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Rachid, Aziz, Hassan El Fadil, Khawla Gaouzi, Kamal Rachid, Abdellah Lassioui, Zakariae El Idrissi i Mohamed Koundi. "Electric Vehicle Charging Systems: Comprehensive Review". Energies 16, nr 1 (26.12.2022): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010255.
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The high-voltage battery is a crucial element for EV traction systems. It is the primary energy source that must be regularly recharged to reach the autonomy declared by the manufacturer. Therefore, an EV charging system is required to ensure the battery charging process. This review thoroughly investigates the available EV charging technologies and the most popular batteries for EV applications. The contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: the classification and topologies of electric vehicle chargers are examined, an overview of the current EV charging standards is provided, the state-of-the-art of EV charging couplers is discussed, and the most widely used batteries in EV applications are reviewed.
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Wang, Ying Hui, Ming Yu Zhao, Yang He i Gang Wang. "The Application of Extended CIM in Electric-Vehicle’s Charging-Discharging System". Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (grudzień 2012): 1600–1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1600.
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In order to ensure the safety and efficiency of electric-vehicle’s charging-discharging, and control the charging-discharging process according to the electric grid’s condition, multiple applications and systems have been developed for monitoring and managing the EV’s charging-discharging. All of these systems are required for EV charging-discharging data support, so it becomes quite an urgent problem that how to share and exchange EV’s charging-discharging information between different systems. To solve this problem, this paper applies IEC61970 CIM to EV charging-discharging system, extends the CIM to cover all the EV charging-discharging facilities. And then a data center of EV charging-discharging has been developed based on the extended CIM to provide charging-discharging data for other systems through CIS service. The research of this paper provides a unified information model for efficient monitoring and management of EV’s charging-discharging as well as integration of related systems and applications.
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G., Shwetha, i Guruswamy K P. "A Study on PWM Rectifier for Battery Charging Applications – A Review". International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 11, nr 5 (30.06.2022): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e3608.0611522.
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Electric Vehicles (EV) are becoming more popular in present scenario because it can be easily charged using charger. Thus, the chargers play a vital role in EV vehicle. Hence, many distinct types of EV charging technologies have been developed so far. This paper reviewes an effective and quick charging approach which extends the life cycle of a battery with high charging efficiency. This article also presents about characteristics of charger in terms of converter topologies, modulation schemes and control algorithms.
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Virendra Swaroop Sangtani, Vikash Kajla, Bharat Bhushan Jain, Nandkishor Gupta,. "Numerical Simulation Design of Improved Meta Heuristic Charging Scheduling for Electrical Vehicle Applications". Mathematical Statistician and Engineering Applications 71, nr 2 (10.05.2022): 368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/msea.v71i2.98.
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The driving range of an electric car is restricted. There aren't many charging stations in India, so those that exist must be efficient. This study's purpose is to develop a set of criteria for selecting successful algorithms for scheduling EV charging in photovoltaic micro grids Due to the similarities between EV charging scheduling and timetabling scheduling, research works on other fields' scheduling were thoroughly analyzed. This involves scheduling issues. The paper also reviews scheduling constraints, particularly for solar-powered electric vehicles. Charging electric vehicles on smart micro grids using PV is encouraged. Electric automobiles (EVs) are gaining worldwide favour over conventional cars. However, the higher purchase price of an EV may still be the main market obstacle. Customers choose EVs for various reasons, including lower carbon emissions and higher performance. Consumers with environmental awareness and a renewable energy perspective are needed. A recent study found that a 1% increase in renewable energy sources increases EV demand by 2-6%. It is acknowledged that EVs provide new potential for control and consumption flexibility by adjusting the charging power at a given moment. Particle swarm optimization for grid charging electric vehicles Electric vehicles must be recharged after a distance. Because electric vehicles are a viable alternative to internal combustion engines, the technology has grown rapidly. Electric vehicles have fewer emissions, better energy efficiency, less noise pollution, and cheaper operating and maintenance expenses. We plan to use this research to identify efficient algorithms for charging electric vehicles (EVs) in photovoltaic microgrids. The similarities between scheduling timetabling and EV charging prompted a review of literature on scheduling in many domains, particularly timetabling.
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Ahmad, Afaq, Muhammad Khalid, Zahid Ullah, Naveed Ahmad, Mohammad Aljaidi, Faheem Ahmed Malik i Umar Manzoor. "Electric Vehicle Charging Modes, Technologies and Applications of Smart Charging". Energies 15, nr 24 (14.12.2022): 9471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249471.
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The rise of the intelligent, local charging facilitation and environmentally friendly aspects of electric vehicles (EVs) has grabbed the attention of many end-users. However, there are still numerous challenges faced by researchers trying to put EVs into competition with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The major challenge in EVs is quick recharging and the selection of an optimal charging station. In this paper, we present the most recent research on EV charging management systems and their role in smart cities. EV charging can be done either in parking mode or on-the-move mode. This review work is novel due to many factors, such as that it focuses on discussing centralized and distributed charging management techniques supported by a communication framework for the selection of an appropriate charging station (CS). Similarly, the selection of CS is evaluated on the basis of battery charging as well as battery swapping services. This review also covered plug-in charging technologies including residential, public and ultra-fast charging technologies and also discusses the major components and architecture of EVs involved in charging. In a comprehensive and detailed manner, the applications and challenges in different charging modes, CS selection, and future work have been discussed. This is the first attempt of its kind, we did not find a survey on the charging hierarchy of EVs, their architecture, or their applications in smart cities.
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Aydin, Emrullah, Mehmet Timur Aydemir, Ahmet Aksoz, Mohamed El Baghdadi i Omar Hegazy. "Inductive Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications: A Comprehensive Review". Energies 15, nr 14 (6.07.2022): 4962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15144962.
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Nowadays, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is receiving more attention in the automotive sector, introducing a safe, flexible and promising alternative to the standard battery chargers. Considering these advantages, charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries using the WPT method can be an important alternative to plug-in charging systems. This paper focuses on the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) method, which is based on the magnetic coupling of coils exchanging power from a stationary primary unit to a secondary system onboard the EV. A comprehensive review has been performed on the history of the evolution, working principles and phenomena, design considerations, control methods and health issues of IPT systems, especially those based on EV charging. In particular, the coil design, operating frequency selection, efficiency values and the preferred compensation topologies in the literature have been discussed. The published guidelines and reports that have studied the effects of WPT systems on human health are also given. In addition, suggested methods in the literature for protection from exposure are discussed. The control section gives the common charging control techniques and focuses on the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) approach, which is usually used for EV battery chargers.
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Zhang, Rongqing, Xiang Cheng i Liuqing Yang. "Flexible Energy Management Protocol for Cooperative EV-to-EV Charging". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 20, nr 1 (styczeń 2019): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2807184.
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Jouybari-Moghaddam, Hessamoddin. "Influence of electric vehicle charging rates on transformer derating in harmonic-rich battery charger applications". Archives of Electrical Engineering 61, nr 4 (1.11.2012): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10171-012-0037-8.
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Abstract A study on plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging load and its impacts on distribution transformers loss-of-life, is presented in this paper. The assessment is based on residential PEV battery charging. As the exact forecasting of the charging load is not possible, the method for predicting the electric vehicle (EV) charging load is stochastically formulated. With the help of the stochastic model, the effect of fixed, time of use, and real-time charging rates on the charging load and the resultant impact on transformer derating is investigated. A 38-bus test system is adopted as the test system including industrial harmonic sources. Test results demonstrate that uncontrolled EV charging might causes a noticeable change in the K-factor of the transformer, emerging the need for derating, while applying real-time rates for battery charging loads conquers this problem even in case of harmonic-rich chargers.
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Gemma, Filippo, Giulia Tresca, Andrea Formentini i Pericle Zanchetta. "Balanced Charging Algorithm for CHB in an EV Powertrain". Energies 16, nr 14 (23.07.2023): 5565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145565.
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The scientific literature acknowledges cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converters as a viable alternative to two-level inverters in electric vehicle (EV) powertrain applications. In the context of an electric vehicle engine connected to a DC charger, this study introduces a state of charge (SOC)-governed method for charging li-ion battery modules using a cascaded H-bridge converter. The key strength of this algorithm lies in its ability to achieve balanced charging of battery modules across all three-phase submodules while simultaneously controlling the DC charger, eliminating the need for an additional intermediate converter. Moreover, the algorithm is highly customizable, allowing adaptation to various configurations involving different numbers of submodules per phase. Simulative and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed charging algorithm, validating its practical application.
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Emodi, Nnaemeka Vincent, Scott Dwyer, Kriti Nagrath i John Alabi. "Electromobility in Australia: Tariff Design Structure and Consumer Preferences for Mobile Distributed Energy Storage". Sustainability 14, nr 11 (28.05.2022): 6631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116631.
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The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) may contribute to decarbonisation of the transport sector and has the potential to offer value to consumers and electricity grid operators through its energy storage capabilities. While electricity tariffs can play an important role in consumer uptake of EVs, little is known about how EV charging tariff design affects EV users’ behaviour in participating in applications that can support the electricity grid, such as those applications classed under Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X). Examining the case of Australia, this study reviews the literature on electromobility with a focus on EV charging tariffs and its impact on consumer behaviour within the V2X context. The main findings drawn from up-to-date publications show that a well-designed EV tariff structure, available parking, and EV charging facilities can increase consumer participation in V2X. However, cooperation between EV users and grid operators is needed to establish a form of controlled charging agreement to harness the full potential of the EV electricity storage system for grid stability and battery support operations. To achieve this, the right tariff structure will have to be established to incentivise EV consumers to subscribe to V2X services. We also present recommendations for EV tariff design to support Australian consumer participation in V2G. Finally, we identify research gaps for further research.
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Kalyanasundaram, V., George S. Fernandez, K. Vijayakumar i S. Vidyasagar. "A two stage battery charger for EV charging applications". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, nr 2 (1.08.2020): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp593-599.
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<p><span>Electric power generation and consumption are indicating an unprecedented change in recent decades. Electrical power industry and transportation sector lie at the core of this development and hence this change. This change is one of the major causes of polluting environmental and global warming. </span><span>So, to decrease the dependency on conventional fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, countries around the globe are actively finding alternative energy resources. It will help to develop clean and green energies to build a sustainable society. Simultaneously, energy utilization in the field of transportation is witnessing a change from fossil fuel to electricity-based fuel. Electrified transportation system is a solution to endorse sustainable energy development and addressing environmental pollution, global warming issues. In this paper, an EV battery charger is designed with a two-stage charging model to achieve good efficiency. The design is simulated by using MATLAB simulation and compared with the existing model. The simulation results show that the proposed model is superior to the traditional model.</span></p>
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Dhanavade, Monali. "Fast Battery Charger For Electric Vehicle With Solar Energy". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 7 (31.07.2022): 3024–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45696.
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Abstract: The paper goes through the fundamentals of fast EV battery charging equipment as well as difficulties related to charging installations for road electric vehicles. The findings of the study are based on the prospect of EV charging stations being unified in smart networks, which connect the main grid with distributed power plants, renewable energy sources, stationary electrical storage devices, and electric loads. The study will look at the characteristics of several types of DC storage devices that will be used in stationary and on-board applications. A user-selectable charging current rate is illustrated in its simplest form. The ultra-fast DC ev battery charging architecture was also given special examination, as it appears to be a viable solution to the problem.
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Mo, Tiande, Kin-tak Lau, Yu Li, Chi-kin Poon, Yinghong Wu, Paul K. Chu i Yang Luo. "Commercialization of Electric Vehicles in Hong Kong". Energies 15, nr 3 (27.01.2022): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030942.
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Road vehicles are responsible for air pollution in Hong Kong, and electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles as the city is transitioning to clean energy. In this work, EV adoption in Hong Kong is investigated and analyzed, including the global EV markets, present EV status in Hong Kong, local challenges facing EV development, suggestions for EV promotion in Hong Kong, emerging technologies, and decommissioning of batteries and EVs. The challenges of EVs include insufficient charging infrastructures, inadequate management of public charging facilities, difficulties in EV repair and maintenance, “dead mileage” during charging, unacceptable long charging times, and limited commercial EV models. Strategies such as providing incentives and bonuses for commercial EVs, offering high-power quick-charging facilities, actively developing commercial EVs, installing more charging infrastructures for private EVs, building connections among stakeholders, encouraging the participation of the private sector to promote fee-based services, and supporting the development of innovative technologies should be implemented to promote EVs in Hong Kong. Emerging technologies for EVs such as wireless charging, smart power distribution, vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home systems, connected vehicles, and self-driving are discussed. Eco-friendly decommissioning of EV batteries can be realized by recycling and second-life applications. This paper serves as a reference and guide for the sustainable and smart evolution of the transportation sector in Hong Kong and other global large cities.
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Kakkar, Riya, Rajesh Gupta, Smita Agrawal, Sudeep Tanwar, Ravi Sharma, Ahmed Alkhayyat, Bogdan-Constantin Neagu i Maria Simona Raboaca. "A Review on Standardizing Electric Vehicles Community Charging Service Operator Infrastructure". Applied Sciences 12, nr 23 (26.11.2022): 12096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312096.
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The deployment of charging infrastructure is one of the main challenges that need to be tackled due to the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs). Moreover, EVs associated with different charging standards can face compatibility issues while charging via public or private infrastructure. Many solutions were surveyed by researchers on EVs, but they were not focused on addressing the issue of charging infrastructure standardization. Motivated by this, we present a comprehensive survey on standardizing EV charging infrastructure. We also present a taxonomy on various aspects such as charging levels, charging modes, charging standards, charging technologies (based on the different charging types such as conductive charging and wireless charging), and types of vehicle (i.e., 2-wheeler (2W), 3-wheeler (3W), and 4-wheeler (4W)). Furthermore, we target the benefits associated with community EV charging operated by the community charging service operator. Furthermore, we propose an architecture for standardized EV community charging infrastructure to provide adaptability for EVs with different charging standards. Finally, the research challenges and opportunities of the proposed survey have been discussed for efficient EV charging.
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Deilami, Sara, i S. M. Muyeen. "An Insight into Practical Solutions for Electric Vehicle Charging in Smart Grid". Energies 13, nr 7 (26.03.2020): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071545.
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The electrification of transportation has been developed to support energy efficiency and CO2 reduction. As a result, electric vehicles (EVs) have become more popular in the current transport system to create more efficient energy. In recent years, this increase in EVs as well as renewable energy resources (RERs) has led to a major issue for power system networks. This paper studies electrical vehicles (EVs) and their applications in the smart grid and provides practical solutions for EV charging strategies in a smart power system to overcome the issues associated with large-scale EV penetrations. The research first reviews the EV battery infrastructure and charging strategies and introduces the main impacts of uncontrolled charging on the power grid. Then, it provides a practical overview of the existing and future solutions to manage the large-scale integration of EVs into the network. The simulation results for two controlled strategies of maximum sensitivity selection (MSS) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization are presented and reviewed. A comparative analysis was performed to prove the application and validity of the solution approaches. This also helps researchers with the application of the optimization approaches on EV charging strategies. These two algorithms were implemented on a modified IEEE 23 kV medium voltage distribution system with switched shunt capacitors (SSCs) and a low voltage residential network, including EVs and nonlinear EV battery chargers.
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Chalawadi, Vishwanath, i Sanjeeth P. Amminabhavi. "A Comprehensive Study of Electric Vehicle Components, Applications, Limiting Factor and Protocols". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 4 (30.04.2022): 1912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41667.
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Abstract: For the green transportation tool, EV great attraction from researchers, leading of extensive works. With the building of high-storage battery and EV, the more number of the EV will increases, because of that the simultaneously charging and discharging characteristics will gives new challenges to safe and stable. This paper introduces briefly some concepts of EV, including studies on EV, Components, Power required to move vehicle, Limiting Factors, Application, Types of EV Battery, and Protocols for EV Application. Keywords: Electric Vehicle (EV), Limiting Factors, Application, Protocols for EV Application.
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Jin, Hojun, Sangkeum Lee, Sarvar Hussain Nengroo i Dongsoo Har. "Development of Charging/Discharging Scheduling Algorithm for Economical and Energy-Efficient Operation of Multi-EV Charging Station". Applied Sciences 12, nr 9 (9.05.2022): 4786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094786.
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As the number of electric vehicles (EVs) significantly increases, the excessive charging demand of parked EVs in the charging station may incur an instability problem to the electricity network during peak hours. For the charging station to take a microgrid (MG) structure, an economical and energy-efficient power management scheme is required for the power provision of EVs while considering the local load demand of the MG. For these purposes, this study presents the power management scheme of interdependent MG and EV fleets aided by a novel EV charging/discharging scheduling algorithm. In this algorithm, the maximum amount of discharging power from parked EVs is determined based on the difference between local load demand and photovoltaic (PV) power production to alleviate imbalances occurred between them. For the power management of the MG with charging/discharging scheduling of parked EVs in the PV-based charging station, multi-objective optimization is performed to minimize the operating cost and grid dependency. In addition, the proposed scheme maximizes the utilization of EV charging/discharging while satisfying the charging requirements of parked EVs. Moreover, a more economical and energy-efficient PV-based charging station is established using the future trends of local load demand and PV power production predicted by a gated recurrent unit (GRU) network. With the proposed EV charging/discharging scheduling algorithm, the operating cost of PV-based charging station is decreased by 167.71% and 28.85% compared with the EV charging scheduling algorithm and the conventional EV charging/discharging scheduling algorithm, respectively. It is obvious that the economical and energy-efficient operation of PV-based charging station can be accomplished by applying the power management scheme with the proposed EV charging/discharging scheduling strategy.
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Ma, Lin Guo, Yan Nian Wu i Yuan Wang. "PLC-Based Communications Network Design for EV Charging & Swapping Stations". Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (grudzień 2012): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.665.
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Electric vehicle (EV) charging & swapping station is an indispensable EV energy service infrastructure after the large-scale industrialization of EV. Power line carrier communication (PLC) is a technology that transmits analog or digital signal with high speed through the carrier. By applying robust and reliable power line as the transmission medium of carrier signal, PLC is featured with stable and reliable information transmission, reasonable routing, no re-wiring, wide coverage, convenient connection, and highly reliable channel. This paper briefly describes the characteristics and applications of PLC technology, introduces functions and an overall design plan for the communication network of EV charging and swapping stations. Meanwhile, it provides the hardware realization and protocol establishment of communications network interfaces for PLC-based EV charging and swapping stations as well as a design for information management system.
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Cheikh-Mohamad, Saleh, Manuela Sechilariu, Fabrice Locment i Youssef Krim. "PV-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Preliminary Requirements and Feasibility Conditions". Applied Sciences 11, nr 4 (17.02.2021): 1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041770.
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Environmental benefits lie in halting direct air pollution and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast to thermal vehicles, electric vehicles (EV) have zero tailpipe emissions, but their contribution in reducing global air pollution is highly dependent on the energy source they have been charged with. Thus, the energy system depicted in this paper is a photovoltaic (PV)-powered EV charging station based on a DC microgrid and includes stationary storage and public grid connection as power source backups. The goal is to identify the preliminary requirements and feasibility conditions for PV-powered EV charging stations leading to PV benefits growth. Simulation results of different scenarios prove that slow charging with long park time could increase PV benefits for EVs and may reduce the charging price, therefore, EV users should be more willing to stay at charging stations. Whereas, for fast charging, EV users should accept the high charging price since it depends on the public energy grid. Energy system distribution and EV’s energy distribution are well presented.
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Brenna, Morris, Federica Foiadelli, Carola Leone i Michela Longo. "Electric Vehicles Charging Technology Review and Optimal Size Estimation". Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology 15, nr 6 (2.10.2020): 2539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00547-x.
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Abstract Many different types of electric vehicle (EV) charging technologies are described in literature and implemented in practical applications. This paper presents an overview of the existing and proposed EV charging technologies in terms of converter topologies, power levels, power flow directions and charging control strategies. An overview of the main charging methods is presented as well, particularly the goal is to highlight an effective and fast charging technique for lithium ions batteries concerning prolonging cell cycle life and retaining high charging efficiency. Once presented the main important aspects of charging technologies and strategies, in the last part of this paper, through the use of genetic algorithm, the optimal size of the charging systems is estimated and, on the base of a sensitive analysis, the possible future trends in this field are finally valued.
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Zhaksylyk, Assel, Haaris Rasool, Ekaterina Abramushkina, Sajib Chakraborty, Thomas Geury, Mohamed El Baghdadi i Omar Hegazy. "Review of Active Front-End Rectifiers in EV DC Charging Applications". Batteries 9, nr 3 (27.02.2023): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030150.
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Active Front-End (AFE) rectifiers have regained momentum as the demand for highpower Electric Vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure increases exponentially. AFE rectifiers have high efficiency and reliability, and they minimize the disturbances that could be generated due to the operation of the EV charging systems by reducing harmonic distortion and operating close to the Unity Power Factor (UPF). The purpose of this review is to present the current state-of-the-art AFE rectifiers used in fast chargers, focusing on the comparison between different AFE topologies and their components, as well as modular AFE solutions. Furthermore, different control strategies of AFE converters are presented and compared. Some of their more widely used control techniques, namely Voltage Oriented Control (VOC), Direct Power Control (DPC), Hysteresis Current Control (HCC), and Model Predictive Control (MPC), have been implemented, and their performance compared. Centralized and distributed control systems are compared for operating parallel AFE rectifiers for modular, fast charging systems. An overview of cooling systems and reliability evaluation tools is also presented. Finally, trends and future outlooks are analyzed.
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Mishra, Anjanee K., Saurabh Shukla, Bhim Singh i Ahmad Al Durra. "A Reactive Power Compensated Control Scheme for Solar-Assisted EV Fast-Charging Applications". International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (1.06.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6723610.
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The main objective of this work is to develop an efficient reactive power compensated control technique for a fast-charging scheme for electric vehicle(s) (i.e., level-3 charging). The developed charging technique has the four-quadrant power flow operation with the simultaneous assurance of the compensated reactive power control. The developed charging infrastructure scheme involves a solar panel and 3-phase grid to charge the E-mobility. A DC-DC boost converter is used to achieve maximum power tracking (MPPT) of a solar PV array, and a 3-phase grid-tied bidirectional voltage source converter (VSC) is utilized to provide the bulk of power to charge the EV. The 3-phase VSC has multiple functionalities including grid side power quality (PQ) improvement with reactive power compensation, seamless flow of power from the grid to EV, and solar to grid or battery to grid (V2G) operation. This scheme also facilitates tariffs earned by discharging solar energy to the grid with additional benefits of reactive power compensation. An arrangement is also made to tackle grid failure conditions during battery discharging mode by connecting a load for ancillary purposes. The effectiveness of this charging scheme is first examined in MATLAB/Simulink environment and then validated on developed hardware.
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Huynh, Phuoc Sang, Deepak Ronanki, Deepa Vincent i Sheldon S. Williamson. "Overview and Comparative Assessment of Single-Phase Power Converter Topologies of Inductive Wireless Charging Systems". Energies 13, nr 9 (1.05.2020): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092150.
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The acquisition of inductive power transfer (IPT) technology in commercial electric vehicles (EVs) alleviates the inherent burdens of high cost, limited driving range, and long charging time. In EV wireless charging systems using IPT, power electronic converters play a vital role to reduce the size and cost, as well as to maximize the efficiency of the overall system. Over the past years, significant research studies have been conducted by researchers to improve the performance of power conversion systems including the power converter topologies and control schemes. This paper aims to provide an overview of the existing state-of-the-art of power converter topologies for IPT systems in EV charging applications. In this paper, the widely adopted power conversion topologies for IPT systems are selected and their performance is compared in terms of input power factor, input current distortion, current stress, voltage stress, power losses on the converter, and cost. The single-stage matrix converter based IPT systems advantageously adopt the sinusoidal ripple current (SRC) charging technique to remove the intermediate DC-link capacitors, which improves system efficiency, power density and reduces cost. Finally, technical considerations and future opportunities of power converters in EV wireless charging applications are discussed.
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Dorokhova, Marina, Jérémie Vianin, Jean-Marie Alder, Christophe Ballif, Nicolas Wyrsch i David Wannier. "A Blockchain-Supported Framework for Charging Management of Electric Vehicles". Energies 14, nr 21 (1.11.2021): 7144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217144.
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Profound changes driven by decarbonization, decentralization, and digitalization are disrupting the energy industry, bringing new challenges to its key stakeholders. In the attempt to address the climate change issue, increasing penetration of renewables and mobility electrification augment the complexity of the electric grid, thus calling for new management approaches to govern energy exchanges while ensuring reliable and secure operations. The emerging blockchain technology is regarded as one of the most promising solutions to respond to the matter in a decentralized, efficient, fast, and secure way. In this work, we propose an Ethereum-based charging management framework for electric vehicles (EVs), tightly interlinked with physical and software infrastructure and implemented in a real-world demonstration site. With a specifically designed solidity-based smart contract governing the charging process, the proposed framework enables secure and reliable accounting of energy exchanges in a network of trustless peers, thus facilitating the EVs’ deployment and encouraging the adoption of blockchain technology for everyday tasks such as EV charging through private and semi-private charging infrastructure. The results of a multi-actor implementation case study in Switzerland demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed blockchain framework and highlight its potential to reduce costs in a typical EV charging business model. Moreover, the study shows that the suggested framework can speed up the charging and billing processes for EV users, simplify the access to energy markets for charging station owners, and facilitate the interaction between the two through specifically designed mobile and web applications. The implementation presented in this paper can be used as a guideline for future blockchain applications for EV charging and other smart grid projects.
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Kumar Pandey, Neeraj, i Rashmi Sharma. "Bidirectional Converter for Charging /Discharging of Battery". Journal of Futuristic Sciences and Applications 3, nr 1 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/jfsa.312001.
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A better option for V2G and G2V compatibility is a bidirectional dc/dc on-board charger for EV battery discharging/charging application. Isolated converters favour working with high power densities over a wide variety of loads, which is advantageous for EV applications. For all power switches in both directions, the bidirectional converter executes the stepup and stepdown operation at zero voltage switching. There are two different types of architectures—direct and indirect architectures—that can be used to link EVs to the grid. The EV and the grid system operator only have one communication channel to use under the direct architecture. The indirect architecture, on the other hand, calls for communication between the grid operator and a middle system (sometimes referred to as an aggregator). In this essay, we focus on the earlier design. Electric vehicles (EVs) engage in continuous charge-discharge cycles when they connect to the grid to carry out various V2G services. The expense related to the EV batteries’ deterioration needs to be examined and assessed, therefore these cycles may be of major concern to the owners of the vehicles. In light of this, the battery cycle life (CL) must be taken into account while talking about the battery’s deterioration.
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Kim, Daejin, Doyun Kwon, Jihoon Han, Seongkwan Mark Lee, Sabeur Elkosantini i Wonho Suh. "Data-Driven Model for Identifying Factors Influencing Electric Vehicle Charging Demand: A Comparative Analysis of Early- and Maturity-Phases of Electric Vehicle Programs in Korea". Applied Sciences 13, nr 6 (15.03.2023): 3760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063760.
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With increasing concerns about urban pollution, electric vehicles (EVs) have offered an alternative mode of transportation that reduces urban pollution levels. Previous studies have sought to identify the various factors influencing EV charging patterns to deploy an appropriate charging infrastructure. However, limited attention has been paid to the investigation of different charging patterns identified in different regions at different phases of the EV program. This study aims to fill this research gap in the literature by developing binary logistic models that account for the factors influencing charging demands in different regions of Korea, i.e., Jeju-do and Gangneung-si. To this end, we collected historical data on EV charging transactions in these study regions and analyzed them to evaluate the difference in charging demands. The developed models suggest that the charging demand varies with charger characteristics and charging time. Moreover, different charging patterns in different regions can be explained by the different travel behaviors of those who use EVs for different trip purposes. These findings provide an important implication suggesting that policymakers should consider a stepwise strategy to construct charging infrastructure at the appropriate scale and configuration, depending on the phase of the EV program.
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Ling, Shuai, Xiang Zhu, Qing Wang i Paul Schonfeld. "Prediction of Charging Requirements for Electric Vehicles Based on Multiagent Intelligence". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (19.05.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2309376.
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This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution of electric vehicle (EV) charging demands and operating efficiency of the charging system. The travel behavior of EV drivers is analyzed by considering the heterogeneity of range anxiety and bound rationality. Building on existing charging choice models, our more holistic perspective of charging demand distribution is obtained through multiagent system (MAS) modeling. In our study, the charging demand distribution in different areas is compared by considering two charging price schemes. The performance of the charging system is then evaluated based on three indicators, the charging request rejection rate, charging pile utilization rate, and charging load deviation, thereby verifying the effectiveness of our charging demand prediction model. This is done using multiagent-based simulations applied to the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) 2017 dataset. The results are analyzed according to different key indicators, mainly indicating (a) the limitations of the time-of-use (TOU) pricing strategy in reducing the peak-valley difference, (b) the transferability of charging demand among different functional areas, and (c) that there is less demand for charging piles in the workplace, as users mainly rely on home charging. These results facilitate further analyses to help the design and operation of the EV charging infrastructure.
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Zaheer, Adeel, Michael Neath, Hui Zhi Zak Beh i Grant A. Covic. "A Dynamic EV Charging System for Slow Moving Traffic Applications". IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 3, nr 2 (czerwiec 2017): 354–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tte.2016.2628796.
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Bay, Olcay, Manh Tuan Tran, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Sajib Chakraborty i Omar Hegazy. "A Comprehensive Review of GaN-Based Bi-Directional On-Board Charger Topologies and Modulation Methods". Energies 16, nr 8 (13.04.2023): 3433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083433.
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The wide-scale adoption and accelerated growth of electric vehicle (EV) use and increasing demand for faster charging necessitate the research and development of power electronic converters to achieve high-power, compact, and reliable EV charging solutions. Although the fast charging concept is often associated with off-board DC chargers, the importance of on-board AC fast charging is undeniable with the increasing battery capacities. This article comprehensively reviews gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor-based bidirectional on-board charger (OBC) topologies used in both 400 V and 800 V EV applications. Moreover, comparative evaluations of GaN-based bi-directional OBC topologies regarding power conversion losses (conduction loss and soft switching capabilities), power density, implementation considerations, power quality, electromagnetic interference, and reliability aspects have been presented. The status of commercially available GaN power modules, advancements in GaN technology, applicable industry standards, and application requirements for OBCs have been also included in this study. Finally, in light of forthcoming advancements in GaN power transistor technology, this study highlights potential areas of research related to the reviewed topologies. Such research can aid researchers and designers in improving the performance and user experience of electric vehicles, ultimately supporting the widespread adoption of EVs.
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Chen, Chenxi, Yang Song, Xianbiao Hu i Ivan G. Guardiola. "Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Behavior Patterns with Function Principal Component Analysis Approach". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (22.11.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8850654.
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This manuscript focused on analyzing electric vehicles’ (EV) charging behavior patterns with a functional data analysis (FDA) approach, with the goal of providing theoretical support to the EV infrastructure planning and regulation, as well as the power grid load management. 5-year real-world charging log data from a total of 455 charging stations in Kansas City, Missouri, was used. The focuses were placed on analyzing the daily usage occupancy variability, daily energy consumption variability, and station-level usage variability. Compared with the traditional discrete-based analysis models, the proposed FDA modeling approach had unique advantages in preserving the smooth function behavior of the data, bringing more flexibility in the modeling process with little required assumptions or background knowledge on independent variables, as well as the capability of handling time series data with different lengths or sizes. In addition to the patterns revealed in the EV charging station’s occupancy and energy consumption, the differences between EV driver’s charging time and parking time were analyzed and called for the needs for parking regulation and enforcement. The different usage patterns observed at charging stations located on different land-use types were also analyzed.
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Badia, Brendan, Randall A. Berry i Ermin Wei. "Investment in EV Charging Spots for Parking". IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering 7, nr 2 (1.04.2020): 650–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2019.2922594.
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Tappeta, Vinay Simha Reddy, Bhargav Appasani, Suprava Patnaik i Taha Selim Ustun. "A Review on Emerging Communication and Computational Technologies for Increased Use of Plug-In Electric Vehicles". Energies 15, nr 18 (8.09.2022): 6580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186580.
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The electric vehicle (EV) industry is quickly growing in the present scenario, and will have more demand in the future. A sharp increase in the sales of EVs by 160% in 2021 represents 26% of new sales in the worldwide automotive market. EVs are deemed to be the transportation of the future, as they offer significant cost savings and reduce carbon emissions. However, their interactions with the power grid, charging stations, and households require new communication and control techniques. EVs show unprecedented behavior during vehicle battery charging, and sending the charge from the vehicle’s battery back to the grid via a charging station during peak hours has an impact on the grid operation. Balancing the load during peak hours, i.e., managing the energy between the grid and vehicle, requires efficient communication protocols, standards, and computational technologies that are essential for improving the performance, efficiency, and security of vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-grid (V2G), and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) communication. Machine learning and deep learning technologies are being used to manage EV-charging station interactions, estimate the charging behavior, and to use EVs in the load balancing and stability control of smart grids. Internet of Things (IoT) technology can be used for managing EV charging stations and monitoring EV batteries. Recently, much work has been presented in the EV communication and control domain. In order to categorize these efforts in a meaningful manner and highlight their contributions to advancing EV migration, a thorough survey is required. This paper presents existing literature on emerging protocols, standards, communication technologies, and computational technologies for EVs. Frameworks, standards, architectures, and protocols proposed by various authors are discussed in the paper to serve the need of various researchers for implementing the applications in the EV domain. Security plays a vital role in EV authentication and billing activities. Hackers may exploit the hardware, such as sensors and other electronic systems and software of the EV, for various malicious activities. Various authors proposed standards and protocols for mitigating cyber-attacks on security aspects in the complex EV ecosystem.
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Galbis, Alberto Zambrano, Moisés Antón García, Ana Isabel Martínez García, Stylianos Karatzas, Athanasios Chassiakos, Vasiliki Lazari i Olympia Ageli. "Smart Tool Development for Customized Charging Services to EV Users". World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, nr 8 (3.08.2022): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13080145.
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E-mobility is a key element in the future energy systems. The capabilities of EVs are many and vary since they can provide valuable system flexibility services, including management of congestion in transmission grids. According to the literature, leaving the charging process uncontrolled could hinder some of the present challenges in the power system. The development of a suitable charging management system is required to address different stakeholders’ needs in the electro-mobility value chain. This paper focuses on the design of such a system, the TwinEV module, that offers high-value services to electric vehicles (EV) users. This module is based on a Smart Charging Tool (SCT), aiming to deliver a more user-central and cooperative approach to the EV charging processes. The methodology of the SCT tool, as well as the supportive optimization algorithm, are explained thoroughly. The architecture and the web applications of TwinEV module are analyzed. Finally, the deployment and testing results are presented.
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Alinia, Bahram, Mohammad H. Hajiesmaili i Noel Crespi. "Online EV Charging Scheduling With On-Arrival Commitment". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 20, nr 12 (grudzień 2019): 4524–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2887194.
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Kadirvel, Kanchana, Raju Kannadasan, Mohammed H. Alsharif i Zong Woo Geem. "Design and Modeling of Modified Interleaved Phase-Shifted Semi-Bridgeless Boost Converter for EV Battery Charging Applications". Sustainability 15, nr 3 (2.02.2023): 2712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032712.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are set to become one of the domestic transportation systems that are highly preferred over conventional vehicles. Due to the huge demand for and cost of fuel, many people are switching over to EVs. Companies such as Tesla, BMW, Audi, and Mercedes have started marketing EVs. These EVs need charging stations to charge the batteries. The challenges for EV batteries require the implementation of features such as fast charging, long-run utilization, reduced heat emission, a light weight, and a small size. However, fast charging using conventional converters generates an imbalance in current injection due to the passive component selection. In this study, a converter is proposed that uses an interleaved network that provides a balanced current injection; i.e., an improved interleaved phase-shifted semi-bridgeless boost converter (IIPSSBBC) is designed for EV battery charging applications. The suggested approach is mathematically designed using MATLAB/Simulink (2021) software. The result shows that the battery charging current achieves about 16.5 A, which is relatively more than conventional systems. Moreover, the charging time of the proposed converter is about 6 hrs for a 50 Ah battery with a discharge load capacity of 5000 W, which is relatively less than the conventional method. In a nutshell, compared with conventional converters, the IIPSSBBC performs better, and, notably, the charging speed and current injection are increased by two times the amount. Further, a prototype hardware model is developed to assess the performance of the proposed converter.
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Karpenko, Anastasiia, Tuomas Kinnunen, Manik Madhikermi, Jeremy Robert, Kary Främling, Bhargav Dave i Antti Nurminen. "Data Exchange Interoperability in IoT Ecosystem for Smart Parking and EV Charging". Sensors 18, nr 12 (13.12.2018): 4404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124404.
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Many domains are trying to integrate with the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, such as public administrations starting smart city initiatives all over the world. Cities are becoming smart in many ways: smart mobility, smart buildings, smart environment and so on. However, the problem of non-interoperability in the IoT hinders the seamless communication between all kinds of IoT devices. Different domain specific IoT applications use different interoperability standards. These standards are usually not interoperable with each other. IoT applications and ecosystems therefore tend to use a vertical communication model that does not allow data sharing horizontally across different IoT ecosystems. In 2014, The Open Group published two domain-independent IoT messaging standards, O-MI and O-DF, aiming to solve the interoperability problem. In this article we describe the practical use of O-MI/O-DF standards for reaching interoperability in a mobile application for the smart city context, in particular for the Smart Mobility domain, electric vehicle (EV) charging case study. The proof-of-concept of the smart EV charging ecosystem with mobile application user interface was developed as a part of an EU (Horizon 2020) Project bIoTope.
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Nayak, Suchismita, Suchismita Nayak, Aashish Kumar Bohre i Aashish Kumar Bohre. "Status of electric vehicles charging methods". International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 14, nr 3 (30.08.2022): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v14i3.15s.
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Compared with vehicles powered by fuel, electric vehicles are more efficient in energy saving, emission reduction, and environmental protection. As a result, it is becoming most important with more applications in the transportation sector. As Electric vehicles usage is growing from day to day Electric vehicles (EVs) will become a reality in the future. The time taking the method of charging an EV becomes a major problem to accept the electronic revolution of the automobile industry. In this paper, we have discussed the various charging methods for an Electric vehicle, which also gives us a view of electric vehicle use in today’s world. It gives a brief overview of the present and methods recommended for EV charging.
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Alshammari, Abdulaziz, i Rakan C. Chabaan. "Metaheruistic Optimization Based Ensemble Machine Learning Model for Designing Detection Coil with Prediction of Electric Vehicle Charging Time". Sustainability 15, nr 8 (14.04.2023): 6684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15086684.
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An efficient charging time forecasting reduces the travel disruption that drivers experience as a result of charging behavior. Despite the machine learning algorithm’s success in forecasting future outcomes in a range of applications (travel industry), estimating the charging time of an electric vehicle (EV) is relatively novel. It can help the end consumer plan their trip based on the estimation data and, hence, reduce the waste of electricity through idle charging. This increases the sustainability factor of the electric charging station. This necessitates further research into the machine learning algorithm’s ability to predict EV charging time. Foreign object recognition is an essential auxiliary function to improve the security and dependability of wireless charging for electric vehicles. A comparable model is used to create the object detection circuit in this instance. Within this research, the ensemble machine learning methods employed to estimate EV charging times included random forest, CatBoost, and XGBoost, with parameters being improved through the metaheuristic Ant Colony Optimization algorithm to obtain higher accuracy and robustness. It was demonstrated that the proposed Ensemble Machine Learning Ant Colony Optimization (EML_ACO) algorithm achieved 20.5% of R2, 19.3% of MAE, 21% of RMSE, and 23% of MAPE in the training process. In comparison, it achieves 12.4% of R2, 13.3% of MAE, 21% of RMSE, and 12.4% of MAPE during testing.
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Huang, Chenn-Jung, Kai-Wen Hu, Hsing-Yi Ho i Hung-Wen Chuang. "Congestion-Preventing Routing and Charging Scheduling Mechanism for Electric Vehicles in Dense Urban Areas". Information Technology and Control 50, nr 2 (17.06.2021): 284–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.50.2.27780.
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Traffic congestion in metropolitan areas all over the world has become a critical issue that governments mustdeal with effectively. Traffic congestion during rush hours causes vehicle drivers to arrive late at their destinations,resulting in significant economic losses. Although researchers have proposed solutions to the traffic congestionproblem, little research work has presented a joint route and charging planning strategy for electric vehicles(EVs) that alleviates traffic congestion problems simultaneously. Accordingly, a congestion-preventing route and charging planning mechanism for EVs is proposed in this work to tackle the complicated route and charging optimizationproblems of EVs. The route and charging planning proposed in this work analyzes the information providedby EVs, the charging points, and road traffic information simultaneously, and mediates the traffic jammingby means of a route and charging reservation mechanism. Possible occurrence of traffic congestion is detectedin advance and traffic regulation is carried out by allocating an elastic range to the traveling period for late-bookingEVs, to avoid moving during rush hours. EV owners are also encouraged to provide rideshare services forlate-booking EV users during rush hours. The simulation results reveal that the proposed work can satisfy thepreferred route and charging demands of EV users and alleviate traffic congestion effectively.
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Blinov, Andrei, Denys Zinchenko, Jacek Rabkowski, Grzegorz Wrona i Dmitri Vinnikov. "Quasi Single-Stage Three-Phase Filterless Converter for EV Charging Applications". IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics 3 (2022): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2021.3134460.
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Umoren, Ifiok Anthony, i Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir. "Electric Vehicle as a Service (EVaaS): Applications, Challenges and Enablers". Energies 15, nr 19 (30.09.2022): 7207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197207.
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Under the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept, electric vehicles (EVs) can be deployed as loads to absorb excess production or as distributed energy resources to supply part of their stored energy back to the grid. This paper overviews the technologies, technical components and system requirements needed for EV deployment. Electric vehicles as a service (EVaaS) exploits V2G technology to develop a system where suitable EVs within the distribution network are chosen individually or in aggregate to exchange energy with the grid, individual customers or both. The EVaaS framework is introduced, and interactions among EVaaS subsystems such as EV batteries, charging stations, loads and advanced metering infrastructure are studied. The communication infrastructure and processing facilities that enable data and information exchange between EVs and the grid are reviewed. Different strategies for EV charging/discharging and their impact on the distribution grid are reviewed. Several market designs that incentivize energy trading in V2G environments are discussed. The benefits of V2G are studied from the perspectives of ancillary services, supporting of renewables and the environment. The challenges to V2G are studied with respect to battery degradation, energy conversion losses and effects on distribution system.
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Zhou, Dan, Zhonghao Guo, Yuzhe Xie, Yuheng Hu, Da Jiang, Yibin Feng i Dong Liu. "Using Bayesian Deep Learning for Electric Vehicle Charging Station Load Forecasting". Energies 15, nr 17 (25.08.2022): 6195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176195.
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In recent years, replacing internal combustion engine vehicles with electric vehicles has been a significant option for supporting reducing carbon emissions because of fossil fuel shortage and environmental contamination. However, the rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) can bring new and uncertain load conditions to the electric network. Precise load forecasting for EV charging stations becomes vital to reduce the negative influence on the grid. To this end, a novel day-ahead load forecasting method is proposed to forecast loads of EV charging stations with Bayesian deep learning techniques. The proposed methodological framework applies long short-term memory (LSTM) network combined with Bayesian probability theory to capture uncertainty in forecasting. Based on the actual operational data of the EV charging station collected on the Caltech campus, the experiment results show the superior performance of the proposed method compared with other methods, indicating significant potential for practical applications.
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Robisson, Bruno, Van-Lap Ngo, Laurie Marchadier, Mohammed-Farouk Bouaziz i Alexandre Mignonac. "PV Sizing for EV Workplace Charging Stations—An Empirical Study in France". Applied Sciences 13, nr 18 (8.09.2023): 10128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131810128.
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Photovoltaic (PV) powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (PVCS) have received extensive attention recently due to the complementary relationship of PV energy and electric vehicles. This paper proposes a methodology aimed at assisting a Charging Point Operator (CPO) in determining the size of the main components of such PVCS. The modular structure of the method gives flexibility for possible use on a new sizing problem by modifying key parameters such as the EV charging demand (i.e., arrival/departure times and energy needed to fill the battery), the EV charging strategy or the business model, independently from each other. It is of particular interest for a CPO that sizes many PVCS operated in the same environment (for example, a car park at a workplace). In that case, the CPO first has to apply the method on a representative charging station. Next, he can re-use parts of the obtained results to drastically speed up (from weeks to hours) the sizing of the other charging stations. The proposed method has been applied to the EVCS of an industrial research complex in southern France. The input dataset used to apply the method consists of more than 32,000 charging transactions spanning over 6 years with 350 EV users and 80 charging points. Three charging strategies with different levels of complexity are investigated, including Mean Power, Plug and Charge, and Solar Smart Charging. The considered business model is based on the maximization of the self-production rate. The numerical findings reveal that employing a straightforward charging strategy, such as Mean Power, leads to a substantial reduction of nearly half in the required size of the PV plant compared to the basic Plug and Charge mode. In addition, our analysis demonstrates that Solar Smart Charging has the potential to decrease the PV plant size by nearly three times.
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R., Uthra, i Suchitra D. "Fault Ride Through in Grid Integrated Hybrid System Using FACTS Device and Electric Vehicle Charging Station". Energies 14, nr 13 (25.06.2021): 3828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133828.
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Adopting eco-friendly solutions is the need of the hour in order to downscale carbon emissions and the fast depletion of fossil fuels. Hybrid energy systems provide one such optimistic sustainable solution for power generation in a grid integrated system as well as for stand-alone applications. With grid integrated systems, there are many grid codes to be maintained such as voltage stability, frequency deviation and Fault Ride Through Capability (FRT). In a hybrid system, the propensity of the PV/Wind system to remain connected at the moment of short electric fault is identified as FRT. This paper elucidates the voltage compensation using an Electric Vehicle (EV) charging station or a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device depending on the intensity of fault that occurs at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) in grid integrated hybrid systems. When a fault occurs at the PCC, depending on the intensity of the voltage sag either the EV charging station or a FACTS device, namely a Dynamic Voltage Restore (DVR), provides the voltage compensation. The voltage obtained from an EV charging station or DVR is conditioned using power converters and fed to the PCC to even out the discrepancy in the voltage that is effected due to the fault. Even though charges electric vehicles continuously, the EV charging station gives priority to supply voltage for compensation whenever a fault occurs at the grid. If the intensity of voltage sag due to fault is between 0.9 to 0.51 p.u, the EV charging station provides voltage compensation, and for voltage sag between 0.5 to 0.2 p.u, DVR takes over to provide voltage compensation for the continuous sustainability of the grid. The proposed system makes use of an existing source such as an EV charging station as a supplementary device to provide compensation, and also has a backup supplementary device DVR in case of any non-availability of the EV charging station. Thus, the voltage compensation in turn facilitates the parameters such as DC link voltage and the grid voltage to stay within the pertinent limits in the event of a fault at the grid. The system was simulated using MATLAB Simulink and the results were verified.
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C, Bharatiraja, Ramanathan G i Saravana Ilango G. "A Stand Alone Building Integrated PV Tied Bidirectional Capability Direct DC Electric Vehicle Charging System Through Z-Source Inverter Impedance Network Capacitors". ECS Transactions 107, nr 1 (24.04.2022): 10097–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10097ecst.
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Due to the rise of gasoline prices and depletion of fossil fuels, electric vehicles have gained a popularity. EVs can be charged at homes using the utility grid, but using a PV integrated system reduces the demand on grid and also contributes to the environmental sustainability. For the past few years there is a lot of interests shown in the building-integrated PV systems. They are designed and implemented to meet required building load demand. As the number of EV users increase in the commercial complexes, there is a need to provide adequate power requirement for EV fast charging. The power demand increases particularly in the daytime due to rush hour charging, so similar to rooftop solar energy system, building-integrated PV is a system which can provide power for EV charging. According to our proposed topology if PV system is offline, grid can act as a backup source. The Z-source inverter able to boost, buck ,and invert has got a lot of attention in PV grid applications. In this paper, a modified Z-source inverter-based charging system is proposed, and a step-up converter is used in the charging side of the system. This PV-Grid connected with MZSI topology. This topology demonstrates the bidirectional flow of power.
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Guo, Jia, Yaqi Li, Kjeld Pedersen i Daniel-Ioan Stroe. "Lithium-Ion Battery Operation, Degradation, and Aging Mechanism in Electric Vehicles: An Overview". Energies 14, nr 17 (24.08.2021): 5220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175220.
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Understanding the aging mechanism for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) is crucial for optimizing the battery operation in real-life applications. This article gives a systematic description of the LiBs aging in real-life electric vehicle (EV) applications. First, the characteristics of the common EVs and the lithium-ion chemistries used in these applications are described. The battery operation in EVs is then classified into three modes: charging, standby, and driving, which are subsequently described. Finally, the aging behavior of LiBs in the actual charging, standby, and driving modes are reviewed, and the influence of different working conditions are considered. The degradation mechanisms of cathode, electrolyte, and anode during those processes are also discussed. Thus, a systematic analysis of the aging mechanisms of LiBs in real-life EV applications is achieved, providing practical guidance, methods to prolong the battery life for users, battery designers, vehicle manufacturers, and material recovery companies.
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Faudzi, Ahmad Aiman Mohd, Siti Fauziah Toha, Rabiatuladawiah Abu Hanifah, Nurul Fadzlin Hasbullah i Nor Azam Kamisan. "An interleaved DC charging solar system for electric vehicle". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2414-2422.
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<span lang="EN-US">This paper investigates the performance of conventional boost converter, <br /> 2-phase interleaved boost converter and 3-phase interleaved boost converter for renewable energy applications especially for solar-powered energy. The advantages of using coupled inductors in interleaved boost converters include increased system efficiency, reduced core size, and also reduced overall current and voltage ripples which increases the lifetime of renewable energy resources. In this paper, the uses of boost converters have been focused explicitly on the interleaved DC-DC charging from a solar-powered battery into electric vehicle (EV) battery storage. Hence, this paper aims to investigate a suitable charging process mechanism from a photovoltaic (PV) battery storage system into EV powered battery system. Using the application of a boost converter with reduced ripple current and ripple voltage decreases switching losses and increases conversion efficiency. The simulation is carried out by using Simulink/MATLAB to evaluate the performance of each boost converter. The results successfully demonstrate the ability of the proposed charging system with an energy efficiency of 90%.</span>
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Robisson, Bruno, Sylvain Guillemin, Laurie Marchadier, Gérald Vignal i Alexandre Mignonac. "Solar Charging of Electric Vehicles: Experimental Results". Applied Sciences 12, nr 9 (29.04.2022): 4523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094523.
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Sales of electric vehicles, for commercial use and personal use, keep rising. In parallel of the development of the associated Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure (EVCI), systems for controlling the charging of EVs will have to be developed in order to reduce the impact of such a development on the power grid. In this paper, we present a supervision system that controls the electric vehicle charging of employees of CEA Cadarache research center. The EVCI of Cadarache, set up in 2016, is constituted of more than 80 22-kW AC charging points spread over 30 zones. This EVCI currently supplies more than 376 vehicles including taxis, service vehicles as well as employees’ vehicles. This infrastructure is one of the largest private EVCIs in the region. The supervision system controls Electric Vehicle (EV) charging in real-time according to two objectives: respecting user preferences, by fully charging the EV battery, and synchronizing the power consumption of a fraction of the EVCI, i.e., 24 charging points, with the power production of a solar photovoltaic plant. This paper details the supervision system that is used to carry out these experiments and presents experimental results. These results show that it is technically feasible to increase (up to 60 percentage points) the self-production ratio while satisfying EV users.
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Aganti, Mahesh, i Bharatiraja C. "Integrated Double-Sided LCC Compensation Topology for an Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System". ECS Transactions 107, nr 1 (24.04.2022): 15587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.15587ecst.
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Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a necessary solution for removal of high power cables (direct electrical contact) that provides safer charging solution, waterproof and dust-proof capability, sterile environment application, etc. The double-sided LCC (DSLCC) compensation topology offers a high efficient Electric Vehicle (EV) wireless charging operations. Due to the number of elements utilized in DSLCC, it requires large space. In order to reduce the space and cost, class-E converters are utilized to design a low power wireless charging system. Class E converters have such benefits as less components, high reliability, and soft switching. Thus, to have a compact efficient Wireless Charging System (WCS) by reducing the space occupancy of DSLCC, an integrated DSLCC based wireless charging system for low power applications is proposed. This method was realized by utilizing the MATLAB simulation and achieved more than 90% of efficiency for 1 kW system with 85 kHz frequency.
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Al-Saadi, Mohammed, Josu Olmos, Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra, Joeri Van Mierlo i Maitane Berecibar. "Fast Charging Impact on the Lithium-Ion Batteries’ Lifetime and Cost-Effective Battery Sizing in Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles Applications". Energies 15, nr 4 (10.02.2022): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041278.
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Fast charging is an essential stakeholder concern for achieving a deeper penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs), as optimizing the charging times of conventional vehicles is as yet a bottleneck to be solved. An important drawback of EV’s fast charging lies in the degradation suffered by the Li-ion Batteries (LIBs) at high charging currents. A deep understanding of the how these fast-charging activities affect the LIBs’ degradation is necessary in order to design appropriate fast charging stations and EV powertrains for different scenarios and contexts. In this regard, the present paper analyzes the effect of fast charging on Libs’ degradation under operation profiles from real driving cycles. Specifically, Battery Electric Buses (BEBs) driving profiles from three demos in European Cities (Gothenburg, Osnabrück and Barcelona) have been used in this analysis. In order to deduce the best practices for the design of the charging stations, different sizes for the chargers have been simulated, focusing on the analysis of the LIB degradation under each situation. Besides, for the design of the EV powertrain, different LIB sizes and LIB chemistries (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt-NMC, Lithium Iron Phosphate-LFP, and Lithium Titanate Oxide-LTO) have also been proposed and compared in terms of LIB degradation. The results demonstrated that LTO batteries exhibited the lowest degradation, with capacity fade values under 1.5%/year in the nominal scenario (nominal charger and LIB sizes). As long as a full charging is ensured, reducing the fast charger size has been found to be a cost-effective measure, as the LTO degradation can be reduced at least to 1.21%/year. In addition, increasing the battery (BT) size has also been found to be a cost-effective approach for LTO batteries. In this case, it was found that for a 66% increase in capacity, the degradation can be reduced at least to 0.74%/year (more than 50% reduction). The obtained conclusions are seen as useful for the design of charging stations and EV’s BT systems that undergo fast charging.