Artykuły w czasopismach: „Eurasia Foundation”

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Grachev, Bogdan V. "Essential characteristics of Greater Eurasia". Civilization studies review 5, nr 1 (2023): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2713-1483-2023-5-1-47-66.

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The article is dedicated to the exploring essential foundation of the idea of Greater Eurasia and tries to conceptualize it. It is revealed why political and economic researches of Greater Eurasia are inevitably tend to appeal to philosophical methodology. Historically gathering of huge territory follows one of the three ways: imperial, military or political union and integration. One of the key parts of the article focuses on dispelling the widespread opinion that Greater Eurasia is an integration project. For this purpose, the integration parameters are outlined and comparative analysis with the European union is performed. In the end author outlines the essence of Greater Eurasia as a project of intercivilization defense alliance axiologically confronting the Western civilization project.

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Lukin, Alexander. "Russian–Chinese Cooperation in Central Asia and the Idea of Greater Eurasia". India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, nr 1 (30.01.2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418821477.

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The author argues that Russian–Chinese rapprochement is a fundamental feature of the current changing system of international relations. Apart from its own significance, it has become important because it stimulated and, in some cases, laid the foundation for many broader international processes: the creation of the multipolar world, the emergence of such international groups and organisations as BRICS and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the coordination between Eurasian Economic Union and the Chinese initiative of Silk Road Economic Belt and others. Recently, all these processes led to the idea of Greater Eurasia or Eurasian partnership.

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Denisov, I. E., i I. A. Safranchuk. "The Eurasian Space in Chinese Official and Academic Discourses". MGIMO Review of International Relations 17, nr 3 (10.07.2024): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2024-3-96-73-99.

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The «Belе and Road Initiative» (BRI), proposed by China, marked a new phase in its external openness and growing desire to influence regional and global processes. However, BRI should not be viewed solely as a Chinese blueprint for restructuring Eurasia. The broad interpretative and geographical scope set by Chinese authorities allows flexibility in adapting the initiative to specific regions and countries, which is strategic for modifying or withdrawing commitments as needed. This paper examines why BRI has not become the foundation for a Chinese concept of Eurasia despite its significant impact on regional geopolitics.Our analysis begins with a critical examination of President Xi Jinping's speech at Nazarbayev University in 2013, identifying the nuanced usage of «Eurasia» that primarily refers to the post-Soviet space rather than the entire Eurasian continent. We delve into the subsequent official documents, noting the delay and ambiguity in defining the geographical and conceptual boundaries of BRI. The 2015 document, "Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road," illustrates the initiative's extensive and vague geographical scope, indicating that China did not initially aim for a broad Eurasian strategy.By employing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), we uncover how China's official rhetoric strategically frames BRI. The analysis reveals that Chinese discourse emphasizes bilateral rather than multilateral engagements within Eurasia, reflecting a «point-to-point» rather than a networked approach. This strategic ambiguity allows China to navigate its relationships with key regional players, notably Russia and the Central Asian states, without committing to a comprehensive Eurasian integration framework.The findings highlight the cautious and adaptive nature of China's engagement with Eurasia. The shift from a regional to a global scope in BRI discourse underscores China's pragmatic approach in balancing its regional ambitions with global aspirations.

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Ter-Gabrielyan, Gevorg. "The “EPF University” Series of Eurasia Partnership Foundation". Analytical Bulletin 15 (27.12.2022): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.56673/18294502-22.15-94.

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Mostafa, Golam. "The Concept of ‘Eurasia’: Kazakhstan's Eurasian Policy and its Implications". Journal of Eurasian Studies 4, nr 2 (lipiec 2013): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2013.03.006.

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The term Eurasia is a contentious and illusive one and there is no consensus or agreement among authors on its meanings, implications and ramifications. President Nursultan Nazarbayev of the Republic of Kazakhstan introduced and developed his own vision, policies, perceptions and values of Eurasianism which he has been propagating and practicing on a continuous and consistent basis. In fact, the concept of Eurasianism and Eurasian policies have turned into state ideologies which are reflected in domestic, regional and foreign policies as well as in the foundation of the recent regional integration process. The purpose of the article is: to study and review the genesis of the old, popular as well as contemporary schools and thoughts of Eurasianism, their underlying goals, objectives and purposes in order to locate and understand Kazakhstan's views and concepts of Eurasianism in a broad historical and comparative perspectives; to review and critically analyze how President Nazarbayev's visions and policies of Eurasianism are reflected in the country's domestic, regional and foreign policies and what are their implications.

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Oikonomidis, Stavros. "Dido’s foundation legend, archetypes of foundation myths in Eurasia and Neomythology in the nineteenth century Balkans." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 7 (31.12.2022): 23–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo-vol-7-pp.23-55.

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Dido’s foundation legend of Carthage survives as a basic archetype for numerous foundation legends of Eurasia throughout the Middle Ages. The stratagem of the ox-hide is repeatedly referred as main theme of the foundation of towns, cities, and kingdoms, from the British Islands to the Balkans and eastern Eurasia. By the time of the genesis of the new nation – states in the Balkans the Didonian archetype has been re-proposed in the case of the foundation of the town of Naoussa, in Northern Greece, now with the Ottoman conqueror of the Balkans playing the role of Dido. His name was Gazi Evrenoz Beg, a Greek renegade who appears in a Greek manuscript found in Naoussa with attributes and characteristics taken by the Graeco-Roman vernacular and written tradition. In this article is studied and analyzed the survival of the ancient myth in the modern times focusing on the reproduction of it in the nineteenth century Balkans.

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Lehner, Rolf Dieter. "Auschwitz as the Symbol of Mutual Guilt before Jewish People: 75 Years After". Beacon: Journal for Studying Ideologies and Mental Dimensions 4, nr 1 (21.01.2021): 010410261. http://dx.doi.org/10.55269/thebeacon.4.010410261.

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At the ceremony dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Auschwitz liberation held in Yad Vashem Holocaust Commemoration Centre, Jerusalem, no complete truth about the Holocaust and Israeli state necessity, based on investigation of anti-Semitic crimes, was disclosed by any of Eurasian leaders. A careful examination of the Holocaust and foundation of the Israeli state shows that not only Germany and Nazi committed high and atrocious military and civil crimes against the Jewish people. The total Eurasian attitude towards the Jews was highly negative just before, during and after World War II. Soviet Union and Great Britain contributed most to the deferral of the Israeli state foundation. If the war had lasted longer and had ended in 1947 instead of 1945, there would not have been a single Jew in Eurasia because of mutual Eurasian aggression towards the Jewish people. Now, 75 years after, it is high time we revealed the importance of the Israeli state for Eurasian Jews and demythologize Eurasian “help” to the victims of Holocaust.

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Kanaev, E. A., i A. S. Korolev. "Greater Eurasia, Indo-Pacific Region and Russia-ASEAN Relations". Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, nr 1 (1.04.2019): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-1-26-43.

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The article aims to specify the influence of the projects the Greater Eurasia and the Indo-Pacific Region on the prospective relations between Russia and ASEAN. The key component of its novelty is the authors’ original criteria of comparing the two projects: the degree of consolidating agenda of cooperation between their current and prospective participants, the congruence with the East Asia’s – assuming that it will be the economic driver of the forthcoming Greater Eurasia and Indo-Pacific Region – modality of multilateral dialogue and the preconditions for the survivability of both projects in the long-term perspective. Making this comparison, the authors substantiate the view that the Greater Euraya sian Partnership is far more competitive that the Indo-Pacific Region. Exploring cooperation between Russia and ASEAN through the prism of their forthcoming strategic partnership, the authors offer an original interpretation of the reasons behind the presently insufficient cooperation and its most likely future directions proceeding from the mutual influence of Russia’s and ASEAN’s prospective planning and the emerging global context. In the near future, combating international terrorism and strengthening connectivity will come to the forefront of Russia’s and ASEAN’s priorities, with the focus shifting from Southeast Asia to the Eurasian area. In the authors’ view, if the present trends continue the aftereffects of the Indo-Pacific Region can stimulate downward trends in the Russia-ASEAN relationship. This will be premised upon the decrease in effectiveness of the Asia-Pacific multilateral dialogue platforms, likely Russian-Chinese joint maneuvers in the South China Sea and the necessity to specify, along with lack of impressive results, the essence of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Russia and Vietnam as the foundation for the Russia-ASEAN strategic partnership. In its turn, the Greater Eurasia offers Russia and the association new promising possibilities, among which of particular importance are the development of connectivity narrative in Eurasia and combating international terrorism by means of adopting the ASEAN-led dialogue platforms ARF, ADMM+8 and EAS to the future system of security, cooperation and co-development from Lisbon to Jakarta. The realization of the forthcoming shift from the Asian century to the Eurasian century and the emergence of the Greater Eurasia as the second center in the global politics will allow Russia and the association to expand and diversify their cooperation and, in perspective, to develop it on the self-supporting and self-reproducing basis.

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Ivanov, Andrey V., Irina V. Fotieva i Irina A. Gerasimova. "Eurasianists geopolitical ideas in the cultural heritage of the Roerich family". Philosophy Journal 13, nr 4 (2020): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2020-13-4-119-133.

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The article is devoted to the heritage of the Roerich family – Nikolai Konstantinovich, Elena Ivanovna, Yuri Nikolaevich, Svyatoslav Nikolaevich, and its role in the current situation of world crisis, especially for the Eurasian geopolitical space. The authors substantiate the thesis that the political and cultural views of the Roerich family matured parallel to the movement of the Eurasians and in a number of aspects specify many their ideas. The authors reveal and explore the relevance and predictability of the key principles held by the Roerich family concerning the perspectives of Russia and the areas of Eurasian cooperation. In the legacy of the Roerich family, the main features of the impending global crisis are described in a visionary way. They saw a way out of the crisis in establishing the primacy of culture over economy, the primacy of the spiritual over the material. The Roerichs warned of the dangers of a barbaric relationship with nature, robotization and decomposition of consciousness. Their warnings about the dangers of a mechanical civilization are confirmed in the work of modern analysts. According to Roerichs, the ideal of cooperation and cooperation should become the basis of relations between peoples. The Roerichs emphasized the special importance of the Russian-Mongolian and Russian-Indian ties forming a geopolitical and spiritual “middle cross” of Eurasia. The commonality of the environmental, cultural and economic problems of the two great mountain regions of the Earth is a solid foundation for future cooperation between scientists in the space of Eurasia.

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Kurylev, K., D. Malyshev, A. Khotivrishvili i V. Shablovskii. "SCO and EAEU in the Context of Eurasian Integration". World Economy and International Relations 65, nr 2 (2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-2-81-88.

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The main directions of integration processes in the post-Soviet space are analyzed in the context of their significance for the countries of the region, defined in the article as Eurasia. The essential characteristic of the concepts of “Eurasianism” and “Eurasian integration” is given. Some scientific approaches to the definition of these concepts are also presented. Particular attention is paid to the two leading international structures in the Eurasia region – the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Today, the processes of implementing the ideas of Eurasianism and Eurasian integration are associated, first of all, with the development of the EAEU. But the whole picture looks inferior without taking into account the activities of the SCO. This organization aims to implement interaction between European and Asian states, and, therefore, the ideas that underlie Eurasian integration. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization claims to be actively involved in global affairs, and remains one of the most significant forces in the processes taking place in the Eurasian geopolitical space. The ideas of Eurasian integration that arose more than 100 years ago continue to be an integral part of economic and political rapprochement of the peoples of the former USSR. This process itself is not easy due to both external and internal factors. But in any case, it can be stated with confidence: the Eurasian states are trying to create integration associations in various formats, to solve issues of mutual interest with their help. And this process affects most of the states of the Eurasian continent. The future development of both individual states of Eurasia, and the entire continent as a whole, depends on results of the integration processes promoted within the framework of the EAEU and SCO. Acknowledgements. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project No. 19-18-00165 “Eurasian Ideology as Unifying for the EAEU and SCO Countries”.

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Nikolsky, A. V., E. E. Alekseyev, I. E. Alekxeyev i V. E. Dyakonova. "What the “Talking Jew’s Harp” is saying: Jew’s harp and personal song as the foundation of timbre-oriented musical systems". Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, nr 37 (2019): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2019-1-5-32.

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This article is an attempt to further develop the theory of divergence of musical systems of east and west of Eurasia by defining characteristics of a special type of musical cognition prevalent in traditional musical cultures of the indige-nous population of Siberia and Russian Far East. Its underlying trait is orientation on timbre (spectral content of musical sound) rather than pitch (frequency relations between musical sounds). Accordingly, western Eurasian musical cultures are characterized by the evolution of frequency-based modes towards Western tonality – in contrast to the northeastern Eurasian cultures’ special “timbral modes” and “spectral textures.” Unlike “tonality” of frequency-based forms of music, timbral “tonal organization” relies on personal use of music. Most known forms of musicking in timbre-based musical cultures of northern Eurasia are based on making music “for oneself” or for close circle of relatives and friends. Collective music-making here is exceedingly rare. Timbre-based music most likely has vocal roots and originates in the institution of “personal song” – a system of personal identifica-tion by means of individualized patterns of changes in rhythm, timbre and pitch contour following the model of person-alization of the speaking voice. “Personal song” allows for recognizing a person similar to the way in which we recog-nize a person by his voice. The Jew’s harp musical tradition constitutes the instrumental counterpart to personalized singing. Evolution of tonal organization of jaw harp music, largely determined by its unique acoustic features, compris-es the backbone of the historic development of timbre-based music systems.

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Manurung, Hendra. "RUSSIA â€“ CHINA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION: SYNERGIZING GREATER EURASIA WITH BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE, 2016-2018". Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies 3, nr 1 (5.07.2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/japs.v3i1.1033.

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Since 2017 to 2018, the world has been living through a period of progressive erosion, or collapse, of international orders have inherited from the Cold-War. Through the election of Donald Trump in 2016 and the rapid increase of U.S aggressive containment policy of Russia and China, which is both a consequence of the gradual erosion which represents deep internal and international contradictions as this process, entered its critical point. Therefore, in responding to the dynamic changes in International Relations, Kremlin has proactively proposed the Greater Eurasian Partnership for the international cooperation agenda in order to adopt within Belt and Road Initiative. This research attempts to assess the linking possibility of the Greater Eurasia integrate with the Belt and Road Initiative for improving cooperation in explanatory research that can be one of the major indicator to implement Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping agenda-setting in the Indo-Pacific region. The strategic partnership between the development strategies of Russia and China in bilateral, regional, and global relations lays the foundation of improvement cooperation between a number of countries, regions, and organizations. Thus, for the Eurasian Partnership to succeed in the context of Indo-Pacific development, it must strictly comply to World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and take a tolerant attitude toward the diverse mechanisms for cooperation that various countries and regions have developed through. Keywords: Russia, China, Greater Eurasia, Belt and Road Initiative, Indo-Pacific Region Abstrak Sejak 2017 hingga 2018, dunia telah mengalami masa erosi progresif, atau runtuhnya tatanan internasional yang diwarisi dari Perang Dingin. Melalui pemilihan Donald Trump pada tahun 2016 dan peningkatan pesat kebijakan penangkalan agresif Amerika Serikat atas Rusia dan Tiongkok, yang keduanya merupakan konsekuensi dari erosi bertahap yang mewakili kontradiksi internal dan internasional yang mendalam ketika proses ini, memasuki titik kritisnya. Oleh karena itu, dalam menanggapi perubahan dinamis dalam Hubungan Internasional, Kremlin telah secara proaktif mengusulkan Kemitraan Eurasia Besar untuk agenda kerja sama internasional agar dapat diadopsi dalam Belt and Road Initiative. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menilai kemungkinan keterkaitan Eurasia Besar dengan Inisiatif Sabuk dan Jalan untuk meningkatkan kerja sama dalam penelitian penjelas yang dapat menjadi salah satu indikator utama untuk mengimplementasikan Vladimir Putin dan penetapan agenda Xi Jinping di kawasan Indo-Pasifik. Kemitraan strategis antara strategi pembangunan Rusia dan Cina dalam hubungan bilateral, regional, dan global meletakkan fondasi peningkatan kerjasama antara sejumlah negara, wilayah, dan organisasi. Dengan demikian, agar Kemitraan Eurasia berhasil dalam konteks pembangunan Indo-Pasifik, ia harus benar-benar mematuhi aturan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) dan mengambil sikap toleran terhadap beragam mekanisme kerja sama yang telah dikembangkan oleh berbagai negara dan wilayah. Kata-kata kunci: Rusia, Tiongkok, Terbesar Eurasia, Inisiatif Sabuk dan Jalan, kawasan Indo-Pasifik

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Akhmedkhan Aminovich, Saidov. "The Soviet State and Islam: History of Relations (1917–1941)". Islamovedenie 14, nr 1 (1.06.2023): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2077-8155-2023-14-4-39-50.

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According to the author, the initial policy of the Soviet state in relation to Islam was flexible and tolerant and focused on the search for cooperation, which prevented the emergence of Muslim mass separatist movements and contributed to the preservation of the territorial integrity and sovereign-ty of Soviet Russia. However, subsequently, the Soviet government resorted to repressive measures in relations with Islam, which provoked a number of negative consequences. Ignoring the positive unify-ing role of Christianity and Islam as religions rooted in Russia and Eurasia, the Bolsheviks hypertro-phied the idea of proletarian inter-nationalism. History has shown that the positive potential of interna-tionalism is transitory as contrasted with the geostrategic and civilizational potential of autochthonous Russian religions. The author concludes that the Bolsheviks missed the historic opportunity to create a universal social foundation based on the Orthodox-Islamic dialogue, capable of positively influencing the entire system of relations in the country, uniting the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian continent for many centuries.

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Vogt, Paul R., Gennadiy Grigorevich Khubulava i Sergey Pavlovich Marchenko. "EurAsia Heart - international cooperation in cardiovascular surgery". Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 5, nr 4 (15.12.2014): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped54127-131.

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Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in neonates, children, adolescents and adults. Untreated congenital heart disease is the major cause of death worldwide in children younger than five years of age, exceeding the combined death rate caused, e.g. by malaria, tuberculosis or HIV [6]. In many developing countries, life expectancy is limited to an average of 58 to 64 years of age [1, 2]. In addition quality of life is markedly reduced while the number of disabled patients and patients depending from social welfare is steadily increasing. The major cause is undiagnosed and untreated cardiovascular diseases. Eighty percent of all cardiovascular deaths worldwide occur in developing countries [3]. Cardiology and cardiovascular surgery are powerful tools to increase the life expectancy, to improve and normalize the quality of life, to preserve patients able to work and to reduce the overall health care costs as well as costs for social welfare for those otherwise disabled by chronic cardiovascular diseases. Developing countries invest in cardiology and cardiovascular surgery. However, the establishment of a cardiovascular centre is a challenging task. The problem is that several specialties have to be developed simultaneously: cardiology, cardiac surgery, perfusion techniques, anaesthesia, intensive care as well as postoperative medical treatment - for adults and for children. The attractiveness of EurAsia Heart Foundation allowed establishing numerous international co-operations with excellent institutions, interested and engaged in teaching and education abroad.

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Shakhmov, Zh, G. Tleulenova i Ye Utepov. "Survey of overpass foundation in engineering-geological condition of Kazakhstan". BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 142, nr 1 (30.03.2023): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7263-2023-142-1-116-126.

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The aim of the work is to present the results of the inspection of the foundations of the overpass and to determine the causes of the defects. This is a particularly relevant task for countries with a large and extensive territory, such as Kazakhstan. This area is located in the centre of Eurasia, where many international routes between Europe and Asian countries have crossed since ancient times until the present day. One of the main international highways is Yekaterinburg - Almaty (2336 km), which is one of the main transport routes between Russia and Kazakhstan. This road was intensively reconstructed in 2013. An overpass was built on the 1114-1137 km section of the Yekaterinburg - Almaty Road. Unfortunately, there was downtime in the construction process. It is therefore proposed to inspect the foundations of the structures, the subgrade soil before continuing the construction. The overpass is located in the village of Zhaltyr, Akmola region.

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Drzeniek-Hanouz, M., i A. Prazdnichnykh. "From Redistributing Wealth to Creating Prosperity in the Russian Federation: Findings from the Global Competitiveness Index (The Russia Competiveness Report 2011. Ch. 1.1 / World Economic Forum, Eurasia Comtetiveness Institute)". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 8 (20.08.2011): 4–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-8-4-40.

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The journal version of Chapter 1.1 of "The Russia Competitiveness Report 2011: Laying the Foundation for Sustainable Prosperity" prepared by the World Economic Forum and Eurasia Competitiveness Institute analyzes major problems Russia is faced with in this field. Three advantages and five systemic weaknesses of the country are considered. The analysis on the basis of the Global Competitiveness Index shows that real improvements along these five directions could lead to significant increase in competitiveness and growth of welfare in Russia.

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Hise, Richard, i David Barcan. "Vinchel Contemplates Market Expansion Strategies". Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 4, nr 1 (27.06.2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v4i1.4740.

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This case is prepared as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a business situation. Support for this case was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) through the Eurasia Foundation in Washington, D.C. for which we are very grateful. We would like to express our gratitude to the management of Vinchel Winery for their participation in discussions and provision of materials without which this case study would not have been possible.

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Subetto, A. I., i V. A. Shamakhov. "Noospheric Vocation of Greater Eurasia in the XXI Century". EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, nr 4 (27.01.2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2020-4-17-28.

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The article reveals the theoretical position on the noospheric vocation of “Greater Eurasia” in the 21st century. Opposition to the “Big West” as a global imperialism system of the world financial capitalocracy on the part of Greater Eurasia acquires a noospheric and socialist “dimension” in the 21st century. Russia is called upon to head the Noosphere Breakthrough of humanity in the XXI century, as a Eurasian civilization, occupying an important place in the Greater Eurasia’s structure, and as the birthplace of the socialism first appearance in the world and the doctrine of the Biosphere transition into the Noosphere by V. I. Vernadsky, and as a center of stability and instability in the world. Greater Eurasia is called upon to become the “locomotive” of noospheresocialist transformations of the human existence foundations. The alternative to this is the death of mankind, which is market-capitalistic for reasons and ecological for foundations.

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Chernova, Anna Fedorovna. "The “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “Greater Eurasian Partnership”: comparative analysis of the concepts and history of their development". Genesis: исторические исследования, nr 3 (marzec 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.3.35093.

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The object of this research is the initiatives “Silk Road Economic Belt” of the People's Republic of China and “Great Eurasian Partnership” of the Russian Federation. Subject of this research is the content and history of development of the concepts. The goal is to analyze the prerequisites for advancing the initiatives, determine their points of intersection and fundamental differences. The common feature is the presence of external factors associated with the beginning of Trans-Pacific Partnership, as well as Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, which pressed Russia and China to develop their own strategy in Eurasia. The fundamental difference is that the “Silk Road Economic Belt” does not imply the creation of any supranational governing body. The author underlines the rapid pace of implementation of the Chinese initiative and high degree of resistance to the negative factors. The conclusion is made that the practical content and scientific substantiation of the concept of “Greater Eurasian Partnership” continue to be discussed. The initiative “Silk Road Economic Belt” is not much “older”; however, in seven years of its existence became the core of the economic and foreign policy vector of the People's Republic of China. Considering the experience of its evolution, the establishment of the Greater Eurasian Partnership should start with the conduct of international conferences that discuss the target points and mechanisms of implementation of the proposed initiative. For bringing such idea to life, it is necessary to create a financial platform and attract investors. It seems reasonable to develop the strategy for the formation of the Greater Eurasian Partnership around the objective towards strengthening the Eurasian Economic Union as the foundation for the future integration association.

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Pivovar, Efim I., Irina E. Khanova i Marya V. Katagoshchina. "Archival Heritage as a Sphere of Kazakhstan Integration into the Scientific, Informational, and Cultural Space of Eurasia: 1998–2021". Herald of an archivist, nr 4 (2021): 1106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-4-1106-1117.

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The paper is devoted to the activities of the Republic of Kazakhstan archives aimed at identifying, studying, and popularizing the historical and documentary heritage of Kazakhstan, and to the role of this area of historical and cultural activity in the development of international cultural cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia and other states of Eurasia. The authors’ hypothesis is that the commonality of historical experience in the field of archiving and the similarity of contemporary tasks of the historical and cultural policy of the CIS countries, including Russia and Kazakhstan, are the basis for the participation of archives in the development of Eurasian integration and cooperation in the field of science and culture. In Kazakhstan, this process received significant additional incentives over the period 1998–2021. The adoption in 1998 of the Law on the National Archival Foundation of the Republic of Kazakhstan can be considered as the beginning of a large-scale project to identify, publish, and popularize the archival heritage of Kazakhstan, and this work was initially carried out both in Kazakhstani archives and abroad — in Russia, Uzbekistan, Great Britain, France, Turkey, and other countries of Greater Eurasia. In the 2000s, the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev in a series of articles and speeches had formulated an idea of referring to the history as the main source for formation of the national idea of modern Kazakhstan, including the approval of the world historical and cultural significance of the concept of the Great Steppe — the cradle of the Kazakh people. One of the central tasks in the implementation of this strategy was collection and promotion of documents related to the history of Kazakhstan in the international scientific and information space. In 2018, N. Nazarbayev came up with the “Archive – 2025” initiative, which further confirmed the role of the heuristic and archaeographic activities of archives and set the task of creating the most complete digitization of the archival heritage of Kazakhstan. The article provides an overview of the main directions of work of the Kazakhstani archives in 1998–2021: archaeographic expeditions abroad, publication of documentary collections, and scientific research on the history of the peoples, social life, and statehood of Kazakhstan in the 18th – 20th centuries, digitization of the archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan, conducting international scientific conferences and seminars. The facts revealed by the authors show that the archival heritage of Kazakhstan is an area of fruitful and productive cooperation of humanitarians of the countries of Eurasia and also an incentive for integration processes in science and culture in the post-Soviet space.

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Klochko, Victor I., Nikolai N. Kovaliukh, Vadim V. Skripkin i Ingo Motzenbecker. "The Chronology of the Subotiv Settlement". Radiocarbon 40, nr 2 (1997): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018609.

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Samples collected at the Chornoliska culture site near the village of Subotiv, Cherkasy region during the 1994–1995 Ukrainian-German expedition were radiocarbon dated in Kiev. The foundation of the Subotiv settlement dates to 1300–1200 cal BC. A skeleton found in one of the buildings at this site is dated at the end of the early period (between 1120 and 1040 cal BC). In the youngest part (a small town) of the Subotiv settlement, we found the remains of a “building sacrifice"—the skeleton of a teenager. The average calibrated date for this skeleton is 834–807 cal BC, whereas the timber from the rampart dates between 902–810 cal BC. Thus, the rampart was apparently built between 834–807 cal BC. Among the objects found on the site were Arzhan-type bone arrowheads. Such arrowheads, when found in Eastern Europe, are believed to indicate the military expansion of Proto-Scythian nomads. The Sargary settlement in western Kazakhstan dates to 960–820 cal BC, the Arzhan arrow in Siberia to 960–850 cal BC. We assume that the Chornogorivka complexes in eastern Eurasia date to the earlier time period (960–820) than those in western Eurasia (834–807). The time of the Chornogorivka expansion on the territory of Ukraine is therefore within the range 834 to 820 BC.

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Tsvetkov, V. A., K. Kh Zoidov i A. A. Medkov. "Magnetic Levitation Transportation Technologies as an Innovative Infrastructure Framework for the Formation of Global Eurasia". Economics and Management 26, nr 11 (16.01.2021): 1180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-11-1180-1189.

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The presented study determines the prospects for implementing and spreading transportation technologies based on the principles of magnetic levitation as an innovative infrastructure framework for the formation of Global Eurasia.Aim. The study aims to determine and analyze the mutual influence of integration processes in the formation of Global Eurasia and the spread of transportation technologies based on the principles of magnetic levitation within this space, particularly along the North-South line, as the foundation for socio-economic, industrial, and technological priority development of the region’s countries.Tasks. The authors reveal the limited applicability of the traditional principle of wheel-rail movement in modern reality; indicate the undesirability and impossibility of blindly copying magnetic levitationbased movement projects implemented abroad; consider vacuum-levitation transport systems (VLTS) as innovative infrastructure projects that are too radical, excessive in quality, expensive to implement, and limited in the scope of application; determine the undesirability factors of priority development of passenger Maglev transport over cargo transport; systematize the competitive advantages and implementation problems of the North-South high-speed cargo transit highway project and the technological competitive advantages of the open Maglev system.Methods. This study uses the methods of system analysis, theory of techno-economic paradigms, manufacturing-technological balance of the economy, evolutionary-institutional theory, and worldsystem analysis.Results. The authors verify the hypothesis that the mutual influence of integration processes in the formation of Global Eurasia and the spread of transportation technologies based on the principles of magnetic levitation within this space, particularly along the North-South line, serve as a foundation for socio-economic, industrial, and technological priority development of the region’s countries, allowing them to become global leaders in the future.Conclusions. The study proves that adaptation and localization of production of advanced traditional high-speed highway systems based on the wheel-rail principle in Russia will not change the catchingup nature of development of the country’s transit transport system. It also shows that transportation by Maglev trains combines the advantages of both mass modes of transport and high-speed movement. This type of transportation is therefore attractive to customers who use a combination of the maritime fleet or traditional railways and air transport. The authors emphasize the need for mass production and distribution of Maglev technology and its application over long distances, which will help to achieve economies of scale, develop manufacturing and technological competencies, ensure operational safety, and provide a sufficient number of spare parts and components.

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Doszhanova, Akmaral Ivanovna. "Intercultural communication on the territory of Eurasia: historical and cultural heritage of the Great Silk Road". Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), nr 1 (5.01.2023): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2301-01.

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The article shows that many modern scientists believe it was trade that became the prime mover of consistent humankind development. In addition to the exchange of resources, the exchange somehow implied not only material values, but also spiritual ones. Terms from another language were assimilated and transformed; the increased need for knowledge of other languages gave rise to a new specialization, such as translators. Even such subtle spheres of culture as religion were subject to exchange, with ideals and motivation making the foundation for the emergence of other, sometimes very original beliefs. This exchange subsequently led to such a form of the religion spread as missionary work, which made it possible to speed up the propagation of religious ideas over very vast areas. Trade routes became just well-established roads and a convenient route for spiritual expansion. The article considers the Great Silk Road as a channel for the transmission and exchange of cultural and the most significant values of the peoples of this region.

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Andreev, Ivan A. "China’s “soft power” and its projection onto the territory of post-Soviet Eurasia". VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII 29, nr 2 (2019): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2019.29.2.578.

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This article considers the use of “soft power” as an instrument of China’s political strategy. Within the context of the issue of combining forms of international political influence, the notion of “soft power” is unveiled as interpreted by its author – American political expert J. Nye – while analyzing the adaptation of said notion to Peking’s political strategy, which in turn is associated with China’s rise to the position of global superpower number 2. Highlighted is the fact that this notion is attune to China’s centuries-old political tradition, as well as Peking’s current objective to relieve its neighbors traditional unease on account of a possible threat on their behalf, due both to the sheer size of the country, with its population of almost 1.5 billion people, and its relatively recent aggressive behavior during the time of Maoism. The article gives a characteristic of the main instruments used to implement the Chinese strategy of “soft” influence, particularly broadening the network of Confucius institutes and classes, taking advantage of hosting high-profile international events, education in China’s educational facilities, establishing control over certain global media corporations etc. Especially considered is the use of “soft power” in China’s collaboration with post-Soviet states, primarily with Russia and republics of central Asia. Demonstrated are features of the political context of Peking’s use of “soft power” on post-Soviet territory, highlighted among which is a rather strong prejudice against China in countries of central Asia, as well as the need to achieve a friendlier relationship with the Russian Federation, which in turn possesses “soft power” potential comparable to China, and also strives to play a leading role on post-Soviet territory. Based on the analysis conducted, the author comes to the conclusion that “soft power” methods were able to solidify a strong foundation of public support for a strategic partnership between Russia and China. This in no small part helped in gradually increasing the level of mutual trust throughout the last decade, which, on one hand, helped calm Russian people’s anxiety on account of Chinese migration to regions of the Far East and Siberia, and on the other – without any serious incidents lighten certain delicate aspects of Russian-Chinese relations which had emerged in the past.

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Shchelkanov, M. Yu, I. M. Kirillov, A. M. Shestopalov, K. E. Litvin, P. G. Deryabin i D. K. Lvov. "Evolution of influ- 245 enza A/H5N1 virus (1996-2016)". Problems of Virology, Russian journal 61, nr 6 (20.12.2016): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-6-245-256.

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Twenty years ago in the South Chinese province of Guangdong the epizooty of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus, which has laid the foundation of the largest epizooty in the contemporary history, has flashed. Hemagglutinin of prototype A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1) changing many times and generating new genetic subgroups participated in various reassortations; it still exists today. The present review is devoted to the retrospective analysis of HPAI/H5N1evolution for the last twenty years in the territory of Eurasia, Africa and America. The basis for the discussion is ecological model according to which new genetic variants are formed in the migration pathways with close contacts between different bird populations and in the overwintering areas where the maximum values of the immune layer occur; amplification of virus variants occurs in nesting areas among juvenile populations. The updated system of designations of genetic groups introduced by WHO/OIE/FAO H5 Evolution Working Group in 2015 is used.

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Лозинская, Агата Максимовна. "Современные возможности оценки кредитного риска при ипотечном жилищном кредитовании". Global Markets and Financial Engineering 3, nr 1 (31.03.2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18334/grfi.3.1.2192.

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Величина кредитного риска во многом определяет требования к размеру активов, взвешенных по уровню риска, и к величине резервов на возможные потери по ссудам, а, следовательно, и к достаточности собственного капитала банка. Этим обуславливается повышенный интерес со стороны банковского сообщества к повышению качества оценки кредитного риска для различных сегментов кредитного рынка, в том числе в рамках подхода, основанного на внутренних рейтингах банков (IRB-подход). В статье обсуждаются современные возможности оценки основных компонентов кредитного риска при ипотечном жилищном кредитовании. Отмечается активное развитие инструментов количественного анализа данных, включая эконометрический подход, который превалирует в академической литературе по проблеме исследования и входит в число перспективных направлений развития систем ипотечного андеррайтинга коммерческих банков. Данная работа основана на результатах проекта № 14-5352, поддержанного the Economics Education and Research Consortium Inc. (EERC) при финансовой поддержке the Global Development Network. Положения настоящей статьи отражают исключительно экспертное мнение автора и не могут восприниматься как позиция the Eurasia Foundation, the US Agency for International Development, the World Bank Institution, the Global Development Network или the Government of Sweden.

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Turley, Egor Vladimirovich. "The ideas of Eurasian philosophers through the prism of Roerich's heritage". Философия и культура, nr 10 (październik 2021): 56–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2021.10.36566.

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This article draws parallels between the representations of the classics of Eurasianism and their contemporaries, namely N. K. Roerich, H. I. Roerich and Y. N. Roerich, on the peculiar mid-world that is formed by Russia within and around it. It is indicated that the concept of interrelation of biogeosystems with peoples and civilizations inhabiting them, defined by the Eurasian term “developmental site”, is familiar from natural-philosophic concepts of the earlier period. In the era of the development of the ideas of noospherism, it obtained natural-scientific substantiation and new interpretation not only in L. N. Gumilyov original theory of ethnogenesis, but also in representations of the Russian cosmism, which can be correlated with the scientific-philosophical, literary-artistic heritage of the Roerichs. Unlike geosophy of the Eurasians, the holistic views of Roerichs imparted a rather synthetic character to the historical science. At the same time, Y. N.Roerich distinguished geopsychology as a research instrument for cross-civilizational dialogue. One of the most remarkable episodes in implementation of the Eurasian vision by the Roerichs was their Central Asian expedition and peacekeeping activity, associated with unification of the peoples of Eurasia on the basis of broad cooperation. The article demonstrates the possibility of synthesizing Eurasian theories, spiritual-ethical teachings, and natural scientific research within the framework of integral philosophy for elaboration on the concept of sustainable development. Besides the need for international cooperation, the cultural-philosophical heritage of the Roerichs, which includes “Living Ethics or the Teaching of Life”, infeasibility of evolution of mankind detached from the planet and Cosmos also received its ontological substantiation. Such an in-depth consideration of the fate of Eurasia by the Roerichs, associated with the civilizational foundations of the crossing “Russia — Mongolia — China — India” and the leading role of Siberia in the future, allows filling the gaps in the construction of the classics of Eurasianism and utilize sociocultural potential of Eurasia to the fullest.

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Savchenko, Alexander, Tatiana Borodina i Andrei Treivish. "The Russia’s Far East: Traditional Routes of Spatial Development and Their Modern Transformation". Spatial Economics 19, nr 2 (2023): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.2.028-046.

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The experience of exploration and development of the Russia’s Far East from different directions, at different scales of time and space is summarized, starting from the foundation of Vladivostok in 1860, the most remote large city from both Russian capitals. It is shown that the maritime (eastern) route in the past and the space route today play no less a role in the development of the macroregion than the traditional overland (western) path. The sea ways played a decisive role until the launch of the Trans-Siberian Railway entirely across the territory of Russia in 1916, and since the beginning of the 1970s, the symbiosis of digital and space technologies makes it possible to remove restrictions on the spatial accessibility of an ever wider range of functions, land and water areas, concurrently expanding the opportunities for their consolidation and integration into both the national territory of Russia, and Greater Eurasia. Exploration of Space as a part of geosphere laid the foundation for the transformation of the traditional model of the Far East spatial development, with competition and alternating dominance of the land and sea routes. Since the early 1970s, within the framework of this transformation, the division of labor between modes and systems of transport and directions of communication has been gradually harmonized, when the development of the macroregion from the sea and by land are increasingly acting not as competing, but as complementary

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Gavarić, Aleksandra, Jelena Vladić, Rita Ambrus, Stela Jokić, Piroska Szabó-Révész, Milan Tomić, Marijana Blažić i Senka Vidović. "Spray Drying of a Subcritical Extract Using Marrubium vulgare as a Method of Choice for Obtaining High Quality Powder". Pharmaceutics 11, nr 10 (11.10.2019): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11100523.

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White horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.), is a grey-leaved perennial herb, belonging to Lamiaceae family, distributed in Eurasia and northern Africa. Despite the fact that M. vulgare has been used since ancient times in treating diverse diseases, it is only in the last decade or so that scientists have been able to lay the foundation for its potential pharmacological actions from the results observed through the prism of ethnopharmacological use of this species. The novelty of this study was that subcritical water extraction, acknowledged as a powerful extraction technology to recover phenolic compounds, was coupled with spray drying. The subcritical horehound extract, obtained using optimal process parameters, was used as a liquid feed in spray drying. Maltodextrin was used as a carrier in a concentration of 10%. Thus, two M. vulgare powders, carrier-free and 10% MD, were produced. Comprehensive powders characterization was conducted in order to evaluate their quality. Results confirmed that spray drying can be used as a method of choice for obtaining high quality horehound powders which kept the amorphous structure constant after 6 months.

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Bamberger, Leo. "Hlib Parfonov: Russia Struggles to Maintain Munition Stocks, Jamestown Foundation Eurasia Daily Monitor, 19 (180), und 19 (186), Dezember 2022". SIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen 7, nr 1 (30.03.2023): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sirius-2023-1015.

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RODCHENKOV, Mikhail V. "Assessing the institutional and financial factors of the IFRS Foundation management from the perspective of the Eurasian Economic Union". Digest Finance 26, nr 4 (27.12.2021): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/df.26.4.470.

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Subject. This article explores the impact of the modern institutional and financial structure of the IFRS Foundation on the quality and functionality of the international financial reporting standards, as the main instruments of globalization of the financial and economic sphere, caused by insufficiency in the management of the IFRS Foundation. Objectives. The article aims to identify the reasons for the growth of risk factors in the IFRS Foundation’s activities caused by its institutional and financial structure, taking into account the previously identified problems of the IFRS Foundation management, assess the position of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) in the IFRS management system, and develop practical proposals to minimize the identified risks. Methods. For the study, I used a comparative analysis. Results. The article finds that the institutional and financial structure of the IFRS Foundation is characterized by disproportion of the current national, sectoral, and financial representation in the Foundation’s management bodies. This creates risks of inharmonious development of IFRS and confirms the ongoing pendency of the Foundation's unresolved management problems previously identified. The current position of the EEU is characterized by a significant imbalance between functional and financial representations in the Foundation's management system. To reduce such risks, the article proposes to diversify the industry representation, and introduce financial participation coefficients and national representation into the practice of the Foundation's management, based on a transparent and understandable algorithm using public data. Conclusions. The formulated proposals can be useful for the authorized federal governing bodies of the Russian Federation and the EEU governing bodies when developing growth strategies in the field of accounting and reporting, to improve international standards, and protect the national economic interests of the EEU countries in the course of the IFRS Foundation’s activities under present-day conditions.

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Bolgova, Irina. "Foreign Policy Dimension of the European Integration: Lessons of COVID-19". Contemporary Europe 99, nr 6 (1.11.2020): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620204151.

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The European solidarity was challenged by the coronavirus pandemic both at institutional regulations and nation-state levels. The presented analysis is based on a review of the official speeches of the heads of European institutions and expert publications of leading European think-tanks and researches demonstrating that the geopolitical dimension of the EU foreign policy today is a new basis for intra-European consolidation in light of growing frustration about the global role of the US and China. The European foreign policy is nevertheless regarded as a new consensus within the integration alliance. Actually, the EU geopolitical role is an updated foundation for domestic consolidation, as it allows to push aside the contradictions on the value-based internal political development, which were clearly associated with the growth of nationalism, and to articulate the external conditions for political identity. The need for a stable consensus on foreign policy priorities creates the preconditions for the formation of new principles of relations with China, the emergence of Africa as a promising area for the application of the common foreign policy and a decrease of interest in integration projects in Eurasia.

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Erokhin, Yuriy V., Kirill S. Ivanov i Vera V. Khiller. "Composition and age of monacite fragments from superior jurassic terrigenous sediments of bazhenov formation foundation (multan area in west siberia)". Nexo Revista Científica 33, nr 01 (20.07.2020): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v33i01.10049.

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Bazhenov Formation is regarded as the main oil-bearing stratum mothering nearly all the fields of the Western Siberia Oil-Gas-bearing Megabasin. Presently, it is one of the most studied formations of Siberia and, probably, Eurasia as a whole. While there is an enormous amount of studies devoted to the Bazhenov Formation, there are no detailed mineralogical studies at the modern hardware level. The age and sources of the terrigenous materials of the formation have not been studied as well. We have explored the detrital monazite from the upper-Jurassic terrigenous sediments of the Multan Area at the foundation of the Bazhenov Formation in the central part of Western Siberia, Surgut District. All the detrital rare earth phosphate is of the cerium kind being a monazite-(Се). The mineral is rather dissimilar in respect of its chemical properties, especially, the content of thorium. Some fragments have been subjected to superposed secondary changes. The detrital monazite is rounded to various degrees which is indicative of the various distances from the rare earth phosphate orebody washout. As per the chemical data, most of the monazite has been washed out from the medium and basic rocks (probably subalkaline or alkaline) as well as the sialic rocks (granitoids and associated veins). According to the chemical dating, most of the monazite fragments have been washed out of the very ancient Proterozoic formations and lower-Proterozoic rocks. Terrigenous materials derives probably from the rock assemblages of the eastern and south-eastern fringes of the Western Siberian megabasin such as the Proterozoic Yenisei Ridge or Lower-Proterozoic blocks of the Altay and Sayan Faulting.

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Ermishina, K. B. "Religious and Philosophical Prerequisites of the Eurasianism: Personal Religiosity and Theoretical Foundations". Orthodoxia, nr 4 (26.12.2022): 186–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2021-4-186-211.

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The article analyzes the Eurasianist religious doctrine, the religious views of the leaders of the 1920s Eurasian movement and their relationship with the hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church in exile and at home. Until now, this issue has not been featured in special papers or monographs. The attention of researchers has been attracted to the political, ideological and other aspects of the Eurasian doctrine. Two of the founders of the Eurasian movement, Georges Florovsky and prince Alexander von Lieven, entered the Church. Florovsky tried to take the lead and turn the movement to purely religious and philosophical development. This shows that, in addition to political, anti-colonial, economic and geopolitical components, the basis of Eurasianism contains a strong religious and philosophical element, which is often underestimated. The Eurasians unconditionally supported the Russian Orthodox Church and Patriarch Tikhon and condemned the Karlovci schism that led to the emergence of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. They opposed Catholicism and attempts at proselytism on the part of Catholics who provided assistance to Russian emigrants, pursuing their selfish motives — for example, they oﬀered to teach children, forcing them to change religion. Eurasians published a collection named Rossiya I Latinstvo (Russia and the Roman Catholic Faith), condemning the church union, ecumenism and Catholic theology. After participating in the Eurasian edition of Russia and the Roman Catholic Faith, Florovsky left the movement. To fill the vacant place of a theologian and philosopher, Eurasianists involved Lev Karsavin (Levas Karsavinas), who made his debut in the Evraziyskii Vremennik (Eurasian Chronicle) with the anti-Catholic article titled Lessons of the Renounced Faith (1925). Karsavin enriched the Eurasianism with many religious and philosophical ideas, but they came into conflict with the concepts of Nikolai Trubetzkoy. Disputes on “the potential Orthodoxy” and “the symphonic personality” (Karsavin) or “the choral personality” (Trubetzkoy) were a constant background of Eurasianist discussions and correspondence. The Eurasians opposed the theological opinions of the archpriest Sergei Bulgakov, who was suspected of Catholic sympathies, and labeled his sophiology as a theological formalization of Freudianism. In relation to the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, Catholicism and Western confessions in general, as well as to the archpriest Bulgakov’s theological opinions, the Eurasians were of the same mind. The article highlights the diﬀerences between the views of the leading Eurasianists on the religion and the Church, outlining the reasons for their confrontation with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia and the loyalty to the Russian Orthodox Church persecuted by its homeland.

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Shipeng, Yong. "The vegetation map of Inner Mongolia, 1 : 1 500 000, China". Geobotanical mapping, nr 1994-1995 (1996): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/1994-1995.59.

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Vegetation of the region can be divided according to five basic principles: 1) genesis (natural or artificial vegetation); 2) belonging to a global vegetation ecoregion (Eurasia coniferous ecoregion, Eastern Asia summer green broad-leaf ecoregion, etc.); 3) belonging to a climatic zone (Cool temperate light coniferous forest zone, Mezo-temperate summer green forest zone, etc.); 4) belonging to a geomorphic landscape (mountainous vegetation, plateau vegetation, etc.); 5) division into formations or subformations with the help of edificators, dominants and ecological groups. In Inner Mongolia 99 formations have been distinguished. Using the above approaches the vegetation map legend has been constructed. The map has been completed on the base of remote sensing data and the field studies. Its legend has been worked out following the principles of landscape ecology and fully exploiting the satellite images informations. The map quite clearly reflects the dynamic aspects of vegetation, it is supplemented by special legends to show the degree of vegetation destruction under human activities. In the very conclusion the different aspects of application of the map are given as the basis for resource inventoring, phytomass assessment, the compiling of rangeland map, estimating of carrying capacity, etc. The map provides a sound foundation for planning of sustainable use and protection of vegetation cover in Inner Mongolia.

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De Santis, Simone, Francesco Spada i Donatella Magri. "Geographic Range vs. Occurrence Records in Plant Distribution Mapping: The Case of Arbutus in the Old World". Forests 14, nr 5 (13.05.2023): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14051010.

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Species mapping methods play a central role in biogeographical questions, as they may generate a domino effect on further works based on species distribution. In light of the massive recent increase in the availability of online occurrence data, we highlight the strengths and limitations of the mapping methods most widely used to display the geographic distribution of plants, namely geographic range maps and occurrence record maps. We use the modern distribution of the genus Arbutus in western Eurasia, North Africa, and Macaronesia, for which no occurrence record map has been published yet, to discuss critical issues in data collection and representation. The occurrence record map of A. unedo, A. andrachne, A. canariensis, and A. pavarii shows how well this mapping method captures the details of peripheral and isolated stands as well as the variability of population density. A number of biogeographical issues are addressed by this approach, including the determination of the chorological centre of gravity in relation to historical dynamics, genetic patterns in relation to range porosity, and the autochthony status of marginal stands. These issues constitute the necessary foundation for additional palaeobotanical research and ecological modelling to investigate the past-to-future dynamics of Arbutus and other species of the Mediterranean–Atlantic area.

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Капустин, Анатолий, i Anatoliy Kapustin. "The Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union – New Page of Legal Development of Eurasian Integration". Journal of Russian Law 2, nr 12 (1.12.2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6623.

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The article is considered the principal features of the Treaty on Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the light of modern International law, its legal nature, place and functions in the regulation of Eurasian integration. Analysing the history of the formation of the idea of Eurasian integration after the collapse of the USSR, the value of the EurAsEC in the development of the integration process. Describes the main features of the EAEU Treaty as the foundation treaty of two kinds: establishing international organization for integration (EAEU) and the economic and legal space (the Customs Union and the Common economic space).

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BOBROV, V. V., i F. MAJAR. "ON THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONS BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE HALAF CULTURE OF THE EASTERN EUPHRATES". History and Modern Perspectives 5, nr 2 (28.06.2023): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2023-5-2-81-86.

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In the Russian archeology an opinion about the egalitarian appearance of the Neolithic settlements of the Halaf culture in Northern Mesopotamia was established. An assumption about the correspondence of its social structure to the level of chiefdom was made. However, no special studies in this direction have been carried out until now. This article contains the experience of identifying of social information from the archaeological sources of settlements in North-Eastern Syria. Developing the idea of the multicomponent specific of large settlements, the data that the link of social unification was a large family community are showed. Modern knowledge about the settlements allow to suggest that leaders of large-family communities exercised control over the development of specific sections of the settlement. Rare structural elements in housing construction (stone foundation, different qualities of wall plastering, floor covering, stone paving of the yard), which were not in the tradition of the Halaf cultural population, allow to consider them as signs of property and social gradation. In Russian and foreign science, a high level of pottery production in the Halaf culture has been noted. It is noted that the formation of independent production activity began with pottery, whereas in the relatively northern territories of Eurasia, many centuries later, this process began with metallurgy. This constitutes a feature of the ancient history of Mesopotamia.

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Fang, Christian, Andreas Platz, Lars Müller, Thomas Chandy, Cong-Feng Luo, Josep María Muñoz Vives, Frankie Leung i Reto Babst. "Evaluation of an expectation and outcome measurement questionnaire in ankle fracture patients: The Trauma Expectation Factor Trauma Outcomes Measure (TEFTOM) Eurasia study". Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 28, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 230949901989014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499019890140.

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Background: The Trauma Expectation Factor Trauma Outcomes Measure (TEFTOM) questionnaire is a self-administered, patient-rated outcome measurement questionnaire designed to measure both ‘expectation’ and ‘outcome’ in orthopaedic trauma patients using two subsets of 10 items. We aimed to validate this instrument in a culturally diverse cohort of patients recruited from Asian and European regions. Methods: A total of 193 adult patients with surgically treated AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association types 43 and 44 ankle malleolar and distal tibia fractures were recruited with 158 followed up till 1 year. Expectations were assessed prior to surgery, at 2 weeks and after 6 months using the trauma expectation factor (TEF) score. Outcomes were evaluated at 2 weeks, 6 and 12 months using the trauma outcome measure (TOM), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS) and short form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires. Psychometric properties of TEFTOM were assessed. Results: TEF and TOM demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > 0.87) and reliability at all time points (intra-class correlation coefficients > 0.90). TOM showed strong correlations ( R 2 ≥ 0.60) with the AAOS foot and ankle score, all FAOS subscales, except ‘symptoms’ and SF-36 physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, social functioning and the physical component summary at 6 and 12 months. Effect sizes for TOM were 2.30 and 0.74 from 2 weeks to 6 months and from 6 months to 12 months, respectively. The baseline patient TEF was predictive for the 1-year TOM score. Conclusions: TEFTOM demonstrated good psychometric properties in this cohort of patients with ankle fractures. The TEF ‘expectation’ score was predictive of the TOM ‘outcome’ score. We recommend researchers and clinicians to utilize TEFTOM when patient expectation measurement is concerned for orthopaedic trauma patients.

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RODCHENKOV, Mikhail V. "Evaluation of institutional and financial factors of the international financial reporting standards foundation management from the perspective of the Eurasian Economic Union". Finance and Credit 27, nr 9 (30.09.2021): 2139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.9.2139.

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Subject. The article addresses the impact of modern institutional and financial structure of the IFRS Foundation on the quality and functionality of international financial reporting standards. Objectives. The purpose is to identify risk factors in the activities of the IFRS Foundation caused by its institutional and financial structure, considering the previously highlighted problems of the IFRS Foundation management. Methods. The study draws on the comparative analysis of the content of the IFRS and the statistical data on quantitative characteristics of the IFRS Foundation’s regulatory bodies. Results. The institutional and financial structure of the IFRS Foundation is characterized by the disproportion of the current national, sectoral and financial representation in the management bodies of the Foundation. This creates risks of inharmonious development of IFRS. The EEU current position is marked by a significant imbalance between functional and financial representation in the Foundation's management system. It is possible to mitigate identified risks in the development of the IFRS system, if the revealed imbalances are reduced through diversifying the industry representation, introducing financial participation coefficients and national representation into the practice of the Foundation's management. Conclusions. The formulated proposals can be useful for the authorized federal governing bodies of the Russian Federation and the EEU governing bodies, when developing growth strategies in the field of accounting and reporting, determining the focus of efforts to improve international standards, ensuring the protection of the national economic interests of the EEU countries in the activities of the IFRS Foundation in modern conditions.

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Hallberg, Johan Dittrich. "■ Hale, Henry E., 2008. The Foundation of Ethnic Politics: Separatism of States and Nations in Eurasia and the World. New York: Cambridge University Press. 278 pp. ISBN 9780521719209". Journal of Peace Research 46, nr 4 (29.06.2009): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00223433090460040802.

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Yiwei, W. "Internal Сivilizational Content – Civilizational". Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 9, nr 6 (24.07.2018): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2016-9-6-76-87.

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From the point of the human civilization history the main purpose of “One Belt, One Road’ Project is to revise the provisions of west-oriented ideology according to which the continental civilizations are subordinate to the maritime ones and the East is subordinate to the West. At the same time, “One Belt, One Road’ Project helps to restore through the return of Eurasia as the center of world civilization and is aimed at the creation of a foundation for a new civilization based on the principles of “unity of man and heaven” and “unity of man and the sea”. From the point of Chinese civilization history, the above-mentioned Project contributes to its triune transformation: the transition from a continental type of civilization to the maritime one, from an agrarian civilization to an industrial one, from a regional civilization to a global one. «One Belt, One Road» Project shows the increased consciousness of Chinese civilization, reflects its self-confidence and is an expression of the theoretical, practical and philosophical aspects of Chinese wisdom, creating the “effect of three fives”: changes unseen over the five-thousand-year history by which a transformation of the traditional Chinese culture is meant; changes unseen over the last five hundred years by which the renewal of modern civilization is meant; changes unseen over the past fifty years by which a realization of the Chinese dream is meant. Together they lead to a simultaneous revival and transformation of an ancient civilization, and also allow us to talk about the conjugation of the Chinese and world dreams.

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Choi, Young-Jun, Santiago Fontenla, Peter U. Fischer, Thanh Hoa Le, Alicia Costábile, David Blair, Paul J. Brindley, Jose F. Tort, Miguel M. Cabada i Makedonka Mitreva. "Adaptive Radiation of the Flukes of the Family Fasciolidae Inferred from Genome-Wide Comparisons of Key Species". Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, nr 1 (10.09.2019): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz204.

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Abstract Liver and intestinal flukes of the family Fasciolidae cause zoonotic food–borne infections that impact both agriculture and human health throughout the world. Their evolutionary history and the genetic basis underlying their phenotypic and ecological diversity are not well understood. To close that knowledge gap, we compared the whole genomes of Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, and Fasciolopsis buski and determined that the split between Fasciolopsis and Fasciola took place ∼90 Ma in the late Cretaceous period, and that between 65 and 50 Ma an intermediate host switch and a shift from intestinal to hepatic habitats occurred in the Fasciola lineage. The rapid climatic and ecological changes occurring during this period may have contributed to the adaptive radiation of these flukes. Expansion of cathepsins, fatty-acid-binding proteins, protein disulfide-isomerases, and molecular chaperones in the genus Fasciola highlights the significance of excretory–secretory proteins in these liver-dwelling flukes. Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica diverged ∼5 Ma near the Miocene–Pliocene boundary that coincides with reduced faunal exchange between Africa and Eurasia. Severe decrease in the effective population size ∼10 ka in Fasciola is consistent with a founder effect associated with its recent global spread through ruminant domestication. G-protein-coupled receptors may have key roles in adaptation of physiology and behavior to new ecological niches. This study has provided novel insights about the genome evolution of these important pathogens, has generated genomic resources to enable development of improved interventions and diagnosis, and has laid a solid foundation for genomic epidemiology to trace drug resistance and to aid surveillance.

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Valeev, Ramil M., Yazgul R. Rahimova, Roza Z. Valeeva, Ruslan V. Kurochkin i Valentina N. Tuguzhekova. "The Heritage of N.F. Katanov and the Prospects of its Study: Diaries and materials of his Travel to Siberia and Xinjiang (1889–1892) (Tuva–Khakassia–East Turkestan)". Written Monuments of the Orient 9, nr 1(17) (25.06.2023): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55512/wmo465708.

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In 2022, Russia celebrated the 160th anniversary birthday of the famous Khakass scholar, Turkologist, teacher, traveler and educator Nikolaj Fedorovich Katanov (18621922), who played a significant role in the study of the language and culture of the Tuvan people. Katanovs biography and research works allow us to study the origins and the contemporary state of development of the humanities. The biography and legacy of N.F. Katanov are of academic and especially scientific, educational, and humanistic interest. They reflect important trends in Oriental studies both in Russia and abroad, especially in Turkology. N.F. Katanovs doctoral dissertation A Study of the Uriankhai language laid the foundation for the scientific study of the Tuvan language, and his handwritten diaries and materials from the period of travel in Tuva, Khakassia, Xinjiang and Eastern Turkestan, entered the golden fund of Russian and European Turkology. His comprehensive studies of Turkic peoples of Eurasia at the turn of the century remain relevant and valuable at present. The article presents the research work on the heritage of N.F. Katanov scattered in archival centers of Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg and several foreign institutions. For the most part, the written materials (diaries, letters, unfinished manuscripts, etc.) of N.F. Katanov, revealed by the authors, bear the stamp of the era of the late 19th first decades of the 20th cc. and its socio-political life. Introduction into scientific circulation of N.F. Katanovs manuscripts allows us to identify the directions and features of his research work and to form an objective basis for the preparation of an academic biography of the classic of Russian Turkology.

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Barskiy, K. M. "Participation of the SCO in Peacekeeping Activities, Prevention and Settlement of Conflicts". MGIMO Review of International Relations, nr 4(43) (28.08.2015): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-94-101.

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Abstract: Shanghai Cooperation Oprganization is a multi-functional interstate regional organizaton. One of the main priorities in the activities of the SCO is a cooperation in providing regional security and stability in the areas of counteraction against terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug tarfficking, other types of trans-border organized crime and against use of information-communication technologies in destructive purposes. There are all grounds to suppose that in forthcoming years the SCO, especially considering broadening the circle of its permanent state-members, will do some steps in direction of practical application of its latent potential in prevention and settlement of conflicts. Development of the SCO own peacekeeping instruments fully corresponds to the character and scales of security threats and tendencies of their evolution on the modern stage. Such a mechanism in arsenal of the SCO could play deterring role regarding latent local conflicts in its zone of responsibility. Obvious «plus» of involving the SCO in the peacekeeping sphere lays in the fact that its key members China and Russia - both are permamnent members of the UN Security Ciuncil, large powers, possessing serious financial capabilities, military and military-technological resources and rich experience of participation in peacekeeping operations. This is exactly Russia and China who would be able to share main responsibility of organization and financing the SCO peacekeeping operations. Emphasis on promoting settlement of conflicts, peacekeeping and strenhthening of confidence in the military sphere could become one of key vectors of converting the SCO into the regional security community and even become a foundation for the new system of security of Eurasia in the future.

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ZEMTSOVSKY, IZALY, i ALMA KUNANBAEVA. "Homo Lyricus, or Lyric Song in the Ethnomusicological Stratigraphy of “Folkloric Culture”: Notes for a Monograph (part 2)". Revista de etnografie și folclor / Journal of Ethnography and Folklore 2023, nr 1-2 (2023): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/jef.2023.1-2.09.

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"Authors concentrate on the very fact that there existed among the cultures of Eurasia songs resembling Japanese oiwake, this uniquely sophisticated form that were also in some respects analogous to it in significance. That solo-performed lyric “long” song is an international phenomenon, one that is found to this day along practically the entire length of the Great Silk Road. Such masterworks constitute one-of-a-kind creative products that are, as it were, Mona Lisas of oral tradition. Authors gave the creator of lyric songs, the lyric singer and poet, the name Homo Lyricus. The article consists of six sections: Just how unique is oiwake? (preface); Methodological foundations (after Boris Putilov); Toward future research: hypotheses and limitations; Lyric drawn-out song in the great expanse of typological succession; On the problem of authorship in Eurasian drawn-out song; Some concluding theses on freedom as the essence of lyric song; and a musical supplement. Note: “folkloric culture,” as opposed to “folk culture,” the term is Boris Putilov’s. Keywords: ethnomusicology, folkloristics, lyric singer and poet, lyric long solo song, drawn-out song, oiwake, urtyn duu, ozyn кüi, hora lungă, typological succession, Great Silk Road, Eurasia, Boris Putilov. "

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Artamonova, T. A. "Actual problems of education in the eurasian region (on the example of Russia and Mongolia)". Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 135, nr 2 (2021): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2021-135-2-106-114.

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The trajectories of the development of the state education system in Russia and Mongolia in the twentieth century had similar trends. They reflected the common problems and achievements of building the foundations of public education. Currently, these countries are faced with the problem of denationalization and defundamentalization of the public education system. Special research attention is required by the fact of the devaluation of higher education with an increasing demand for it among young people. Russia and Mongolia are experiencing the influence of globalization and Westernization, which threatens to result in the loss of pan-Eurasian values in education today. Common Eurasian values include good neighborliness, a strong and friendly family, peace, mutual assistance, and respect for the natural principle. These values will make it possible to resist the globalist unification onslaught and the destruction of national identity. The common life priorities of the peoples of Eurasia have united them for centuries over national, cultural, and religious differences. The researchers note that even in the new geopolitical conditions, the complementarity of interethnic relations between Russian and Mongolian youth persists. These data were obtained during interdisciplinary research among students of the Altai Territory of Russia and the Khovda Aimag of Mongolia. The article provides recommendations for strengthening cooperation between the countries of the Eurasian region in the field of education

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Donina, Larisa N. "High-relief coinage in the Kazan-Tatar jewelry tradition: historical and technical analysis". Historical Ethnology 8, nr 3 (4.12.2023): 374–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/he.2023-8-3.374-388.

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The article is devoted to identifying the origins and regional features of the technology of high-relief coinage in the Kazan-Tatar jewelry tradition. The main source was the electronic database of Tatar jewelry from museum collections, collected within the framework of the academic project “Jewelry of the Turkic peoples of Eurasia: general and special” (Russian Foundation for Basic Research 2013–2014, No. 13-06-97056). The research was based on a systematic technical and stylistic analysis of traditional jewelry and a detailed synchronous-diachronic examination of Bulgar-Golden Horde and Tatar products with three-dimensional images. Reconstruction of technological techniques related to this type of artistic metal processing made it possible to identify specific features of the formation of decor. The manual method of obtaining a unique relief using punches with a figured striker predominated. The decorations are characterized by the following: two or three-level bas-relief, the absence of a “locking” profile, the principle of “compositing” that underlies the conventionally interpreted floral and plant motifs, geometric orderliness, subject to the laws of the central-radial composition. The completed form of the decoration corresponds to the typical features of “notch chasing”, which is a marker of the Tatar craft tradition: smooth relief and “grain” background. An integrated approach allowed us to conclude that the origins of the existing artistic and figurative system can be traced in artifacts of the Bulgarian and Golden Horde silver of the 11th–14th centuries, made by embossing, stamping, and punching on a matrix. The formation of technological features was influenced by the traditions of high-relief coinage, which received regional development among Kazan silversmiths in the 17th–18th centuries. The specifics of Tatar relief coinage as a whole were formed in the context of Islamic art.

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Likhomanov, Igor V. "Siberian Regionalism and Eurasianism: Complicated Relationships". Eurasian Crossroads 1, nr 1 (21.06.2020): 010310006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55269/eurcrossrd.1.010310006.

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Siberian regionalism movement is discussed in the paper in relation to classical Eurasianism of the 1920s. the political differences between Siberian regionalism and Eurasianism were by no means accidental. They were a consequence of deep theoretical differences. The Siberian regional concept was based on the idea of Siberia as a separate economic and geographical region, completely different in its natural and climatic conditions from the European part of Russia. The regionalists focussed on the geographical originality of Russian Siberia, as well as its remoteness and isolation from the “metropolitan state” in geographic and economic terms. All this fundamentally contradicted the “Eurasian geography,” which as persistently smoothed out the geographical space of Russia, trying to present it more homogeneous than it really was. The mental maps of the regionalists and Eurasians did not coincide on the basic level: they both saw the geographic space of Russia in different ways, just as they perceived the structure of its economy. The analysis performed in the article may help to evaluate ideological foundations of modern Eurasian political blocks and alliances as well as Eurasian international legal initiatives.

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O’Connor, Karl, i Paul Carmichael. "The craft of public administration in Eurasia". Public Policy and Administration 35, nr 4 (31.05.2019): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076719852416.

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In an innovative approach, applied to a region of the world on which research remains in its infancy, this article identifies the dominant administrative reform traditions embedded within the administrative elites responsible for administrative reform in Eurasia. Our contribution is twofold. Firstly, we establish a mechanism for measuring bureaucrat perceptions of administrative reform that may be replicated in other regions, by identifying the extent to which the three dominant Western traditions of public service (traditional public administration, new public management and new public governance) have been embedded in Eurasian societies. The article thereby demonstrates the effectiveness of these turns in public administration to be ‘learned’ and become embedded within the psyche of elite-level bureaucrats in these Eurasian post-Soviet regimes. The article posits that, while members of these elites hold several common governance perceptions, understanding of administrative reform differs markedly between bureaucrats and is broadly aligned with various aspects of the three dominant turns in public administration. Therefore, it is recommended that some rebalancing needs to take place between international/regional public policy interventions and public administration interventions. While public policy interventions are of course required, the administrative foundations upon which they are built (or learned), require greater attention to the needs, skills and attitudes of practitioners.

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