–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002204691300153x.
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The importance of canon law collections to Anglo-Saxon legal culture has long been thought negligible, especially in comparison to the considerable importance of an alternative genre of canonical literature known as the penitential handbook. Over the past several decades, however, evidence for the use and circulation of continental canon law collections in pre-Conquest England has been mounting, to the extent that it could challenge traditional notions about the dominance of penitential law in the early English Church. This study presents new evidence for the reception in Anglo-Saxon England of a major continental collection known as theCollectio vetus Gallica.
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Merrington, Simon, i Steve Stanley. "‘What Works?’: Revisiting the Evidence in England and Wales". Probation Journal 51, nr 1 (marzec 2004): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550504042445.
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Klambauer, Eva. "Policing roulette: Sex workers’ perception of encounters with police officers in the indoor and outdoor sector in England". Criminology & Criminal Justice 18, nr 3 (16.05.2017): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895817709865.
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The regulation of sex work continues to be a divisive topic in England and internationally. Policies governing the policing of the sex industry in England are continually revised and debated, but are seldom grounded in empirical evidence of sex workers’ experiences. Based on 49 qualitative interviews with sex workers in England, this article finds that indoor sex workers had far more positive experiences with the police than outdoor sex workers. Despite this difference, both indoor and outdoor sex workers perceive their interactions with the police through the lens of their stigmatized status as sex workers and do not expect respectful treatment by the police. This article presents compelling evidence that an enforcement-led approach to policing creates insuperable barriers to the success of protective policing.
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Bright, Susan, i Hannah Dixie. "Evidence of green leases in England and Wales". International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 6, nr 1/2 (8.04.2014): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-07-2013-0027.
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Purpose – This paper aims to report on research that investigates the use of green clauses in leases of office and retail premises in England and Wales. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examined 26 recent leases of green build properties registered at HM Land Registry. The green clauses discovered were classified and compared with the model form green clauses promoted by the London-based Better Building Partnership's Green Lease Toolkit. Findings – Of the 26 leases analysed, 18 contained some form of green provision. Research limitations/implications – As the sample selected was not representative, a larger study is needed to detect trends in green leasing. This research method does not show the impact of green clauses on property management. Practical implications – This research illustrates the types of clauses that have been used in leases but also shows that green leasing principles are not yet the industry standard. Many new, long leases still make no reference to environmental practices. Originality/value – This is the first research to be done examining the green content of agreed leases and develops a methodology that can be used for future research.
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Graham, Kenneth W., i William Twining. ""There'll Always Be an England": The Instrumental Ideology of Evidence". Michigan Law Review 85, nr 5/6 (kwiecień 1987): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1289049.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Evidence (law) – england"
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Kangur, Andreas. "Can rules of criminal evidence be devised that would be uniform across jurisdictions?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6388/.
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The thesis focuses on comparative criminal evidence law and sets out to explore whether it is possible to devise rules of criminal evidence that would suit different jurisdictions. This work should be treated as an exploratory project as it aims to find a suitable approach and then test it using three different rubrics of evidence law – evidence of prior convictions, hearsay evidence and standard of proof. Those rubrics in six different jurisdictions will be examined. The thesis first discusses the mainstream dichotomous approach to comparative criminal procedure and evidence, concluding that the inquisitorial-adversarial distinction has by today lost much of its descriptive power and was never meant to be a normative model. Instead, the author finds that all Western style jurisdictions today are concerned with accurate fact-finding and in order to facilitate accurate fact-finding, should take into consideration the cognitive needs and abilities of fact-finders. Since for the most part human cognition is universally the same, this psychology-based approach can serve as a foundation for evaluating the evidentiary regulation – and unless some extra-epistemic factors prevail, should guide legislatures towards optimizing and unifying their evidentiary regulation. Based on the recent studies in legal psychology, the author offers recommendations that would be workable in all sample jurisdictions. This is in part possible because empirical research tends to debunk often-held beliefs about professional judges being far superior fact-finders immune from the cognitive biases and emotional appeal usually attributed to jurors.
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Fairclough, Samantha. "The role of equality in the provision of special measures to vulnerable and/or intimidated court users giving evidence in Crown Court trials". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7668/.
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Vulnerable and/or intimidated court users are able to give evidence with the assistance of special measures. This thesis examines the role of equality in the provision of such measures to those giving evidence in Crown Court trials. I adopt Keith Hawkins’ conceptual framework of surround, field and frames to analyse the multitude of factors relevant to understanding its role. The standard of equality I invoke is that which underpinned the initial development of special measures for non-defendant witnesses. This is used to assess whether the law remains committed to equal treatment despite the unequal provision of special measures between vulnerable and/or intimidated defendant and non-defendant witnesses. Furthermore, using findings from interviews undertaken with 18 criminal practitioners, I consider the role that the principle of equality appears to play in the use of special measures. I conclude that the principle of equality is not consistently upheld in the provision of special measures in law and practice. Barriers to its more prominent role include the way, and the socio-political context in which, special measures law developed; the legal field in which they are invoked; and the way that criminal practitioners appear to frame decisions about their use.
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Al-Serhan, Bakr Abdel Fattah. "The role of the civil court in dealing with expert evidence : a comparative study between the civil procedure rules of England (part 35/CPR) and the civil procedure law of Jordan". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428278.
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Elliot, Michael. "Canon Law Collections in England ca 600-1066: The Manuscript Evidence". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43550.
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This dissertation summarizes the evidence for the use of canon law collections in England during the Christian Anglo-Saxon period, that is ca 600-1066. The method is text-historical, the focus being firstly on the scientific description of the primary evidence, and secondly on the evaluation of that evidence to determine which canon law collections were in circulation in Anglo-Saxon England, and exactly when, where and (in some cases) to whom they may have been available. An attempt is also made (in Chapter 2) to find a place for future discussion of canon law collections within the field of Anglo-Saxon Studies, a field traditionally resistant to this particular aspect of early medieval legal culture.
This dissertation has been envisioned as primarily descriptive. Here and there, however, attempts are made to venture beyond mere description of the evidence and explore the broader significance of canon law collections to Anglo-Saxon legal culture as a whole; however, given the still nascent state of the study of Anglo-Saxon canon law, such explorations are very often speculative and can only be considered preliminary to a more detailed investigation into the social, political and institutional significance of the evidence that is herein presented. This is simply to say that the goals of the present study are more humble than might be hoped. A solid foundation, rather than a consummate edifice of historical analysis, is sought after. Indeed, it bears advertising up front that not only has the definitive treatment of Anglo-Saxon canon law yet to be written; in all likelihood, it will still be many years before it is even prudent to attempt such a thing.
The appendices contain a number of transcriptions of canon law collections from Anglo-Saxon manuscripts, including the first ever transcriptions of the Collectio Sanblasiana and Collectio Turonensis, as well as transcriptions of Book 4 of the Collectio quadripartita and of the Collectio Wigorniensis (or 'Excerptiones pseudo-Ecgberhti') in four of its five redactions. The appendices also contain a review of the complex historiography surrounding the latter two collections, as well as case studies of three texts that appear to have been crucial to the development of canon law in the Anglo-Saxon church, namely the Libellus responsionum, the Constitutum Silvestri, and Ecgberht of York's Dialogus. While the appendixed material is intended primarily as support for the broader arguments developed in the dissertation proper, it is also hoped that scholars will find some of that material useful in its own right, and that it will serve to promote further discussion of the importance of canon law collections, especially Continental canon law collections, within the context of Anglo-Saxon history.
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Stylios, Alexandre. "L'aveu dans les traditions occidentales accusatoire et inquisitoire : une brève histoire de l'aveu en droit pénal". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18527.
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Cette thèse trace l’évolution de l’aveu dans les traditions pénales accusatoire et inquisitoire dans le cadre d’une démarche historique allant de l’antiquité à nos jours. Elle révèle que l’aveu a toujours constitué le point de tension des enjeux de vérité et de justice de la procédure pénale et explique comment l’aveu, influencé et transformé par la religion, est devenu un moyen de preuve indépendant dans les traditions accusatoire et inquisitoire en tant que récit de vérité permettant certes d’identifier le coupable mais aussi de l’analyser.This thesis analyses confession in Western legal traditions through a historical approach starting in antiquity. Through the study of English, French and Canadian law, it shows how the suspect’s statements have been apprehend by the accusatorial and inquisitorial systems of criminal justice, revealing that confession has always constituted and still constitutes to this day the cornerstone of truth and justice in criminal procedure. It also explains how confession, influenced and transformed by religion, has become an independent means of proof in both systems as a way to both identify and understand the guilty.
Książki na temat "Evidence (law) – england"
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Nicola, Padfield, red. Evidence. Wyd. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
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Allen, C. J. W. The law of evidence in Victorian England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
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1912-1980, Cross Rupert Sir, red. Cross and Tapper on evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
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Welsh, Alexander. Strong representations: Narrative and circumstantial evidence in England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
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Welsh, Alexander. Strong representations: Narrative and circumstantial evidence in England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
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Archbold, John Frederick. Pleading, evidence & practice in criminal cases. Wyd. 4. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1985.
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Archbold, John Frederick. Pleading, evidence & practice in criminal cases. Wyd. 4. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1985.
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Archbold, John Frederick. Pleading, evidence & practice in criminal cases. Wyd. 4. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1985.
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Archbold, John Frederick. Pleading, evidence & practice in criminal cases. Wyd. 4. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1985.
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Archbold, John Frederick. Pleading, evidence and practice in criminal cases. Wyd. 4. London: Sweet & Maxwell., 1987.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Evidence (law) – england"
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Kelly, Henry Ansgar. "Jews and Saracens in Chaucer's England: A Review of the Evidence". W Law and Religion in Chaucer's England, VII—129—VII—169. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003420712-7.
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Mukherji, Subha. "‘Unmanly Indignities’: Adultery, Evidence and Judgement in Heywood’s A Woman Killed with Kindness". W Literature, Politics and Law in Renaissance England, 71–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230597662_4.
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Choo, Andrew L. T. "England and Wales: Fair Trial Analysis and the Presumed Admissibility of Physical Evidence". W Exclusionary Rules in Comparative Law, 331–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5348-8_14.
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Landsman, Stephan. "Facts and Evidence: A Case Study of Developments in England’s Old Bailey Criminal Court During the Eighteenth Century". W A Dialogue Between Law and History, 211–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9685-8_12.
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Richards, Joan L. "Robert Leslie Ellis: An Almost Perfect Moral Nature". W Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 147–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85258-0_7.
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AbstractSophia De Morgan met Robert Ellis when he was a student at Cambridge, and ever-after remembered him to possess an “almost perfect moral nature.” Her response to the sickly young man was typical of the ways Victorians responded to invalids like John Keats or Elizabeth Barrett Browning. But Ellis was neither a poet nor a woman. In the case of Ellis, the evidence of his moral character lay in the facility with which he practiced mathematics. Throughout the eighteenth century, the success of Newtonian cosmology served the English as a guarantee that in mathematics they could align their thoughts with the mind of God and by so doing truly understand the world in which they lived. As they moved into the nineteenth century, however, this assurance of unity between the human and the divine was being challenged on many fronts. When Sophia attributed “an almost perfect moral character” to the sickly young man, she was recognizing him as an ally in a battle for England’s soul that centered on the nature of mathematics.
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"The Criminal Justice System in England and Wales". W Blackstone’s Handbook for Policing Students, redaktorzy Dominic Wood, Sarah Bradshaw, Tara Dickens, Julian Parker-McLeod, Francis Simpson i Graham Weaver. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192872135.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the key features of the criminal justice system (CJS) in England and Wales. It gives a brief account of some of the legislation that protects the general rights of UK citizens, such as the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Police and Criminal Evidence (PACE) Act 1984 Codes of Practice. In the UK, the concept of the CJS refers to the law and law enforcement, and deals with transgressions of the law. The chapter then explains the process of prosecutions, which could either be conducted by the police or the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). It details the principles of criminal liability, which involves the notions of actus reus and mens rea.
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"France and England and Wales". W Improperly Obtained Evidence in Anglo-American and Continental Law. Hart Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474202503.ch-003.
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Cento, Veljanovski. "Part VI The Legal Process, 22 Expert Evidence". W Cartel Damages. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198855163.003.0022.
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This chapter explores expert evidence in English courts. Economists are used as experts, together with accountants, in competition damage cases to give opinion evidence on competition issues and quantification of damages. Experts have a duty to the court which overrides that to their clients to give independent and objective evidence. In England and Wales, there are strict rules regarding expert evidence in court. They are governed by expert rules and the rules of evidence. The chapter then details the process and the role played by experts in competition litigation. Litigation is an uncertain affair with no guaranteed outcome. Experts have a responsibility and legal duty to prepare a professional report and give evidence under oath at trial. Where an expert has been negligent and not fulfilled their duty to the court, they may be responsible for the costs incurred by the other side in dealing with their defective evidence.
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Reid, Peter H. "Tanzanian Criminal Law". W Every Hill a Burial Place, 112–16. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813179988.003.0016.
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“If a Person is convicted of murder, the death penalty is obligatory.” Although Tanzanian criminal law is derived from the British colonial legal system, by the time of trial changes had been made. The Indian Codes—that is, Penal Code, Evidence Code, and certain civil codes—had been developed starting in the mid-1820s by legal scholars in England. These scholar took the unwritten common law of England and produced coherent, consistent codes to be used in the British colony of India. The Indian Codes were adopted in East Africa, including Tanganyika, in the early 1920s. This chapter describes the criminal law applicable to the Bill Kinsey case, including the interplay of customary law with the colonial-based evidence, criminal, and criminal procedure codes.
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Reynolds, Susan. "England". W Fiefs And Vassals, 323–95. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198204589.003.0008.
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Abstract Ever since Sir Henry Spelman used the words of French feudists, backed by what was in the circumstances an impressive amount of genuine medieval evidence, to explain ‘the original, growth, propagation and condition of feuds and tenures by knight-service, in England’, ideas about feudalism in England have been derived from ideas of feudalism in France and yet, paradoxically, have been different from them in several ways. Deep-rooted traditions of linguistic and pseudo-racial nationalism have fostered the belief that feudalism came to England from France as a result of the Norman Conquest, yet attention here has always been focused on military service and the rights of kings over those who held their land directly from them, both of which, as I have argued, seem hard to find in anything like comparable form in France. One reason why the paradox has not attracted more critical thought is that these phenomena were very early on incorporated into the general model of non-Marxist feudalism, so that those who started from the model and were primarily—or only—interested in England naturally took them for granted, just as those who were primarily interested in France took for granted the contrasting situation there. The model has obscured the evidence for historians both sides of the Channel. Another reason is that since the twelfth century the peculiar development of English law has discouraged English lawyers and legal historians from looking at all closely at other countries.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Evidence (law) – england"
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Heldsinger, Sandy, i Stephen Humphry. "An innovative method for teachers to formatively assess writing online". W Research Conference 2022: Reimagining assessment. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-685-7-1.
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Assessment is an integral component of effective teaching and a teacher’s professional judgement influences all routine aspects of their work. In the last 20 years, there has been considerable work internationally to support teachers in using assessment to improve student learning. However, there is a pressing issue that impedes teacher professional judgement being exploited to its full potential. The issue relates to teacher assessments in the context of extended performances such as essays and arises from the complexity of obtaining reliable or consistent teacher assessments of students’ work. Literature published in the United States, England and Australia details evidence of low reliability and bias in teacher assessments. As a result, despite policymakers’ willingness to consider making greater use of teachers’ judgements in summative assessment, and thus provide for greater parity of esteem between teachers’ assessment and standardised testing, few gains have been made. While low reliability of scoring is a pressing issue in contexts where the data are used for summative purposes, it also an issue for formative assessment. Inaccurate assessment necessarily impedes the effectiveness of any follow-up activity, and hence the effectiveness of formative assessment. In this session, Dr Sandy Heldsinger and Dr Stephen Humphry will share their research of writing assessment and explain how their research has led to the development of an innovative assessment process that provides the advantages of rubrics, comparative judgements and automated marking with few of the disadvantages.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Evidence (law) – england"
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Mori, Ipsos. Local Authority Capacity and Capability. Food Standards Agency, sierpień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dvl526.
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The FSA has a key role as the central competent authority in overseeing official food and feed controls undertaken by local authorities. This supports the delivery of the FSA’s mission, food you can trust, and helps ensure food is safe and what it says it is. The FSA seeks to work in partnership with local authorities to help them to deliver official food and feed controls. Local Authority (LA) Environmental Health (EH), Port Health and Trading Standards (TS) teams deliver official food and feed controls using a range of interventions as set out in the Food Law Code of Practice (FLCoP) and Feed Law Code of Practice (FeLCoP). They are instrumental to the delivery of the FSA mission, across England, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumer confidence and protect public health. Evidence from professional bodies, LAs and wider sources suggests that LAs are experiencing significant issues around the recruitment and retention of suitably/ appropriately qualified and experienced officers.(footnote 1) The FSA commissioned Ipsos UK to carry out this initial phase of discovery research to understand more about the barriers and facilitators encountered by LAs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
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UK, Ipsos. Survey of public attitudes towards precision breeding. Food Standards Agency, październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ouv127.
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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Bill is currently going through Parliament. Although this bill is ‘England only’ and food and feed safety and hygiene is a devolved issue, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) will introduce a separate regulatory framework for precision bred organisms (PBOs), should the Bill become law. The FSA will also work with stakeholders in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumers’ interests are protected in relation to PBOs. The FSA / Food Standard Scotland (FSS) is science and evidence led. In August 2022, the FSA and FSS commissioned Ipsos UK to conduct a two-phase social research project on precision breeding. Phase One, now complete, involved a survey of 4,177 UK residents with robust samples in each UK nation to allow comparisons between and within nations. Phase Two, scheduled to start in September 2022 and report in early 2023, will comprise a series of Citizens’ Forums in England, Wales and Northern Ireland(footnote 1). The overall aims of this project are to: explore consumer attitudes towards precision breeding gather consumer views on the FSA’s proposed regulatory framework understand consumer information needs inform how to communicate with consumers about precision breeding. This document presents interim findings for this project, reporting descriptive data from Phase One. Phase One’s core aims were to provide a snapshot of consumers’ awareness and self-assessed knowledge of precision breeding, its perceived acceptability, risks and benefits, and consumer appetite for information about this production method. These data show that awareness of precision breeding is very low, something which should be borne in mind when considering these findings. While these data reveal that there is a general openness to trying precision bred foods across the UK, with more people anticipating benefits than disbenefits from the use of precision breeding, there is a large degree of uncertainty about what impact precision bred foods may have on the different parts of the food system. This is reflected in the relatively large proportions of people taking a neutral stance or indicating they do not know enough to answer survey questions and in the strong appetite expressed for information about precision breeding to be provided. The next phase of this project will be essential for the FSA’s ability to interpret these findings’ implications, and to understand what is informing consumers’ views. The purpose of Phase One has always been to let the FSA know ‘what’ consumers think about precision breeding; Phase Two’s purpose is to build our understanding ‘why’ they think it. This will allow the FSA to develop a more nuanced understanding of consumers’ needs and incorporate this into the design of the future regulatory framework and any engagement with consumers on precision breeding. FSS will be carrying out further research in Scotland.
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Souch, Catherine, i Steve Brace. Geography of geography: the evidence base. Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55203/xqlb9264.
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The Society, along with the wider geographical community, has known for a long time that geography attracts a disproportionately low number of young people from disadvantaged and Black and ethnic minority backgrounds to study the subject. We knew national participation trends but had little benchmark data at regional and school levels. And it is only by knowing more about who is choosing geography at school and university (and, importantly, who doesn’t), and how the rates of uptake and progression vary that we will be able to develop effective interventions to address the inequalities and ensure that geography is a vibrant discipline. The Society therefore commissioned a significant piece of independent research using the Department for Education’s National Pupil Database and linked HESA data (information on students at university) to answer our questions. Given the source of the schools data, the results are for England only for the period from 2009/10 to 2017/18.
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges i in. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.
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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Hunter, Fraser, i Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Willis, C., F. Jorgensen, S. A. Cawthraw, H. Aird, S. Lai, M. Chattaway, I. Lock, E. Quill i G. Raykova. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded or battered poultry products on retail sale in the United Kingdom. Food Standards Agency, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xvu389.
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Frozen, breaded, ready-to-cook chicken products have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis. Some of these outbreaks can be large. For example, one outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis involved 193 people in nine countries between 2018 and 2020, of which 122 cases were in the UK. These ready-to-cook products have a browned, cooked external appearance, which may be perceived as ready-to-eat, leading to mishandling or undercooking by consumers. Continuing concerns about these products led FSA to initiate a short-term (four month), cross-sectional surveillance study undertaken in 2021 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in frozen, breaded or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. This study sought to obtain data on AMR levels in Salmonella and E. coli in these products, in line with a number of other FSA instigated studies of the incidence and nature of AMR in the UK food chain, for example, the systematic review (2016). Between the beginning of April and the end of July 2021, 310 samples of frozen, breaded or battered chicken products containing either raw or partly cooked chicken, were collected using representative sampling of retailers in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland based on market share data. Samples included domestically produced and imported chicken products and were tested for E. coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant E. coli) and Salmonella spp. One isolate of each bacterial type from each contaminated sample was randomly selected for additional AMR testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a range of antimicrobials. More detailed analysis based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data was used to further characterise Salmonella spp. isolates and allow the identification of potential links with human isolates. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5 (1.6%) of the 310 samples and identified as Salmonella Infantis (in three samples) and S. Java (in two samples). One of the S. Infantis isolates fell into the same genetic cluster as S. Infantis isolates from three recent human cases of infection; the second fell into another cluster containing two recent cases of infection. Countries of origin recorded on the packaging of the five Salmonella contaminated samples were Hungary (n=1), Ireland (n=2) and the UK (n=2). One S. Infantis isolate was multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to three different classes of antimicrobials), while the other Salmonella isolates were each resistant to at least one of the classes of antimicrobials tested. E. coli was detected in 113 samples (36.4%), with counts ranging from <3 to >1100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/g. Almost half of the E. coli isolates (44.5%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 20.0% of E. coli isolates. E. coli isolates demonstrating the ESBL (but not AmpC) phenotype were detected in 15 of the 310 samples (4.8%) and the AmpC phenotype alone was detected in two of the 310 samples (0.6%) of chicken samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing showed that five of the 15 (33.3%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55 or CTX-M-15), which confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate demonstrated resistance to colistin and was found to possess the mcr-1 gene. The five Salmonella-positive samples recovered from this study, and 20 similar Salmonella-positive samples from a previous UKHSA (2020/2021) study (which had been stored frozen), were subjected to the cooking procedures described on the sample product packaging for fan assisted ovens. No Salmonella were detected in any of these 25 samples after cooking. The current survey provides evidence of the presence of Salmonella in frozen, breaded and battered chicken products in the UK food chain, although at a considerably lower incidence than reported in an earlier (2020/2021) study carried out by PHE/UKHSA as part of an outbreak investigation where Salmonella prevalence was found to be 8.8%. The current survey also provides data on the prevalence of specified AMR bacteria found in the tested chicken products on retail sale in the UK. It will contribute to monitoring trends in AMR prevalence over time within the UK, support comparisons with data from other countries, and provide a baseline against which to monitor the impact of future interventions. While AMR activity was observed in some of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. examined in this study, the risk of acquiring AMR bacteria from consumption of these processed chicken products is low if the products are cooked thoroughly and handled hygienically.
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Financial Infrastructure Report 2022. Banco de la República, czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2022.
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Banco de la República's monitoring of the local financial market infrastructure is an additional contribution to the country's financial stability. One of the products of that monitoring has been the Payment Systems Report, which is now known as the Financial Infrastructure Report. The change in name, as of this edition, is intended to reflect in a broader way the issues that are addressed in the report. The 2022 edition includes several changes that are the result of a comparative study of financial infrastructure reports prepared by other central banks. These changes seek to make the report more fluid and easier to read, including main points and selected key figures for the different interest groups to which it is addressed. The report shows the financial infrastructure continued to render its services without interruption, with general evidence of good performance in 2021. Additionally, the resilience of the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) and the Large-value Payments System (CUD) to extreme events was validated, based on stress tests conducted according to international standards (focused on liquidity and credit risk). As for retail payments, transactional information indicates the use of electronic instruments increased in terms of value during 2021 compared to 2020 (credit and debit cards, checks and electronic funds transfers). The use of debit and credit cards in payments rose to levels similar to those reached in the pre-pandemic year. Meanwhile, electronic funds transfers continued to grow. Although the results of the BR 2022 survey show cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments (like the situation in other countries), the perception of its use decreased significantly to 75 % (87 % in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument for customers. However, in this measurement, several retail channels such as hairdressers, drugstores and restaurants joined the group that has traditionally received electronic payments for a value greater than 10% of their sales (hypermarkets and gas stations). Likewise, for nearly 50% of the population, cash payments are lower than before the pandemic. This is consistent with the transactional increase in electronic payment instruments that was observed in 2021. Banco de la República continues to monitor the technological developments that have expanded and modernized the supply in the international and local payments market, as these are issues of interest to the industry that provides clearing and settlement services. This report outlines the Pix case for instant payments in Brazil, the projects that are underway regarding the possible issue of digital currency by central banks (CBDC) for cross-border payments, as well as an approach to the Fintech ecosystem in Colombia, with an emphasis on companies that provide payment services. Leonardo Villar Governor Main points: 2022 The local financial infrastructure was safe and efficient throughout the year. The services of the financial infrastructure were proved on a continuous basis, showing good performance overall. Less momentum in the large-value payment system CUD activity declined versus the previous year because of fewer government deposits with BanRep. This was offset partially by growth in repos to increase money supply and in retail-value payments (electronic funds transfers, checks and cards). Increased momentum in financial market infrastructures. Larger amounts were cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository (DCV) due to an increase in the market for sovereign debt. Operations managed by the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) increased due to inclusion of the foreign exchange segment and the positive evolution in non-delivery forward peso/dollar contracts. Added confidence in the peso/dollar spot foreign exchange market due to CRCC interposition. Number and value of trades grew, mainly due to the adjustment of therisk management model for the FX segment and the increase in the limiton net selling positions in dollars. Stress testing with international standards to validate CRCC and CUD resilience Stress tests conducted independently by the SFC, BanRep and the CRCC, like those done in England and the United States, concluded that the CRCC's risk management model allows it to withstand extreme market events and simultaneous defaults by its main members. Based on the experience of other central banks, BanRep strengthened its intraday liquidity risk stress exercises in the CUD by incorporating temporary payment delays. It calculated that a two-hour delay by a key participant increases the system's liquidity needs by 0.5%. Electronic payments increased during 2021 According to transactional information, all electronic payment instruments increased in value versus 2020 (electronic funds transfers, checks and debit and credit cards). Electronic funds transfers continued to grow (80% from legal entities), with the participation of closed schemes driven particularly by the use of mobile wallets (35% of the number of intra-transfer transactions). The use of debit and credit cards for payments climbed to levels similar to those witnessed in the pre-pandemic year. Cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments. The results of the BanRep survey in 2022 show that the perception of the use of cash declined significantly to 75% (87% in 2019), and about 50% of the population perceive their cash payments as being lower than those they made before the pandemic. Electronic funds transfers were second most used instrument, having increased to 15% (3% in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument of payment for its customers; however, several commerce channels received more than 10% of the value of their sales in electronic payments (hypermarkets 35%, gas stations 25%, hairdressers 15%, drugstores 14% and restaurants 12%). Continuous technological developments have broadened, and modernized services offered in the payments market. Pix (instant payments in Brazil). The high level of adoption of instant transfers in Brazil motivated a review of its strengths; namely, the possibility of different use cases between individuals, businesses, and government; high participation by financial and payment institutions; free of charge for individuals and the possibility of charging legal entities, and simple user experience. Digital currencies in central banking. Several groups of countries have joined forces to conduct pilot projects with wholesale CBDCs for cross-border payments. Flows generated by international trade, foreign investment and remittances between individuals can be processed more efficiently, transparently, and securely by reducing their cost and increasing their speed. Due to the constant progress being made on this issue, BanRep will continue to monitor all CBDC-related matters. The fintech ecosystem for payments in Colombia. A high percentage of existing FinTech companies in the country are dedicated to offering digital payment services: wallets, payment gateways, mobile devices (point-of-sale terminals) and acquisition. These have driven innovation in payment services.