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1
Pimentel, Leonardo. "European Union, European Identity, European Gearbox". Rhetoric and Communications, nr 54 (30.01.2023): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55206/gpmg5855.
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Abstract: The essay includes research about terminology concerning the European Union and European Identity and the intersections between them. The assumption is that the ‘European Gearbox’ metaphor presents differences and new manifestations in different counties. Keywords: European Union, European Identity, European Gearbox.
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Sberegaev, Nikolai. "EAEU: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTIVES". Baltic Economic Journal 1, nr 29 (18.03.2020): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46845/2073-3364-2020-1-29-58-71.
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The article explores the experience of the creation and functioning of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the European Economic Community (EEC), the European Union (EU), the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The positive and negative experience of these associations in different counties is analyzed.
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Biukšāne, Inese. "THE EUROPEAN UNION STRUCTURAL FUNDS’ SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATGALE". Latgale National Economy Research 1, nr 4 (23.06.2012): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2012vol1.4.1823.
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The European Union structural funds financing is apportioned unevenly among the regions, including counties and cities. When allocating the received structural funds financing, the level of social and economic development of an area is not taken into account. Besides the problems of poor municipalities co–funding in the uptake of the European Union structural funds are not considered. The existing problems do not allow to the regions of Latvia to develop and to compete equally, all in all impeding development and growth of the country. According to the author’s opinion, in order to solve the social and economic problems Latvia makes inefficient use of the allocated European Union structural funds financing.
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BADAR, Zoltán, Gábor KOZMA i Bence MONYÓK. "SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EU-FUNDED TOURISM INVESTMENTS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAIN REGION (HUNGARY) IN THE 2014-2020 BUDGET PERIOD". GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 47, nr 2 (30.06.2023): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.47203-1035.
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The aim of this paper is to present the territorial characteristics of explanation of European Union funding for tourism-related developments in the Northern Great Plain region (Hungary) in the 2014-2020 programming period of the European Union. We relied fundamentally on the website “palyazat.gov.hu” as our source, which provides information on the number of grant applications submitted and those that were successful. There are very significant differences between counties and settlements in terms of the application activity and the focus of the applications. Firstly, the specificities of the counties that make up the Northern Great Plain region had a significant impact on the region’s performance in case of national-level projects. Secondly, hand the influencing factors include the commitment of the leaders of the individual counties and settlements to tourism, the impact of the conditions set out in the calls for applications, as well as the role of political lobbying.
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Munteanu, Răzvan-Aurelian. "Analysis of the accession of European funds for the environmental policy from 2014". Journal of Financial Studies 6, nr 11 (15.11.2021): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.55654/jfs.2021.6.11.07.
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"Economic growth and development have direct impact on environment. In this matter, the concerns about the protection of the environment of the European Union have increased over time. The paper represents an analysis regarding the accessing of European non-reimbursable funds allocated for environmental policy in the period 2014-2020. European non-reimbursable funds represented the main instrument for financing environmental policies, and accessing them is important for meeting environmental objectives of our country. The paper analyzes the accesses of European funds by counties, being important, esspecially as Romania is in the period of transition to the new policy for the period 2021 – 2027 and to meet the objectives of the Strategy for smart, sustainable growth. and favorable to inclusion in the European Union."
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Cholacu, Anastasia M. "Governments and the Private Energy Sector: Analysis of Energy Sector and Relationship between State". Businesses 4, nr 3 (8.07.2024): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/businesses4030017.
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A symbiotic relationship exists between the state and the energy sector that often leads to conflicting relationships between the two. The best example of this complicated relationship is between the state and free markets is the case of the United States, European Union, and Global Energy Sector. The decline in the gas import—due to sanctions placed on the Russian Federation—to Europe from Russia, along with other counties that import gas from Russia, has negatively affected the economies of European counties. The Russian government has restructured the exporting of gas to other counties in order to continue to sustain companies’ growth. This literature review will analyze how sanctions against Russian Federation have affected the energy market and how it will affect entire energy markets.
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Malakhova, T. S. "Ensuring sustainable foreign economic relations of countries at the forefront and outskirts of the European Union". National Interests: Priorities and Security 16, nr 10 (15.10.2020): 1980–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.16.10.1980.
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Subject. Foreign economic and trade ties among countries are getting tighter and less predictable in the early 21st century. This directly stems from a growing disparity of partners, especially if it goes about their future cooperation as part of integration groups or international organizations. Communities of experts suggest using various approaches to locally adjusting integration phases, especially implementing the two-speed integration in the European Union. Objectives. The study is an attempt to examine an improvement of foreign economic cooperation and suggest its implementation steps for the European Union. This all is due to considerable inner controversies and problems within the EU, which grow more serious year by year. Methods. The methodological framework comprises the historical logic, dialectical principles, scientific abstraction method. The process and system approach was especially important for justifying the implementation of the above steps. It was used to examine foreign economic relations of partners in the European Union. Results. The article sets forth the theoretical and methodological framework for the geostrategic economic bloc, including a conceptual structure model. I present steps to implement a foreign economic cooperation of partners in the EU in terms of its form. Conclusions and Relevance. Should the form of the foreign economic relations among the EU countries be implemented, counties at the periphery of the EU will be able to become active parties to the integration group.
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Nakos, George E., Keith Brouthers i Robert Moussetis. "THE EXPERIENCE OF PORTUGAL'S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION: WHAT COUNTIES WANTING TO JOIN A CUSTOMS UNION SHOULD EXPECT". Competitiveness Review 11, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb046416.
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Powęska, Halina. "THE USE OF EUROPEAN UNION FUNDS FOR CULTURAL PURPOSES IN MAŁOPOLSKIE VOIVODSHIP FROM 2007 TILL 2015". Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, nr 3 (30.09.2018): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.3.42.
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The paper explores the issue of the use of European Union funds for cultural heritage in Małopolskie Voivodship during the period 2007–2015, taking into consideration spatial categories which include: rural areas comprising rural communes and small towns, towns with health resorts, land counties, urban counties (town with county rights), and Cracow as the capital of the Voivodship. It examines the structure of the total value and of the amount of EU funding for culture-related European projects by the purposes of their implementation which included: revaluation of the objects of culture, creation and development of a new tourism product, renovation of sports and recreation facilities, promotion and other issues. The study was conducted using the statistical database of the National Information System of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development of the Republic of Poland (KSI SIMIK 07-13) as of 31 December 2015.
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Khmelnitskiy, M. M. "THE EUROPEAN UNION NORTH–SOUTH DIVIDE AND THE FUTURE OF THE EURO". MGIMO Review of International Relations, nr 6(33) (28.12.2013): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-6-33-134-140.
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The debt crisis is continuing in the eurozone, putting on agenda a question about the future of the euro and European integration. In 2012 none of the Southern European states could achieve the EU average GDP per capita. If the Greece’s GDP reduces in 2013 by 4,5% as expected, the Government will hardly fulfill its objective to achieve the growth in 2014. Moreover, Europe has become divided into two macroregions: poor South and prosperous North. The differences between them seem to be predefined because of specific EU policy during the creation of the economic union and when the euro was being introduced; these differences are one of the main causes of the crisis. Inspite of the fact that the Southern countries are still in economic decline, the Northern counties are insisting on austerity measures without any plans to reindustrialize Greece, Spain and Portugal in perspective. The «troika» of lenders saved the eurozone on account of multi-billion aid but it is still nothing done to cope with existing political and economic contradictions such as: trade deficit between «North» and «South», dependence on exports, specific international specialization of Greece, Spain and other countries. Three scenarios can be worked out to foresee the situation in the EU: optimistic, pessimistic and neutral. The pessimistic scenario was widely spread in the expert community. However, it is not that popular at the moment. A strong political will is needed to realize the optimistic scenario in the EU, mainly that of Germany and the Netherlands. At the moment the occasions meet the neutral scenario. It means that the euro area still exists but the coming years can become a «lost decade».
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Szendi, Dóra. "The impact of the economic and social shocks (crises) of the 2000s on gross value added in Central-Eastern Europe". Geographica Pannonica 28, nr 2 (2024): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gp28-49299.
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Territorial economic and social disparities remain a major problem for the European Union today, especially in Eastern Europe. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of the economic and social shocks of the 2000s (the economic and financial crisis of 2008-09 and the COVID-19 pandemic) on the economies of four Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary). The study presents county-level differences in gross value added with classical descriptive statistics, inequality indices, convergence analyses and spatial autocorrelation. The results show that the impact of the shocks of the 2000s varies across counties, which led to different paths of recovery. Spatial autocorrelation is significant , but patterns remain stable through the period of exogenous shocks.
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Szabó, Ferenc. "Az Európai Unió intézményrendszere és működése, a hazai környezetvédelmi infrastruktúra-fejlesztési projektek szemszögéből". Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 4, nr 3-4 (1.01.2009): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2009.3-4.158-164.
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The cooperation of the highly developed western European countries has led to significant success, mainly after the establishment of the European Union. The original goals, peace, prosperity and human rights were assured. However, the inner conflicts of the system have been producing operational difficulties time to time. One of the main goals of the "Lisbon Process 2000" was to eliminate these operational problems, in order to strengthen competitiveness. The accession to the EU meant great opportunities to the new members, first of all in the field of environmental infrastructure development. The EU support and funds made it possible to the eastern European countries to reach the level of the h developed counties in a few years. But it's clear that the support systems are difficult, the regulations and conditions are very strict. On one hand, an effective national level regulation and management has to be required, on the other hand the professionalism of the beneficiaries has to be increased in the near future.
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Prorok, Vesna, Neven Šerić i Ivan Peronja. "Analysis of Overall and Pure Technical Efficiency of Tourism in Europe". Transactions on Maritime Science 8, nr 2 (21.10.2019): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v08.n02.007.
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The aim of this paper is to assess the overall and pure technical efficiency of tourism in European countries in 2017 using the output-oriented Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978, 1979), and Banker, Charnes and Cooper (1984) data envelopment analysis methodology. The countries were divided into two groups: European Union countries and non-European counties. We identified two input and two output variables for each group. Input variables were identified using the principal component analysis method, starting from fourteen pillars that measure the performance of countries in the field of travel and tourism, and are published in the regular reports of the World Economic Forum. Then, two output variables were defined (the total (direct and indirect) contribution of travel and tourism to gross domestic product, and the direct contribution of tourism to employment growth rate), to determine the relative efficiency of decision-making units within the formed homogeneous groups of countries, among which the group of Western Balkan countries was singled out. This analysis enabled us, based on relatively scarce potential, to propose guidelines for a tourism development strategy for the entire Western Balkans region.
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Jelínková, Marie. "A Refugee Crisis Without Refugees: Policy and media discourse on refugees in the Czech Republic and its implications". Central European Journal of Public Policy 13, nr 1 (1.06.2019): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2019-0003.
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Abstract Along with other Central and Eastern European counties, Czechia has invested significant effort in deterring refugees from entering the country during the ‘refugee crisis’. This article sheds light on the role of the media in legitimising anti-refugee policies by analysing the politicised discourse on refugees in 900 articles published in Czech newspapers between 2014 and 2016. The findings indicate that refugees were depicted as a security threat and an administrative burden partly imposed by the European Union. The article discusses the policy implications of depicting refugees in this way and thus broadens the literature on European narratives during the refugee emergency in Europe.
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Gineviciene, Vanda, i Manuela Tvaronaviciene. "TRENDS AND LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT: VIEW TO NEW EU MEMBERS". Journal of Business Economics and Management 6, nr 2 (30.06.2005): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2005.9636099.
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The paper deals with evaluation of development level of new European Union members and 3 acceding counties. Authors elaborate existing systems of indicators and modern ranking methods used for indicated purpose. Presented analysis argues for superiority of statistical methods over qualitative ones in process of qualified evaluation of development level achieved by particular countries. New system comprising 12 indicators has been presented. The chosen set of indicators have emphasized three the most important dimensions, which provide stability of countries: economical, social and environmental. Evaluation of development tendencies during the last years of new the EU members and ascending countries has been done. Closer look at development level achieved by chosen countries comparing to that of EU‐15 has been taken.
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Minovska, Mila. "The evolution of EU accession requirements for North Macedonia". RUDN Journal of Economics 31, nr 3 (30.09.2023): 614–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-3-614-628.
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Since Republic of North Macedonia has been a candidate country for European Union membership for almost two decades, the goal of this article is to shed a light on the conditions and requirements that were set before Macedonia and their evolution for this time period. For that purpose the article, annual reports of the European Commission on Macedonia’s progress were reviewed. Further on, analysis of the development of Macedonia’s macroeconomic indicators was carried out which was followed by a comparative analysis of the state of the economic development of the Central and Eastern European countries - member states of the European Union, at the moment of their accession. It was established that the EU enlargement process have undergone significant changes since its foundation. Over time, the changed political environment within the EU has led to a significant strengthening and tightening of the rules and criteria. The inefficiency of the latest accessions provoked the EU once again to change the accession negotiation process and introduce new accession process that is significantly more political than economic. In Macedonia’s case, it was political and not economic requirements that led to the country becoming stuck in its EU accession process. The economic results achieved by Macedonia during the researched period, even though lower than the average for the union, were still higher that the results shown by some Central and Eastern European counties at the time when they became members of the EU. Therefore, is no doubt, that Macedonia’s path to the EU was conditioned by political obstacles, the same situation continues today. But the major question that still stand unanswered is weather this kind increased politicization of the process is contradictory to the merit-based system the EU prides itself on.
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Oundo, Judith Nabwire, Shepard Ndlela, Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag, Dora Kilalo, Florence Olubayo i Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed. "Occurrence and Damage Levels of Thaumatotibia leucotreta on Capsicum in Selected Counties in Lower Eastern Kenya". Agriculture 13, nr 6 (6.06.2023): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061203.
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The false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick), is believed to have originated from Ethiopia and sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, this pest has extensively spread and is found in most parts of Africa, with records in approximately 40 countries in over 100 host plant species. Despite Thaumatotibia leucotreta being the leading cause of interceptions of Capsicum and cut flowers exported by Kenya to the European Union, information on abundance and damage levels inflicted on capsicum is limited. The objective of the study was to assess the abundance and damage levels of T. leucotreta on capsicum in the selected counties in Lower Eastern Kenya (Kitui, Machakos, and Makueni counties). Higher T. leucotreta larval density per farm was recorded in Kitui County compared to other counties. In farms with capsicum only (not intercropped with other crops), the mean number of FCM larvae was relatively higher in Kitui. Farming practices such as the use of uncertified seeds and seedlings and the excessive use of pesticides may be the major contributors to high larval incidence in Kitui County.
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Lyons, Ben, Vittorio Mérola, Jason Reifler i Florian Stoeckel. "How Politics Shape Views Toward Fact-Checking: Evidence from Six European Countries". International Journal of Press/Politics 25, nr 3 (lipiec 2020): 469–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161220921732.
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Fact-checking has spread internationally, in part to confront the rise of digital disinformation campaigns. American studies suggests ideological asymmetry in attitudes toward fact-checking, as well as greater acceptance of the practice among those more interested in and knowledgeable about politics. We examine attitudes toward fact-checking across six European counties to put these findings in a broader context ( N = 6,067). We find greater familiarity with and acceptance of fact-checking in Northern Europe (Sweden and Germany) than elsewhere (Italy, Spain, France, and Poland). We further find two dimensions of political antipathy: a left–right dimension and an “anti-elite” dimension (including dissatisfaction with democracy and negative feelings toward the European Union), the latter of which more consistently predicts negative feelings toward fact-checkers in the countries examined. Our findings demonstrate that despite general acceptance of the movement, significant political divides remain. Those less likely to trust fact-checkers could be more vulnerable to disinformation targeting these divides, leading to a spiral of cynicism.
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Sutyrin, V. V. "The Official Development Assistance Policy of the European Union in the Post-Soviet Space: Geopolitical Factors". Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S6 (wrzesień 2022): S543—S550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622120097.
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Abstract The structure, priorities, conceptual framework, methods, and resources of EU policies in the Official Development Assistance (ODA) program are considered. Research shows that the EU funding of ODA programs for the post-Soviet space hiked fourfold between 2010 and 2020. The share of funding for Central Asian states decreased substantially compared to the Western part of the post-Soviet space against the background of confrontation with Russia, as well as due to presidential elections in Belarus. This paper argues that this redistribution is caused by geopolitical factors of EU policy. A conclusion is drawn that the recent declarations by the EU leadership about strengthening the “hard” power and the “geopolitical” agenda are not new and reflect long-term trends in EU foreign policy. Thus, a significant share of ODA funds is traditionally allocated to “social infrastructure,” strengthening Brussels’ control over the sociopolitical sphere in target countries of the periphery, aiming to bring them under EU influence in the economy, governance, goal setting, and ideology. This policy serves the interests of the EU, entrenching asymmetrical “metropole–periphery” relations between the EU and target counties.
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Stamatoglou, Maria. "The role of play in early childhood education curricula in Greece and the world: A systematic literature review". Mediterranean Journal of Social & Behavioral Research 8, nr 1 (7.02.2024): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30935/mjosbr/14184.
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The scope of this systematic review is to present the role of play within early childhood education curricula in Greece and around the world. In particular, findings will be presented from 25 early childhood education curricula from the past 15 years (2004-2018). Seven of these come from countries of the European Union, one from a country that used to be a member of the European Union, two from countries of Africa, seven from countries of North and Latin America and the Caribbean, six from counties of Asia and two from Oceania. Findings present the role of play within the early childhood education curricula and where possible the role of the educator in relation to play in preschool settings. From the systematic review and the analysis of the curricula we can conclude that early childhood education curricula are in their majority child-centered, they vary in form and recognize the importance of play in children’s holistic development and learning. Educators on their behalf tend to adopt various roles in order to support and promote play at the nursery school, indoors and outdoors in cooperation with parents and other professionals. Factors that influence the content of early childhood curricula and the role of play in them, are geographic location, cultural heritage, structure of society, knowledge of history and respect for the past and the future always in relation to the needs of the children of this age.
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Prilepskaya, Vera N., Kirill I. Gusakov i Niso M. Nazarova. "Vaccination as an effective method of prevention for cervical diseases associated with human papillomavirus (literature review)". Gynecology 21, nr 2 (15.04.2019): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2019.2.190396.
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The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of cervical cancer and other diseases of the anogenital area has been proven and well known. Despite this, the incidence of cervical cancer is growing every year. Specific methods of HPV treatment are not developed, and the only effective method of cervical cancer prevention is to prevent infection itself. A number of randomized clinical trials have demonstrated extremely high (up to 100%) effectiveness of HPV vaccines. Currently, the HPV vaccine is approved by WHO and included in the National Immunization Program of 86 countries, 17 counties use gender-neutral program. In the clinical practice of Australia, USA and countries of the European Union, in particular Italy, Germany and France, high efficiency of vaccination for 10 or more years is reported.
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Chirozva, Lucid. "Law of attraction: A mirror image of Zimbabwe-Belarus relations". Dynamics of Politics and Democracy 1, nr 1 (25.08.2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/dpd.v1i1.730.
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Abstract Purpose: The study aims to analyse the law of attraction and its influence on Zimbabwe-Belarus relations. Research methodology: Secondary sources that relate to Zimbabwe and Belarus were used to gather data. The content analysis technique was employed to analysis to the data. Results: The study gathered that the two countries have limited allies in the international system; they are all on sanctions from the European Union (E.U.) and the United States of America (U.S.A.). The two countries also behave the same way in their interactions domestically and politically, as demonstrated by their conduct during elections. Limitations: The study focuses explicitly only on Zimbabwe’s 2018 and Belarus’s 2020 elections Contribution: This study contributes to understanding how the law of attraction will play a new role in determining the relations shortly, specifically whether or not the two counties will remain allies.
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LEIVA PEREZ, William H. "DELIVERY PREFERENCES (BIRTH) IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TRENDS BETWEEN 2010 AND 2021: EVIDENCE OF SHIFTS BEYOND PUBLIC HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS". Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law 30 (2024): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/jopafl-2023-30-12.
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Methods for neonates’ delivery have evolved over the course of the years, to match the existing evidence, the access to care and the personal preferences of clinicians and prospective mothers. While clinical evidence points towards recommendations to reduce the rates of deliveries using surgical procedures (i.e., Caesarean delivery or c-section) in favour of natural deliveries and its variations; the evidence suggest that trends points in the other direction. This paper explores the trends within European Union counties, the changes over time and explore potential explanations for the dichotomy between recommendations and actual practices
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Zwolak, Jan. "The Regressive Dependence of Patents on R&D Outlays and R&D Employees in European Union Countries". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (7.01.2021): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.27.
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The research described herein seeks to determine the regressive dependence of the number of patents on the outlays on research-and-development and the number of those employed in the R&D sector, and to calculate on this basis the marginal and average cost/resource-intensity and labour-intensity of patents in the European Union countries in the years 2016 and 2019. Studies have shown that the total of the flexibility of the number of patents versus R&D outlays and R&D employment was identical for both years (i.e., 0.97). Hence, a method to determine whether undulation exists with the same total flexibility has been demonstrated. A 5.4 per cent decrease in the intensity of flexibility in the number of patents was identified for 2019. The research has shown that the growth in the number of patents proves to be in line with the growth of mean labour-intensity of patents for the years concerned. This proves that the knowledge resource plays a specific part in creating the number of patents for the counties and years under examination
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Zheliezna, T. A., i A. I. Bashtovyi. "ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN TRENDS OF BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION". Industrial Heat Engineering 40, nr 3 (7.09.2018): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ihe.3.2018.09.
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Purpose of the paper is to analyze main trends of bioenergy development in the EU, identify successful examples and existing problems and also to suggest some recommendations on implementing the best European practices in Ukraine’s bioenergy sector. State of the art and prospects for the development of bioenergy in the EU-28 until 2030 are presented. It is shown that bioenergy is an important part of European Union’s energy sector and the biggest contributor to renewable energy production. The EU is getting on quite well with achieving its RES 2020 targets set by the Directive 2009/28/EС. By now at least ten counties have already attained their obligatory share of renewable energy in the gross final energy consumption. According to expert estimation, under further pursuing of the favourable policy, the present share of RES in EU’s energy consumption may double and reach about 34% in 2030. Main features of bioenergy part in different EU’s energy production and consumption sectors are analyzed. Traditionally, in the EU, biomass contributes mostly to heat production and its leading part among other RES in the sector is expected to remain beyond 2020. The situation in Ukraine is in line with this trend. The difference is that in the EU most part of heat is produced combined with power, and in Ukraine there are few biomass CHP plants. Besides, power production from biomass is behind other RES in Ukraine in contrast with the EU. Based on the main trends existing in the EU, one can recommend the priority development of biomass CHP to Ukraine and also some higher contribution of biomass to power production compared with other RES. In addition it is suggested that Ukraine should pay more attention to the production and consumption of second generation biofuels and implementation of sustainability criteria in the bioenergy sector.
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Florkowski, Wojciech J., i Joanna Rakowska. "Review of Regional Renewable Energy Investment Projects: The Example of EU Cohesion Funds Dispersal". Sustainability 14, nr 24 (19.12.2022): 17007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142417007.
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The study aimed at reviewing the European Union funds’ distribution mechanism supporting investments in renewable energy deployment in Poland, its effects and the relationship between the value of each investment and its location, location area characteristics, the type of investing entity, and the type of RE to be utilized once the investment is completed. The study fills a gap in the literature on the regional dispersal of cohesion funds. The presented findings are novel and contribute to a better understanding of the use of funds to support local investment projects and improve planning and implementation of evidence-based policies aimed at increasing renewable energy utilization in the European Union. The applied methods included multiple linear regression and cartograms. The data on the renewable energy investments were obtained from the SIMIK database for the years 2007–2015, while the characteristics of counties were gathered from Statistics Poland. The results show that the European Union cohesion funding was essential in overcoming the major barrier to solar renewable energy utilization, which was the cost of the initial investment. There were significant differences in the dispersal of the analyzed investments–most of them cumulated in north-eastern and eastern Poland. Although the funding distributed through operational programs was accessed by a variety of applicants, the municipality self-governments and small and medium-sized enterprise contributed most to the increased share of energy generated from solar renewable energy. The largest number of projects involved solar and wind energy, allowing applicants to lower operating costs by reducing energy bills.
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Nedović, Mirjana, i Lovro Babić. "MANAGEMENT OF SPECIAL FOOD PRODUCT – AN OPPORTUNITY FOR MARKET EXPANSION IN THE REGION AND EUROPEAN FOOD MARKET". CBU International Conference Proceedings 2 (1.07.2014): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v2.445.
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This research is based on conducted surveys with potential consumers of a food product called “kulen” a Slavonian traditional dry fermented salami, as an indigenous Croatian product, covering two counties (Osiječko-Baranjska and Vukovarsko-Srijemska). The surveys include the manufacturer’s attitude toward the special traditional product kulen, their place in the market, strengths, and weaknesses. The aim of this paper is to analyze the market for kulen food products, based on consumers’ responses and their willingness to purchase the product. The results showed that in the two counties, most consumers purchase salami once a week from a Croatian market—a crucial indicator for consumption of quality products. With Croatia’s accession to the European Union, Croatian manufacturers have found themselves within the unified European market. This primarily means an expanding market where they can sell more of their products. However, the entry of new producers into the Croatian market would also increase competition. In such case, some manufacturers will have to lower the price of their products to become more competitive, while those whose products have unique geographical indications, designations of origin, and traditional specialty would certainly be able to set a higher price for their products.
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Popovici, Elena-Ana, Bianca Mitrică i Irena Mocanu. "Land concentration and land grabbing: Implications for the socio-economic development of rural communities in south-eastern Romania". Outlook on Agriculture 47, nr 3 (20.06.2018): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727018781138.
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In the periods of pre- and post-accession to the European Union, Romania experienced great and rapid land concentration and land grabbing. The current article is seeking to identify the relationship between these processes, and the socio-economic development of rural communities in two counties (Călăraşi and Ialomiţa) located in the south-east of Romania. By using a set of statistical indicators, the authors computed two secondary indexes: Agricultural Development Index and Social Disadvantage Index, whose correlation revealed that areas with massive land concentration (almost 80% of all Local Administrative Units) have a low level of socio-economic development.
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DOBAY, Krisztina Melinda. "TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE VALUE CHAINS AND AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS THROUGH COLLECTIVE ACTIONS – EVIDENCE FROM ORGANIC BEEKEEPING". AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2023, nr 1 (15.12.2023): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/aerd.2023.1.08.
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"The European Union has the collective capacity to transform its economy and society to a more sustainable path through the European Green Deal, which is a package of policy initiatives with the ultimate goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 and to contribute to the transformation of the EU in a fair and prosperous society with a modern and competitive economy. Agriculture is one of the important sectors in the transformation of the European economy and society towards a sustainable long-term future, and the complexity and diversity of the agri-food system require understanding and collective actions. To this end, past successful experiences can significantly contribute to this transition to sustainability. In this paper, it is analysed how participatory processes and collective actions can be examples for starting transformative processes aimed at contributing to sustainable agriculture, agri-food systems and rural areas, with the example of the development of ecological beekeeping in several counties in Romania."
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Velić, Ismar, i Igor Cvečić. "Monetary Integration Effects on Foreign Direct Investments in New EU Member States". Journal of Economic Integration 39, nr 1 (15.03.2024): 55–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2024008.
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This study examines the impact of accession to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in the 11 New Member States (NMS), during the period 2005-2018. Using panel regression analysis and the gravity model, the influence of macroeconomic indicators on FDI outflows from 21 industrialised countries (including EU and non-European counties, such as Japan and USA) to the NMS is assessed. The empirical results suggest that favourable macroeconomic indicators in the NMS, such as a stable exchange rate, lower inflation, long-term interest rates and EU/EMU membership, are positively correlated with FDI inflows from NMS. Conversely, rising inflation and exchange rate volatility in the NMS are negatively associated with FDI inflows, while inflation in the FDI origin countries is positively correlated with investment in the NMS. The results suggest that joining the EMU has a statistically significant and positive relationship on FDI inflows to the NMS.
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Grigorescu, Adriana, Cristina Lincaru, Speranta Pîrciog i Razvan-Ion Chiţescu. "Competitiveness and sustainable development in public services". Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society 14, nr 1 (1.03.2019): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2019-0008.
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Abstract The last years were of profound transformation in public services that knows more or less the challenge from the private sector. A second dimension of competitiveness for the public services staring from 2007 was the free access of the citizens to at least education and health services in European Union. The paper aims to show the evolution of the cohabitation of the public and private sectors on the services of public interest, their development and evolution in different regions. Identifying and highlighting the key issues in competitiveness and quality of the services provided, will give us the main lines for the further development and public policies that should be considered. Considering the cohesion policy of European Union, an analysis of the public and private sectors in public services in Romanian counties could drive us to a conclusion about the affordability and the quality of the services. Using the statistics it can be show the regional distribution of the service providers especially for education, health, water supply and other services. The integrated analysis we offer a global picture of the regional potential and development. Based on the findings the public decision makers could better set up the sectorial public policies and the public spending. Never the less, the European support could be also directed to increase the quality and efficiency of the public services.
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Maier, Doru, Ancuta-Nicoleta Remete, Alina-Mihaela Corda, Ioana-Alexandra Nastasoiu, Paul-Sorin Lazăr, Iustin-Atanasiu Pop i Traian-Ionuţ Luca. "Territorial Distribution of EU Funds Allocation for Developments of Rural Romania during 2014–2020". Sustainability 14, nr 1 (4.01.2022): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010506.
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This study uses cross-section regressions and spatial econometrics techniques to identify determinants of rural development project implementation based on the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) of the European Union. For this, we use 40 Romanian counties. Results show that agricultural land abundancy and land concentration degree are significant positive factors. On the contrary, the local human development level is a negative determinant, low values for this factor being an incentive to compensate the lack of own resources through European funding. No significant effects of the average salary or population density were depicted. Spatial analysis indicates contagion and diffusion processes for fund accession through projects. This behavior is like that in other financial sectors, in which human behavior is a decisive factor, such as the insurance one. A West–East clusterization process is identified for the total project value, conditioned by the identified factors.
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Dahl, Kari, Kirsti Jæger Dahlen, Kristian Larsen i Vibeke Lohne. "Conscientious and proud but challenged as a stranger: Immigrant nurses’ perceptions and descriptions of the Norwegian healthcare system". Nordic Journal of Nursing Research 37, nr 3 (22.03.2017): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057158517690952.
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The number of nurses in Norway educated outside of the European Union is increasing. The purpose of this study is to explore how immigrant nurses, all educated as nurses in their home countries, experience working as a nurse in Norway. The study has a qualitative design with a social constructivist perspective and is based on written narratives from open-ended questions representing 144 nurses from 18 different counties. Two main themes based on patterns from the participants’ text were constructed: ‘conscientious and proud as nurses’ and ‘impressed but challenged as strangers’. The findings are discussed in relation to research in cultural understanding. Immigrant nurses contribute with important knowledge and cultural competence to nursing and the Norwegian healthcare system, but there are also challenges. More knowledge is needed in education, research and in individual institutions about the contributions and challenges immigrant nurses bring with them.
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Figueiredo, Ane Cristina, Calum Dean i Sean Byrne. "Peacebuilding Interventions". Journal for Peace and Justice Studies 28, nr 2 (2018): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/peacejustice201828217.
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This article examines the perceptions and experiences of 120 participants interviewed in Northern Ireland and the Border Counties in 2010 regarding community peacebuilding, and the future of community-based projects. The respondents shared their thoughts on the projects and program initiatives funded by the European Union Peace and Reconciliation or Peace III Fund and the International Fund for Ireland. They discussed the impacts of external aid on the community peacebuilding process as well as the long-term sustainability of projects. This study explores the narratives of community leaders and program development officers from Derry and the Border Counties. The findings emphasize that while the participants noted that the external aid contributed to promoting community peacebuilding, there is a lot more to be addressed in terms of cross-community interaction. Additionally, there is an uncertainty regarding the sustainability of many project initiatives once the funds end. As a result of such insecurity, there is a concern regarding the stability of peace in the region.
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Vasic, Ivana, Nenad Rankovic, Jelena Nedeljkovic i Dragan Nonic. "Measures and activities for managing protected areas under climate changes: The analysis of regulatory frameworks in selected countries of central and southeast Europe". Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, nr 123 (2021): 187–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf2123187v.
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The paper analyses regulatory frameworks (strategies and laws) in the field of nature conservation and forestry, i.e. measures and activities for managing protected areas under climate changes in selected countries of central and southeast Europe. This research aims to identify the presence of different measures and activities in strategies and laws on nature conservation and forestry, as well as their systematization and comparison. The analysis has been conducted for 5 countries: Germany (the federal state of Baden-W?rttemberg), Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Republic of Srpska). It can be concluded that the level of representation of observed measures and activities for managing protected areas differs within the regulatory frameworks of the selected counties. Within the strategies and laws on nature conservation, it can be noticed that they comprise a larger number of measures and activities for managing protected areas than in the field of forestry. Additionally, there is a clear distinction between the European Union member states and those who are not members. Some activities are insufficiently or barely implemented in both nature conservation and forestry.
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Starodubova, Anna, Chulpan Misbakhova i Nailya Gareeva. "The role of quality standards for chemical products existing on the markets of the European Union in development of innovative entrepreneurship". E3S Web of Conferences 161 (2020): 01092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016101092.
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The article studies the method of assessment of the impact of standards on the results of the industry: innovation, product quality, generation of waste, level of “Green Economy” and foreign trade. The approbation which has been carried out for chemical products from 26 countries of the EU in 2018 (based on the cluster analysis is given in the study). It has been concluded that the high level of coverage of standards stimulates innovation of recycling. The level of foreign trade, and the generation of waste occur regardless of the level of coverage of the standards. The high speed of implementation of the standard ensures the high level of “Green Economy”. The more permanent policy of standards ensures high quality of products. Germany is the benchmark for the high level of influence of standards on the results in the chemical industry. For the rest counties of the EU, the potential of standards is not fully disclosed for reasons of insufficient coverage of standards or a large volume of waste. This assessment allows finding the benchmark of the country for study of the positive impact of standards and it helps to identify the successful strategies of standards for achieving high results in the industry.
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Romanowski, Robert, Wojciech Kisiała i Bartosz Stępiński. "The impact of EU structural funds related to innovation in socio-economic development at a local level". Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, nr 174 (2023): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2023.174.16.
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Purpose: The aim of the paper is to verify the process of β-convergence at a local level in Poland within 2007-2016, taking the impact of spatial effects and obtained EU funds related to innovation on economic growth into account. Design/methodology/approach: Spatial econometric methods were used in the research procedure. The modelling uses the economic aggregate, which is an alternative to the GDP measure of development. In addition, the traditional convergence equations were modified by adding variables defining spatial interactions to the specifications of the estimated models that may affect the rate of economic growth. The study covers data from all counties (NTS4) in 2oland. Findings: The estimated econometric models showed that between 2007-2016, there was a slow process of reducing economic inequalities between counties in Poland. The convergence process was conditioned by the amount of European funds obtained for innovation. The funds acquired in a given county stimulated the economic growth of this unit while, at the same time, having negative impact on the development dynamics of neighbouring units. Originality/value: The added value of this elaboration is the inclusion of spatial effects affecting economic growth in the conducted analyses of conditional convergence. The presented study is one of a few in which the spatial impact was verified by including weights in the modelling of the matrix based on proximity, distance, flows and affiliation, carried out using data relating to all NTS4 units of a given European Union country. Keywords: β-convergence, European funds, innovation, spatial effects, spatial regression models. Category of the paper: research paper.
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Kučaidze, Nadežda, i Artūras Jurgelevičius. "The impact of high fee-low-subsidy and low fee-high-subsidy higher education funding models on higher education access in European Union countries". Economics. Ecology. Socium 4, nr 4 (31.12.2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2020.4.4-5.
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Introduction. Higher education funding is relevant topic and widely analysed by scientist all other the world. Nowadays there is very big difference between higher education funding models across European Union countries – students have to pay very high fees for their studies in one countries, while in other countries – students have no obligations to pay for their studies at all, or have to pay very low tuition fees. All EU member states declare importance of HE for the future of economic, individual and society wellbeing. With respect to cost-sharing principle in higher education funding, higher education funding models can be divided into four models: Low-fee-High-subsidy; Low-fees-Low-subsidy; High-fees-High-subsidy and High-fee-Low subsidy.
Aim and tasks. The aim of this article is to perform comparative analysis of two extremely different higher education funding models, which are applied in European Union states – Low-fee-High-subsidy higher education funding model (LFHS model) and High-fee-Low-subsidy higher education funding model (HFLS model).
Results. The results of scientific research shows, that LFHS and HFLS models, which were analysed, have a different impact on access to higher education (i.e. gross enrolment rate (GER), GER male, GER female and HE graduation rate (HEGR) in EU countries.
Conclusions. Tuition fees (max., min., net, normative) have a statistically significant, but not only positive or negative impact on enrolment to HE and graduation of HE, as well as for women and men enrolment to HE (GER male, GER female) – it depends on funding model EU state applies. Max. need-based grants have positive impact only in LFHS model case as well as min. need-based grants. In addition, the results of research show, that there is gender inequality – women enrolment to HE exceed men enrolment at most in HFLS model. Men are more likely to study in countries with higher need-based grants (for instance, in LFHS model countries). Counties with higher GDP per capita are more likely to apply LFHS model, than countries with lower GDP per capita.
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Pavlovic, Marko. "The Kingdom of Yugoslavia first European regional state". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, nr 141 (2012): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1241503p.
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It is generally accepted that the first European regional state was Italy (since 1948), and the second was Spain (since 1978). This article, however, proves that the first European regional state was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1921 - 1939). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia as a regional state was formed in imitation of the Union of South Africa (since 1909). The main proponents of the concept of Yugoslav regionalism were Bogumil Vosnjak, a Slovene, and Josip Smodlaka, a Croat from Dalmatia, both of them considered moderate nationalists. Regional jurisdiction in the Vidovdan Constitution was modeled according to Smodlaka?s and Vosnjak?s ideas. Law on the name and the administrative division of the Kingdom from 1929 established administrative areas (banovinas), whose jurisdiction mostly coincided with regional jurisdiction. Banovinas were also carried to the Constitution of 1931, provided that, with respect to self governing bodies, they were somewhat shaped by the ideas of Stojan Protic, ?a moderate Serb?. The territories of banovinas were shaped according to Smodlaka?s draft, so they were much larger and economically stronger than previous (oblasti). When we compare the standard regional jurisdiction (designed according to the Spanish Constitution of 1978) with the jurisdiction of Yugoslav counties or banovinas, we can conclude that they are almost identical. So, considering the time priority, the Yugoslav Kingdom was the first regional state. However, it was an inadequate form of a state due to the presence of strong nationalisms, primarily Croatian.
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Komušanac, Monika. "Recentna imigracija radne snage u Hrvatsku: razmjeri, trendovi, obilježja". Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 39, nr 2 (2023): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.11567/met.39.2.3.
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The paper aims to analyse the determinants of international migration among the Croatian population in the recent period following Croatia's entry into the European Union in 2013, with a special focus on the increased immigration to Croatia. The fundamental assumption is that, in addition to emigration from Croatia, the immigration of foreign workers to Croatia is also on the rise. This influx is primarily from economically less developed Asian and African countries. Meanwhile, immigration from the traditional workforce pool, the area of Southeastern Europe, is decreasing significantly. However, this region remains relatively the dominant source of migrants. Workforce immigration to Croatia has been singled out as a separate research unit, which not only examines the scale and basic characteristics of “foreigners” in Croatia but also provides an overview of the factors conditioning the existing relations within the labour market in Croatia. Demographic trends at the state level have significantly affected changes in the working-age and active population in Croatia. This includes a reduction in the work potential of the resident population. In addition to these established changes, other challenges in the labour market, primarily educational and profile-related, can be singled out. In addition to the reduction in the number of the working-age population, there is a structural mismatch between the current supply and demand for jobs. This mismatch results in either a shortage or a surplus of workers in certain industries, consequently contributing to the overall increase in general unemployment among the resident population and/or the need to compensate for the lack of labour through “import”. In 2015, Croatia experienced a very high unemployment rate, close to 43%, among young people up to the age of 25. This figure was twice as high as the average for EU member states. Additionally, there was a significant number of young people in Croatia who were not active in the labour market. Despite having no obstacles and not being included in the education and/ or training system, these individuals were not actively seeking employment either (Obadić, 2017). The total number of persons who immigrated to Croatia from 2016 to 2022 slightly exceeds 220,000, with 70% of them being foreigners. Furthermore, a much faster relative increase in the immigration of foreign citizens was observed compared to the immigration of Croatian citizens, especially in 2021 and 2022. The relative share of 84% of immigrants of working age confirms the assumption that it is primarily a question of workforce migration. This statistical evidence suggests that the arrival of foreigners to work in Croatia constitutes a significant portion of this migration. According to the total number of foreigners who immigrated to Croatia and their country of origin, three geographical areas stand out: other European countries (countries outside the EEA) with almost 67%, Asian countries (14,35%) and European Union countries with 13,66%. The largest relative increase in immigration was registered from Asia. However, in absolute terms, more than 105,000 foreigners immigrated to Croatia from other European countries, primarily from BiH, Serbia, Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, etc. (2016–2022). The analysis of external migration from 2016 to today indicates a number of changes in migration processes, including their character, nature, volume, etc. They will affect the main sources of foreign labour in Croatia, signalling the beginning of the substitution of the traditional, regional labour pool with new emitting areas, i.e. workers from economically disadvantaged Asian and African countries. In 2021, the majority of foreigners, accounting for 35%, immigrated to the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County, while 37% chose the six “Adriatic” counties, mostly Split-Dalmatia, Istria, and Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. Although foreign immigration is significantly lower in other counties, the noteworthy achievement of a positive migration balance “with foreigners” in all counties in 2021 confirms the assumption that this determinant will increasingly impact the total balance of counties with foreign countries. In the last three years, slightly more than 31,000 requests from citizens of EEA member states for temporary residence in Croatia were approved. However, based on the purpose of stay, only 7,000 requests were approved for work in Croatia. From 2017 to 2020, 26,500 people met the conditions for permanent residence in Croatia, predominantly Germans, Slovenians, Italians and Austrians of retirement age who are extensively investing in real estate along the Adriatic. In conclusion, it should be noted how the two characteristic processes of increased immigration to Croatia in the last 5 years differ. The immigration of foreigners from non-European countries is primarily related to labour force migration, which is still in its early stages. On the other hand, there is the specific immigration of citizens of EU member states who, in their retirement age, immigrate to Croatia without work potential. The absolute and relative relations between these two groups will ultimately affect the total migration balance of “foreigners”
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Škarica, Mihovil. "Interplay Between the Tiers in Croatian Local Government". Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 20, nr 2 (30.06.2020): 207–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.20.2.2.
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The paper examines, analyses, and evaluates the relations between the first and second tiers of the Croatian local government system and their longitudinal and cross-sectoral dynamics. Membership in the European Union has opened new relevant horizons for national territorial governance, primarily through the advocacy of multi-level cooperative governance arrangements and by providing opportunities for the acquisition of additional resources through European structural and investment funds. These issues are evaluated by analysing formal competence distribution between the tiers, by analysing the distribution of resources between tiers and through their cooperation in regional policy domain and service delivery. Furthermore, actors’ perceptions of their mutual relations are examined via the author’s own research and the research of other scholars. After the introductory chapter, the second chapter presents a theoretical framework and context for an analysis of vertical relations within the local government system; the third chapter provides a longitudinal overview of the main features and conceptual developments of the Croatian local government system. The fourth chapter is the central part of the paper that presents and analyses the available primary and secondary data. Preliminary findings suggest several conclusions: a) areas of contact between municipal and county levels have increased resulting in their more intensive interdependence; b) relations between the levels have been differentiating and cannot be considered uniform: different kinds of relations have developed between counties and small municipalities and between counties and large towns; c) centralistic governance of the whole system stimulates the development of competition between the tiers, which endangers their collective and cooperative efforts in resolving local issues and stimulating local development; d) counties have solidified their position of an inevitable intersection of national sectoral policies and are of vital importance for their transmission to the local level.
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Dudzik, Iwona, i Irena Brukwicka. "Potential benefits and risks from Poland’s accession to the euro area". VUZF Review 7, nr 1 (28.03.2022): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.22.1.17.
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This paper reviews the selected issues related to the potential benefits and risks of Poland’s accession to the euro area. Poland has joined the European Union in 2004. Being a member of the Economic and Monetary Union, Poland was obliged to adopt the euro as its currency, but the date of the above currency introduction was not specified. Poland’s joining the euro area is often discussed in political and economic debates. Such debates benefit primarily from politics and ideology, and the economic issues, associating possible benefits and risks resulting from Poland’s accession to the euro area. The opponents of the common currency deal with issues related to the financial crisis in the territory of the euro zone counties. According to the study conducted in 2010 by the Public Opinion Research Center, it was observed that the number of Poles supporting Poland’s accession to the euro area was decreasing. The survey conducted by CBOS in 2017 showed that the number of respondents who were against Poland’s accession to the euro area was 72%. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the basic benefits and costs that result from the adoption of the common currency by Poland.
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Konstantinavičienė, Julija. "Assessment of Potential of Forest Wood Biomass in Terms of Sustainable Development". Sustainability 15, nr 18 (18.09.2023): 13871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813871.
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Forest wood biomass is one of the basic renewable resources used in the bioeconomy as a raw material for industrial products and fuel. The forest also plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The increasing demand for wood biomass due to the growing population, as well as the required strategies to face climate change, force us to look at the use of forest wood biomass from a different angle. The European Commission has made a decision about the European Green Deal strategy. The new EU Forestry Strategy, as an element of the European Green Deal, promotes the sustainable use of wood-based resources. Therefore, it is important to know what is the sustainable potential of forest wood biomass and how it can be assessed. This study aimed to assess the potential of forest wood biomass in terms of sustainable development in the European Union. Five estimates were applied, the self-sufficiency ratio, imports-dependence ratio, logging residues rate, recovery rate, and the ratio between annual fellings and the net annual increment of forest wood biomass. The findings indicate that the self-sufficiency in primary wood biomass is quite high, and the ratio between annual fellings and net annual increment of wood biomass is sustainable in total in the EU. However, in separate countries, there are opportunities to increase domestic fuelwood potential and reduce fuelwood imports by using logging residues. The basic idea is that the biomass potential of forest wood has more sustainable use opportunities. This study can provide insight for political direction into how to increase self-sufficiency in wood biomass and maintain a balance between harvesting and the increment of wood biomass at the same time. Future research on the potential of forest wood biomass should consider the distribution potential by countries and counties. The principal conclusions of this study are important for the development of a sustainable bioeconomy and the need to sustainably use the potential of forest wood biomass.
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Villalgordo Pujalte, Borja, i Manuel Hernández Pedreño. "El rol de Europa del Este en el principio de cohesión de la Unión Europea. Hacia una incompleta integración". Áreas. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, nr 40 (30.12.2020): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/areas.409421.
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La Unión Europea viene promoviendo la consecución de la cohesión social y económica desde sus Tratados Constitutivos. El alcance de este objetivo se ha visto ralentizado por varios motivos, como la entrada de los países de Europa del Este que ha supuesto un aumento de la heterogeneidad en la Unión; o por el diferente impacto de la reciente crisis económica en los distintos países. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el proceso de convergencia/divergencia de los países de Europa del Este en los parámetros socioeconómicos de la Unión Europea que fomentan la cohesión social y económica. La hipótesis de partida es que estos países han mantenido diferentes ritmos de convergencia con la Unión Europea por conformar un bloque heterogéneo, explicado por varios factores: el tiempo de permanencia en la Unión, la influencia de la Unión Soviética, el impacto de la Estrategia Europa 2020 o la situación de la que partían antes de entrar en la Unión. La metodología empleada es mixta, combinando la entrevista a profesionales con el análisis estadístico de los diferentes comportamientos sociales, económicos y políticos en los países de Europa del Este desde el estallido de la crisis hasta ahora. En la comparativa se consideran tres ámbitos de actuación, correspondientes a las principales áreas que conforman la política social y que se integran como objetivos dentro de la Estrategia Europa 2020 (ingresos, trabajo y educación), al tiempo que se incluye la respuesta institucional ofrecida por los diferentes países. European Union has been promoting the achievement of social and economic cohesion since the Treaty Establishing the European Community. A true embodiment of this goal has been slowed down by several reasons, such as the attachment of Eastern Europe countries that increased the heterogeneity in the European Union; or how European countries dealt with the latest economic recession that took place in 2008. The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of convergence/divergence among Eastern Europe countries and European Union based in a few parameters that foster the economic and social cohesion. The hypothesis is that countries from East of Europe have kept different rates of convergence with the European Union because they shape a heterogeneous group of countries due to several factors: accession year of each country to the European Union, influence of the former Soviet Union, Europe 2020 Strategy’s repercussion or the previous situation where these countries come from before being full members of the European Union. In this paper, a mixed methodology was applied, combining interviews with professionals in different fields of knowledge with the statistical analysis of social, economic and political behaviours in the Eastern European Union countries since the outbreak of the crisis until now. In this comparative, three fields of action have been considered as the main areas that compose social policy and are also integrated in the European 2020 Strategy (incomes, work and education), combined with the institutional response offered by these countries.
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M, Ghosh. "Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) Regulations in India, USA & Europe: A Comparative Study". Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Affairs Journal 7, nr 1 (29.01.2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/pdraj-16000153.
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ICH Q7 i.e., Good Manufacturing Practice guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients was the late outcome of ICH. The ICH Q7 Guideline is originally based on a PIC/S draft guideline on API and was adopted by PIC/S in 2001, then integrated as part II of the PIC/S GMP Guide in 2007.Q7 is a firm list of what makes an operating Pharmaceutical Quality System. Active Pharmaceutical ingredient is the crucial part of any drug product that can directly influence the safety and efficacy of the medicinal product which may endanger the life of the patient. For this, we have assessed the knowledge on regulatory guidelines adopted by three different counties and to observe API has an appropriate manufacturing process that country should follow the stringent rules under the country’s respective regulatory barrier. We therefore looked onto the Main component of drug product i.e., ‘API’ taking into consideration the regulatory requirements associated with it in 3 different countries and the quality control parameters associated with same. This study is the Elucidation of Regulatory Requirements of GMP i.e., the part of Quality Assurance for API in different countries and guidance for drug industry whose intention is to harmonize actions or processes within a specific discipline. During this study we strictly followed three different regulatory guidelines followed by USA (USFDA), INDIA (SCHEDULE M), EUROPE (EUROPEAN UNION VOL 4). It is imperative to manufacture API abiding by the standard guidelines for subsequent processing and formulation of high-quality raw material.
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Kiaušienė, Ilona, i Inga Vidrevičienė. "Nedarbo lygio sąsajos su ekonominiais rodikliais Lietuvoje". Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 37, nr 2 (17.06.2015): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2015.20.
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High unemployment rate is one of the most pressing social and economic problems which are preventing residents make good use of the economic benefits. Although one of the main purposes of the European Union and Lithuania – to increase employment, statistical data show that the unemployment rate remains relatively high and in different regions of Lithuania is not the same. The aim of the work - analyse changes the level of unemployment in the regions of Lithuania and to determine a link between the level of unemployment and to economic indicators. The methodics of research: assessment of the territorial unemployment rate differentiation consists of three phases: 1) identify the territorial differentiation of unemployment and the reasons identified in the employment and labor market policies to reduce unemployment; 2) examined the unemployment trend in Lithuania; 3) set the relationship between the level of unemployment and selected economic indicators. For reserach was used the secondary data of Lithuanian Department of Statistics. The period of research 2009–2014 year. The results of research showed that unemployment rate in the analyzed period changed mostly in counties of Klaipeda, Telsiai and Panevezys. The unemployment rate in the four counties – Panevezys, Siauliai, Telsiai and Utena was higher than our overall national average. We have analyzed the relationship between unemployment and foreign direct investment per capita, material investments per capita, Lithuanian goods exports per capita. It confirmed that chosen economic indicators had a significant impact on the unemployment rate only in some counties during the analyzed period.
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Muzyka, P. M., L. V. Goncharenko i D. O. Solomonko. "Conception of multifunctional rural areas regional development". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, nr 95 (28.10.2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9502.
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Priorities of conception of regional rural areas multifunctional development are revealed in the article. Experience in European Union countries and European Green Deal policy is taken into account for rural areas development in regional level. Priorities of sustainable development policy in rural areas and regional agri-food industry are certainly in ground of strategy development due to cluster initiatives in the Lviv Region. Certainly priorities and advantages of cluster development strategy in rural areas recognition experience and prospects of transborder cooperation initiative. Possibility in farms economic development providing is examined within the framework of clusters for achievement of synergy effect and positive influence on the economic, ecological and social sphere in region. Cluster conception of development is realized in the Lviv Region allowed to provide economic support of farms, develop infrastructural ecosystem of business support and complex to define priorities of multifunctional rural areas development in regional level. Perspective directions of integrated development of craft food producers within the framework in regional clusters at the level of counties in Lviv Area are grounded. Offered approach of institutional development in regional level with the purpose of multifunctional rural areas development with balance between economy, ecological and social constituents within the framework to the cluster for realization of farms competitive edges during the correct keeping of products in the internal market. Certainly priorities of state business support in regional agri-food industry during realization of cluster development initiatives and measures of stimulant influence are for providing modernization changes on principles of Smart Specialization.
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Medikienė, Monika. "Ryšių tarp Europos Sąjungos valstybių vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių tyrimas". Applied Economics: Systematic Research 11, nr 2 (2017): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/aesr.2335.8742.2017.11.2.1.
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Pantyley, Viktoriya, Wioletta Kałamucka i Krzysztof Łoboda. "Inequalities of the Development of Polish-Ukrainian Transborder Regions". Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 16, nr 2 (29.10.2018): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.379.
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The purpose of the article is the estimation of the level of development of Polish-Ukrainian transborder regions, provision of an outline of problems and perspectives of their development, and of possible ways of solving such problems. The hypothesis states that the border line, on both the Ukrainian and Polish sides, is a powerful negative factor in the development of border regions. It is particularly visible on the Ukrainian side of the border. In order to delimitate the research area, the criterion of its location on counties (administration areas are named: in Poland — “poviat,” in Ukraine — “raion”) frame was applied. Therefore, for the transborder region, we consider administrative units located directly near the border: 9 counties of the Lubelskie and Podkarpackie voivodships for the Polish side, and 10 counties of 3 transborder regions in Ukraine (Lviv, Volyn, and Zakarpattia). For complex analysis of its development, we selected 9 diagnostic variables of sociodemographic, environmental, and economic development. In order to evaluate the level of development of transborder region, the synthetic index of its development was elaborated (Perkal index). The analysis of the spatial distribution of selected variables showed similarities in the development of Polish-Ukrainian transborder regions by environmental aspect, but significant differences in economic and sociodemographic depictions. In the context of the Perkal index, 4 classes of development of administrative units were elaborated. The worst situation regarding development was observed in the Volodymyr Volynskyi County with a level of development of -0,58. The best situation was observed in the case of the Bieszczadzki County with a level of development of 0,50. According to the authors, greater integration of Ukraine with the European Union, and active policy for activation of transborder regions could contribute to a reduction of differences in development of Polish-Ukrainian border regions.
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MIHAIL, Rarita, i Mihaela BARONI. "Inegalităţi de gen şi mecanisme discriminatorii pe piaţa muncii". Analele Universității „Dunărea de Jos” din Galați. Fascicula XX, Sociologie / The Annals of ”Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle XX, Sociology, nr 16 (6.03.2022): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/socio/2021.01.
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This study is part of a project funded by the European Union aimed at supporting equal opportunities and professional promotion of women in the project implementation counties: Galaţi, Brăila, Vaslui and Călăraşi. Our research starts from the premise that employment, pay or promotion conditions may limit women's participation in the labour market. In today's Romanian society, multiple inequalities between women and men persist on the labour market, in professional and social life. Even though the status of women in society has changed considerably compared to previous decades, women and men do not have the same opportunities in terms of educational and professional path or family life. The aim of this study is to analyse gender inequalities and discriminatory practices that affect both employed women and those who want to enter the labour market. Although anti-discrimination laws and measures exist, they are neither sufficient nor effective to ensure equal opportunities for women in the field of professional relations. These need to be reinforced by education and public policies that integrate the gender equality dimension and create equal development opportunities for women and men.