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Zhang, Zhongmei, Zhongguo Yang, Sikandar Ali, Muhammad Asshad, and Shaher Suleman Slehat. "A Dynamic Declarative Composition Scheme for Stream Data Services." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (October 12, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2502083.
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With the fast development of Sensor Network, Internet of Things, mobile devices, and pervasive computing, enormous amounts of sensor devices are deployed in physical world. Data streams produced by these sensor devices, deployed broadly, can be used to create various value-added applications. Facing continuous, real-time, high-frequency, low-valued data streams, how to flexibly and efficiently cooperate them for creating valuable application is very crucial. In this study, we propose a service-oriented manner to realize flexible streams integration. It considers data stream produced by one sensor data as a stream data service and utilizes composing multiple services to realize the cooperation among sensor devices. Firstly, we propose a stream data service model based on Event-Condition-Action rules, which can encapsulate steam data as services and continuously and timely process stream data into value-added events. Then, we propose a declarative method which can dynamically compose stream data services. Based on two kinds of declarative rules, that is, sink-rules and connect-rules, multiple data streams can be dynamically integrated through flexible service composition. To ensure the performance of service composition, we also employ a sensor partition strategy and process multiple service compositions in parallel. Through comprehensive evaluations by experiments, our service composition method shows both good efficiency and effectiveness.
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Kryvoshein, V. V. "Theoretical and methodological principles of application of event analysis in the activity of the patronage service of state administration." Public administration aspects 6, no. 3 (2018): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/15201810.
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The theoretical and methodological principles of application of the method of event analysis in the activity of the patronage service of the state administration body are considered. It is shown that using the method of event analysis it becomes possible to streamline the flow of socio-political events in such a way that through a series of phenomena to identify objective tendencies and on this basis to develop an objective assessment, to formulate and substantiate the forecast of the development of events. The typical scheme of the event analysis is given. It is disclosed that the method of event analysis involves a consistent description of the chain: the situation – events – the environment – the participants (their resources, interests, interconnections) – limitation of activities – goals and objectives (success / failure criteria) – alternative solutions – scenarios and forecasts – action strategy. The stages of the event analysis are singled out and procedures are described on each of them. In particular, the following stages of the event analysis are defined: compiling a data bank or join-ing an existing one; separation of the information array into separate units of observation and data sorting; calculation of results of filling matrix classifier; analytical comparison of the obtained values; verification of the results. Detailed procedures of the stage of creation of a data bank are described: the phases of the process of creating data about events are selected (choice of information support; development of coding system; choice of coding method; database creation); the structure of the information archive is determined (special abstracts, special indexes, specialized fund for formalized analysis of events, problems and documents); describes the main criteria for evaluating, selecting, refining and formalizing information (subject of the event, purpose, plan, idea of the subject of the event, action, image, form, means of action of the subject of the event, object, subject of the event, time (date) event, event location, result, product, event finale, event reason, event outcome, other special circumstances and event conditions). The advantages and disadvantages of the event analysis in the activity of the patronage service of the public administration body are revealed.
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Pang, Zhonghua, Tao Du, Changbing Zheng, and Chao Li. "Event-Triggered Cooperative Predictive Control for Networked Multi-Agent Systems with Random Delays and Packet Dropouts." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030541.
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This paper addresses the cooperative output tracking control problem for a class of leader-following linear heterogeneous networked multi-agent systems subject to random network delays and packet dropouts in the feedback and forward channels of each agent. A state observer is established at the plant side of each agent, and an event-triggering transmission mechanism is introduced to decide which state estimate is transmitted to the corresponding controller so as to save the network resources of the feedback channel. To further compensate for the negative effects of those random communication constraints and the event trigger, a cooperative predictive control scheme with proportional and integral actions is proposed. Then, a necessary and sufficient condition is derived for the stability of the resulting closed-loop system. Finally, simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
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Al-Salloum, Yousef A., and Ghulam Husain Siddiqi. "Optimum design of frames under alternate loading condition." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 5 (1993): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-103.
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A generalized formulation of a procedure for optimum design of linear elastic plane frames under alternate loading condition is presented. The condition of alternate loading is employed to ensure that the optimum design, under individual application of envisaged load events, does not violate the limit state requirements on strength. The behavioral constraints both on strength and on displacement, including those of the axial load – moment interaction prescribed in code specifications, and the side constraints on member sizes are incorporated in the formulation. The method permits grouping of members to effect repetition and uniformity of member sizes, to a desired extent, throughout the structure. A predictor–corrector scheme is employed to arrive at the optimum design. The predicted design vector is expressed in terms of true member forces by an implicit scheme. In the correction phase, dynamic scaling and a unique process of step-size reduction are employed on the predicted design vector in the fully stressed design iteration to avoid bypassing an optimum during the search procedure. An algorithm for implementation of the proposed optimal design procedure is presented. The limit state design procedure of the Canadian Standard S16.1-M89, for members subjected to combined axial and bending action, is embedded in the algorithm. The algorithm is illustrated with an example problem and verified with results available in the literature. Key words: frames, optimum design, alternate loading, fully stressed, optimization, limit state.
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De Meutter, Pieter, Luc Gerard, Geert Smet, et al. "Predicting Small-Scale, Short-Lived Downbursts: Case Study with the NWP Limited-Area ALARO Model for the Pukkelpop Thunderstorm." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 3 (2015): 742–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00290.1.
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Abstract The authors consider a thunderstorm event in 2011 during a music festival in Belgium that produced a short-lived downburst of a diameter of less than 100 m. This is far too small to be resolved by the kilometric resolutions of today’s operational numerical weather prediction models. Operational forecast models will not run at hectometric resolutions in the foreseeable future. The storm caused five casualties and raised strong societal questions regarding the predictability of such a traumatic weather event. In this paper it is investigated whether the downdrafts of a parameterization scheme of deep convection can be used as proxies for the unresolved downbursts. To this end the operational model ALARO [a version of the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle-Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ARPEGE-ALADIN) operational limited area model with a revised and modular structure of the physical parameterizations] of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium is used. While the model in its operational configuration at the time of the event did not give a clear hint of a downburst event, it has been found that (i) the use of unsaturated downdrafts and (ii) some adaptations of the features of this downdraft parameterization scheme, specifically the sensitivity to the entrainment and friction, can make the downdrafts sensitive enough to the surrounding resolved-scale conditions to make them useful as indicators of the possibility of such downbursts.
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Shelestova, O. "COPING STRATEGIES AND MODELS OF OVERCOMING POST-STRESS CONDITIONS." Herald of Kiev Institute of Business and Technology 43, no. 1 (2020): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37203/kibit.2020.43.09.
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The article is devoted to the research of coping strategies on the adaptation process. Actions associated with the COVID 19 pandemic touched many areas of life. They provided increased requirements for human mental activity, creating additional stresses, which led to an increase in neuropsychiatric disorders. Models of overcoming post-stress states are considered. The role of external and internal factors in the formation and overcoming of post-stress states and disorders of adaptation is analyzed in the article. In the process of studying the underlying patterns and mechanisms of adaptation to normal life, two psychological models of overcoming post-stress states were identified: psychodynamic and cognitive. The psychodynamic model notes that successful adaptation of personality requires awareness of all aspects of traumatic experience and integration through the scheme "traumatic stress - negation - relapse - acceptance". The cognitive model is a cognitive theory of stress, that is, a cognitive assessment of a person's most traumatic event, and himself in it. Three types of assessment were proposed to determine a person's response to a traumatic event: primary, secondary stress assessment, and reassessment. Many researchers consider the impact of stress adaptation to be one of the leading causes of disorders of adaptation. Also, the manifestations of adaptation disorders are greatly exacerbated by the simultaneous complex action of several stressors. The severity of active stressors does not always correlate with the severity of adaptation disorders, as personality traits and cultural and social norms and values contribute to the response to stress. Also, the features of the development of these disorders of adaptation disorders depend on the features of cognitive processes, personal resources of the individual involved in their regulation.
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POPOVICH, M. M., and S. V. KLIUCHNYK. "NONLINEAR STATIONARY OSCILLATIONS OF BEAM GIRDER STRUCTURES FROM THE ACTION OF PERIODIC PULSES." Bridges and tunnels: Theory, Research, Practice, no. 21 (June 6, 2022): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/bttrp2022/258269.
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Purpose. The aim of this work is to construct an approximate solution of stationary oscillations of a nonlinear equation with a cubic characteristic. The design scheme under consideration best corresponds to the operating conditions of the girder structure in the event of defects of the supporting parts. In this case, longitudinal forces may appear in the girder of the girder structure. Methods. The paper investigates nonlinear oscillations of girder structures of small bridges. The undamped oscillations of the beam resting on hinged fixed support parts on both sides from the action of periodic unilateral impulse loading are considered. The design scheme differs from the statically defined beam scheme, which takes into account defective support parts. In the article, the possible transition to the beam system on moving support parts is considered. To solve the nonlinear equation of the second order of a single-span beam taking into account the longitudinal force, a method of variable time scale used, developed by Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, professor Bondar M. G. The method of variable scale gives fairly approximate solutions to this class of problems. Results. An approximate analytical solution is performed by the method of variable time scale of stationary nonlinear oscillations of the girder structure taking into account the longitudinal force caused by one-sided pulses that are periodically repeated. According to the obtained formulas of the solution of the nonlinear equation with cubic characteristic it is easy to construct amplitude-frequency characteristics and forms of oscillations. Originality. For the first time the solution of the equation of oscillations of a beam taking into account longitudinal force is executed. The criteria of impact resonance for the system without friction, as well as taking into account the viscous friction. An expression for the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the system under consideration is obtained. Practical meaning. Studies of beam structure oscillations taking into account the longitudinal force gave practical value in the possibility of analytical calculation of oscillation forms, shock resonance criteria and amplitude-frequency characteristics of the system from the action of periodic unilateral impulse loads. The system of girder beams takes into account defective supporting parts (jamming of movable supporting parts) of girder structures of small and medium railway bridgesd.
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NASSIF, CLÁUDIO, and P. R. SILVA. "A+B→0 ENHANCED DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED REACTIONS UNDER STATIONARY REGIME CONDITION THROUGH THOMPSON'S APPROACH." Modern Physics Letters B 18, no. 09 (2004): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984904006937.
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In this work, Thompson's method is used to study the A+B→0 reactions controlled by anomalous and brownian diffusion in the case of an external homogeneous source (h) of particles A and B under sthequiometric condition (the same input rate h) and also in the special case of the stationary regime. So the novelty in the present work is that we are able to obtain for such kind of reactions (σ=1) the static critical exponent δ of concentration [Formula: see text], the dynamical exponent for the relaxation time Δ'(τh~h-Δ') and the exponent for the concentration decaying ξ(∊~τ-ξ), with all these quantities evaluated in the limit h→0 (zero-field-rate). We also get scaling relations among new critical indexes. After we go further by obtaining more general results for such exponents so that we are able to include also the case of A+A→0(A) reactions within an unified scheme as already made before by introducing a general effective action (Aσ,γ). Thus, when we consider the case σ=0 (A,+A→0(A) reactions) we recover those critical exponents (δ,Δ',ξ) for anomalous coalescence reactions of type kA→lA(l<k). And when we even make γ=2 (brownian diffusion) we get the exponents previously given by Rácz, and also some results obtained by Lee and Oliveira. Thompson's method is a simple alternative way to the renormalization group scheme and has been shown to be a good description for long-time regime.
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Chang, Ying, Lan Wang, Yunmin Zhao, Ming Liu, and Jing Zhang. "Research on two-class and four-class action recognition based on EEG signals." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 20, no. 6 (2023): 10376–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023455.
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<abstract> <p>BMI has attracted widespread attention in the past decade, which has greatly improved the living conditions of patients with motor disorders. The application of EEG signals in lower limb rehabilitation robots and human exoskeleton has also been gradually applied by researchers. Therefore, the recognition of EEG signals is of great significance. In this paper, a CNN-LSTM neural network model is designed to study the two-class and four-class motion recognition of EEG signals. In this paper, a brain-computer interface experimental scheme is designed. Combining the characteristics of EEG signals, the time-frequency characteristics of EEG signals and event-related potential phenomena are analyzed, and the ERD/ERS characteristics are obtained. Pre-process EEG signals, and propose a CNN-LSTM neural network model to classify the collected binary and four-class EEG signals. The experimental results show that the CNN-LSTM neural network model has a good effect, and its average accuracy and kappa coefficient are higher than the other two classification algorithms, which also shows that the classification algorithm selected in this paper has a good classification effect.</p> </abstract>
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Johansson, Roland S., and Kelly J. Cole. "Grasp stability during manipulative actions." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 5 (1994): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-075.
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The control of adequate contact forces between the skin and an object (grasp stability) is examined for two classes of prehensile actions that employ a precision grip: lifting objects that are "passive" (subject only to inertial forces and gravity) and preventing "active" objects from moving. For manipulating either passive or active objects the relevant fingertip forces are determined by at least two control processes. "Anticipatory parameter control" is a feedforward controller that specifies the values for motor command parameters on the basis of predictions of critical characteristics, such as object weight and skin–object friction, and initial condition information. Through vision, for instance, common objects can be identified in terms of the fingertip forces necessary for a successful lift according to previous experiences. After contact with the object, sensory information representing discrete mechanical events at the fingertips can (i) automatically modify the motor commands, (ii) update sensorimotor memories supporting the anticipatory parameter control policy, (iii) inform the central nervous system about completion of the goal for each action phase, and (iv) trigger commands for the task's sequential phases. Hence, the central nervous system monitors specific, more or less expected peripheral sensory events to produce control signals that are appropriate for the task at its current phase. The control is based on neural modelling of the entire dynamics of the control process that predicts the appropriate output for several steps ahead. This "discrete-event, sensor-driven control" is distinguished from feedback or other continuous regulation. Using these two control processes, slips are avoided at each digit by independent control mechanisms that specify commands and process sensory information on a local, digit-specific basis. This scheme obviates explicit coordination of the digits and is employed when independent nervous systems lift objects. The force coordination across digits is an emergent property of the local control mechanisms operating over the same time span.Key words: precision grip, hand, grasp stability, grasp force, tactile afferents.
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Levin, Vladimir, Nikolay Guzhov, Natalya Chernenko, and Ammar Yahya. "Methodology for managing equipment repairs in oilfield electrical networks." Science Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State Technical University, no. 2-3 (November 13, 2020): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1814-1196-2020-2-3-139-155.
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An innovative methodology for managing repairs in distribution networks and power supply systems for oilfield facilities is proposed in this paper. The methodology makes it possible to select optimal solutions in accordance with the priority management goal by formalizing a risk-based model for planning maintenance and repair (M&R) of electrical equipment with a "condition-based maintenance" strategy. One of the main options in the complex of M&R management tasks is an adaptive model of the technological map for the repairs of power facilities, formed in compliance with a number of key principles. The developed model allows you to optimize the volume and complexity of repairs of electrical equipment of a certain type based on the minimum composition of technological operations necessary to eliminate the identified defects. Detection of defects in electrical equipment is achieved by using methods of technical diagnostics and non-destructive testing. In this case, each of the defects is recorded in the defect statement for the object, with the determination of the degree of criticality and fixing a specific type of corrective action. Optimal prioritization of electrical equipment repairs is performed in accordance with the minimum risk function under current restrictions on reliability (an equipment technical condition index) and available resources (total maintenance costs). The originality of the implementation of a key risk event – a power supply failure of an oilfield facility provides calculating the probability and severity of the consequences of an electrical equipment failure taking into account its technical condition and features of the power supply scheme. The given example illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach and emphasizes the validity of optimal decisions. The key components of the developed methodology have found practical application in the conditions of real operation of the equipment of oilfield facilities.
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Valyaev, A. V., E. A. Lukina, and Y. S. Fedosenko. "Model and algorithms for a decision support system on the application of rescue intends in case of a beyond design-basis rapid accident of a river passenger vessel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 3 (2021): 032032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/3/032032.
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Abstract The problem of determination of threshold values of changes in stability characteristics of a river displacement ship is studied. A model and a data preparation scheme are being developed for the algorithmic implementation of the construction of curves of threshold values of lateral stability characteristics until the moment corresponding to the command given by the ship’s captain to bring life-saving appliances to a state of readiness or to use them. For the case of flooding of two adjacent hull compartments of a three-deck river passenger motor ship under the action of an external static inclining moment, illustrating data of calculations of hydrostatic characteristics and ship trim are presented, and an ensemble of diagrams of its static stability with threshold values is built. The results of the studies performed are intended for the software and hardware implementation of a digital system for active monitoring of the ship’s hull condition, predicting the development of a dangerous situation, supporting decision-making by the captain of a river vessel on the use of standard rescue equipment in the event of the threat of the ship being flooded and overturned.
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Dmitriev, Andrey, Victor Dmitriev, and Stepan Balybin. "Self-Organized Criticality on Twitter: Phenomenological Theory and Empirical Investigation Based on Data Analysis Results." Complexity 2019 (December 27, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8750643.
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Recently, there has been an increasing number of empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that spread of avalanches of microposts on social networks, such as Twitter, is associated with some sociopolitical events. Typical examples of such events are political elections and protest movements. Inspired by this phenomenon, we built a phenomenological model that describes Twitter’s self-organization in a critical state. An external manifestation of this condition is the spread of avalanches of microposts on the network. The model is based on a fractional three-parameter self-organization scheme with stochastic sources. It is shown that the adiabatic mode of self-organization in a critical state is determined by the intensive coordinated action of a relatively small number of network users. To identify the critical states of the network and to verify the model, we have proposed a spectrum of three scaling indicators of the observed time series of microposts.
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Revollar, S., R. Vilanova, P. Vega, M. Francisco, and M. Meneses. "Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation: Simple Control Schemes with a Holistic Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030768.
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In this paper, a control approach for improving the overall efficiency of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is presented. It consists of a cascaded control system that uses a global performance indicator as the controlled variable to drive the plant to operating conditions that satisfies trade-offs involved in the WWTP operation, improving the global performance of the plant. The selected global performance indicator is the N/E index that measures the ratio between the amount of nitrogenated compounds eliminated (kgN) and the energy (kWh) required to achieve that goal. This index links the variables of the activated sludge process with the energy consumed in the whole plant, thus the control strategy takes actions based on plantwide considerations. An external Proportional Integral (PI) controller changes the DO set point according to the N/E index and the basic dissolved oxygen (DO) control scheme in the activated sludge process follows this reference changes varying the aeration intensity. An outer loop with an event-based controller is used to compute the index values when the DO concentration is driven to excessively low limits, preventing long operation periods in this undesirable condition. Simple proportional integral controllers (PI) are used to adapt the strategy to the automation systems available in WWTPs. The implementation in the Benchmark Simulation Model 2 (BSM2) demonstrates the potential of the proposed approach. The results show the possibilities of the N/E index to be used as an indicator of global performance of WWTPs. It provides a link between water line objectives and energy consumption in the whole plant that can be exploited to introduce plantwide considerations in alternative control strategies formulated to drive the plant to operating conditions that optimize the overall process efficiency.
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Zadorina, Maria V. "Structural and pragmatic aspects of the speech genre “treating to a meal”." International Journal “Speech Genres” 31, no. 3 (2021): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2021-3-31-190-197.
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The article deals with the colloquial speech genre of “home” communication “treating to a meal”. The relevance of this research is determined by the general interest of modern linguistics to colloquial speech and genre studies. The research is based on the analysis of spoken discourse fragments recorded in natural conditions (most of the fragments were collected by the method of participant observation). The author makes the following conclusions about the genre “treating to a meal”: the genre is used during the meals while receiving guests (the addressor is a host, the addressee – a guest, or guests) and during the meal of people living together (the addresser is often the one who does the cooking, the addressee – other household members); the genre has some gender peculiarities; “treating to a meal” is partially an etiquette genre, since its super-goal is to maintain contact and it is prompted by the role of the host or hostess in the house and by the situation of “eating together”. The author also focuses on the use of syntactic constructions. The basis of the sentences used in this genre are event propositions of physical action in the form of a structural scheme N4Vf.
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Nathan, N. M. L. "MURDER AND THE DEATH OF CHRIST." Think 9, no. 26 (2010): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175610000230.
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Some people believe that God made it a condition for His forgiveness even of repentant sinners that Jesus died a sacrificial death at human hands. Often, in the New Testament, this doctrine of Objective Atonement seems to be implied, as when Jesus spoke of his blood as ‘shed for many for the remission of sins’ (Matth. 26:28), or when St Paul said that ‘Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures’ (1 Cor. 3:15). And for many centuries the doctrine was indeed accepted by most if not all Christian theologians. It seems in fact to be an essential part of Christianity, which adherents of that religion cannot reject without undermining the authority both of their scriptures and of a very long tradition. It looks then as if objections to the doctrine are objections to the Christian scheme itself. Here is one of them. As the Gospels present it Jesus was murdered, by one or more of Pilate, the Sanhedrin and the Jewish mob. Given Objective Atonement, God ordained the sacrificial death of Jesus, and so, as it seems, this murder. Murder requires freedom on the killer's part. And many have doubted that an action can be both free and ordained by God. Leave that aside. A good God would in any case not make it a condition for our forgiveness that someone acquired the guilt of murder.
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Urban, Gennady, Olga Krotova, Denis Efimov, Konstantin Savenkov, and Maria Savenkova. "The expediency of using a plant protection system using the microbiological fungicide BisolbiSan, W in the cultivation of winter wheat in the Southern natural and agricultural zone of the Rostov region." BIO Web of Conferences 42 (2022): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224201020.
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The authors analyzed the biological effectiveness of the integrated plant protection system formed when the microbiological fungicide BisolbiSan, Zh was included in the classical protection scheme adopted in the farms of the Rostov region. The biological effectiveness of the integrated protection system, including the fungicide BisolbiSan, was analyzed, the impact of the studied protection system on the yield, the quality of the grain obtained, the phytosanitary condition of the crop during the growing season on winter wheat crops of the variety Nakhodka with the use of a plant protection system, including the fungicide BisolbiSan, Zh. The fungicide BisolbiSan, containing a culture of rhizospheric bacteria Bacillus subtilis strain H-13, suppresses the germination of spores and mycelium growth of phytopathogenic fungi due to the multilateral action of bacterial metabolites, without causing the formation of resistance in pathogens. It was found that the protection system used practically does not cause a decrease in grain quality — in terms of the average protein and gluten content, the grain at the experimental site even slightly exceeds the grain obtained from the control site by 16.88% and 27.8%. With the cost of winter wheat grain of 1100 rubles/kg, an increase in the yield in the experiment of 3.8 kg/ha in relation to control and the cost of an experimental protection system in the amount of 3,357 rubles/ha, revenue amounted to 823 rubles/ha.
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Almeida, E. Emanuel, Jonathan E. Luntz, and Dawn M. Tilbury. "Event-Condition-Action Systems for Reconfigurable Logic Control." IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 4, no. 2 (2007): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tase.2006.880857.
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Avdosenko, E. V., E. A. Makarova, and A. A. Kuidin. "Designing a process of organizing a scientific and educational Internet event." Informatics and education 37, no. 6 (2023): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32517/0234-0453-2022-37-6-52-61.
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Scientific and educational events are a relevant issue in the system of higher education. Modern challenging realities require new approaches to the event organization process, a clear differentiation of classroom and distance event forms, prioritization in their planning and conducting. The aim of the study is to develop a technique for organizing a scientific and educational Internet event and apply it while conducting a scientific student Internet conference.The research is based on the modern approaches to design and modeling, event management and reengineering. We collected and analyzed theoretical and empirical data, systematized, generalized and recorded it graphically.As a result, a five stage process of organizing a scientific and educational event has been designed. At first we created a model of educational event concept, chose an electronic form as optimal for organizing an event in new realities. The next stage was to create a scheme of preparing and holding an event, showing a set and sequence of actions. Further using the model of event concept and the scheme, we organized a scientific student conference in the electronic form, tested a new format of scientific communication. The final stage was the analysis of the conference results, a survey of participants, and a comparison with the metrics of previous years.The developed model of event concept and the scheme of preparing and holding an event include all procedures for organizing an event of any level and format; they can be used for preparing most educational events. Designing organizational processes in rapidly changing conditions is a challenging issue for modernization of teacher’s organizational and managerial activities.
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Schützwohl, Achim, and Rainer Reisenzein. "Children’s and Adults’ Reactions to a Schema-discrepant Event: A Developmental Analysis of Surprise." International Journal of Behavioral Development 23, no. 1 (1999): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502599383991.
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Three studies investigated age-related differences in the surprise reaction. Study 1 revealed that children and seniors showed a more pronounced action delay in response to a simple, hedonically neutral surprising event than young adults that could not be attributed to a general slowing of information processing. Studies 2 and 3 provided evidence that these age-related differences in action delay between children and young adults were due to children’s greater difficulties to ”nd an explanation for the occurrence of the surprising event and to decide on its relevance for action. These results support the idea that the core mechanism of surprise is evolutionary-based and age-invariant, but its eliciting conditions and consequences depend on developmental changes of knowledge structures.
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Reyani, Elvi, Ishak Ishak, and Surya Eka Priana. "EVALUASI KINERJA STRUKTUR BANGUNAN DENGAN METODE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS PADA GEDUNG RUMAH SAKIT STROKE NASIONAL BUKITTINGGI." Ensiklopedia Research and Community Service Review 1, no. 1 (2021): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33559/err.v1i1.1105.
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Earthquake phenomena are natural phenomena that greatly affect buildings, especially high-rise buildings. Planning of earthquake-resistant building structures is very important in Indonesia, considering that most of the area is located in earthquake areas with moderate to high intensity. Buildings in earthquake-prone areas must be designed to be able to withstand earthquakes. The latest planning trend is performance based seismic design, which utilizes computer-based non- linear analysis techniques to analyze the inelastic behavior of structures from various ground motion intensities (earthquakes), so that their performance can be known in critical conditions. Further action can be taken if it does not meet the required requirements. The purpose of this study was to determine the pushover analysis procedure to evaluate the performance of the building structure and to determine the pattern of the collapse of the building structure after being analyzed by pushover. This study uses the Static Pushover Analysis method with reference to the displacement coefficient method (FEMA 356, 2000). The lateral load used is the result of an equivalent static analysis which is carried out monotonically in one direction. Research shows that there are several conclusions. First, the displacement of the maximum pushover result (δmax) in the XZ direction, which is in step-7, is greater than the displacement target (δt), with a figure of 61541.4681 mm > 58.212 mm. Second, the displacement of the maximum pushover result (δmax) in the YZ direction, namely in step-5, is greater than the displacement target (δt), with a figure of 10450.54 mm > 58.212 mm. Third, the evaluation in the XZ direction is still safe even though max > t, because all beam elements in the portal appear plastic hinges with levels A-B which are still elastic, all marked in pink. The distribution of plastic hinges that occur at all steps shows that no structural member exceeds the performance limit so that it can be said that the performance of the structural component is in a safe condition. Fourth, the structural members in the YZ direction are also safe because max > t and the plastic hinge distribution scheme shows the structural members marked in pink with levels A-B. Keywords: pushover, non-linear, plastic hinge
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Almeida, Emanuel T., Jonathan E. Luntz, and Dawn M. Tilbury. "MODULAR FINITE STATE MACHINES IMPLEMENTED AS EVENT-CONDITION-ACTION SYSTEMS." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 38, no. 1 (2005): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20050703-6-cz-1902.00346.
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Bailey, James, Alexandra Poulovassilis, and Peter T. Wood. "Analysis and optimisation of event-condition-action rules on XML." Computer Networks 39, no. 3 (2002): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1286(02)00208-6.
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Papamarkos, George, Alexandra Poulovassilis, and Peter T. Wood. "Performance modelling of Event-Condition-Action rules in P2P networks." Journal of Computer and System Sciences 77, no. 4 (2011): 621–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2010.02.004.
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KANTERE, VERENA, ILUJU KIRINGA, and JOHN MYLOPOULOS. "SUPPORTING DISTRIBUTED EVENT-CONDITION-ACTION RULES IN A MULTIDATABASE ENVIRONMENT." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 16, no. 03n04 (2007): 467–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843007001676.
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We describe a mechanism based on distributed Event-Condition-Action (ECA) rules that supports data coordination in a multidatabase setting. The proposed mechanism includes an ECA rule language and a rule execution engine that transforms rules when they are first posted, and then coordinates their execution. Like traditional ECA rules, our ECA rule language has three parts: an event language, a condition language, and an action language. The event language provides a set of operators with a formal semantics for a multidatabase environment, and which allows a wide variety of composite events. The condition language provides Boolean algebra operators that take as operands either composite or simple conditions. The action language provides a conjunction of simple or composite actions. The execution model partitions rules to more easily manageable forms, distributes them to relevant databases, monitors their execution and composes their evaluations. The mechanism has been designed in a manner that minimizes the number of messages that need to be exchanged over the network. We have also conducted an experimental evaluation to compare the implementation with a naïve centralized execution model. The paper also presents a prototype implementation as well as experimental results on its performance. This work is part of an on-going project intended to develop data coordination techniques for data sharing settings.
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Papamarkos, George, Alexandra Poulovassilis, and Peter T. Wood. "Event-condition-action rules on RDF metadata in P2P environments." Computer Networks 50, no. 10 (2006): 1513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2005.10.022.
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Vannucchi, Claudia, Michelangelo Diamanti, Gianmarco Mazzante, et al. "Symbolic verification of event–condition–action rules in intelligent environments." Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments 3, no. 2 (2017): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40860-017-0036-z.
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Rodríguez, Gabriel, Manuel Aranzubia-Olasolo, Unai Liberal, Fernando Rodríguez-San Juan, and Geoffrey Hall. "Loss of salience as a source of latent inhibition in human associative learning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 5 (2018): 1047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818777694.
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Two experiments made use of a procedure known to generate latent inhibition in human associative learning. Participants received training consisting of exposure to a list of actions performed by a fictitious Mr. X. For most of his actions, an outcome was described, but some were not followed by any outcome. The last action performed by Mr. X was novel for participants in the NOVEL condition. For participants in the EXPOSED condition, Mr. X had performed that target action on repeated occasions, without it producing any outcome. After training, all participants were tested on their ability to retrieve what was the last action performed by Mr. X. In both experiments, retrieval of the target action was poorer in the EXPOSED than in the NOVEL condition. Experiment 2 also included a condition in which the target action was followed by a novel outcome and demonstrated a latent inhibition effect—poorer performance in the EXPOSED condition on a test of the association between the target event and its outcome. These results are interpreted in terms of an attention-reducing mechanism, triggered by the repeated preexposure to the target in the absence of a following event. It is argued that the attentional change involves a reduction in the effective salience of the stimulus of the target event, and thus reduces the processing necessary for encoding in memory and the ability of the event to enter into associations.
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Wang, Yuan-Heng, Yung-Chia Hsu, Gene You, Ching-Lien Yen, and Chi-Ming Wang. "Flood Inundation Assessment Considering Hydrologic Conditions and Functionalities of Hydraulic Facilities." Water 10, no. 12 (2018): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121879.
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This study proposed a two-phase risk analysis scheme for flood management considering flood inundation losses, including: (1) simplified qualitative-based risk analysis incorporating the principles of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to identify all potential failure modes associated with candidate flood control measures, to formulate a remedial action plan aiming for mitigating the inundation risk within an engineering system; and (2) detailed quantitative-based risk analysis to employ numerical models to specify the consequences including flood extent and resulting losses. Conventional qualitative-based risk analysis methods have shown to be time-efficient but without quantitative information for decision making. However, quantitative-based risk analysis methods have shown to be time- and cost- consuming for a full spectrum investigation. The proposed scheme takes the advantages of both qualitative-based and quantitative-based approaches of time-efficient, cost-saving, objective and quantitative features for better flood management in term of expected loss. The proposed scheme was applied to evaluate the Chiang-Yuan Drainage system located on Lin-Bien River in southern Taiwan, as a case study. The remedial action plan given by the proposed scheme has shown to greatly reduce the inundation area in both highlands and lowlands. These measures was investigated to reduce the water volume in the inundation area by 0.2 million cubic meters, even in the scenario that the flood recurrence interval exceeded the normal (10-year) design standard. Our results showed that the high downstream water stage in the downstream boundary may increase the inundation area both in downstream and upstream and along the original drainage channel in the vicinity of the diversion. The selected measures given by the proposed scheme have shown to substantially reduce the flood risk and resulting loss, taking account of various scenarios: short duration precipitation, decreased channel conveyance, pump station failure and so forth.
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Hu, Songlin, Dong Yue, Min Shi, and Xiangpeng Xie. "Discrete-Time Event-Triggered Control of Nonlinear Wireless Networked Control Systems." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/860438.
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This paper investigates the problem of stabilization of nonlinear discrete-time networked control systems (NCSs) with event-triggering communication scheme in the presence of signal transmission delay. A Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model and parallel-distributed compensation (PDC) scheme are first employed to design a nonlinear fuzzy event-triggered controller for the stabilization of nonlinear discrete-time NCSs. The idea of the event-triggering communication scheme (i.e., a soft computation algorithm) under consideration is that the current sensor data is transmitted only when the current sensor data and the previously transmitted one satisfy a certain state-dependent trigger condition. By taking the signal transmission delay into consideration and using delay system approach, a T-S fuzzy delay system model is established to describe the nonlinear discrete-time NCSs with event-triggering communication scheme. Attention is focused on the design of fuzzy event-triggered controller which ensures asymptotic stability of the closed-loop fuzzy systems. Linear matrix inequality- (LMI-) based conditions are formulated for the existence of admissible fuzzy event-triggered controller. If these conditions are feasible, a desired fuzzy event-triggered controller can be readily constructed. A nonlinear mass-spring-damper mechanical system is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Ning, Zhaoke, Jinyong Yu, and Tong Wang. "Event-triggered fault detection filter design for uncertain stochastic systems with package dropouts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233, no. 10 (2019): 1351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651819836863.
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In this article, the event-triggered fault detection filter design problem is concerned with uncertain stochastic systems subject to package dropouts. First, a filter structure is constructed to achieve the desired fault detection objective. Second, an integrated model with an event-triggered scheme and a Bernoulli stochastic process are employed to save the limited network resources and describe the package dropouts phenomenon, which always appears in the real network environment. A new sufficient condition is provided to ensure that the obtained residual system is mean square robustly exponentially stable and satisfies the desired detection performance. Then, a novel co-design algorithm is derived to obtain the parameters of filter and event-triggered scheme. Finally, two simulation examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design scheme.
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Gogberashvili, Merab. "Cosmological Constant from the Entropy Balance Condition." Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (November 26, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3702498.
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In the action formalism variations of metric tensors usually are limited by the Hubble horizon. On the contrary, variations of quantum fields should be extended up to the event horizon, which is the real boundary of the spacetime. As a result the entanglement energy of quantum particles across the apparent horizon is missed in the cosmological equations written for the Hubble volume. We identify this missing boundary term with the dark energy density and express it (using the zero energy assumption for the finite universe) as the critical density multiplied by the ratio of the Hubble and event horizons radii.
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Li, Hongjie. "H-infinity bipartite consensus of multi-agent systems with external disturbance and probabilistic actuator faults in signed networks." AIMS Mathematics 7, no. 2 (2022): 2019–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2022116.
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<abstract><p>The H-infinity bipartite consensus problem is addressed for a class of linear multi-agent systems with external disturbance, where the positive and negative links are allowed in communication topology. A novel event-triggered communication scheme is presented to save limited network resources, which dependents on information from neighboring agents at event-triggered instants, the given event-triggered condition is detected only at discrete sampling times, thus Zeno behavior can be excluded, two types of event-triggered matrices have been introduced in our event-triggered communication scheme, which can further reduce the sampled-data transmission compared with some existed results. Considering the probabilistic actuator faults, the reliable controller is designed based on sampled-data, then a new distribution-based fault model is constructed by using coordinate transform. Some H-infinity bipartite consensus criteria can be derived by the Lyapunov stability theory and algebraic graph theory, at the same time, the feedback matrices and event-triggered matrices can be obtained by solving some linear matrix inequalities. Finally, a numerical example is employed to show the validity and advantage of the proposed transmission scheme.</p></abstract>
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Ros, Eduardo, Richard Carrillo, Eva M. Ortigosa, Boris Barbour, and Rodrigo Agís. "Event-Driven Simulation Scheme for Spiking Neural Networks Using Lookup Tables to Characterize Neuronal Dynamics." Neural Computation 18, no. 12 (2006): 2959–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.12.2959.
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Nearly all neuronal information processing and interneuronal communication in the brain involves action potentials, or spikes, which drive the short-term synaptic dynamics of neurons, but also their long-term dynamics, via synaptic plasticity. In many brain structures, action potential activity is considered to be sparse. This sparseness of activity has been exploited to reduce the computational cost of large-scale network simulations, through the development of event-driven simulation schemes. However, existing event-driven simulations schemes use extremely simplified neuronal models. Here, we implement and evaluate critically an event-driven algorithm (ED-LUT) that uses precalculated look-up tables to characterize synaptic and neuronal dynamics. This approach enables the use of more complex (and realistic) neuronal models or data in representing the neurons, while retaining the advantage of high-speed simulation. We demonstrate the method's application for neurons containing exponential synaptic conductances, thereby implementing shunting inhibition, a phenomenon that is critical to cellular computation. We also introduce an improved two-stage event-queue algorithm, which allows the simulations to scale efficiently to highly connected networks with arbitrary propagation delays. Finally, the scheme readily accommodates implementation of synaptic plasticity mechanisms that depend on spike timing, enabling future simulations to explore issues of long-term learning and adaptation in large-scale networks.
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Quansheng, Liu, Xu Min, and Peng Li. "Distributed event-triggered scheme for discrete-time second-order multi-agent systems." Journal of Algorithms & Computational Technology 11, no. 1 (2016): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748301816665533.
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In order to achieve the consistency of multi-agent systems, each agent needs to communicate with its adjacent agents, which will consume energy of sensors embedded on the agents and occupy network bandwidth of multi-agent systems. Both resources are limited. To solve the above problem, a novel distributed event-triggered scheme of discrete-time second-order multi-agent systems are proposed in this article. The characteristics of the scheme have two aspects. Firstly, the event-triggered conditions are considered for the state and the velocity separately. Secondly, when the event is triggered on an agent, the agent only communicates with its local neighbors. Then, the agent and its local neighbors update their controls while the other agents' controllers remain unchanged. So the scheme can maximize reduction of the sensor energy consuming and communication burden in the multi-agent network. Based on the Lyapunov functional method, a sufficient condition is obtained to achieve the stability of the second-order multi-agent systems in terms of linear matrix inequality. Finally, numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed event-triggered consensus control.
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Bekki, Khadhir, and Hafida Belachir. "Towards a Flexible and Adaptable Modeling of Business Processes." International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 6, no. 2 (2011): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitwe.2011040105.
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This article proposes a flexible way in business process modeling and managing. Today, business process needs to be more flexible and adaptable. The regulations and policies in organizations, as origins of change, are often expressed in terms of business rules. The ECA (Event-condition-action) rule is a popular way to incorporate flexibility into a process design. To raise the flexibility in the business processes, the authors consider governing any business activity through ECA rules based on business rules. For adaptability, the separation of concerns supports adaptation in several ways. To cope with flexibility and adaptability, the authors propose a new multi concern rule based model. For each concern, each business rule is formalized using their CECAPENETE formalism (Concern -Event-Condition-Action-Post condition- check Execution- Number of check -Else-Trigger-else Event). Then, the rules based process is translated into a graph of rules that is analyzed in terms of relations between concerns, reliably and flexibility.
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Kwon, Wookyong, and Jaemin Baek. "Novel Summation-Type Triggering Condition on Event-Based Memory Output Feedback Control for Networked Control Systems." Electronics 9, no. 5 (2020): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050779.
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Networked control systems are widely spread, which is composed of numerous sensor and control nodes through communication channel. In this paper, an event-triggered H ∞ memory output feedback control (EMOFC) is investigated for networked control linear systems in discrete form. The memory control employing memorized past information is exploited to enhance the triggering intervals under event-triggered condition. Moreover, novel summation type event-triggering condition is newly proposed by utilizing buffer memory element. Based upon memory control and novel triggering conditions, the control design methodology is constructed for transformed input-delay model in forms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) adopting generalized free-weighting matrix summation inequality. As a result, the proposed scheme shows off the reduction of average signal transmission frequency and reliability while covering standard condition. Throughout numerical examples, the effectiveness is shown and the effect of memory element is analyzed.
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Mayor, Yandy G., and Michel D. S. Mesquita. "Numerical Simulations of the 1 May 2012 Deep Convection Event over Cuba: Sensitivity to Cumulus and Microphysical Schemes in a High-Resolution Model." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/973151.
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This paper evaluates the sensitivity to cumulus and microphysics schemes, as represented in numerical simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting model, in characterizing a deep convection event over the Cuban island on 1 May 2012. To this end, 30 experiments combining five cumulus and six microphysics schemes, in addition to two experiments in which the cumulus parameterization was turned off, are tested in order to choose the combination that represents the event precipitation more accurately. ERA Interim is used as lateral boundary condition data for the downscaling procedure. Results show that convective schemes are more important than microphysics schemes for determining the precipitation areas within a high-resolution domain simulation. Also, while one cumulus scheme captures the overall spatial convective structure of the event more accurately than others, it fails to capture the precipitation intensity. This apparent discrepancy leads to sensitivity related to the verification method used to rank the scheme combinations. This sensitivity is also observed in a comparison between parameterized and explicit cumulus formation when the Kain-Fritsch scheme was used. A loss of added value is also found when the Grell-Freitas cumulus scheme was activated at 1 km grid spacing.
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Derafshian Maram, Mehdi, and Nima Amjady. "Event-based remedial action scheme against super-component contingencies to avert frequency and voltage instabilities." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 8, no. 9 (2014): 1591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0780.
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Li, Jinna, Peng Zeng, Xuejun Zong, Meng Zheng, and Xiaoling Zhang. "Joint Design of Transmission Rate and Control for Wireless Sensor Networked Control Systems." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/158404.
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This paper is concerned with transmission rate and control codesign of wireless sensor networked control systems (WSNCS) with time-varying delay. Jointly designing transmission rate and control is an attractive paradigm for WSNCS, since the control performance of WSNCS is highly sensitive to resource-constrained communication networks. The main idea of devised scheme is searching an optimal event-triggered transmission condition on the premise that wireless link capacity constraint is satisfied and stability of systems is guaranteed. The main aim of devised scheme is to greatly optimize control performance of WSNCS. First, two wireless network architectures characterized by multihop and star topology are put forward. Secondly, a model of WSNCS with event-triggered transmission mechanism is constructed. It is followed by stability analysis of WSNCS to obtain the asymptotical stability condition of systems. And then a search algorithm is presented for transmission rate and control codesign. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Li, Jingyu, Liang Shen, Fengqi Yao, Huanyu Zhao, and Jing Wang. "An event-triggered approach to finite-time observer-based control for Markov jump systems with repeated scalar nonlinearities." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 9 (2017): 2789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217720975.
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This paper studies the issue of finite-time observer-based control via an event-triggered scheme for Markov jump repeated scalar nonlinear systems. An observer-based controller via an event-triggered scheme is proposed, which can save the limited network communication bandwidth effectively, so that the resulting error system is stochastically finite-time bounded. Based on the positive definite diagonally dominant matrix and the Lyapunov function technique, a sufficient condition is presented for the solvability of the addressed problem, and the desired observer-based controller can be constructed via a convex optimization problem. In the end, a simulation example is employed to show the validity and practicability of the proposed design method.
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Lu, Zhongda, Guangtao Ran, Guoliang Zhang, and Fengxia Xu. "Event-Based Nonfragile H∞ Filter Design for Networked Control Systems with Interval Time-Varying Delay." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2018 (June 12, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4541586.
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This paper first investigates the event-triggered nonfragile H∞ filter design for a class of nonlinear NCSs with interval time-varying delay. An event-triggered scheme is addressed to determine sampled data to be transmitted so that network communication resource can be saved significantly. The nonfragile filter design is assumed to include multiplicative gain variations according to the filter’s implement. Under the event-triggered scheme, the filtering error system is modeled as a system with interval time-varying delay. By constructing a new Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and employing Wirtinger inequality, a sufficient condition is derived, which guarantees that the filtering error system is asymptotically stable with the prescribed H∞ performance. The nonfragile filter parameters are obtained by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. Two numerical examples are given to show the usefulness and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Mann, Zoltán. "Numbering action vertices in workflow graphs." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 20, no. 3 (2010): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10006-010-0044-0.
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Numbering action vertices in workflow graphsWorkflow graphs, consisting of actions, events, and logical switches, are used to model business processes. In order to easily identify the actions within a workflow graph, it is useful to number them in such a way that the numbering reflects the structure of the workflow. However, available tools offer only rudimental numbering schemes. In the paper, a set of natural requirements is defined that a logical numbering should fulfill. It is investigated under what conditions there is an appropriate numbering at all, when it is uniquely defined by the set of requirements, and when it can be computed efficiently. It is shown that for an important special class of workflow graphs, namely, structured workflow graphs, the answer to all these questions is affirmative. For general workflow graphs, a set of requirements is presented that can always be fulfilled, but the numbering is not necessarily unique. An algorithm based on a depth-first search can be used to compute an appropriate numbering efficiently.
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Xu, Zhenpeng, Zhenxing Yin, and Lili Wang. "Orphan-Free Consistent Condition for Log-Based Checkpointing and Rollback Recovery Scheme." International Journal of Advanced Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing 5, no. 3 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijapuc.2013070101.
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The fundamental goal of the log-based fault-tolerant scheme is to bring the system into a consistent global state without any orphan inconsistence. However, the existing Alvisi’s No-Orphans Consistency Condition is only sufficient on condition that the set of local checkpoints of failure processes keep consistent always. Independent of the specific log-based checkpointing and rollback-recovery fault tolerant scheme, an extended orphan-free consistency condition is derived based on PWD assumption in this paper. The definitions of the orphan inconsistence among the process state and the nondeterministic event during a rollback recovery were extended. Finally the essential requirement for message logs was specified to eliminate the possible orphan inconsistence among the process state during a rollback recovery. By contrast, the proposal is a practical and efficient constraint for the orphan-free recovery.
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Mukherjee, Saptarshi, N. Lowri Thomas, and Alan J. Williams. "A mechanistic description of gating of the human cardiac ryanodine receptor in a regulated minimal environment." Journal of General Physiology 140, no. 2 (2012): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201110706.
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Cardiac muscle contraction, triggered by the action potential, is mediated by the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptor (RyR)2 channels. In situ, RyR2 gating is modulated by numerous physiological and pharmacological agents, and altered RyR2 function underlies the occurrence of arrhythmias in both inherited and acquired diseases. To understand fully the mechanisms underpinning the regulation of RyR2 in the normal heart and how these systems are altered in pathological conditions, we must first gain a detailed knowledge of the fundamental processes of RyR2 gating. In this investigation, we provide key novel mechanistic insights into the physical reality of RyR2 gating revealed by new experimental and analytical approaches. We have examined in detail the single-channel gating kinetics of the purified human RyR2 when activated by cytosolic Ca2+ in a stringently regulated environment where the modulatory influence of factors external to the channel were minimized. The resulting gating schemes are based on an accurate description of single-channel kinetics using hidden Markov model analysis and reveal several novel aspects of RyR2 gating behavior: (a) constitutive gating is observed as unliganded opening events; (b) binding of Ca2+ to the channel stabilizes it in different open states; (c) RyR2 exists in two preopening closed conformations in equilibrium, one of which binds Ca2+ more readily than the other; (d) the gating of RyR2 when bound to Ca2+ can be described by a kinetic scheme incorporating bursts; and (e) analysis of flicker closing events within bursts reveals gating activity that is not influenced by ligand binding. The gating schemes generated in this investigation provide a framework for future studies in which the mechanisms of action of key physiological regulatory factors, disease-linked mutations, and potential therapeutic compounds can be described precisely.
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Huang, Han Yao, Tae-Jin Lee, and Hee Yong Youn. "Event Driven Duty Cycling with Reinforcement Learning and Monte Carlo Technique for Wireless Network." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (March 6, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6644389.
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Reducing transmission delay and maximizing the network lifetime are important issues for wireless sensor networks (WSN). The existing approaches commonly let the nodes periodically sleep to minimize energy consumption, which adversely increases packet forwarding latency. In this study, a novel scheme is proposed, which effectively determines the duty cycle of the nodes and packet forwarding path according to the network condition by employing the event-based mechanism and reinforcement learning technique. This allows low-latency energy-efficient scheduling and reduces the transmission collision between the nodes on the path. The Monte Carlo evaluation method is also adopted to minimize the overhead of the computation of each node in making the decision. Computer simulation reveals that the proposed scheme significantly improves end-to-end latency, waiting time, packet delivery ratio, and energy efficiency compared to the existing schemes including S-MAC and event-driven adaptive duty cycling scheme.
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Lu, Pukun, Meng Liu, Xiuyu Zhang, Guoqiang Zhu, Zhi Li, and Chun-Yi Su. "Neural Network Based Adaptive Event-Triggered Control for Quadrotor Unmanned Aircraft Robotics." Machines 10, no. 8 (2022): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10080617.
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With the aim of addressing the problem of the trajectory tracking control of quadrotor unmanned aircraft robots (UARs), in this study, we developed a neural network and event-triggering mechanism-based adaptive control scheme for a quadrotor UAR control system. The main technologies included this scheme are as follows. (1) Under the condition that only the quadrotor’s position information can be obtained, a modified high-gain state observer-based adaptive dynamic surface control (DSC) method was applied and the tracking control of quadrotor UARs was acquired. (2) An event-triggered mechanism for UARs was designed, in which the energy consumption was greatly reduced and the communication efficiency between the system and the control terminal was improved. (3) By selecting appropriate parameters, appropriate initial conditions for the adaptive laws, and establishing a high-gain state observer, a tracking performance of L∞ could be achieved. Finally, simulation results of the hardware-in-loop strategy are presented. The control method we propose here outperformed the traditional backstepping sliding mode control (BSMC) scheme.
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Yan, Shen, Sing Kiong Nguang, and Liruo Zhang. "Nonfragile Integral-Based Event-Triggered Control of Uncertain Cyber-Physical Systems under Cyber‐Attacks." Complexity 2019 (November 3, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8194606.
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This article studies the problem of nonfragile integral-based event-triggered control for uncertain cyber-physical systems under cyber-attacks. An integral-based event-triggered scheme is proposed to reduce the data transmissions and save the limited network resources. The triggering condition is related to the mean of system state over a finite time interval instead of instant system state. Random cyber-attacks in a communication channel are taken into account and described by a stochastic variable subject to Bernoulli distribution. A novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional based on Legendre polynomials is constructed, and the Bessel–Legendre inequality technique is employed to handle the integral term induced by the integral-based event-triggered scheme. Resorting to these treatments, sufficient conditions are established via a set of linear matrix inequalities to guarantee the asymptotic mean-square stability of the closed-loop system. Finally, a numerical example shows that the presented method is effective.
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Seo, Giup, Seungwook Yoon, Junyoung Song, Ekta Srivastava, and Euiseok Hwang. "Label-Free Fault Detection Scheme for Inverters of PV Systems: Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Dynamic Threshold." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (2023): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042470.
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Generally, photovoltaic (PV) fault detection approaches can be divided into two groups: end-to-end and threshold methods. The end-to-end method typically uses a deep neural network (DNN) to learn fault patterns from labeled datasets, which directly detect whether faults occur or not. The threshold method first estimates power generation and uses thresholds to detect atypical deviations of measured values from estimated ones. The former method heavily relies on fault-labeled data and, therefore, requires the collection of abnormal event records, which is usually difficult, due to the sparseness of these events. The latter method typically uses statistical approaches, such as 3-sigma, to find thresholds, and it can be practically utilized without fault labels. However, setting a threshold with a proper confidence interval is still challenging, as PV power generation is sensitive to variations in environmental conditions, such as irradiance, ambient temperature, wind speed and humidity. In this paper, we propose a novel deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based label-free fault detection scheme in which thresholds are dynamically assigned with suitable confidence intervals under varying environmental conditions. Various weather properties were used as input features (i.e., states) to a DRL agent, and proper thresholds were estimated in real time from the actions of the DRL agent. To this end, a reward function was designed for learning proper thresholds without fault labels under different weather conditions. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, the PV dataset of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was used, as it includes paired records of local weather and PV generations. The DRL-based scheme was compared with static and conventional dynamic threshold methods, based on statistical approaches. The results revealed that the proposed scheme outperformed the existing methods, providing a 5.67% higher F1-score in the NIST dataset.
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Wang, Yougang, Jing Zhang, and Huaiqin Wu. "Distributed Adaptive Mittag–Leffler Formation Control for Second-Order Fractional Multi-Agent Systems via Event-Triggered Control Strategy." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 7 (2022): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6070380.
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This brief investigates the Mittag–Leffler formation bounded control problem for second-order fractional multi-agent systems (FMASs), where the dynamical nodes of followers are modeled to satisfy quadratic (QUAD) condition. Firstly, under the undirected communication topology, for the considered second-order nonlinear FMASs, a distributed event-triggered control scheme (ETCS) is designed to realize the global Mittag–Leffler bounded formation control goal. Secondly, by introducing adaptive weights into triggering condition and control protocol, an adaptive event-triggered formation protocol is presented to achieve the global Mittag–Leffler bounded formation. Thirdly, a five-step algorithm is provided to describe protocol execution steps. Finally, two simulation examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.