Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Europe, Western – Description and travel”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Europe, Western – Description and travel.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych artykułów w czasopismach naukowych na temat „Europe, Western – Description and travel”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj artykuły w czasopismach z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Krasheninnikova, Olga A. "Travellings Around Western Europe and Russia in A. T. Bolotov’s Memoirs". Two centuries of Russian classics 4, nr 4 (2022): 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2022-4-4-6-37.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Based on the autobiographical notes of A. T. Bolotov, the article traces the main stages of the spiritual development of a Russian nobleman-landowner of the mid‑18th century through his travels in Western Europe and provincial Russia. Western civilization and culture, which the hero met while serving in Koenigsberg, gave a powerful impetus to the spiritual formation of the young memoirist. Returning to his small homeland and subsequent travels around Russia helped him gain a sense of root connection with his native soil through the creation of a family, communication with numerous relatives, through attachment to the family estate as a place of application of the creative forces of the soul. In the course of comparing the two stages of Bolotov’s life, the author of the article concludes that the small homeland is of great importance in the process of forming the personality of the hero of the 18th century during the era of the Russian Enlightenment. The author of the article proves that Bolotov was a type of character of the 18th century, harmoniously combining Western idealism (pietism) and Russian pochvenism. Particular attention is paid to the descriptions of the hero’s travels in provincial Russia, which are assessed as an original and innovative phenomenon in Russian travel literature of the late 18th – early 19th centuries.
2
Nizhinskaya, M. M. "Петровские навигаторы в странах Западной Европы: описание образовательной поездки в дневниках и мемуарах российских дворян". Вестник гуманитарного образования, nr 3(27) (28.11.2022): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.22.025.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The article is devoted to educational trips of Russian nobles to the countries of Western Europe during the reign of Peter I. In order to implement Peter's reforms, which affected all spheres of public life of the Russian state, a large number of specialists in various fields of knowledge were required. One of the solutions to the personnel shortage was sending Russian citizens to Western European countries to obtain the necessary knowledge and skills. The Russian government sent representatives of different classes abroad to study. Within the framework of this article, attention is paid to Russian noblemen who received education in the field of naval art in Europe. In official and private documents of the Petrine era, nobles sent to Europe to study marine sciences were called "navigators". Based on the preserved travel notes, diaries and memoirs of Peter's navigators, the article examines how Russian nobles assessed their stay abroad, what impression Western Europe made on them, what aroused their interest, what they remembered from what they saw, which European cities they visited and with whom they preferred to communicate. Attention is paid to the financial difficulties faced by the nobles. The absence of personal judgments in the historical sources used and their descriptive nature are noted. The summary says that, despite the forced nature of an educational trip to Europe for most Russian nobles, Western European life aroused their keen interest, the desire to see more cities, get acquainted with European architecture and art. The main purpose of their trip was considered by the Russian nobles to obtain specialized knowledge that could later be applied in the service of the fatherland. Статья посвящена образовательным поездкам российских дворян в страны Западной Европы в период правления Петра I. Для реализации петровских реформ, затронувших все сферы общественной жизни российского государства, требовалось большое количество специалистов в разных областях знания. Одним из решений кадрового дефицита стала отправка российских подданных в страны Западной Европы для получения необходимых знаний и навыков. Российское правительство отправляло за границу для обучения представителей разных сословий. В рамках данной статьи уделено внимание российским дворянам, получившим в Европе образование в области военно-морского искусства. В официальных и частных документах петровской эпохи дворян, отправленных в Европу изучать морские науки, именовали «навигаторами». В статье на основе сохранившихся путевых записок, дневников и воспоминаний петровских навигаторов рассматривается, как российские дворяне оценивали свое пребывание за границей, какое впечатление произвела на них Западная Европа, что вызывало их интерес, что из увиденного запомнилось, какие европейские города они посещали и с кем предпочитали общаться. Уделяется внимание финансовым трудностям, с которыми сталкивались дворяне. Отмечается отсутствие личных суждений в используемых исторических источниках и их описательный характер. В обобщении говорится, что, несмотря на вынужденный для большинства российских дворян характер образовательной поездки в Европу, западноевропейская жизнь вызывала у них живой интерес, стремление увидеть больше городов, познакомиться с европейской архитектурой и искусством. Основной целью своей поездки российские дворяне считали получение специализированных знаний, которые в дальнейшем можно применить на службе отечеству.
3
Rab, Irén. "Egészségügyi ellátás Nyugat-Európában a XVIII. század végén Cseh-Szombaty Sámuel útinaplójának tükrében. Forrásfeldolgozás". Orvosi Hetilap 156, nr 29 (lipiec 2015): 1179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2015.30213.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Medical doctors working in Hungary and Transylvania were all trained abroad before the medical faculty of the University of Nagyszombat was founded in 1769. Most Roman Catholic medical students were trained in Vienna and Italy, whereas Protestants in Germany, The Netherlands, and Switzerland. In the 18th century a total of 500 Hungarian medical students studied at universities in Western Europe. Medical students’ peregrination did not involve academic training only: whenever they had the possibility, students visited renowned hospitals, university clinics and famous doctors in order to gain experience and medical practice to complete their education. Sámuel Cseh-Szombaty studied in Pest and Göttingen, obtained his medical doctor’s diploma in Vienna in 1790, and then spent a year and a half at various medical institutions in Germany, The Netherlands, and England. Cseh-Szombaty’s so far unpublished travel journal and alba amicorum provide wealthy information about the practical knowledge could be learned during peregrination, characteristics of medical training, patients’ treatment, quality of German hospitals of the late 18th century, where the most famous doctors worked. It is an exciting description, how a doctor from Hungary spent his time studying in Western Europe. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(29), 1179–1187.
4
Solovev, Andrei Iu. "The meeting of a Russian with Europe in the travel writings of Peter the Great’s era (A.A.Matveev)". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 19, nr 3 (2022): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2022.305.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The paper revises the traditional view at the travel writings of the era of Peter the Great. They are usually considered as naive works, and content of these works as identical to the biographies of it’s authors. The method of historical and linguistic research of V.M.Zhivov on the language of Russian writing is applied to the material of travelogues. The main purpose is to account for the pragmatics of the utterance in travel literature as in a phenomenon synthesizing heterogeneous features in principle and in the transitional Peter’s Era in particular. The paper is focused on the notes of the diplomat A.A.Matveev, compiled by him for himself as a result of his journey from the Hague to Paris (1705–1706). The narrative technique in Matveev’s text is examined (descriptions of the monuments of the French capital and the inscriptions to them in Latin), and it is shown that we should not reduce the function of Matveev’s work to purely diplomatic tasks of his actual journey. The descriptions recorded in Matveev’s text were politically charged: the author not only collected samples of inscriptions, but also demonstrated a new way for Russia to glorify the reigning monarch. This peculiar collection of Matveev is also considered in the context of cultural phenomena that were relevant at the beginning of the 18th century: private and court collections of rarities, embossing of commemorative medals, etc. The conclusion is made that borrowed elements change their function in the travelogue. In the historical and literary perspective, we must bring such works as Matveev’s notes out of the zone of marginal literary phenomena. In general, this allows us to see the key trends of the transitional period of the history of Russian literature. It is more appropriate to consider these processes not to state the Western European origin of individual elements of culture, but to analyze their pragmatics associated with the demarcation from the old Russian culture.
5
Du Plessis, Hester. "Oriental Africa". Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 45, nr 1 (16.02.2018): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.45i1.4465.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Arab culture and the religion of Islam permeated the traditions and customs of the African sub-Sahara for centuries. When the early colonizers from Europe arrived in Africa they encountered these influences and spontaneously perceived the African cultures to be ideologically hybridized and more compatible with Islam than with the ideologies of the west. This difference progressively endorsed a perception of Africa and the east being “exotic” and was as such depicted in early paintings and writings. This depiction contributed to a cultural misunderstanding of Africa and facilitated colonialism. This article briefly explores some of the facets of these early texts and paintings. In the first place the scripts by early Muslim scholars, who critically analyzed early western perceptions, were discussed against the textual interpretation of east-west perceptions such as the construction of “the other”. Secondly, the travel writers and painters between 1860 and 1930, who created a visual embodiment of the exotic, were discussed against the politics behind the French Realist movement that developed in France during that same period. This included the construction of a perception of exoticness as represented by literature descriptions and visual art depictions of the women of the Orient. These perceptions rendered Africa as oriental with African subjects depicted as “exotic others”.
6
Zhdanov, Sergey S. "German Borders and Germany as a Boundary: Images of the Liminal Space in the Russian Literature of the Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries". Imagologiya i komparativistika, nr 14 (2020): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/14/9.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The paper examines the spatial images of German borders in the Russian literature of the late 18th – early 20th centuries. These ‘liminal’ descriptions of Germany come in several variations. The first is the image of the boundary as a syncretic and transit locus between Russia and Germany, i.e. between Us and Them respectively. Their features are mixed there as in cases of Karamzin’s Livonia or Skalkovsky’s Kurland. Secondly, the booundary can be presented as a certain point, reaching which the narrator / hero finds themselves in a new space, for example, Travemünde during a sea voyage or Eydtkuhnen when traveling by rail. The description of this conventional point follows several traditions in the travel literature. One was set up by N.M. Karamzin’s Letters of a Russian Traveler ”, when the voyager is aware of his transition into Their space and experiences an emotional uplift. Over time, however, this “attack of topophilia” becomes the object of a travesty game and ridicule of the literary tradition, as, for example, in Myatlev’s poem “Sensations and Comments by Madame Kurdyukova Abroad, Dans L’etranger”. Topophilia, interest in the Other, can also be encouraged by the feeling of getting into a more free locus, which marks Germany in particular and Western Europe in general as spaces of freedom (in the travelogues by K.A. Skalkovsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Another variant of a Russian traveler’s reaction to crossing the German border is frustration, which is felt in Fonvisin’s letters abroad. Their author feels disenchantment With each new point on the journey, D.I. Fonvizin feel inauthentic German space as the embodiment of the European Other. This generates a third variant of the German liminal locus, when the entire Germany becomes a border, a transitory, boring, semiotically empty place on the way to real Europe, for example, France (texts by D.I. Fonvizin, F.M. Dostoevsky and others). Probably, it determines the perception of the German nation as an average nation without any strongly pronounced characteristics. In addition, the situation of crossing the border with Germany can also be trivialized as opposed to Karamzin’s tradition, as in A.T. Averchenko’s travelogue. Along with topophilia, frustration and indifference in texts about the borders of Germany in the second half of the 19th century describe the motif of topophobia, fear of the Other in its version of the new German Empire, generating images of a latent or obvious threat, aggression, for example, in the texts by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N.A. Leikin. Finally, early travelogues of this period emphasise the internal borders between German lands, while by the early 20th century the images of the internal German borders fade and become trivial.
7
Zhilin, Mikhail. "Antler Staff Heads in the Shape of Fantastic Beasts in the Mesolithic of the Volga-Oka Interfl uves Area". Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, nr 1 (27.02.2022): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2216982.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Three antler staff heads in the shape of fantastic beasts are known in the Mesolithic of Eastern Europe. A sharp nose resembling a point of a pick-axe, an effective weapon known in the Mesolithic of the Volga-Oka interfluve, is their main feature. The article presents a description and new interpretation of these objects as heads of ritual weapons combining a real weapon (pick-axe) with superficial forces personified in the images of fantastic beasts. These artefacts find no direct analogies. Pick-axe heads are known in the late Mesolithic of Western Scandinavia where they are interpreted as ritual weapons connected with superficial forces. An antler staff head from the Shigir peat bog in the Tans-Urals is shaped as a fantastic beast with bare teeth. Its nose is flat and not pointed. Shaman’s staffs which are considered the most ancient shaman’s attributes can be used as ethnographic parallels to the described artefacts. Staffs endowed with superficial force were used during shaman’s travels between different worlds. The described staff heads in the shape of fantastic beasts are likely to have belonged to outstanding shamans or chiefs-shamans who used them in similar rituals.
8
Momen, Wendi. "The Articulation of the Equality and Rights of Women in Bahá’í Discourse and Implementation". Baha'i Studies Review 21, nr 1 (1.06.2015): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/bsr.21.1.27_1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The origins of the Bahá’í concept of the equality of women and men lie in the writings of Bahá’u’lláh. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá developed it further, first in his correspondence with western Bahá’ís and later during his travels in Europe and North America as he spoke to audiences about the social teachings of the Bahá’í Faith. While he was in London in September 1911, he met with suffragettes, among others. On one occasion he asked one visitor why she thought women should have the vote. Her response included a metaphor of humanity being a bird with two wings, male and female, both of which are required if the bird is to fly. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá incorporated this metaphor into his talks in the West and eventually into his writings and it has become an enduring description of gender equality found in many documents.This essay explores how the concepts of the equality of women and men, the rights of women and the advancement of women have been articulated over time in the talks and writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, the works of Shoghi Effendi, the writings of the Universal House of Justice and the statements of the Bahá’í International Community. It also considers how these concepts have been applied and developed by individual Bahá’ís and their families, within the Bahá’í community and in its institutions, and how this experience is being shared in public discourse.
9
White, Kenneth J. "An international travel Demand model US Travel to Western Europe". Annals of Tourism Research 12, nr 4 (styczeń 1985): 529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(85)90076-3.
Pełny tekst źródła
10
Ilie, Emanuela. "„Azi este o zi bună pentru sinucigaşi.” Tematizarea morţii şi alte (in)decenţe confesive ale diaristului Eugen Simion". Revista de Istorie și Teorie Literară 17 (30.12.2023): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/ritl.2023.17.09.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
According to not a few diary researchers from both Eastern and Western Europe, the journal is, of all the genres of biography, the species most threatened to turn into a savoir mourir guide. This obstinate search of the author, obsessed with discovering the best ways to get used to the „daily death” (the true catalyst of writing, the main ordering/ director of meaning, and so on), can be discovered in any journal, constituting the specific (un)hidden note of the species – this is an idea that becomes central also in the studies of some of the most important Romanian thanatologists, fully convinced, such as Adela Toplean, for example, that ”any diary betrays (or «sweats») a subtle poetic of death”. In the strict order of appearances, nothing seems farther from the spirit of Eugen Simion’s Parisian Diary than the obsessive interrogation on the edge of mortality, with all the train of anxieties and fears attached. On the one hand, this book with explicit hexagonal pretext and dialogical stake (which I would rather inscribe in the category of the so-called travel writings, although its author stubbornly recommends it as a diary and problematizes its conventions) is visibly oriented in the direction of analysing the Gallic space and spirit, as they appear to a young Romanian lecturer, in a well-determined interval. On the other hand, the general tonality of the diarist and the colours of his descriptions – be they of spaces, landscapes or people – seem to be some of the brightest, most optimistic ones. Still, on a recent re-reading, I discovered numerous passages in which the diarist seems to thematize not only death, with its multiple facets and valences, but also other hypostases of radical otherness, from „physical and mental breakdown” through illness to „the foggy small creature of loneliness.” This paper focuses on a careful analysis, from a multidisciplinary perspective, of these „nagging phantasms” that make inner history (as recorded in the diary) stand at the edge between wonder and insecurity.
11
Bahreini, Mahboubeh, i Cahit Adaoglu. "Dividend payouts of travel and leisure companies in Western Europe". Tourism Economics 24, nr 7 (4.06.2018): 801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618780867.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This study examines the dividend payout determinants of travel and leisure companies in five Western European countries that are ranked among the world’s top 10 tourist destinations, namely, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The study analyzes the sector and carries out a comparative analysis of the subsectors. Panel data random-effects Tobit estimation methodology is used during a 10-year period (2005–2015). In addition to the traditional dividend determinants, sector and country-specific determinants such as leverage, asset intangibility, capital intensity (CI), and effective dividend tax rate are used. The estimation results demonstrate that company size, profitability, investment opportunities, and asset intangibility are positive drivers of dividend payout, whereas the leverage ratio and CI deter dividend payout. Additionally, the study provides international empirical evidence for the positive relationship between investment opportunities and dividend payout. This positive relationship, which is regarded as a puzzle, is unique for companies operating in the travel and leisure sector. The identification of unique dividend determinants and the recognition of differences among the subsectors help investors and managers to shape their investment and financial management decisions.
12
Cvorovic, Jelena, i Kathryn Coe. "“Visiting” Close Kin Abroad: Migration Strategies of the Serbian Roma". JOURNAL OF GYPSY STUDIES 1, nr 1 (1.05.2017): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/jgs.v1i1.527.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Roma/Gypsies are the largest, poorest and youngest ethnic group in Europe. During the past decade, the Roma from Central and Eastern Europe were of considerable public concern due to a large inflow of Roma emigrants into Western European countries. Applications for international protection submitted by the Roma from the Western Balkans became a substantial part of the asylum case-load at the EU level. More recently, however, a new wave of migrants, mostly from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, has found its way to Europe. As Serbia is classified as a safe country, Serbian nationals have limited chances of being awarded refugee status. Nevertheless undeterred, the Serbian Roma/Gypsies continue to travel to and apply for asylum in Western European countries. Using data from original fieldwork conducted among Serbian Roma women, we argue that their desire to travel and possibly reside in one of the more affluent Western European countries is connected to the fact that they have extensive kinship ties in those counties. Kinship ties, in brief, explain much of current Roma migration practices.
13
Samodelova, Elena A. "The United States of America in Nikolay Chernyshevsky’s What Is to Be Done? and Sergey Yesenin’s Biography: the Way over the Ocean and the Folklore Motif of Wanderings". Literature of the Americas, nr 16 (2024): 228–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2024-16-228-254.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The article discusses possible sources of Yesenin’s acquaintance with Nikolay Chernyshevsky’s novel What Is to Be Done? and its critical evaluation. Deep comprehension of the the novel on a subconscious level could lead to the fact that the poet’s personal life began to resemble the fate of literary heroes. Yesenin's trip with Isadora Duncan through Western Europe and the United States of America is to some extent reminiscent of Chernyshevsky's characters’ travels abroad; descriptions of their travels in the novel influenced the poet’s attitude to the way of life in different countries. In his autobiographies, Yesenin mentions his trips to America and Western Europe – the fact that emphasizes the importance of these continents in his biography and work; letters from different countries indicating geographic places of stay find parallels with the toponymy in Chernyshevsky’s novel. There is a certain similarity the names in Chernyshevsky’s novel and in Yesenin’s works: Charles and Charin, Jim. Mentioning Ryazan and Tambovskaya guberniia in connection with Lopukhov-Beaumont should have attracted Yesenin’s attention, who was a native of Ryazan region that he praised in his poems; he also wrote about the neighboring Tambov province. Political and economic questions of America raised by Chernyshevsky, Yesenin considered in his Iron Mirgorod.
14
Ribadeau-Dumas, Florence, Florence Cliquet, Philippe Gautret, Emmanuelle Robardet, Claude Le Pen i Hervé Bourhy. "Travel-Associated Rabies in Pets and Residual Rabies Risk, Western Europe". Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, nr 7 (lipiec 2016): 1268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.151733.
Pełny tekst źródła
15
Dwyer, Anne. "Of Hats and Trains: Cultural Traffic in Leskov‘s and Dostoevski‘s Westward Journeys". Slavic Review 70, nr 1 (2011): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.70.1.0067.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The first train line connecting St. Petersburg with western Europe opened in 1862, providing the occasion for Fedor Dostoevskii and Nikolai Leskov to take positions in regard to train travel, cultural traffic, and Russia's insertion into modernity. Anne Dwyer's analysis of Dostoevskii'sWinterNotes on Summer Impressionsand Leskov's “From a Travel Diary” reveals an essential paradox. While Leskov is eager to foster the railroad, he switches hats with ease and offers pragmatic performances of an imperial identity based on his competency in the languages of the borderlands. In contrast, the nationalist Dostoevskii fulminates against train travel yet explores the ways in which modernity's onset changes human experience and literary possibilities. Their bifurcated yet equally ambivalent responses to modernity as emblematized by the railroad illuminate the diversity of attempts to articulate a Russian identity in relationship both to Russia's own people(s) and to western Europe in the modern age.
16
Pichugina, Victoria. "Mikhail Kutorga in the System of European Scientific Coordinates: London Coordinate". ISTORIYA 13, nr 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021591-9.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The article discusses a number of episodes from the biography of the outstanding Russian researcher of antiquity Mikhail Koutorga (1809—1886), which give an idea of his personal characteristics, scientific routes, contacts and sympathies. His development as a scientist is considered in the system of European scientific coordinates, among which there were many countries and cities, but so far there was no England and London. The European educational path of Mikhail Koutorga began at the Professorial Institute of the University of Dorpat and continued in Berlin, largely predetermining his formation as a scientist. Even in Dorpat, there was an acquaintance with the peculiarities of the educational space of Europe, because Koutorga got acquainted with the advanced works on the history of Greece and Rome at that time and the critical method of European historical science. The works of the French historian François Guizot had the greatest influence on Koutorga. Having adopted his ideas, Mikhail Koutorga further developed the concept of class struggle in relation to Athens. After graduating from the Professorial Institute, Koutorga was attached to the Berlin professor F. Kranichfeld, and a new stage in his development as a scientist began. Illness prevented Koutorga from visiting Italy, but probably allowed him to work in the libraries of Vienna, Berlin and Munich. The scarce information about this scientific trip suggests that Koutorga from his youth sought to expand the horizons of his educational travels, and over the years did not lose this desire. Despite the fact that Koutorga was critical of the teaching of German professors, he attended lectures by prominent researchers of that time (L. von Ranke, F. Raumer, and others). Taking into account his subsequent interest in archaeological and topographic research, the course of lectures on archeology of one of the founders of the archeology of Rome, E. Gerhard, should have seemed important to Koutorga. The knowledge gained at these lectures was probably useful to Mikhail Koutorga during his travels in Greece in 1860—1861. One of the main merits of M. Koutorga in the Western scientific community is still considered a detailed description of the ancient city of Halae in central Greece that meets high scientific standards, which he published in the French edition of the Revue Archéologique for 1860. Before traveling to Greece, he visited France and England in 1859. A visit to England is still one of the blank spots in his scientific and educational travels, where in addition to the obvious ones, there were also hidden routes. The materials stored in the Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of Russia allow us to state that Kutorga managed to enter into correspondence and establish contacts with English antiquities, especially with the outstanding topographer of Greece, Colonel William Martin Leake (1777—1860). The authors of the article transcribed, analyzed and for the first time offered for publication in the original language and translated into Russian five letters stored in the Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library (F. 410. Items 45, 46, 211). A comparative analysis of the letters made it possible to broaden our understanding of not only the peculiarities of Koutorga's interaction with Western colleagues and to see how carefully he planned his scientific work in England. The letters make it possible to outline the circle of outstanding scientists of that time, to whom Leake addresses about Koutorga. That is, they make it possible to trace the scientific contacts of Colonel Leake in Cambridge, Oxford and the British Museum, as well as point out those of them that can be called personal connections rather than official appeals. The content of the correspondence, which lasts from August 8 to 12, 1859, as well as the information present on the two surviving envelopes, not only proves Koutorga's visit to England, but also allows us to establish the exact address of his residence and the purpose of his stay.
17
Healy, Róisín. "An Irish Nationalist Perspective on Eastern Europe: William Smith O’Brien’s Travel Journals, 1861-1864". Studia Historyczne 61, nr 4 (244) (1.06.2021): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.04.04.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
An Irish Nationalist Perspective on Eastern Europe: William Smith O’Brien’s Travel Journals, 1861-1864
The travel journals of Irish nationalist politician William Smith O’Brien, challenge the claim by Lar-ry Wolff of a general western European condescension towards eastern Europe from the eighteenth century onwards. Hostility towards British rule in Ireland led Smith O’Brien to celebrate and identify with the Hungarians and Poles in their struggles against their imperial rulers during his travels in the 1860s. He concluded, however, that the Irish suffered more under Britain than these nations under either Austria or Russia.
18
Wilkins, Carys. "Holidaying behind the Iron Curtain: The material culture of tourism in Cold War Eastern Europe". Matkailututkimus 17, nr 2 (28.02.2022): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33351/mt.114552.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
During the Twentieth Century, foreign travel underwent a process of democratisation. Increasingly, through the development of package holidays to ever more far-flung destinations, leisure tourism for the first time allowed ordinary people to experience different cultures first hand. With the increased availability and affordability of foreign travel, actively promoted by travel agencies with strong left-wing political affiliations and supported and facilitated by international friendship societies, the number of western tourists visiting Eastern Europe multiplied through the 1960s and 1970s despite the Cold War. This paper will explore western tourism in Eastern Europe during the Cold War in a Scottish context through the material culture of travel collected during this period, focusing on the collection of Miss Eileen Crowford (1913 - 1990) held by National Museums Scotland. Miss Crowford was a life-long Edinburgh resident and an avid collector. Her collection spans the 20th century and includes a significant collection of costume jewellery, mass-produced decorative arts and travel souvenirs. Drawing upon previously unresearched material in the archive and objects acquired on her travels, both items that she bought and things that she was given or obtained as part of the travel experience, provides a case study through which to explore engagement with communist culture and politics in a Scottish context. This paper discusses how these trips were being marketed to prospective Scottish travellers, and how souvenir production and distribution, as well as conditions of access, reflect an often-mediated experience of the Soviet East.
19
Wojnowski, Zbigniew. "An unlikely bulwark of Sovietness: cross-border travel and Soviet patriotism in Western Ukraine, 1956–1985". Nationalities Papers 43, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.953468.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Focusing on the development of travel between the borderlands of Ukraine and Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, this article explores what it meant to be Soviet outside the Russian core of the USSR between the mid-1950s and the mid-1980s. The cautious opening of the Soviet border was part of a larger attempt to find fresh sources of popular support and enthusiasm for the regime's “communist” project. Before the Prague Spring of 1968 in particular, official policies and narratives of travel thus praised local inhabitants who crossed the Soviet border for supposedly overcoming age-old hatreds to build a brighter future in Eastern Europe. By the 1970s, however, smuggling and cultural consumption discredited the idea of “internationalist friendship.” This encouraged residents of Ukraine to speak and write about the continuing importance of the Soviet border. The very idea of Sovietness was defined in national terms, as narratives of travel emphasized that Soviet citizens were inherently different from ethno-national groups in the people's democracies. Eastern Europe thus emerged as an “other” that highlighted the Soviet character of territories incorporated into the USSR after 1939, helping to obscure western Ukraine's troubled past and leading to the emergence of new social hierarchies in the region.
20
Hamilton, Gareth E. "Ground-Level Travel for a Non-Flying Baltic States Anthropologist from Northern Ireland". Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 31, nr 1 (1.03.2022): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2022.310104.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This auto-ethnographic/biographical account deals with the experiences that a non-flying Northern-Ireland-born anthropologist living in the Baltic States has of mobility, infrastructure and connectedness, in particular with reference to academic and personal life. The article considers the movements which a career as an academic anthropologist requires, as well as the difficulties and intricacies that being located in Eastern Europe has for such land travel. Based on years of experience, it questions travel time and cost with particular reference to the seeming need to travel towards Western Europe in order to remain connected to the discipline’s main ‘movements’. The article also examines solutions such as the Via Baltica, and looks forward to improvements that new infrastructure (such as high-speed railways) can bring.
21
Dąbrowska, Magdalena. "Francja oczami podróżopisarzy rosyjskich (Listy Rosjanina podróżującego po Europie od 1802 do 1806 roku Dmitrija Gorichwostowa)". Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze, nr 19 (2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsl.2021.19.07.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The paper presents the findings of the research in the field of the Russian and French literary connections in the early 19th century (travels of the Russians to France, the picture of Germany in the Russian documentary and literary travel). The material for the study is based on The Letters of the Russian Travelling across Europe from 1802 to 1806 by Dmitry Gorikhvostov (parts 1–3, Moscow 1808). The interpretive context is the travel literature by Nikolay Karamzin (The Letters of the Russian Traveller, ed. 1801) and Gorikhvostov (The Notes of Russian Travelling across Europe from 1824 to 1827, 1831–1832). The Gorikhvostov’s work is discussed from three perspectives: 1. the purposes of the travel to France and the concept of the traveller; 2. the description of France (travel itinerary: Lille – Reims – Paris – Fontainebleau – Ermenonville etc.: museums, artworks, architecture, places connected with J. J. Rousseau, nature; a short story of the French literature); 3. the traveller’s attitude to France.
22
Kalinowska, Anna. "An Englishman in-between Two Worlds: Robert Bargrave’s Travel through East-Central Europe, 1652-1653". Studia Historyczne 61, nr 4 (244) (1.06.2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.04.03.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
An Englishman in-between Two Worlds: Robert Bargrave’s Travel through East-Central Europe, 1652-1653
The article discusses a journey of a young Englishman Robert Bargrave (1628-1661), who in the early 1650s travelled from Constantinople to England. The travel diary recording this journey reflects Bargrave’s keen interest in the customs, everyday life and languages as well as natural conditions and economy of the places he visited and shows that he tried to place it in a wider context. As a result, closer analysis of this text gives us an excellent opportunity to examine the picture of East -Central Europe as seen by a mid-seventeenth century Englishman and the way he perceived it in relation to both the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe.
23
Cox, John. "Putting Eastern Europe Back Into Western Civilization". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 27, nr 1 (1.04.2002): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.27.1.14-21.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This essay offers a brief description of efforts by a specialist to rework courses for a general curriculum. Needless to say, this adaptation is a common concern for faculty at colleges and small universities. Where there is a strong core curriculum, professors are often called upon to teach surveys or other general courses that include but move well outside their specialties. My own graduate work was in East European history; my foreign research languages are Serbian, German, Slovene, and Hungarian; my visceral frames of reference for historical questions are quintessentially East European concepts such as nationalism, irredenta, great power hegemonism, lagging economic modernization, linguistic diversity, and cultural fault lines; my dissertation was a biography of a revisionist Yugoslav communist. But much of my time in our required freshmen classes is spent teaching a lot of different material, from Hatshepsut to Hiroshima. My colleagues have similar experiences. How do we adapt, and what constructive perspectives can a specialist bring to a general course?
24
MUGHINI-GRAS, L., J. H. SMID, J. A. WAGENAAR, A. DE BOER, A. H. HAVELAAR, I. H. M. FRIESEMA, N. P. FRENCH, C. GRAZIANI, L. BUSANI i W. VAN PELT. "Campylobacteriosis in returning travellers and potential secondary transmission of exotic strains". Epidemiology and Infection 142, nr 6 (21.08.2013): 1277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813002069.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
SUMMARYMultilocus sequence types (STs) were determined for 232 and 737Campylobacter jejuni/coliisolates from Dutch travellers and domestically acquired cases, respectively. Putative risk factors for travel-related campylobacteriosis, and for domestically acquired campylobacteriosis caused by exotic STs (putatively carried by returning travellers), were investigated. Travelling to Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Southern Europe significantly increased the risk of acquiring campylobacteriosis compared to travelling within Western Europe. Besides eating chicken, using antacids, and having chronic enteropathies, we identified eating vegetable salad outside Europe, drinking bottled water in high-risk destinations, and handling/eating undercooked pork as possible risk factors for travel-related campylobacteriosis. Factors associated with domestically acquired campylobacteriosis caused by exotic STs involved predominantly person-to-person contacts around popular holiday periods. We concluded that putative determinants of travel-related campylobacteriosis differ from those of domestically acquired infections and that returning travellers may carry several exotic strains that might subsequently spread to domestic populations even through limited person-to-person transmission.
25
Németh, Ákos. "The Generation of ‘The Wandering Years’ – Traveling culture in Europe and in Hungary between the World Wars". Tudásmenedzsment 24, nr 4. különszám (7.11.2023): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/tm.2023.24.k4.11.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In my article, I try to offer a comparative view of Western European and Hungarian travel literature between the World Wars. First, I examine the changes of Western traveling culture in the post-war era, then I analyze the narrato-poetic features of the travelogue, as a popular literary genre of the 1920s and 1930s. In the second chapter of my study, I introduce the Hungarian contemporaries of Waugh, Green, or Orwell. They were the generation of ‘the wandering years’, as it was called by one of them, Antal Szerb. I argue, that the main questions of the Hungarian travelers and narrative characteristics of their works not just simply resemble to the Western authors’, but they could give a relevant contribution to the contemporary European travel literature, emphasizing the integration of the thinking of Hungarian intellectuals to the European stream.
26
Groth, Alexander J. "East and West: Travel and communication under alternate regimes; a research note". Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39, nr 1 (1.03.2006): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2005.09.007.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Using information supplied to international agencies, communication and transportation patterns of Communist and Post-Communist European states are compared with those of non-communist Europe. East European states under Communist rule tended to emphasize public—more easily “scripted,” observed and controlled media and conveyances—over private ones. This emphasis was substantially grounded in obsessive political security concerns among communist regimes. The performance of Post-Communist states indicates a significant shift toward the patterns of non-communist Western Europe and coincides with political regime changes moving East Europe closer to the pluralist West. Diffusion of cars, telephones, railroad traffic, radio, television, newspapers and cinema are analyzed.
27
Böröcz, József. "Travel-Capitalism: The Structure of Europe and the Advent of the Tourist". Comparative Studies in Society and History 34, nr 4 (październik 1992): 708–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018065.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In one of the twenty lines it allocates to a description of Hungary, the nearly 300-page edition in 1877 of A Satchel Guide for the Vacation Tourist in Europe summarizes the architectural and aesthetic worth of the country's capital city for sightseeing American visitors by pronouncing that, in Budapest, “the churches and the public buildings are of no particular interest” (Satchel 1877:194). Twenty years later, the 1897 edition of that same guidebook takes a more amiable but scarcely enthusiastic pitch, allowing that “some of the new public buildings are elegant in their way” (Satchel 1897:184). Twenty-seven years later—following a world war, two revolutions, and a foreign military occupation resulting in the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy—the presence of what has remained of Hungary is noted by an increase to eighty-one lines (Satchel 1924). Except for a one-sentence reference to a Danubian steamboat trip downstream from Pressburg (Bratislava, Pozsony), the entire description remains restricted to Budapest. Nearly two generations after the pronouncement of the disparaging opinion above, the 1924 text notices that Budapest's “picture at sunset is one of the most striking in Europe” (Satchel 1924:272) and that “it is not only the most considerable city of Hungary, but is probably to be numbered among the four most beautiful capitals of Europe” (1924:273).
28
Li, Bowen. "Disenchantment: Liang Qichao's Post-War European Travel and Ideological Shift". Transactions on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 3 (28.12.2023): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/k04r6a08.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Since the modern era, Western culture has acquired modern attributes due to its early industrialization. The political and economic systems of capitalism, and even its values, have become the aspirations of modern China. As a representative of the intellectual group learning from the West, Liang Qichao once regarded the Western capitalist society as the direction for China's modernization. However, the outbreak of World War I changed Liang Qichao. The various contradictions in post-war Europe and the perverse actions of imperialism led Liang Qichao to deeply reflect on Western civilization. He no longer looked up to the West but instead re-examined the valuable values of Chinese civilization, establishing cultural confidence. In fact, the shift in Liang Qichao's thinking is not an isolated case but a microcosm of the cultural awakening of the entire group of Chinese intellectuals learning from the West.
29
Prorok, Vesna, Neven Šerić i Ivan Peronja. "Analysis of Overall and Pure Technical Efficiency of Tourism in Europe". Transactions on Maritime Science 8, nr 2 (21.10.2019): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v08.n02.007.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The aim of this paper is to assess the overall and pure technical efficiency of tourism in European countries in 2017 using the output-oriented Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978, 1979), and Banker, Charnes and Cooper (1984) data envelopment analysis methodology. The countries were divided into two groups: European Union countries and non-European counties. We identified two input and two output variables for each group. Input variables were identified using the principal component analysis method, starting from fourteen pillars that measure the performance of countries in the field of travel and tourism, and are published in the regular reports of the World Economic Forum. Then, two output variables were defined (the total (direct and indirect) contribution of travel and tourism to gross domestic product, and the direct contribution of tourism to employment growth rate), to determine the relative efficiency of decision-making units within the formed homogeneous groups of countries, among which the group of Western Balkan countries was singled out. This analysis enabled us, based on relatively scarce potential, to propose guidelines for a tourism development strategy for the entire Western Balkans region.
30
Polgár, Anikó. "Europe as an extended Greece: Travelogues by Karl Kerényi and Gábor Devecseri". Journal of Language and Cultural Education 9, nr 3 (1.12.2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jolace-2021-0019.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract This study is dealing with the travel notes and diaries in Hungarian and German from the 1950s and 1960s. The two examined authors are Karl (Károly) Kerényi (1897–1973) and Gábor Devecseri (1917–1971). Kerényi’s travel notes and diaries reveal the thoughts of a very wide-ranging scholar. Devecseri’s volume Crickets of Epidaurus, Sing (Epidauroszi tücskök, szóljatok) is actually a collection, condensed into the history of four trips: three to Greece and one to Italy. The present study examines the characteristics of these two perspectives, namely, the Western vs. the Eastern, the classic scholar’s vs. the scholarly poet’s using the contexts of travelogues and cultural memory as a point of departure. While for Kerényi, travel is a natural way of life, Devecseri travels and uses his idea based on his reading experiences as starting points. In the texts of both authors, we are confronted with both the archival and the current way of life of cultural memory.
31
Kozłowska, Małgorzata. "Competition in the international passenger transport market: passenger transportation between Warsaw and the capitals of the countries of Western Europe". AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 18, nr 5 (31.05.2017): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2017.016.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Mobility is extremely important for economic development and for the quality of life of citizens who are free to travel both for leisure and leisure purposes and for business purposes or training. In this article, being the next in a series of publications on international competition passenger transport, results are presented analysis of transport offers from Warsaw to the capitals of the countries of Western Europe. Comparisons were made with individualized transport and public transport. Considered taken availability of the means of transport, travel time and price.
32
Krimsti, Feras. "Arsāniyūs Shukrī al-Ḥakīm’s Account of His Journey to France, the Iberian Peninsula, and Italy (1748–1757) from Travel Journal to Edition". Philological Encounters 4, nr 3-4 (13.12.2019): 202–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-12340067.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractIn 1748, the monk Arsāniyūs Shukrī al-Ḥakīm (1707–1786), a member of the Lebanese Maronite Order in Mount Lebanon, was sent to Catholic Europe, tasked with securing financial support and the protection of the French King for his indebted order. The literary byproduct of this journey through the Christian lands of Western Europe was an extensive travel account. Based on recent manuscript findings, the present contribution examines the different versions in which this ego-document has been transmitted, including the original travel journal written en route by Arsāniyūs himself, copies by contemporaries who turned the travel journal into a travelogue, an excerpt included in an anthology dating to the 1870s, and finally the edition by the Jesuit scholar Ferdinand Taoutel (1887–1977). The account of the journey, it is argued, remained the object of a philological engagement that was meant to guarantee the continuity of its relevance and use in changing contexts.
33
Jouay, Mohamed El Mehdi, i K. El Fouadi. "Exploring the Phenomenon of Timelessness in Morocco: Insights from Paul Bowles and Other Travel Writers". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, nr 2 (31.01.2024): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n2p46.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This article aims to explore the phenomenon of timelessness in Morocco through the insights of renowned travel writers such as Paul Bowles. The semi-systematic method was used primarily due to the limited amount of research done on the topic of timelessness. It will analyze the representations of Morocco in Western discourse, particularly in the context of Western Orientalism. Thanks to decolonization, deconstructionism, and Edward Said’s Orientalism, hitherto neglected travel writing has elicited academic responses from scholars who have recognized that travel writing is not simply an innocent and objective description of a traveler’s encounters in a foreign land. Instead, it is a genre that is inherently political, intertwined with projects of orientalism, colonialism, imperialism, and post-colonialism, and characterized by a hegemonic gaze directed towards the other, often marginalizing the voices of peripheral people. This research references books, notable authors, and Western explorers who commonly mention the unchanging quality of time in the Orient, particularly in Morocco. Additionally, the study will draw on the insights of Edward Said to explain why this timelessness was prevalent in the 20th century.
34
Renner, Alexander. "Die Bukowina als eine Insel des „Deutschthums“ im Osten? Deutsche Kulturverbreitung und deren Wahrnehmung in Reiseberichten aus dem 19. Jahrhundert". historia.scribere, nr 12 (15.06.2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.12.622.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Bukovina as an island of “Deutschthum” in the East? The diffusion of German culture and its perception in travel reports from the 19th centuryThe following seminar paper outlines the description of the Bukovina, a part of the Habsburg Monarchy, in selected travel reports from the 19th century. It explains why the authors of these reports perceived the Bukovina as an island of German culture in Eastern Europe, which was otherwise labelled as barbaric and underdeveloped. It will be shown that the authors’ subjective observations are not compatible with up-to-date findings of historical research.
35
Vanhooren, M., A. Stoefs, S. Van Den Broucke, M. Van Esbroeck, T. Demuyser i S. Kindt. "Intestinal helminthic infections: a narrative review to guide the hepatogastroenterologist". Acta Gastro Enterologica Belgica 86, nr 3 (wrzesień 2023): 460–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51821/86.3.11895.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Intestinal helminthic infections are not uncommon in Western Europe, mainly due to modern travel, emigration and globalization. Moreover, some helminthic infections are endemic in Western Europe and are part of the everyday clinical practice. The hepatogastroenterologist should therefore recognize and manage these patients or at least refer them to appropriate reference centers. Signs and symptoms are often unspecific or even absent. Discerning the disease at an early stage avoids expensive diagnostic testing, life-threatening complications and in some cases even further spread of the disease. This review article aims to guide the hepatogastroenterologist when suspecting a helminthic infection by addressing the most prevalent symptoms, summarizing the most probable associated helminthic entities, highlighting practical steps in diagnosis and available treatments.
36
Bielousova, Gražina. "Western Disorientations: The Vanishing East of South America and Eastern Europe". Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis 105, nr 105 (18.01.2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37522/aaav.105.2022.104.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In this paper I utilise Edward Said’s framework of Orientalism in order to investigate how the regions that the European explorers have mistakenly or negligently identified in their imaginaries as “the East” are brought into the colonial order through an a priori assumption of their inferiority to the West. I turn to South America and Eastern Europe as the two frontiers which make these operations visible. Through the analysis of primary sources such as travel journals and letters from Spanish explorers and conquistadors during the age of encounters, as well as the writings the English and French travellers made during their visits to Eastern Europe during the Enlightenment, I demonstrate how the Western European Orientalist imaginaries remain persistent through the ages despite the geographical explorations and geopolitical changes, and instead of disappearing, migrate to create the new orients as the realms of European otherness.
37
Lopatkina, Katarina. "The Western Artist in Stalin’s Moscow: The Case of Albin Amelin". Arts 13, nr 1 (10.01.2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts13010014.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This article is a reconstruction of travel experiences of Swedish artist Albin Amelin in Moscow in 1937–1938, based on archival materials. It focuses on the exchange between the Soviet Union and Western artists in the interwar period and shows international Soviet art contacts as part of the state’s diplomatic work. This case study enables a detailed observation of the elements of the Soviet hospitality industry, and a description of various practical aspects of the artist’s stay in Moscow.
38
Souissi, Amel, Abdoulkarim Idi Cheffou i Foued Ben Said. "Impact of anxiety and tourists' habits on their intention to vacation during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: Treatment effect analysis". Journal of Tourism Management Research 10, nr 1 (9.06.2023): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/31.v10i1.3391.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This research aims to examine how tourists' anxiety, fear, and travel habits influenced their travel intentions to Switzerland after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and the relaxation of containment measures. This study uses the endogenous treatment effect method to analyze the impact of travel habits and fear on travel intentions, surveying 1042 travelers from Western Europe, India, the United States, and Switzerland and applying the two-stage least squares (2SLS) technique. The findings indicate that non-anxious tourists visiting rural areas and usually on short to medium-duration vacations were highly willing to travel. Anxious tourists who had previously traveled to ski resorts also expressed willingness to travel after the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, non-anxious tourists typically making individual travel arrangements had greater intent to travel. This analysis suggests that positive past travel experiences increase the desire to travel despite negative factors like health risks and social distancing constraints, and the primary motivation for travel is to engage in outdoor activities as a response to confinement These results are important for travel agencies as they can leverage them to target and encourage tourists with appropriate offers and targeted promotional campaigns.
39
van den BOOM, P. P. G., i A. M. BRAND. "Llimonaea sorediata, a new lichen (Ascomycota), widely distributed in western Europe". Lichenologist 39, nr 4 (lipiec 2007): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282907006871.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract:The first sorediate species in the genus Llimonaea, L. sorediata is described from coastal areas of western Europe. This new species is easily mistaken for Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata with which it often co-occurs. It grows on vertical or overhanging acidic cliffs. Fertile specimens were recently collected in Portugal. A description of the species together with notes on distribution, ecology and chemistry are provided and a key to the species of Llimonaea is also provided.
40
Lojo, Aureli. "Young Chinese in Europe". Tourism 68, nr 1 (2020): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37741/t.68.1.1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Chinese tourism in Europe has tripled over the last decade to reach 6 million tourists in 2018. Understanding tourist behavior allows for improvement of the tourist experience and better management of destinations. To these ends, this study analyzes (1) the motivations, expectations and satisfaction of Chinese tourists and (2) defines the main differences between young Chinese (18-29 years old) and more mature Chinese tourists. Data is extracted from 360 survey questionnaires that were administered to tourists after their trips to Europe. Destination Spain, in Western Europe, is selected as the case study. Mean analysis, one-factor ANOVA and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) have been conducted. The results show that more mature travelers have significant differences in the travel arrangements, motivations, expectations and evaluations of their trips than do younger travelers. Younger tourists chose independent trips, while the more mature ones chose either full group packages or independent trips. The younger have a wider range of motivations and preferences for activities at their destinations. New trends in Chinese tourists visiting Europe are discussed and implications for the destination are explored
41
Van den Boom, Pieter, A. Maarten Brand i Ave Suija. "A new species of Absconditella from western and central Europe with a key to the European members". Phytotaxa 238, nr 3 (16.12.2015): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.238.3.6.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A revision of the genus Absconditella in the Netherlands resulted in the discovery of a new species—A. rubra. A formal description is given as well as notes on other Absconditella species mainly from the Netherlands. It is the first known real epiphytic species of the genus Absconditella s.l. in Europe. A key to the ten known Absconditella species in Europe is provided.
42
Ahmad, Wisal, Shahwali Khan i Mohammad Sohail Yunis. "Cash Management in Hospitality Sector of Western Europe". Business & Economic Review 12, nr 2 (10.06.2020): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22547/ber/12.2.5.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The study investigates the effect of factors explaining the cash holdings of hospitality sector in five countries of Western Europe, namely, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and United Kingdom for a period of 12 years (2005-2016). The effect of parameters i.e., size, leverage, capital expenditures, growth opportunities, liquidity, cash flow, asset intangibility, cash flow volatility, dividend payments and stock exchange on cash holdings has been empirically tested by employing dynamic estimation methodology i.e., Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The findings reveal that growth opportunities and dividend payments have a positive effect on cash holdings, while size, leverage, liquidity, cash flow, asset intangibility, cash flow volatility and stock exchange pose a negative effect. Moreover, the subsectors such as airlines, gambling and restaurants and bars are holding more cash in comparison to the travel and tourism. The study empirically supports the trade-off, pecking order and free cash flow theories of cash holdings for the hospitality sector. The academic implications of the study reflect that larger companies in the hospitality sector of Western Europe are more diversified and hence amass more cash. Similarly, supporting the cash flow theory, larger hospitality sector companies hold more cash to bar the agency issues. Moreover, companies in the hospitality sector keep less cash as such companies face close monitoring and attain leverage cheaply. Supporting the trade off theory, companies in the hospitality sector hold considerable fund of cash to counter cash shortages for making investments. Furthermore, companies in the hospitality sector experiencing more cash flows keep less cash, as influx of cash flows serve as a source of liquidity. Furthermore, to be able to pay stable dividends, the hospitality sector companies amass more cash and hence support the trade off theory. The practical implications of the study shows that by utilizing the empirical findings in this study, an investor sensitive to empire-building traits of managers for their private benefits, can infer that large hospitality companies with more leverage and capital expenditures will hold less cash. However, holding excessive cash in such companies can create agency problems. On the other hand, large hospitality companies holding more cash would have an ease in practicing debt financing as holding more cash is an indication of diversification and expansion, making shareholders more heedful about their net earnings.
43
Baigusheva, Vera S., i Vadim V. Titov. "Late Middle—Early Late Pleistocene Mammoths from the Lower Don River Region (Russia)". Quaternary 4, nr 1 (3.02.2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat4010005.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The remains of “early” mammoths from a number of localities of the late Middle—early Late Pleistocene on the territory of the South of European Russia (the basin of the Don River, Rostov Region) are described. The description of the teeth and bones of a postcranial skeleton is given. Teeth characteristics (number of plates, lamellar frequency and enamel thickness) allow determining the finds as Mammuthus intermedius, described from the territory of France but known from other regions of Western Europe and Western Siberia as well. In Eastern Europe, this form was a typical representative of the Khazarian theriocomplex and existed during the MIS 5–7 interval. This mammoth taxon differs noticeably from the typical woolly mammoth M. primigenius, which appeared in continental Europe during MIS 4.
44
ÇAKIR, Esma. "Ethnic Stereotyping in the Works of Seventeenth-Century Western Travelers and the Evliya Çelebi’s Seyahatname". JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND FUTURE 8, nr 2 (28.06.2022): 499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1125022.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In the seventeenth century, compared to other times, a large number of European travelers visited the Ottoman Empire and published these visits in the form of travelogues, a genre that was widely read in Europe at that time. While this is the situation in Europe, there was no printing press in the Ottoman Empire yet; it was not common to travel without a compelling reason such as public work or business. The visits of European travelers to the Ottoman Empire lead them to observe the Ottoman society and the members of the Ottoman society to observe them.. While reading the European side of these observations from travel books, it is possible to read the Ottoman side from the travel book of Evliya Çelebi, which is the only work of this scale currently known. Looking at these observations, it is seen that each side defines the other with a set of stereotypes that are mostly ungrounded . The use of the term "ethnic stereotyping" in studies in the field belongs to Robert Dankoff. Some of these clichés have lost in time, and some have paved the way for ethnic and religious stereotypes that exist today. Our aim in this study is to identify these ethnic-based stereotypes used by some Western travelers who visited the Ottoman lands in the seventeenth century, and Evliya Çelebi and to compare the ways in which the parties perceive each other.
As a result of the research, it was seen that; Western travelers in the seventeenth century had various prejudices about not only Turks living here but also other Christian groups, and these prejudices led to some stereotypes. However, a similar attitude is also valid for Evliya Çelebi for the same period. Evliya Çelebi also used various stereotypes related to many ethnic groups, including Turks.
45
Coensel, Stéphanie De. "Terrorists on the Move: A Legitimacy Test of the Criminal Law Approach on Foreign Fighters in Western Europe". European Criminal Law Review 10, nr 2 (2020): 185–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-5505-2020-2-185.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The conflict in Syria and Iraq has raised the debate on foreign fighters to unprecedented levels. The international community expressed grave concern over this acute and growing threat and addressed the problem by, inter alia, obliging States to criminalize conduct related to travel for terrorist purposes, including acts of facilitating and funding such travel. Member States are free to choose the manner of implementation, leading to different approaches on a domestic level. This contribution aims to subject the criminal law approach regarding foreign fighters in four Western-European countries (i.e. Belgium, the Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom) to a legitimacy test. The longstanding principles of subsidiarity, proportionality and legality constitute the backbone of this legitimacy test. A critical-legal analysis demonstrates the expansion of the scope of criminal liability to a pre-crime era and examines whether this expansion conflicts with the ultima ratio premise of criminal law and the freedom of movement as a fundamental human right.
46
Hill, David W., Corinne M. Hill, Kelly L. Fields i Jimmy C. Smith. "Effects of Jet Lag on Factors Related to Sport Performance". Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 18, nr 1 (1.03.1993): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h93-009.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Three studies were performed to evaluate the effects of jet lag on factors associated with sport performance. In Study 1, members of the USA Women's Soccer Team traveled to Taiwan; in Study 2, North American students and faculty traveled to Western Europe; and in Study 3, European students traveled to North America. After travel, there was disruption of mood state and a reduction in dynamic strength; peak 5-s power and 30-s work capacity were reduced for 2 days (5-s power: 9.8 vs. 9.0 vs. 9.0 W∙kg−1; 30-s work capacity: 213 vs. 199 vs. 201 J∙kg−1). In these studies, mood state, anaerobic power and capacity, and dynamic strength were affected by rapid transmeridianal travel, and even highly trained athletes suffered from jet lag. However, effects of travel on the variables tested were essentially eliminated after 3 or 4 days. Key words: circadian rhythm, anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, mood, travel
47
Struck, Bernhard. "HISTORICAL REGIONS BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION AND PERCEPTION: VIEWING FRANCE AND POLAND IN THE LATE-EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY-NINETEENTH CENTURIES". East Central Europe 32, nr 1-2 (2005): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-90001033.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This essay tackles the problem of spatial imaginations, representations, and "mental maps." Its main point of reference is Larry Wolff's thesis that the division of Europe into an Eastern - backward and uncivilized - part, on the one hand, and a Western - modem and civilized - part, on the other, can be traced back to the late-eighteenth century. In the Enlightenment, according to Wolff, philosophers, writers, and above all travelers created this normative and value laden inner-European dichotomy. From the perspective of German travelogues on Poland and France published between roughly 1750 and 1850, Europe and its inner division appears in a completely different light. The perceptions, for instance, of travel infrastructure, rural life, and small provincial towns are widely identical. From the perspective of a bourgeois, educated, mostly Protestant traveier, originating from an urban background, the main dichotomy around 1800 was not the division between Eastern and Western Europe. The cleavages followed the division between urban and rural culture, bourgeois and peasant milieu, or between denominations, such as Protestantism and Catholicism.
48
STRUCK, BERNHARD. "HISTORICAL REGIONS BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION AND PERCEPTION: VIEWING FRANCE AND POLAND IN THE LATE-EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY-NINETEENTH CENTURIES". East Central Europe 32, nr 1 (2005): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876330805x00045.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract: This essay tackles the problem of spatial imaginations, representations, and "mental maps." Its main point of reference is Larry Wolff's thesis that the division of Europe into an Eastern - backward and uncivilized - part, on the one hand, and a Western - modem and civilized - part, on the other, can be traced back to the late-eighteenth century. In the Enlightenment, according to Wolff, philosophers, writers, and above all travelers created this normative and value laden inner-European dichotomy. From the perspective of German travelogues on Poland and France published between roughly 1750 and 1850, Europe and its inner division appears in a completely different light. The perceptions, for instance, of travel infrastructure, rural life, and small provincial towns are widely identical. From the perspective of a bourgeois, educated, mostly Protestant traveler, originating from an urban background, the main dichotomy around 1800 was not the division between Eastern and Western Europe. The cleavages followed the division between urban and rural culture, bourgeois and peasant milieu, or between denominations, such as Protestantism and Catholicism.
49
Martinet, Jean-Philippe, Hubert Ferté, Anna-Bella Failloux, Francis Schaffner i Jérôme Depaquit. "Mosquitoes of North-Western Europe as Potential Vectors of Arboviruses: A Review". Viruses 11, nr 11 (14.11.2019): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11111059.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background: The intensification of trade and travel is linked to the growing number of imported cases of dengue, chikungunya or Zika viruses into continental Europe and to the expansion of invasive mosquito species such as Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus. Local outbreaks have already occurred in several European countries. Very little information exists on the vector competence of native mosquitoes for arboviruses. As such, the vectorial status of the nine mosquito species largely established in North-Western Europe (Aedes cinereus and Aedes geminus, Aedes cantans, Aedes punctor, Aedes rusticus, Anopheles claviger s.s., Anopheles plumbeus, Coquillettidia richiardii, Culex pipiens s.l., and Culiseta annulata) remains mostly unknown. Objectives: To review the vector competence of both invasive and native mosquito populations found in North-Western Europe (i.e., France, Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, The Netherlands, Luxembourg and Switzerland) for dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile and Usutu viruses. Methods: A bibliographical search with research strings addressing mosquito vector competence for considered countries was performed. Results: Out of 6357 results, 119 references were related to the vector competence of mosquitoes in Western Europe. Eight species appear to be competent for at least one virus. Conclusions: Aedes albopictus is responsible for the current outbreaks. The spread of Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus increases the risk of the autochthonous transmission of these viruses. Although native species could contribute to their transmission, more studies are still needed to assess that risk.
50
Žmuk, Berislav, i Iris Mihajlović. "Online booking for travel and accommodation influenced by economic and digital development level: Position of the Western Balkan countries within Europe". Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 4, nr 2 (1.11.2018): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/crebss-2018-0016.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThe expansion of the Internet has radically changed the way in which citizens travel, book and organise travel arrangements. Since innovation and new information technologies have become crucial determinants to encourage competitiveness in the tourism sector in Europe, this article investigates how selected development indicators influence the Percentage of individuals that use Internet for travel and accommodation services. Eurostat data for 34 European, European Union (EU-28) and selected EU candidates, countries for 2017 were analysed. It has been presented that (1) Gross Domestic Product per capita in Purchasing Power Standards; (2) Percentage of population aged 15 to 64, by tertiary education; as well as (3) Percentage of individuals aged 16 to 74, who have basic or above basic overall digital skills, all correlate positively and strongly with the main variable under study. The conducted regression analysis has shown that variable digital skills has the greatest impact on the main variable under the study. The K-mean clustering of countries resulted with four clusters. The Western Balkan countries can be found in a cluster which has in average the lowest values of all four variables in compare to the averages of other three clusters.