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Villalgordo Pujalte, Borja, i Manuel Hernández Pedreño. "El rol de Europa del Este en el principio de cohesión de la Unión Europea. Hacia una incompleta integración". Áreas. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, nr 40 (30.12.2020): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/areas.409421.
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La Unión Europea viene promoviendo la consecución de la cohesión social y económica desde sus Tratados Constitutivos. El alcance de este objetivo se ha visto ralentizado por varios motivos, como la entrada de los países de Europa del Este que ha supuesto un aumento de la heterogeneidad en la Unión; o por el diferente impacto de la reciente crisis económica en los distintos países. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el proceso de convergencia/divergencia de los países de Europa del Este en los parámetros socioeconómicos de la Unión Europea que fomentan la cohesión social y económica. La hipótesis de partida es que estos países han mantenido diferentes ritmos de convergencia con la Unión Europea por conformar un bloque heterogéneo, explicado por varios factores: el tiempo de permanencia en la Unión, la influencia de la Unión Soviética, el impacto de la Estrategia Europa 2020 o la situación de la que partían antes de entrar en la Unión. La metodología empleada es mixta, combinando la entrevista a profesionales con el análisis estadístico de los diferentes comportamientos sociales, económicos y políticos en los países de Europa del Este desde el estallido de la crisis hasta ahora. En la comparativa se consideran tres ámbitos de actuación, correspondientes a las principales áreas que conforman la política social y que se integran como objetivos dentro de la Estrategia Europa 2020 (ingresos, trabajo y educación), al tiempo que se incluye la respuesta institucional ofrecida por los diferentes países. European Union has been promoting the achievement of social and economic cohesion since the Treaty Establishing the European Community. A true embodiment of this goal has been slowed down by several reasons, such as the attachment of Eastern Europe countries that increased the heterogeneity in the European Union; or how European countries dealt with the latest economic recession that took place in 2008. The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of convergence/divergence among Eastern Europe countries and European Union based in a few parameters that foster the economic and social cohesion. The hypothesis is that countries from East of Europe have kept different rates of convergence with the European Union because they shape a heterogeneous group of countries due to several factors: accession year of each country to the European Union, influence of the former Soviet Union, Europe 2020 Strategy’s repercussion or the previous situation where these countries come from before being full members of the European Union. In this paper, a mixed methodology was applied, combining interviews with professionals in different fields of knowledge with the statistical analysis of social, economic and political behaviours in the Eastern European Union countries since the outbreak of the crisis until now. In this comparative, three fields of action have been considered as the main areas that compose social policy and are also integrated in the European 2020 Strategy (incomes, work and education), combined with the institutional response offered by these countries.
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Medikienė, Monika. "Ryšių tarp Europos Sąjungos valstybių vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių tyrimas". Applied Economics: Systematic Research 11, nr 2 (2017): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/aesr.2335.8742.2017.11.2.1.
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Anna, Nowak, i Kaminska Agnieszka. "Agricultural competitiveness: The case of the European Union countries". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 62, No. 11 (7.11.2016): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/133/2015-agricecon.
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Albornoz-Flores, Ana Cristina, i Luis Bernardo Tonon-Ordóñez. "Aplicación del Modelo de Gravedad entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea para el periodo 2001 – 2017". UDA AKADEM, nr 6 (5.10.2020): 10–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33324/udaakadem.v1i6.315.
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La presente investigación analizó el comercio existente entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea, para el período 2001 – 2017 de forma semestral. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la influencia de determinadas variables en la relación comercial entre estos dos entes económicos, para lo cual, se aplicó, como herramienta econométrica, el modelo de gravedad, a través del uso de datos de panel con efectos aleatorios y mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Se comprobó que, para el comercio entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea, las variables de los PIB de cada país y la distancia entre las capitales de los diferentes países estudiados, son los que determinan el intercambio comercial total entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea en un 45.67% (coeficiente de determinación ajustado). Los coeficientes obtenidos para cada variable independiente fueron de: 1.24 para el PIB del Ecuador, 0.78 para el PIB de cada país de la Unión Europea y de 5.57 para la distancia entre los países estudiados. Siendo este un modelo robusto, con significancia econométrica y que presenta los signos esperados. De manera que, la aplicación de este modelo permitió aportar a la investigación económica del país y generar una herramienta que facilite la toma de decisiones con relación a la política comercial ecuatoriana con la Unión Europea.Palabras Clave: Comercio Exterior, economía internacional, modelo de gravedad, Unión Europea, Ecuador.Abstract
This investigation analyzed the existing commerce between Ecuador and the European Union for the period 2001 - 2017. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of certain variables on the commercial relationship between these two economic agents. For which the gravity model was applied, as an econometric tool, through the use of panel data with random effects and applying the method of ordinary least squares. It was found that, for the trade between Ecuador and the European Union the variables of the GDP of each country and the distance between the capitals of the different countries studied, are those that determine the total commercial exchange between Ecuador and the European Union by 45.67% (adjusted coefficient of determination). The coefficients obtained for each independent variable were: 1.24 for the GDP of Ecuador, 0.78 for the GDP of each country in the European Union, and 5.57 for the distance between the countries studied. Being this regression a robust model, with econometric significance that presents the expected signs. The application of this model allowed us to contribute to the economic research of the country and generate a tool that facilitates decision making in relation to Ecuadorian trade policy with the European Union.Keywords: Gravity model, international economy, international trade, European Union, Ecuador.
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Monsalve, Laura, Jose Gallego i Jose Manuel Aguilar. "Estudio analítico-comparado sobre las políticas educativas en educación para la salud en la Unión Europea". Psychology, Society, & Education 5, nr 2 (28.04.2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/psye.v5i2.503.
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Resumen: Este trabajo trata sobre un estudio comparado de las Políticas Educativas en material de Educación para la salud en los países de la Unión Europea con la finalidad de ver cómo se concretan en España. La Unión Europea en su legislación afirma que si se quiere avanzar como sociedad del conocimiento y competir eficazmente en una economía globalizada, para Europa es vital contar con una educación y formación de alta calidad. En la Unión Europea, la política educativa es competencia de cada país, pero entre todos fijan objetivos comunes y comparten las mejores prácticas. Por ello es motivo de este estudio comparar las Políticas educativas en materia de Educación para la salud en algunos países de la Unión Europea (España, Reino Unido, Francia y Alemania) y poder comparar las prácticas utilizadas en cada uno de ellos para poder de este modo coger lo mejor de cada país. El objetivo general que se persigue es analizar y comparar la situación de las políticas educativas en educación para la salud en las escuelas de la Unión Europea y en concreto las de Reino Unido, Francia, Alemania y España. A lo largo de este trabajo veremos que la educación para la salud en la escuela es un elemento de calidad así como un elemento necesario de educación integral en todas las etapas de la educación obligatoria. Analytical and comparative study on educational policies in health education in the European Union. Abstract: This paper deals with a comparative study of material Educational Policies in Health Education in the countries of the European Union for the purpose of seeing take shape in Spain. The EU legislation states that if you want to advance as a knowledge society and compete effectively in a global economy, Europe is vital to have an education and training of high quality. In the European Union, education policy is the responsibility of each country, but among all set common goals and share best practices. For this reason this study is to compare the educational policies on health education in some countries of the European Union (Spain, UK, France and Germany) and to compare the practices in each of them to this take the best of each country mode. The general objective pursued is to analyze and compare the situation of education policies in health education in the schools of the European Union and in particular the UK, France, Germany and Spain. Throughout this paper we will see that health education in school is a quality item as well as a necessary element of comprehensive education in all stages of compulsory education.
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Foden, David. "Trade union proposals towards EMU". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 4, nr 1 (luty 1998): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899800400110.
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This article provides an overview of the debate within the trade union movement on Europe's forthcoming economic and monetary union. It reviews the reasoning behind the ETUC's critical support for EMU and outlines the main issues in the trade union debate in ten European countries. It finds that the general political debate at national level has a significant influence on the discussion within the trade unions, and that the sector of the economy within which individual unions organise is also of relevance. Nevertheless, these specific concerns are placed within the framework of policy defined by the ETUC.
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Adamczyk, Anita. "Państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej wobec kryzysu imigracyjnego w Unii Europejskiej". Przegląd Europejski, nr 1-2017 (24.09.2017): 10–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.1.17.1.
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The purpose of this article is to analyse the attitude of the Visegrad Group countries towards the immigration crisis in the EU. The article shows the joint activities of the V4 countries and their decisions taken at national level. The main thesis posed in this article states that the negative attitudes towards compulsory relocation of immigrants have activated the Visegrad Group countries and have integrated them with common aims. The article shows a split in among the member states of the EU and thus a lack of solidarity in solving the immigration’s problem.
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Furåker, Bengt. "European trade union cooperation, union density and employee attitudes to unions". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 26, nr 3 (9.07.2020): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258920933118.
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European trade unions have much to gain from cooperating with each other. Such cooperation does exist, but it is still fairly limited and many obstacles need to be overcome if cooperation is to be improved. According to our survey data, higher-level union officials regard differences concerning financial resources and national labour market regulations to be particularly substantial barriers to cooperation. The enormously varying union density across Europe, and its general decrease, also creates barriers. Therefore, employee attitudes to unions are examined using data from the International Social Survey Programme. As expected, union members tend to be more positive about trade unions than non-members. The most interesting finding, however, is that employees in some countries with low union density exhibit fairly positive views or at least views that are not less positive than what we find among employees in many countries with higher density rates. This suggests that there is potential for recruiting members.
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Lampreia dos Santos, M. J. P. L. "Segmenting farms in European Union". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 2 (12.03.2013): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/28/2012-agricecon.
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The main objective of this work is to characterize and segment the farms of the twenty-seven Member States of the European Union (EU). For this purpose, the techniques of cluster analysis and cluster of cases segment the farms, based on a sample of farms of the Farm Accountancy and Information Network. The results show the existence of four types of farms in the EU that are distinguishable by their (i) structural characteristics, in particular, for their Utilized Agricultural Area, the total output, by the percentage of contract work and the total work, (ii) by their financial characteristics, i.e., by their total assets and the cash flow of the EU farms, and (iii) by their guidance and the importance of subsidies on these farms. These results thus suggest the definition of the Common Agricultural Policy differentiated and adapted to the existing four clusters of countries. We suggest the development of typologies of farms in the EU, with a more robust database involving different EU regions that constitute the different countries in order to obtain the robust types of farms from different European regions.
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VEGIČ, VINKO. "TEMELJNO ŠOLANJE ČASTNIKOV V DRŽAVAH EVROPSKE UNIJE – ISKANJE ODGOVOROV NA SODOBNE ZAHTEVE". CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2017, ISSUE 19/1 (15.05.2017): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.19.1.4.
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Povzetek V razpravah glede prihodnjega šolanja častnikov v Sloveniji je pomembno tudi preučevanje modelov v tujini in sodobnih problemov na tem področju. V prispevku so na kratko prikazani izzivi na področju temeljnega šolanja častnikov, predvsem z vidika razmerja med usposabljanjem za konkretne naloge in širše usmerjenim izobraževanjem. Kakovost izobraževanja je pomembna ne le za vojaško učinkovitost, temveč tudi za odnos vojske s civilnimi strukturami v državi in z mednarodnim okoljem. Prikazane so temeljne poteze šolanja častnikov v državah EU. Proces šolanja sestavljata dve medsebojno povezani komponenti: univerzitetno izobraževanje in poklicno usposabljanje. Sicer pa šolanje častnikov ostaja le pristojnost držav in v državah EU najdemo zelo različne modele. Temeljno šolanje častnikov v Sloveniji se glede glavnih sestavin ne razlikuje bistveno od prakse v večini držav EU, vendar bo v prihodnje treba odgovoriti na nekatera vprašanja, predvsem glede razvoja univerzitetnega izobraževanja. Prihodnji razvoj šolanja častnikov bo moral slediti praksi evropskih držav predvsem na vsebinskem področju. Način organiziranja pa je smiselno prilagoditi lastnim potrebam in zmožnostim. Ključne besede: vojaško izobraževanje in usposabljanje, vojaška profesija, šolanje častnikov, Evropska unija, vojska in družba. Abstract In the context of discussion about future officer education in Slovenia, it is also important to study the current educational models in foreign countries and the contemporary problems in this area. The article briefly depicts challenges of basic officer education mainly from the viewpoint of relations between specific-purpose training and more broadly oriented education. The quality of education is important not only for military efficiency but also for military’s relations with national civil structures and international environment. The article illustrates basic features of officer education in EU member states. Educational process consists of two interlinked parts: academic education and vocational training. Officer education is the sole responsibility of EU member states, and members practise very different models. Concerning its the essential parts, officer education in Slovenia does not differ significantly from that of most EU members. However, it will be necessary to address some open questions, primarily those concerning the academic part of education. The future development of officer education should follow the patterns emerging in European states, first of all regarding educational content. However, it makes sense to adapt its organisational characteristics to our own needs and abilities. Key words: Military education and training, military profession, European Union, officer education, military and society.
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Turner, Thomas, i Daryl D’Art. "Public Perceptions of Trade Unions in Countries of the European Union". Labor Studies Journal 37, nr 1 (5.01.2012): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x11429266.
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Hall, Joshua C., Robert A. Lawson i Rachael Wogsland. "The European Union and Economic Freedom". Global Economy Journal 11, nr 3 (wrzesień 2011): 1850232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1731.
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This paper integrates two growing strains of literature. The first strain looks at the effect of economic and political unions on outcomes such as bond ratings and economic convergence. The second strain looks at the determinants of economic freedom across countries. Building from these two literatures, we investigate the impact of joining the European Union on a country’s economic freedom. Using a panel of countries from 1970 to 2007, we find evidence that joining the European Union increases a country’s economic freedom. Empirically, however, the impact of joining the union on economic freedom is small.
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Jensen, Carsten Strøby. "Trade unionism in Europe: Are the working class still members?" European Journal of Industrial Relations 26, nr 1 (1.04.2019): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119838881.
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How far does social class position influence the likelihood that employees will be members of a trade union? I use European Social Survey data to compare trade union membership of ‘working-class’ and ‘middle- and upper class’ employees in different European countries. Although the former dominate the trade unions in absolute numbers in most (but not all) countries, the likelihood that the latter will be members of a trade union is higher in most of the countries analysed.
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RUSIELIK, Robert. "ZMIANY EFEKTYWNOŚCI TECHNICZNEJ ROLNICTWA W KRAJACH UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W LATACH 2007–2016". Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Oeconomica 347, nr 93 (28.05.2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/oe2018.93.4.06.
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Tluczak, Agnieszka. "Diversity of the selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 6 (22.06.2020): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/381/2019-agricecon.
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Agricultural importance in determining the directions of respective regions results from its production potential. The agricultural potential of a given country is determined by natural resources, ways of using them, natural conditions, workforce resources, technical resources and basic economic conditions. In this paper, only income and rural population are taken under consideration to describe the agricultural potential. Currently, European Union countries are functioning under the assumptions of the Common Agricultural Policy, assuming, among other things, increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring an adequate standard of living for the rural population and stabilising markets. The European Union (EU) is one of the world’s leading exporters and importers of agricultural products. The obtained results allowed the identification in 2010 and 2018 of countries with high and low values of income and population potential. It is characteristic that within both potentials, population and income, the countries with the lowest potentials are the most numerous group. Poland and Romania stand out against the background of all countries, where due to the high share of people working in agriculture, the population’s potential has the highest values. Denmark is also an outstanding country for which income potential has the highest value. This study aims to examine the diversity of selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries. The research was conducted using, among other potential models and global and local spatial autocorrelation statistics. The analysis covered the years 2010 and 2018 by applying statistical data (Eurostat, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture).
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Luboslav, Szabo, Grznar Miroslav i Zelina Michal. "Agricultural performance in the V4 countries and its position in the European Union". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 8 (30.08.2018): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/397/2016-agricecon.
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The paper is devoted to an analysis of the development of agrarian farms in Visegrad Group (V4) countries, primarily in terms of results and the most important production inputs of production factors and their efficiency in the period from 2004 to 2013 based on the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). The results of the analysis show that if farms in the V4 countries want to achieve the same performance as developed countries, they must invest more in purchasing intensification factors and adjust the structure of assets production specification. It will be necessary to stop the reduction in the numbers of livestock and to strive for growth in gross farm income, mainly through the processing of agricultural raw materials.
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Ghenţa, Mihaela, Aniela Matei i Luise Mladen-Macovei. "Abordări privind îngrijirea de lungă durată a persoanelor vârstnice, în ţările Uniunii Europene". Sociologie Romaneasca 18, nr 1 (30.06.2020): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/sr.18.6.
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ALTINTAŞ, Furkan Fahri. "Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin Sağlık Güvenliği Performanslarının Ölçülmesi: MAIRCA Yöntemi ile Bir Uygulama". Gevher Nesibe Journal IESDR 6, nr 13 (25.07.2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46648/gnj.241.
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By analyzing their own and each other's health security performance, countries can develop strategies and methods to increase their health security performance. Therefore, it is important to provide the said performance measurement in order to raise awareness of the health security performance of the countries. In this context, the health security performances of the European Union countries were measured by the MAIRCA method over the values of the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) components for the latest and current 2019. In the research, the relationships were calculated between the health security performance values of the countries determined by the GHSI and MAIRCA method and some multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods (ARAS, BTA, COPRAS, EDAS, MAUT, ROV, TOPSIS, WASPAS, Gray Relational Analysis). According to the findings, it was determined that the first three countries with the highest health and safety performance were Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark, while the first three countries with the lowest health and safety performance were Bulgaria, Romania and Cyprus. In the study, it was also observed that the countries of Bulgaria, Czechia, Cyprus, Croatia, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Greece were below the average health protection performance value. Accordingly, it has been concluded that these countries need to increase their health safety performance in order to be in compliance with other European Union countries on health safety. Apart from these, it has been determined that GHSI and MAIRCA methods have significant, positive and very high correlations with each other and with other MCDM methods except MAUT method. Therefore, according to this finding, it was evaluated that GHSI and MAIRCA method could be explained with each other and with other methods except MAUT method.
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Polyakov, Maxim, Igor Khanin, Vladimir Bilozubenko, Maxim Korneyev i Gennadij Shevchenko. "Factors of uneven progress of the European Union countries towards a circular economy". Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, nr 3 (17.09.2021): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.27.
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The increased final consumption exacerbates the problem of the scarcity of natural resources and leads to environmental pollution. The concept of circular economy, which implies the formation of closed-loop chains of production and consumption with maximum regeneration and recycling of materials, is considered as an alternative to the firmly established “linear economy” (take-make-dispose). As a part of sustainable development strategy, the European Union adopted a general policy on the transition to a circular economy. However, for objective reasons, such transition is quite uneven at the level of member countries, which adversely affects the total progress. Therefore, the need arises to assess the positions of individual countries and identify major reasons for the uneven transition to support the countries that are lagging.The goal of the study is to identify the factors of uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. For that reason, a set of empirical data (20 indicators) has been compiled; cluster, classification, and parametric analyses have been conducted. As a result, three clusters of the EU countries have been obtained and six indicators, included into combinations that make all clusters different, have been identified. These indicators can be interpreted as the key factors contributing to the uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. The difference in harmonic means by clusters allowed quantitatively estimating a “circular gap”. It is of practical value for the EU policy aimed at bridging the gaps between member countries during the transition to a circular economy.
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WOLNIAK, Radosław. "Quantitative relations between the implementation of industry management systems in European union countries". Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, nr 142 (2020): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.142.3.
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Okoń-Horodyńska, Ewa, Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, Rafał Wisła i Tomasz Sierotowicz. "Gender in the creation of intellectual property of the selected European Union countries". ECONOMICS & SOCIOLOGY 8, nr 2 (20.09.2015): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2015/8-2/9.
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Claudia Isac, Claudia Isac, Codruta Dura Codruta Dura i Rascolean Ilie Rascolean Ilie. "Contextual Analysis of Commercial Trade Between the European Union, Romania and Bric Countries". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, nr 11 (1.10.2011): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/nov2013/29.
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Stec, Małgorzata. "Innovation in European Union Countries". Gospodarka Narodowa 236, nr 11-12 (31.12.2009): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101233.
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Sulkowski, Jaroslaw, i Anna Chmielarz-Grochal. "Control de la constitucionalidad del derecho secundario de la Unión Europea en los países del «grupo Visegrad» = The constitutionality of the EU secondary law in the Visegrad Group’s countries". Teoría y Realidad Constitucional 1, nr 33 (1.01.2014): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.33.2014.13021.
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Los países del Grupo de Visegrad se unieron a la Unión Europea hace más de una década, tiempo suficiente para tratar de evaluar el funcionamiento de las normas creadas desde la Unión Europea en los tribunales constitucionales de los nuevos Estados miembros. Debido a la similitud de cultural, histórico y de la legalidad parece ser útil para analizar la situación legal en Polonia, la República Checa, Eslovaquia y Hungría. El estudio muestra que la Constitución en la medida en que se refiere a los actos de Derecho derivado de la UE en el sistema jurídico nacional puede crear cierta confusión. En Polonia y Eslovaquia, las constituciones garantizan la primacía del Derecho derivado de la UE, sin embargo, no precisa la relación entre estos actos y el Derecho derivado de la UE. En la República Checa la Constitución no se refiere a las normas creadas por la Unión Europea. En Hungría, por su parte, la ley de la UE se considera como una ley nacional, pero no elimina las dudas sobre la posibilidad de su control constitucional.The Visegrad Group’s countries joined the European Union more than 10 years ago, it’s a long time, enough to take in trying to assess the functioning of the acts created by the European Union in the constitutional courts of the new Member States. Due to the similarity of cultural, historical and legality seems to be useful to analyzethe legal situation in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. The study shows that the constitution in so far as they relate to the acts of secondary EU law in the national legal system may raise some confusion. In Poland and Slovakia the constitutions guarantee the primacy of the EU secondary law, however, they do not precise the relationship between those acts and the EU secondary law. In the Czech Republic the constitution does not relate to the acts created by the European Union. In Hungary, in turn, EU law is treated as anational law, but it does not eliminate the doubts about the possibility of its control with the constitution.
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Bilohur, Vlada, i Roman Oleksenko. "THE EUROPEAN SPORT MODELS MANAGEMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES EUROPEAN UNION". HUMANITIES STUDIES 90, nr 13 (2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/hst-2022-13-90-07.
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Takahashi, Marta. "MIGRANT INTEGRATION IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES". DIEM Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting 8, nr 1 (sierpień 2023): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/diem/2023/1.4.
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The European Union was created and is founded on values which are the joint heritage and patrimony of the overall development of Europe, namely the ideals of freedom, unity and equality, peace and security, democracy, human and minority rights and the rule of law. The reason why migrants come to Europe is because it is safe, there is more democracy, there is more freedom, more tolerance, but also more social benefits, than in their countries of origin. The EU ensures the social needs of migrants are met through tax revenues. It also specifies the frameworks within which member states adopt the laws constituting the institutional integration infrastructure. Integration is the two-way process of adaptation between migrants and the receiving society, and therefore, the same effort is expected from immigrants who, fleeing conflict and poverty, have found the opportunity to start a new life in the country of immigration. However, many, once settled, do not want to integrate, but rather continue to live in Europe as they did in the countries from where they came. Numerous domicile residents feel that major ethnic changes are changing European culture too quickly, and that this could have unintended consequences, among other things, in terms of the economy. The objective of this paper is to identify the challenges related to migration, increase awareness of the issue, analyze and compare the integration efforts made by EU countries, and highlight the challenges they faced and the outcomes of their initiatives. The study involved comparing data from secondary sources and conducting a meta-analysis of relevant literature. Such research is significant in enhancing the migration process as continuous awareness-raising about this matter is one of the key solutions for embracing the changes in migration that affect us all.
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Maksvytienė, Inga, i Rugilė Nemanytė. "Europos Sąjungos valstybių maisto produktų ir gėrimų sektoriaus eksporto konkurencingumo vertinimas". Applied Economics: Systematic Research 14, nr 1 (2021): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/aesr.2335.8742.2020.14.1.5.
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BĄK, Iwona, Maciej OESTERREICH i Wojciech ZBARASZEWSKI. "PRZESTRZENNE ZRÓŻNICOWANIE KRAJÓW UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ POD WZGLĘDEM WALORÓW ŚRODOWISKA I TURYSTYKI". Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Oeconomica 333, nr 86 (30.03.2017): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/oe.2017.86.1.02.
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Kozmenko, Serhiy, Taras Savchenko i Dmytro Kazarinov. "Assessment of financial convergence of Ukraine with the CIS countries and the European Union". Banks and Bank Systems 7, nr 4 (21.12.2012): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.7(4).2012.01.
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Tluczak, Agnieszka. "Convergence of prices on the pig market in selected European Union countries. Case study". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 68, No. 3 (17.03.2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/342/2021-agricecon.
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Due to its specificity, animal production depends to a lesser extent than plant production on agrometeorological conditions. Interdependence between the prices of animal products and climatic conditions manifests itself primarily through the fodder markets, which determine the profitability of animal breeding and keeping. The process of economic integration should contribute to a decline in price differentiation between European Union (EU) countries. In the case of the pig market, however, it is necessary to bear in mind the pig cycle, which particularly affects the supply of livestock and their prices. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) currently implemented is not adapted to the turbulent global challenges and, underlining the lack of tools adequate to the increasingly frequent and stronger price fluctuations in agricultural markets, consider it necessary to quickly implement a new strategic reformatting of the EU agricultural policy. This study aims to examine the stochastic convergence between prices on the pig market in the EU countries. The research was conducted using, among others, the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and the Johansen test. The monthly data from January 2008 (2008M1) to December 2019 (2019M12) were used in this study (Eurostat, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture). The conducted research indicates the existence of convergence paths between some countries and the group of EU-15 countries.
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STOIKA, Viktoriia. "Problems of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union". Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, nr 146 (2020): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.146.33.
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European integration and the identification of obstacles to full membership in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological and theoretical basis of the article is the fundamental provisions of economic theory, the works of scientists and economists in the field of international economic relations and integration. Findings: The article explores the problems of Ukraine’s integration into the EU. The study analyzed the attitude of Ukrainians towards European integration, identified the main arguments for and against accession to the EU countries, as well as the main internal and external threats of the integration process. It has been determined that in recent years the proportion of the population that has supported Ukraine’s accession to the EU has significantly increased. From the integration into the EU, Ukrainians primarily expect to expand the space of their own capabilities and the country's internal development in accordance with modern world trends. It is concluded that the population considers a high level of corruption in the country, problems in the Donbass and the inefficiency of public administration as the main obstacles to this process. Most residents of Ukraine consider it necessary to implement European reforms, but the consequence of their implementation has identified significant problems in terms of their real social effect. It is determined that Ukraine in some macroeconomic indicators lags significantly behind the EU countries, continues to lose its position in the global ranking of countries in terms of economic competitiveness, and remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. A significant problem for the development of Ukraine is the labor migration of the population and, in particular, the increase in the number of illegal migrants - Ukrainians in Europe. The main achievements in the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU are analyzed and the main threats to the further European integration are identified. It is concluded that Ukraine needs to develop its own “action plan” for the possibility of realizing national interests, taking into account the interests of the parties involved in the integration process. Originality/value: The mood of Ukrainian society, the current position of the state, the main obstacles and priorities that Ukraine faces on the way to the EU have been analysed in detail.
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Mosimann, Nadja, i Jonas Pontusson. "Solidaristic Unionism and Support for Redistribution in Contemporary Europe". World Politics 69, nr 3 (23.05.2017): 448–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887117000107.
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Using data from the European Social Survey (2002–14), this article explores the effect of union membership on support for redistribution. The authors hypothesize that the wage-bargaining practices of unions promote egalitarian distributive norms, which lead union members to support redistribution, and that this effect is strongest among high-wage workers. Consistent with the authors’ expectations, the empirical analysis shows that the solidarity effect of union membership is strongest when unions encompass a very large share of the labor force or primarily organize low-wage workers. The authors also show that low-wage workers have become a significantly less important union constituency in many European countries over the time period covered by the analysis.
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Skulason, Ari, i Markku Jääskelainen. "Regional co-operation within the Nordic Council of Trade Unions and across the Baltic Sea". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, nr 1 (luty 2000): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600108.
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This article reviews the evolution of trade union co-operation within the Nordic Council of Trade Unions (NFS). The NFS was founded in 1972 with the aim of strengthening the already close ties between the Nordic national trade union movements in a context where several Nordic countries were making approaches to the EC and Nordic unions had been playing an active role in creating the ETUC. In recent years the work of the NFS has become more oriented, first, towards European issues and, second, towards co-operation with unions in the Baltic countries. The major changes on the geopolitical map of Europe have thus had a profound impact on the co-operation between Nordic unions, in many respects giving impetus to development of more structured and extended patterns of transnational union engagement.
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Larsson, Bengt. "Trade Union Channels for Influencing European Union Policies". Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, nr 3 (1.10.2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4809.
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This paper analyzes what channels trade unions in Europe use when trying to influence European Union (EU) policies. It compares and contrasts trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the degree to which they cooperate with different actors to influence EU policies, while also touching on the importance of sector differences and organizational resources. The study is based on survey data collected in 2010–2011 from unions affiliated with the European Trade Union Confederation and from below peak unions in 14 European countries. Results of the survey show that the ‘national route’ is generally the most important for trade unions in influencing EU policies in the sense that this channel is, on average, used to the highest degree. In addition, the survey delineates some important differences between trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the balance between the national route and different access points in the ‘Brussels route’.
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Joumard, Isabelle. "Tax systems in European Union countries". OECD Economic Studies 2002, nr 1 (7.05.2003): 91–151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art4-en.
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Hsieh, Jin-chi, Ching-cheng Lu, Ying Li, Yung-ho Chiu i Ya-sue Xu. "Environmental Assessment of European Union Countries". Energies 12, nr 2 (18.01.2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020295.
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This study utilizes the dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model by considering time to measure the energy environmental efficiency of 28 countries in the European Union (EU) during the period 2006–2013. There are three kinds of variables: input, output, and carry-over. The inputs are labor, capital, and energy consumption (EC). The undesirable outputs are greenhouse gas emissions (GHE) and sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions, and the desirable output variable is gross domestic product (GDP). The carry-over variable is gross capital formation (GCF). The empirical results show that first the dynamic DEA model can measure environment efficiency and provide optimum improvement for inefficient countries, as more than half of the EU countries should improve their environmental efficiency. Second, the average overall scores of the EU countries point out that the better period of performance is from 2009 to 2012. Third, the output variables of GHE, SOx, and GDP exhibit a significant impact on environmental efficiency. Finally, the average value of others is significantly better than high renewable energy utilization (HRE) with the Wilcoxon test. Thus, the EU’s strategy for environmental energy improvement should be to pay attention to the benefits of renewable energy (RE) utilization, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHE), and enhancing the development of RE utilization to help achieve the goal of lower GHE.
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Gajos, Edyta, Sylwia Małażewska i Konrad Prandecki. "EMISSION EFFICIENCY OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, nr 6 (10.12.2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7732.
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The aim of the study was to compare the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union countries and their emission efficiency. Emission efficiency was calculated as the ratio of emission volume and value to gross value added generated by the economy of a given country (size of the economy). The necessary statistical data was obtained from Eurostat. It was found that in 2015 most of greenhouse gases were emitted by: Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, France and Italy. At the same time, France and the United Kingdom were characterized by one of the best emission efficiency in the European Union, Germany and Italy obtained average results, while Poland was in the group of countries with the lowest emission efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded, that the volume of emissions is significantly affected by the size of the economy. Some large emitters have economies based on relatively “clean” technologies and thus their potential to further reduction is not very high. The reverse is true for some low-emission countries, such as Estonia and Bulgaria. This indicates the need for a more comprehensive look at the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Krivins, Anatolijs, Andrejs Vilks i Aldona KIPANE. "Corruption perception trends: European Union countries". Access Journal - Access to Science, Business, Innovation in the digital economy 5, nr 1 (17.11.2023): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46656/access.2024.5.1(4).
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Anlamassova, M. K., R. T. Japparova i A. Zh Mukazhanova. "Soft power of European Union countries". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 145, nr 4 (2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-145-4-8-18.
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There are two main diplomatic strategies used by states in International Relations: hard power and soft power. Hard power uses the tools of military force or other coercive strategies to achieve the desired result. Soft power, on the other hand, tries to achieve the desired result with persuasive tactics. In short, hard power uses force, while soft power uses charm and attractiveness or makes the other party do what you want.These days, political scientists and other experts have begun to emphasize the increasing effectiveness of using a combination of hard and soft power, or smart power. In International Relations, US foreign policy is often positioned as an example of hard power, as in some cases it uses military or economic pressure to achieve the desired result. The European Union, on the other hand, tends to implement soft power policies through the creation of European values and European identity in order to attract new members and gain new allies. In addition, the European Union exhibits values such as freedom, democracy, equality and the rule of law to the world. These values also help to increase the soft power of the European Union in the world. In this study, soft power policies and soft power activities of European Union countries such as England, France and Germany are examined.
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Bondarenko, Lev-Oleksandr. "Urgent Social and Cultural Issues and Attitudes in the European Union Countries". Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, nr 13 (22.12.2023): 210–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2023.13.210-227.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the issue of multiculturalism policy in the European Union countries, as well as current socio-cultural problems and attitudes caused by migration and economic and social processes. The study analyses the influence of historical processes on the formation of ethnic groups, which, in the subsequent formation of European countries and their consolidation into the European Union, played and continue to play an essential role in the matter of regional politics. The study confirms that unsuccessful attempts to integrate immigrants into European society led to the aggravation of relations between the native population of European states and immigrants, growth of anti-immigrant sentiments and mass protests of Europeans against the national governments' migration policies.
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Ahner, D. "Agriculture and agricultural policy in the European Union". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 2 (29.02.2012): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5266-agricecon.
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The paper deals with the particular stages of development of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the last forty years. The process and impacts of CAP reforms are analyzed for the particular production industries of agriculture. The paper also presents a detailed description of Agenda 2000 and mid-term review of the Common Agricultural Policy in 2002 that brought about many proposals for the future working of CAP after accession of Central and Eastern European countries.
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Neves, Cláudia. "A regulação das políticas de educação na União Europeia e os desafios para a Educação a Distância no ensino superior: uma perspetiva crítica e uma proposta de investigação". Revista Brasileira de Política e Administração da Educação - Periódico científico editado pela ANPAE 34, nr 1 (30.04.2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21573/vol34n12018.82463.
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Resumo: Neste artigo, procuramos sistematizar algumas reflexões em torno das tendências políticas para o ensino superior na Europa, e o papel que a educação a distância pode assumir nessa estratégia. Procuraremos entender a interpretação do governo português dessas orientações e como regulamenta a educação a distância no ensino superior. Terminamos com uma leitura crítica do enquadramento político português para a educação a distância no ensino superior e uma proposta de desenvolvimento futuro de uma investigação que procure compreender diferentes posicionamentos políticos em diversos países da União Europeia, relativamente às estratégias políticas para a educação a distância no ensino superior.Palavras-chave: Educação a distância, Ensino Superior, Regulação de Políticas Educativas, União Europeia. Abstract: In this article, we seek to systematize some reflections on the political trends for higher education in Europe, and the role that distance education can play in this strategy. We seek to understand the Portuguese government's interpretation of these guidelines and how it regulates distance education in higher education. We end up with a critical reading of the Portuguese policy framework for distance education in higher education, and with a proposal for future development of an investigation that seeks to understand different political positions in different countries of the European Union, regarding the political strategies for distance education, in higher education.Keywords: distance education, higher education, regulation of educational policies, European Union. Resumen: En este artículo, tratamos de sistematizar algunas reflexiones acerca de las tendencias políticas para la educación superior en Europa y el papel que la educación a distancia puede asumir en esa estrategia. Buscaremos entender la interpretación del gobierno portugués con relación a esas orientaciones y cómo regula la educación a distancia en la educación superior. Terminamos con una lectura crítica del marco político portugués para la educación a distancia en la educación superior y una propuesta para el desarrollo futuro de una investigación que busque comprender diferentes posiciones políticas, en varios países de la Unión Europea, sobre las estrategias políticas para la educación a distancia en la educación superior.Palabras clave: Educación a distancia, Educación superior, Regulación de Políticas Educativas, Unión Europea.
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Feldmeier, Gerhard. "German foreign trade surpluses – a problem for the European Monetary Union?" International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development 1, nr 1 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.11.2001.
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In the light of the controversial discussion on the cause and effects to the total economy of the high export surplus of one country and their consequences for other countries, the concrete question as to whether high German balance on current account surplus mentioned is indeed responsible, as alleged, for macroeconomic divergence in the European Union or for balance on current account deficits in other European countries will is addressed in this paper. We examine how and to what extent German export success represents a lasting threat to the stability of the Eurozone and impedes economic recovery in instable countries in the south, or whether it can even offer those countries better chances to overcome crisis and stabilise their economy. The study suggests that politically enforced shrinkage of German exports accompanied by a weakening of the German economy scarcely benefits deficit countries. Due to the very close intertwining of German industrial intermediate inputs import trade with European crisis partner countries, with their great demand for German investment goods exports, a decrease in German exports would not only cause a drop in their exports, but it would also whittle down the basis for public European financial help for handling crisis, help for which Germany provides a large proportion of the liability.
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Saucedo-Acosta, Edgar J. "INCOME INEQUALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH AT THE EUROPEAN UNION". DIEM Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting 9, nr 1 (styczeń 2024): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/diem/2024/1.5.
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Economic growth has several determinants, however, there is little research on the effect of income inequality on economic growth. In the case of the European Union, there are countries with different varieties of capitalism, which leads a significant variation in the levels of inequality between countries. The paper aims to estimate the effect of income inequality on the economic growth of the Member States of the European Union, considering different types of income inequality: Gini index, top 1% share and top 10% share. We used a dynamic and static panel that models which measure the effect of inequality on the economic growth of the Member States of the European Union. The results show that the type of inequality variable affects the relationship between the income inequality and economic growth, in addition to the fact that the indicators that measure income inequality have a negative and positive impact on the economic growth on the Member States of the European Union.
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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel i David Rodeiro-Pazos. "Effects of governance on entrepreneurship: European Union vs non-European Union". Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, nr 1 (15.01.2018): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.
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Vosejpková, M. "Approaches to the rural development problems in the European Union and in some of the Central and Eastern European countries". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 4 (29.02.2012): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5299-agricecon.
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Utilisation of regional policy helps to reduce disparities among regions. The approaches to solving these problems in the European Union differ from the approaches practised in Central and Eastern European countries. The development of rural areas in the European Union is realised through the principles of regional policy and its instruments, i.e. Structural Funds, in co-operation with the Common Agricultural Policy. The applied assistance from the Structural Funds is aimed at the objectively defined areas. The situation of countries with many socio-economic problems is reflected in the weak demographic structures of these regions. Solutions of the problematic situation can be found in implementation of the approach supporting the development of multi-functional agriculture and a broader social and territorial context of economic development in all adopted tools of rural development. The way of supporting diversification of the competitive rural economic structure based on encouraging new activities leads also through integrated programmes. Regional policy realisation in the CEECs depends on the institutional framework created in the dependence of the habits applied by the past political regime of the relevant country. The basic issue for the sustainable development of rural areas can be seen in diversification of agricultural activities, creation of small firms and development of tourism together with sustaining the countryside specifics.
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Stawicki, M., i A. Wojewódzka-Wiewiórska. "Regional Differentiation of GDP at the NUTS-3 Level in Selected European Countries after their Accession to the European Union". Economy of Regions 19, nr 4 (2023): 1224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-4-20.
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The issue of regional development is gaining importance due to the disproportions in its socio-economic aspects. The study aims to identify changes in economic development of selected countries which joined the European Union (EU) in 2004. The study examines small NUTS-3 (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics) regions, which are territories determined for statistical purpose, that are less often analysed in the literature. Moreover, it focuses on spatial aspects, also considering rarely examined urban-rural typology of regions. The value and dynamics of gross domestic product (GDP) changes were presented using the Eurostat data for 2004–2019 on GDP per capita ratio (PPS) and GDP per capita (in % in relation to the EU-28 average). The analysis uses basic statistical and convergence measures; regional disparities were presented on graphs and maps. It was found that the examined EU countries are internally different in terms of economic development. The growth of GDP per capita was most dynamic in the Baltic States, Slovakia and Poland. The dynamics of GDP per capita in relation to the EU average was higher in regions — regardless of the type — where the value of GDP per capita was lower at the time of accession to the EU. In rural regions, the dynamics of development changes was smaller in relation to other types of regions. Convergence (both beta and sigma) is occurring at a very low level. Further research may focus on the reasons for enclosed disparities and factors of the ongoing changes.
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Ševela, M. "Price levels convergence of consumer expenditures in the European Union ". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 52, No. 5 (17.02.2012): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5016-agricecon.
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The convergence of price levels is one of the important aspects of a real convergence and is often viewed as a criterion for the evaluation of preparedness. The convergence process of comparative price levels can run either through the exchange rate channel and/or that of nominal prices. The paper is focused on the assessment of comparative price levels and the rate of their convergence in the enlarged European Union within the period of 1999–2003. With the exception of Cyprus, the price levels in the new EU member countries were significantly lower. The greatest differences from the price level of EU countries existed in Poland, Slovakia and Baltic countries. The new member countries differ also in the rate of convergence. When combining their initial position and the rate of convergence, it can be concluded that all countries will be able to reach 80% of the comparative price level of the European Union till the year 2010. In Poland, the development is very unfavourable because its price level will reach only 55% provided that there will be no changes in its development.
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Haughton, Lesley. "Supporting learners through trade unions". Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling 20, nr 1 (1.06.2008): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20856/jnicec.2005.
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This article examines the role of voluntary trade union activists in delivering information advice and guidance aboutlearning, work and careers to members of their unions. The context for this work is the learning and skills system in England, not for the United Kingdom as a whole. It presents a case study of the way in which we in unionlearn, the learning and skills organisation established by the Trades Union Congress (TUC), have developed a model and strategy for supporting learners in unions. Unions in other European Union (EU) countries may wish to consider how this model could be contextualised in their own industrial relations systems when developing the role of their union representatives and officers in learning and skills.
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Saatcioglu, Cem, i Kaan Celikok. "European Regional Integration and its Partnership with Türkiye: An Assessment of the Specific Customs Union". International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 13, nr 1 (14.01.2023): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.14014.
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International economic integrations, especially after the end of World War II, result from the long-term goals of establishing political unity based on countries' orientation towards their common economic interests. Customs unions, in which states abolish tariffs among themselves and apply common tariffs to third countries, are the next advanced stage of international integration after free trade zones. While customs unions eliminate tariffs and related taxes in trade within their jurisdiction, they also establish a common external tariff. This entails some asymmetrical disadvantages for the countries within the Union. A new step by Türkiye in its efforts to integrate with the West was its application to join the EEC in 1959. The Customs Union, defined by the Ankara Agreement signed in 1963, came into effect in 1996 as a result of the agreement made at the meeting of the Association Council of 6 March 1995 adopted "Customs Union Decision". The aim of this study is to examine the bilateral trade impact of the Customs Union between Türkiye and the EU. H1: Which fields should be included in the customs union between Türkiye and the EU? H2: How will the inclusion of trade in digital goods and services in the Customs Union affect EU-Türkiye trade? The results from the analysis covering the years of 1996-2021 showed that the Customs Union has had a positive but limited effect for the trade between EU-Türkiye. The customs union needs to be updated taking into account public procurement, agriculture and digital services.