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Macphail, Mike, i Andrew H. Thornhill. "How old are the eucalypts? A review of the microfossil and phylogenetic evidence". Australian Journal of Botany 64, nr 8 (2016): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16124.
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Molecular age estimates for the Eucalypteae (family Myrtaceae) suggest that the eucalypts, possibly associated with fire, have been present for ~65 million years. In contrast, macrofossils and fossil pollen attributable to three important eucalypt genera (Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus) in the Eucalypteae date to ~51–53 million years ago (mid-Early Eocene) in Patagonia, eastern Antarctica and south-eastern Australia. At present, there is no fossil evidence to show that eucalypts had evolved before this epoch, i.e. when Australia was part of eastern Gondwana, although this seems probable on the basis of molecular-dated phylogenetic analyses. The primary reason is the absence of macrofossils, whereas the earliest fossil eucalypt-type pollen recorded (Myrtaceidites tenuis) is attributed to Angophora and Corymbia, not Eucalyptus. This pollen type is recorded in Australia and Antarctica but not in New Zealand or South America. The only Myrtaceidites morphospecies found in Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene deposits in Australia is M. parvus, whose affinity lies with multiple extant Myrtaceae groups other than the Eucalypteae. In the present paper, we review current phylogenetic and microfossil databases for the eucalypts and assess this evidence to develop a ‘consensus’ position on the origin and evolution of the eucalypts in the Australian region.
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Wu, Yi Qiang, Hayashi Kazuo i Ying Chun Cai. "Collapse-Type Shrinkage in Plantation-Grown Eucalyptus Cells When Subjected to Heat-Steam Treatment". Materials Science Forum 620-622 (kwiecień 2009): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.217.
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Collapse-type shrinkage in plantation-grown Eucalyptus cells is a bottleneck to severely restrict its high-effective utilization as environment-friendly solid-wood products. So, measurement of collapse-shrinkage parameters on seven species of Eucalypts (Eucalyptus urophylla, E.grandis, E.urophylla×grandis, E.grandis ×urophylla, E. dunnii, E. cloeziana and E. pellita) have been carried out under three kinds of treated patterns (heating, steaming and combined treatment) by means of image analysis technique. The results indicated that the total shrinkage and residual collapse increase obviously with heating temperature and steaming time for five species of low-density eucalypts(E.urophylla, E.grandis, E.urophylla×grandis, E.grandis ×urophylla and E. dunnii), while increase slightly for other two species of higher-density Eucalypts (E.cloeziana and E.pellita). Combined treatment has not made the total shrinkage and residual collapse take on the additive trend, especially for higher-density Eucalyptus. Therefore, the results will provide the important practical significance for the reasonable processing of plantation-grown eucalypt wood.
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McCarthy, Andrew. "Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems". Pacific Conservation Biology 4, nr 2 (1998): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980174.
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Eucalypt ecologists in Australia finally have a text that is a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on eucalypt ecology. This book incorporates and expands on ideas found in Eucalyptus, the Universal Australian by Pryor and Johnson (1981) and Pryor's (1976) The Biology of Eucalypts.
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Bayly, Michael J. "Phylogenetic studies of eucalypts: fossils, morphology and genomes". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 128, nr 1 (2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs16002.
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The eucalypt group includes seven genera: Eucalyptus, Corymbia, Angophora, Eucalyptopsis, Stockwellia, Allosyncarpia and Arillastrum. Knowledge of eucalypt phylogeny underpins classification of the group, and facilitates understanding of their ecology, conservation and economic use, as well as providing insight into the history of Australia’s flora. Studies of fossils and phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data have made substantial contributions to understanding of eucalypt relationships and biogeography, but relationships among some genera are still uncertain, and there is controversy about generic circumscription of the bloodwood eucalypts (genus Corymbia). Relationships at lower taxonomic levels, e.g. among sections and series of Eucalyptus, are also not well resolved. Recent advances in DNA sequencing methods offer the ability to obtain large genomic datasets that will enable improved understanding of eucalypt evolution.
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Espinosa-García, Francisco J. "Revisión sobre la alelopatía de Eucalyptus L'Herit". Botanical Sciences, nr 58 (27.04.2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1487.
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Some eucalyptus species can be associated to the production of zones where vegetation is absent, sparse and/or less diverse and vigorous than surrounding zones away from eucalypts. These zones have been documented with eucalypts growing as native or introduced species. Yield reduction and poor plant performance is frequent when some crops, annual or perennial, are planted within or around eucalypt stands. Although competition for water, light and nutrients can explain some of these inhibition patterns, it is insufficient to explain others. Field evidence suggests that allelopathy explains, at least partially, the aforementioned inhibition areas. Inhibition zones are absent where the soil does not accumulate allelochemicals and the watering or rainy regime leaches them out, or the plants surronding eucalypts are unaffected by the chemicals. Phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids and/or terpenoids have been isolated from eucalypt bark, litter and leaves; leaf hates or extracts from these parts have been shown to be phytotoxic in vitro and in greenhouse experiments for most target speciestested. Allelochemicals are normally released, from intact, dead or alive, eucalypt tissues and accumulated in water or soil in concentrations high enough to produce allelopathic effects. Milled or chopped eucalypt parts release more allelochemicals and faster than intact parts. Although no published work contains a li the undisputed evidence required to demonstrate eucalypts allelopathy, the body of evidence in the published works suggests that some eucalypt species do produce allelopathic effects in natural conditions.
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Bauhus, Jürgen, Aaron P. van Winden i Adrienne B. Nicotra. "Aboveground interactions and productivity in mixed-species plantations of Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus globulus". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, nr 3 (1.03.2004): 686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-243.
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This study compared productivity in mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. pseudoglobulus (Naudin ex Maiden) Kirkpatr. and Acacia mearnsii de Wild with pure stands of each species and investigated how this might be explained by canopy stratification between species and changes in leaf characteristics of eucalypts. Investigations were carried out at a trial using the replacement series design, which consisted of the following combinations: 100% eucalypts (100%E), 75% eucalypts + 25% acacia (75%E:25%A), 50% eucalypts + 50% acacia (50%E:50%A), 25% eucalypts + 75% acacia (25%E:75%A), and 100% acacia (100%A). At 9.5 years, stem volume and biomass were highest in 50%E:50%A treatments. Canopy stratification occurred in all mixtures, with acacias in the lower and eucalypts in the upper canopy stratum. This and the increasing canopy light interception with increasing proportion of acacia in the mixture indicated that A. mearnsii is substantially more shade tolerant than E. globulus. Midcanopy foliage of E. globulus in the 50%E:50%A mixture had higher foliage nitrogen (N) but lower phosphorus (P) concentrations and lower light-saturated net photosynthesis rates (Amax) than those in the 100%E treatment. In addition, similar relationships between eucalypt crown volume and stem biomass across treatments indicated that eucalypt crowns were not more efficient in mixture. Our study indicates that the productivity gains in these mixtures may be partially attributable to aboveground niche separation between species.
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Majer, Jonathan D., i Harry F. Recher. "Are eucalypts Brazil's friend or foe? An entomological viewpoint". Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 28, nr 2 (czerwiec 1999): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0301-80591999000200001.
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Vast areas of Brazil are being planted to Eucalyptus in order to provide renewable sources of timber, charcoal and cellulose. Although the rapid growth and productivity of various Eucalyptus species undoubtedly relaxes the pressure on logging of native forests, there are ecological costs. Firstly, some eucalypt species are vulnerable to pest outbreaks. A large number of native Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and leaf-cutting ants (Atta spp.), some of which have become pests, have been found on eucalypts growing in Brazil. Probably, the diverse myrtaceous flora of South America supports a fauna that can adapt to the introduced Eucalyptus species. Secondly, the leaf litter produced under Eucalyptus plantations differs substantially from that of native forests both in terms of its physical structure and chemistry, posing a range of problems for the native decomposer fauna. If microarthropod diversity is reduced, nutrient cycling could be impeded under eucalypt plantations. Thirdly, native forest canopies support a massive diversity and biomass of arthropods on which many birds, reptiles and mammals depend for food. The evidence is that invertebrate biomass and diversity are greatly reduced in the canopies of exotic eucalypt plantations. This, in turn, reduces the food-base on which forest arthropods and other animals depend, and hence their conservation status. This paper reviews the evidence for adverse ecological effects in Brazilian eucalypt plantations and suggests ways in which Brazil might meet its forestry needs, while conserving forest invertebrates and the vertebrates that depend on them.
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Old, KM, i T. Kobayashi. "Eucalypts Are Susceptible to the Chestnut Blight Fungus, Cryphonectria Parasitica". Australian Journal of Botany 36, nr 5 (1988): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880599.
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Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. haemastoma, E, microcorys, E. punctata and E. robusta grown in greenhouses in Japan were susceptible to infection by Cryphonectria parasitica, syn. Endothia parasitica. A Cryphonectria sp. found on Eucalyptus in central Honshu was morphologically identical to C. parasitica and caused cankers on the five eucalypts and Castanea crenata. Endothiella, the anamorph of Cryphonectria. spp, and Endothia spp., was found on eucalypts in four field locations in Honshu. The evidence suggests that eucalypts are infected in the field by C. parasitica in Japan. Accidental introduction of the chestnut blight fungus into Australia could have serious consequences for the health of native eucalypts, in addition to causing disease of cultivated chestnuts.
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Booth, Trevor H. "Eucalypts and Their Potential for Invasiveness Particularly in Frost-Prone Regions". International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/837165.
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Eucalypts are being considered for biofuel production in the Lower Coastal Plain of the United States. The evolution of eucalypts in Australia has equipped some species to be successful in plantations and has also influenced their potential as invasive species. More than 200 eucalypt species have been evaluated in many countries around the world. Generally eucalypts have proved to have limited invasive potential for a number of reasons, including their poor dispersal capabilities. Two regions with climates similar to the Lower Coastal Plain of the United States are identified in Argentina and China. Frosts, particularly sudden frosts, are an important limitation for eucalypts in these regions, so existing plantations are very limited. However, invasive eucalypts do not appear to be a major problem in other regions of either country. The use of carefully selected frost-tolerant species and the development of genetically modified eucalypts may now open up more frost-affected areas for eucalypt plantations. Some control actions may be necessary and research needs are outlined, but it is concluded that experience in other regions around the world suggests that eucalypts are likely to be a relatively low risk as invasive species in the Lower Coastal Plain.
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Cabral, João Paulo. "A entrada na Europa e a expansão inicial do eucalipto em Portugal Continental". História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 20 (29.12.2019): 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp18-27.
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Resumo As primeiras observações e recolhas de eucaliptos ocorreram nas grandes viagens inglesas e francesas ao Pacífico, em particular à Austrália, em finais do século XVIII. O género Eucalyptus L'Hér. foi estabelecido em 1788, e logo nas duas décadas seguintes seriam descritas, por botânicos franceses e ingleses, muitas espécies novas. O primeiro eucalipto cultivado em Inglaterra foi trazido, em 1774, na segunda viagem de James Cook. Em França, a introdução terá sido feita em 1804, no Jardim Botânico de Montpellier, na Alemanha em 1809, no Jardim Botânico de Berlim, e em Itália, em 1813, no Jardim Botânico de Nápoles. Em Portugal, a introdução do eucalipto foi muito posterior a estas datas. Na propriedade do duque de Palmela no Lumiar, foram plantados dois eucaliptos em 1850-1852. No Horto Botânico da Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa, existia em 1852, pelo menos um espécimen, certamente para uso ou demonstração das suas propriedades terapêuticas. A partir da década de 1860, a expansão foi muito rápida. Em 1869, a companhia real dos caminhos-de-ferro portugueses iniciou a plantação de eucaliptos nas estações, casas de guarda e ao longo da via-férrea. As primeiras plantações em larga escala terão ocorrido na década de 1880 em propriedades perto de Abrantes arrendadas por William T. Tait. Em 1886 estavam já plantados 150 mil eucaliptos. Nesta mesma década começou a plantação, em escala apreciável, de eucaliptos nas Matas Nacionais. Em finais do século XX, tinham sido introduzidas em Portugal cerca de 250 espécies, sendo o Eucalyptus globulus Labill., a espécie largamente dominante. É interessante constatar que tendo sido um dos países europeus que mais tarde introduziu a cultura do eucalipto, Portugal é hoje, a nível mundial, um dos que apresenta maior percentagem da sua área florestal dedicada a esta cultura.Palavras-chave: eucalipto; jardins botânicos; Portugal. Abstract The earliest observations and collections of eucalypts occurred on the great English and French voyages to the Pacific, particularly Australia, in the late 18th century. The genus Eucalyptus L'Hér. was described in 1788, and soon in the following two decades, many species would be described by French and English botanists. The first eucalypt grown in England was brought in 1774 on James Cook's second voyage. In France, the introduction seems to have occurred in 1804, at the Botanical Garden of Montpellier, in Germany in 1809, at the Botanical Garden of Berlin, and in Italy, in 1813, at the Botanical Garden of Naples. In Portugal, the introduction of eucalypts was much later than these dates. In the property of the Duke of Palmela in Lumiar, two eucalypts were planted in 1850-1852. The Botanical Garden of the Medical-Surgical School of Lisbon had in 1852, at least one specimen, certainly for use or demonstration of its therapeutic properties. From the 1860s the expansion was very rapid. In 1869, the royal company of the Portuguese railways began planting eucalypts in the stations, guard houses and along the railroad. The first large-scale plantations occurred in the 1880s in properties near Abrantes leased by William T. Tait. By 1886, 150,000 eucalypts were already planted. In the same decade began the planting, on an appreciable scale, of eucalypts in “Matas Nacionais”. By the end of the 20th century about 250 species had been introduced in Portugal, being Eucalyptus globulus Labill., the species largely dominant. It is interesting to note that Portugal, one of the European countries that later introduced the eucalypt, is today, worldwide, one of the countries with the highest percentage of its forest area dedicated to this culture. Keywords: eucalypt; botanical gardens; Portugal.
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Ladiges, PY, F. Udovicic i AN Drinnan. "Eucalypt phylogeny — molecules and morphology". Australian Systematic Botany 8, nr 4 (1995): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9950483.
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Molecular (5S rDNA spacer and chloroplast DNA RnPs) and morphological data sets are informative at different levels of the eucalypt clade. They allow separate analysis of major subclades, the results of which, when combined, give a single, phylogenetic tree for Angophora Cav. and Eucalyptus L'Hér. For taxonomic revision, the tree supports the recognition of bloodwood eucalypts as monophyletic, but shows that informal subgenus Corymbia Pryor & Johnson is paraphyletic. The tree supports recognition of three major clades within the non-bloodwood eucalypts ('eudesmids', 'symphyomyrts' and 'monocalypts') and suggests relationships for taxa within each of these. Ovule and seed characters proved to be most informative in the morphological data set. The phylogenetic hypothesis suggests interpretations for homoplasious morphological characters, including parallel evolution of sepaline and petaline opercula (and associated stemonophore) and types of conflorescence.
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Larcombe, Matthew J., Brad M. Potts, Rebecca C. Jones, Dorothy A. Steane, João Costa E. Silva i René E. Vaillancourt. "Managing Australia’s eucalypt gene pools: assessing the risk of exotic gene flow". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 128, nr 1 (2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs16003.
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Most eucalypts are endemic to Australia but they have been introduced into more than 100 countries and there are now over 20 million hectares of eucalypt plantations globally. These plantations are grown mainly for pulpwood but there is expanding interest in their use as a renewable source of solid wood products and energy. In Australia, the eucalypt plantation estate is nearing one million hectares, located mainly in temperate regions and dominated by Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens (subgenus Symphyomyrtus), which are grown mainly outside their natural ranges. While eucalypt species from different major subgenera do not hybridise, hybrids within subgenera are often reported, including hybrids with plantation species. Concerns were raised in the late 1990s that pollen-mediated gene flow from locally exotic plantation eucalypts may affect the integrity of adjacent native eucalypt gene pools. As Australia is the centre-of-origin of most eucalypt species used in plantations around the world, exotic gene flow is one of the many issues that require management for industry sustainability and certification purposes. We here summarise over a decade of research aimed at providing the framework and biological data to help assess and manage the risk of gene flow from these plantations into native gene pools in Australia.
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Southerton, Simon G. "Early flowering induction and Agrobacterium transformation of the hardwood tree species Eucalyptus occidentalis". Functional Plant Biology 34, nr 8 (2007): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp07118.
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Investigation of the genes controlling flowering in eucalypts is hindered by the lack of an early-flowering genotype. Induction of early flowering was studied in five provenances of Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl. sourced from throughout its geographic range. Seedlings initiated flowers from 13 weeks after sowing when grown under optimal conditions with a 16-h photoperiod. By 16 weeks, seedlings from four widely dispersed provenances had initiated floral buds, suggesting that competence to flower early is a common characteristic of the species. The different provenances displayed considerable variation in seedling growth rate. Elevated levels of CO2 had no effect on seedling growth rate, but were associated with delayed flowering. Transformation experiments demonstrated that E. occidentalis is susceptible to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, in common with several other eucalypt species. E. occidentalis may be a valuable experimental species for molecular and other flowering studies in eucalypts.
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Sampson, JF, SD Hopper i SH James. "The Mating System and Genetic Diversity of the Australian Arid Zone Mallee, Eucalyptus rameliana". Australian Journal of Botany 43, nr 5 (1995): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950461.
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Estimates of parameters of the mixed mating model were made for three populations of the bird-pollinated arid zone eucalypt, Eucalyptus rameliana F. Muell. Levels of outcrossing ((t) over cap) varied significantly between populations from mixed mating with substantial selfing ((t) over cap = 0.54) to almost completely outcrossed ((t) over cap = 0.95). Comparison of single-locus and multilocus estimates suggested that the drop in outcrossing was due to increased self-pollination. The lowest outcrossing rate was attributed to the reduced ability of a population with low numbers of buds to attract bird pollinators. Outcrossing rates in E. rameliana are proposed to be a more direct reflection of pollination than estimates made for mass flowering, i.e. small-fruited eucalypts. The distribution of allozyme diversity in E. rameliana also appeared to reflect the impact of bird pollinators in promoting gene flow as well as the species capacity for outcrossing and introgression. Levels of diversity were comparable with other eucalypts, but the proportion of diversity between populations (GST = 9.2%) was only about half the mean for other eucalypts. Genetic distances between populations were low, but there was same significant differentiation of populations which was attributed to non-random bird migrations. The importance of bird pollination in the mating system and the distribution of genetic diversity in E. rameliana emphasises that enough habitat to support nomadic birds should be preserved in order to conserve this eucalypt species.
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Adams-Schimminger, Miriam, Graham Fifield, Bruce Doran i David Freudenberger. "Woodland Rehabilitation and Biodiversity Conservation in an Agricultural Landscape in South Eastern Australia". Case Studies in the Environment 1, nr 1 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.399598.
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Southern Australia has a tree crisis. The iconic and ecologically essential eucalypt trees are dying out across vast swathes of farmland that were once grassy woodlands. A century of clearing and agricultural intensification, plus the failure of these trees to self-regenerate, has led to a massive loss of wildlife habitat, particularly tree hollows that only form in large and old Eucalyptus trees. Just as importantly, this decline in trees has exposed farmers to losses of agricultural productivity. There is now a lack of shelter for livestock. Rising salty ground water is degrading pastures as this ground water is no longer being controlled by the deep roots and respiration of eucalypts. We describe the research that shows how an innovative partnership between farmers, a non-government environmental organisation, and government funding is rehabilitating entire fields to a productive and wildlife-rich woodland full of thriving eucalypts.
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Bauhus, J., P. K. Khanna i N. Menden. "Aboveground and belowground interactions in mixed plantations of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, nr 12 (1.12.2000): 1886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-141.
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This study investigated whether increased productivity in mixed plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Acacia mearnsii de Wild when compared with monocultures could be explained by niche separation of the fine-root systems. For this purpose fine-root architecture, nutrient concentration, and fine-root distribution were examined in two horizons (0-15 and 15-30 cm) of mixed and pure stands. Investigations were carried out in 6.5-year-old plantations consisting of 100% eucalypts, 75% eucalypts + 25% acacia, 50% eucalypts + 50% acacia, 25% eucalypts + 75% acacia, and 100% acacia. Aboveground the two species interacted synergistically. Stem volume and tree height was highest in the 50:50 mixtures. For acacias, intraspecific competition was stronger than interspecific competition with eucalypts. Fine-root biomass and length density were similar for all species combinations, and there was no synergistic effect. The vertical distribution of fine roots and fine-root architecture were similar for acacias and eucalypts. This indicated that soil exploitation strategies may be similar, which can result in strong competition for soil resources. Fine-root nitrogen concentrations of eucalypts were highest in the 50:50 mixture. Improved productivity of mixtures appears to be a result of both canopy stratification and improved N nutrition of eucalypts through N fixation by acacias.
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McKinnon, Gay E., Gregory J. Jordan, René E. Vaillancourt, Dorothy A. Steane i Brad M. Potts. "Glacial refugia and reticulate evolution: the case of the Tasmanian eucalypts". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, nr 1442 (29.02.2004): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1391.
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Tasmania is a natural laboratory for investigating the evolutionary processes of the Quaternary. It is a large island lying 40–44° S, which was repeatedly glaciated and linked to southeastern continental Australia during the Quaternary. Climate change promoted both the isolation of species in glacial refugia, and an exchange between Tasmanian and mainland floras. Eucalyptus is a complex and diverse genus, which has increased in abundance in Australia over the past 100 kyr, probably in response to higher fire frequency. Morphological evidence suggests that gene flow may have occurred between many eucalypt species after changes in their distribution during the Quaternary. This paper summarizes recent genetic evidence for migration and introgressive hybridization in Tasmanian Eucalyptus . Maternally inherited chloroplast DNA reveals a long–term persistence of eucalypts in southeastern Tasmanian refugia, coupled with introgressive hybridization involving many species. Detailed analysis of the widespread species Eucalyptus globulus suggests that migration from mainland Australia was followed by introgression involving a rare Tasmanian endemic. The data support the hypothesis that changes in distribution of interfertile species during the Quaternary have promoted reticulate evolution in Eucalyptus .
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Delucis, Rafael De Avila, i Darci Alberto Gatto. "Flexural properties of four fast-growing eucalypts woods deteriorated by three different field tests". Acta Scientiarum. Technology 39, nr 1 (24.02.2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v39i1.27067.
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Durability is a wood characteristic determined by several factors, making it difficult to investigate the service life of pieces designated for outdoor use. In this study, the decaying of juvenile and adult woods of four fast-growing eucalypts from southern Brazil subjected to three different exposure environments was monitored through mechanical properties (flexural test). The study material was obtained from adult trees of Eucalyptus botryoides, Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus paniculata and Eucalyptus tereticornis. Field tests were conducted in the city of Piratini, southern Brazil, and samplings were carried out during 540 days of experiment. Comparing the four eucalypts, the decreasing order of biological resistance was: Eucalyptus tereticornis, Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus paniculata and Eucalyptus botryoides. The mature wood showed greater and more stable physical-mechanical properties than juvenile wood.
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Crane, M. J., D. B. Lindenmayer i R. B. Cunningham. "Use and characteristics of nocturnal habitats of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfocensis) in Australian temperate woodlands". Australian Journal of Zoology 60, nr 5 (2012): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12080.
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In Australian temperate woodlands, most squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) habitats exist outside formal conservation reserves, often in highly fragmented agricultural landscapes. To conserve squirrel glider populations in such woodlands it is essential to define important habitats and understand how they are used. This study examines the nocturnal habitat use of squirrel gliders across five sites within an agricultural landscape in south-eastern Australia. Over a five-month period we radio-tracked 32 gliders to 372 nocturnal locations. We quantify characteristics of key nocturnal habitats and describe their use. Gliders were more likely to use large eucalypt trees, particularly yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and mugga ironbark (E. sideroxylon). Nocturnal activity mostly took place high in the canopy of eucalypts, accounting for 74% of fixes. Multiple regression models revealed that feeding was more likely to occur in large, healthy trees close to drainage lines, with a preference for E. melliodora, when eucalypts were not flowering. Flowering trees were preferentially sought and were strongly associated with being large healthy trees that occur on ridges and upper slopes. Showing that the squirrel glider utilises key feeding structures (large healthy Eucalyptus trees) in different parts of the landscape at different times has direct management implications in the conservation and restoration of squirrel glider habitat, particularly in fragmented temperate woodland.
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W. HART, PETER, i RICARDO B. SANTOS. "Changing the face of short fiber –a review of the eucalyptus revolution". June 2015 14, nr 6 (1.07.2015): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.6.353.
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Eucalyptus plantations have been used as a source of short fiber for papermaking for more than 40 years. The development in genetic improvement and clonal programs has produced improved density plantations that have resulted in fast growing, increased fiber volume eucalypts becoming the most widely used source of short fibers in the world. High productivity and short rotation times, along with the uniformity and improved wood quality of clonal plantations have attracted private industry investment in eucalypt plantations. Currently, only a handful of species or hybrids are used in plantation efforts. Many more species are being evaluated to either enhance fiber properties or expand the range of eucalypt plantations. Eucalyptus plantations are frequently planted on nonforested land and may be used, in part, as a means of conserving native forests while allowing the production of high quality fiber for economic uses. Finally, eucalypt plantations can provide significant carbon sinks, which may be used to help offset the carbon released from burning fossil fuels. The development and expansion of eucalypt plantations represents a substantial revolution in pulp and paper manufacturing.
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Brookhouse, Matthew. "Eucalypt dendrochronology: past, present and potential". Australian Journal of Botany 54, nr 5 (2006): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05039.
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Dendrochronology has the capacity to provide unique insights into natural vegetation dynamics and yield climatological reconstructions. However, because of a persistent belief that eucalypts are unsuited to dendrochronological analysis, research interest in the genus has been limited. A thorough review of the eucalypt dendrochronological literature reveals that perceived limitations may be locally overcome. However, methodological problems associated with many studies mean that results are often difficult to interpret. Consequently, the dendrochronological potential of the eucalypts remains unresolved. To overcome this, a detailed dendrochronological reconnaissance of the eucalypts, drawing on established datasets, systematic study of individual species and sites and examination of non-width-based tree-ring properties, is recommended.
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Bennett, Andrew F. "Eucalypts, wildlife and nature conservation: from individual trees to landscape patterns". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 128, nr 1 (2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs16007.
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Eucalypts — gums, stringybarks, box, ironbarks and mallees — are key elements of ecosystems occupied by much of Australia’s distinctive and unique wildlife. Individual eucalypts provide an array of food resources (e.g. foliage, seeds, nectar, sap) for animals, while shelter, refuge and breeding sites for many species are associated with the physical structures of eucalypts (e.g. dense foliage, bark crevices, hollows) and fallen material (logs, leaf litter). Stands of eucalypts make up patches of habitat that sustain populations and communities of animals. The size and shape of a patch, its tree-species composition and age structure, and the context of the patch (isolation, topographic position) influence the species that occur and the structure of animal communities. At a landscape scale, the extent and spatial pattern of eucalypt forests and woodlands and the types of land uses and disturbance regimes they experience (e.g. logging, grazing, fire) shape the distribution and conservation status of animal species across extensive areas. Eucalypts form a distinctive part of the natural and cultural heritage of Australia, yet too often they are taken for granted. The value that Australians place on the protection, management and restoration of eucalypts, from individual trees to ecosystems, will have a critical role in determining the future of Australian wildlife.
23
Vences, Miguel. "Habitat choice of the salamander Chioglossa lusitanica: the effects of eucalypt plantations". Amphibia-Reptilia 14, nr 3 (1993): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853893x00408.
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AbstractEvidence is presented that golden-striped salamander Chioglossa lusitanica populations in eucalypt plantations may be subject to two influences. There is a low density of leaf litter invertebrates which are the preferred prey. Substrate choice experiments show that that the salamanders avoid eucalypt leaves as substrates for shelter. A long-term study of Chioglossa populations at two brooks in northern Portugal, however, showed that the numbers at one site did not change notably after plantation with eucalypts in comparison with the other, less altered, locality. Chioglossa is the most abundant amphibian species along water courses in the Spanish province of La Coruña, although eucalypts are planted along most of them.
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Hill, Kenneth, i Lawrence Johnson. "Systematic studies in the eucalypts. 8. A review of the Eudesmioid eucalypts, Eucalyptus subgenus Eudesmia". Telopea 7, nr 4 (29.05.1998): 375–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea19982006.
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Arnold, R. J., Y. J. Xie, J. Z. Luo, H. R. Wang i S. J. Midgley. "A tale of two genera: exotic Eucalyptus and Acacia species in China. 1. Domestication and research". International Forestry Review 22, nr 1 (1.03.2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820828671571.
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In China a substantial plantation industry, including 5.4 M ha of eucalypts and up to 50,000 ha of acacias, has been built on a foundation of R&D and germplasm acquisition for exotic eucalypt and acacia species over the past 40 years. From the 1980s through to the early 2000s a suite of Chinese-Australian collaborative R&D projects made major contributions to domestication, genetic improvement, silviculture and other aspects of plantation eucalypts and acacias in southern China. Even today, germplasm derived from earlier projects still provides the majority of planting stock deployed in China's current eucalypt plantations. For eucalypts, improvements in plantation productivities have been achieved through solid, well managed R&D programs. For acacias, despite work done in past decades to develop breeding populations and production capacities for improved seeds, genetic resources of acacias in China have deteriorated greatly in recent years. Factors affecting domestication and genetic improvement of both genera in China are reviewed in this report along with the research undertaken for both genera over the past 40 years.
26
Murphy, Brett P., Adam C. Liedloff i Garry D. Cook. "Does fire limit tree biomass in Australian savannas?" International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, nr 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14092.
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Processes allowing coexistence of trees and grasses in tropical savannas have long intrigued ecologists. Early theories focused on climatic controls, but a conceptual model has emerged suggesting that savanna trees are subject to a fire-mediated recruitment bottleneck, with frequent fires preventing recruitment of saplings into the tree layer and maintaining biomass well below its climate-determined upper bound. We propose that this conceptual model has been overemphasised in northern Australia, where tree abundance is more strongly controlled by water availability. The dominant trees, eucalypts, have a remarkable capacity to grow through the ‘fire trap’ to reach fire-resistant sizes. This fire tolerance makes eucalypts relatively unresponsive to management-imposed reductions in fire frequency and intensity. Other trees in these savannas are typically more fire sensitive and respond positively to such management. There are suggestions that savanna fire management could lead to increases in woody biomass, but we contend that if tree biomass is strongly limited by water availability, then potential increases in tree biomass are relatively limited, at least in relation to the dominant eucalypt component. There is potential to increase the biomass of the more fire-sensitive non-eucalypts, but the upper bound of non-eucalypt tree biomass in these eucalypt-dominated systems remains poorly understood.
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Novriyanti, E., M. Watanabe, Q. Mao i K. Takayoshi. "Growth performance of eucalypts and acacia seedling under elevated CO2 load in the changing environment". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 918, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/918/1/012030.
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Abstract Acacia and Eucalypt are important species in the global forest plantations. The resilience of those species under the changing environment would define their significance in the dynamic of forest plantation. This study was aimed to provide information on the growth performance of two acacias and two eucalypts seedlings under elevated CO2 concentrations. The seedlings of A. auriculiformis, A. mangium, E. camadulensis, and E. urophylla were subjected to two levels of CO2 and two levels of nutrient supply in the FACE system in Sapporo Experimental Forest, Japan. The eucalypts showed significantly higher growth performance than the acacias. The nutrient addition significantly increased the growth, yet the CO2 and interaction between CO2 and nutrients were not significantly different. LMA was not significantly affected by the elevated CO2 and nutrient addition. Although nutrients significantly affected the C/N in the eucalypts, they showed no different effect on the acacias. As expected, Nmass and Narea were higher in the acacia than those in the eucalypts, although no significant responses were shown to elevated CO2 and nutrient addition. The tested acacia and eucalypts showed relatively insensitivity to elevated CO2. Thus they might possess resilience capacity under the keep increasing level of the atmospheric CO2 concentration.
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Coutinho, T. A., M. J. Wingfield, A. C. Alfenas i P. W. Crous. "Eucalyptus Rust: A Disease with the Potential for Serious International Implications". Plant Disease 82, nr 7 (lipiec 1998): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.7.819.
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Eucalyptus spp. are propagated extensively as non-natives in plantations in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics. A number of diseases result in serious losses to this economically important forest resource. Eucalyptus rust, caused by Puccinia psidii, is one such example. The economic losses due to this disease are the result of infections of seedlings, young trees, and coppice. P. psidii occurs predominately in Central and South America, but reports of a similar rust are known from other areas. Eucalyptus rust is a remarkable disease in that the pathogen is not known on eucalypts in their centers of origin. It has apparently originated on native Myrtaceae in South America and is highly infective on some Eucalyptus spp. planted there. P. psidii causes one of the most serious forestry diseases in Brazil and is considered to be the most serious threat to eucalypt plantations worldwide. Advances in eucalyptus rust research are reviewed here, with a focus on topics such as distribution, host range, pathogen specialization, symptomatology, etiology, epidemiology, and control.
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Noack, Ann, Jyri Kaapro, Kathryn Bartimote-Aufflick, Sarah Mansfield i Harley Rose. "Efficacy of Imidacloprid in the Control of Thaumastocoris peregrinus on Eucalyptus scoparia in Sydney, Australia". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35, nr 4 (1.07.2009): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2009.032.
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Thaumastocoris peregrinus, an Australian native, is a new and serious pest of urban eucalypts planted in Sydney and commercial centers of Australia. In recent years, it has spread to and attained pest status in South African Eucalyptus plantations and, more recently, has been discovered in Argentina and Uruguay. Mature Eucalyptus scoparia street trees, growing in a southern Sydney suburb, were microinjected with imidacloprid at three concentrations and monitored for three years. The abundance of T. peregrinus on treated eucalypts declined significantly compared to untreated trees over this time. Further, at the lowest concentration of chemical this insect was effectively controlled for two years. Imidacloprid (SilvaShield®; Bayer Environmental Science) has been registered in Australia for the control of T. peregrinus.
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Dias, T. K. R., E. M. Pires, A. P. Souza, A. A. Tanaka, E. B. Monteiro i C. F. Wilcken. "The beetle Costalimaita ferruginea (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae) in Eucalyptus plantations in transition area of Amazon and Cerrado Biomes". Brazilian Journal of Biology 78, nr 1 (25.05.2017): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.03916.
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Abstract Costalimaita ferruginea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) attacks Eucalyptus plants causing severe damage through netting of the leaves. Recently, this Coleoptera has been reported attacking Myrtaceae in Mato Grosso State and, studies about the occurrence of this beetle in commercial plantations of eucalypts has been the subject of researchers through monitoring programmes in the forest protection area. With the beginning of the rainy season, adults were observed causing damage in eucalypt plantations in four cities that are part of the transition region of Amazon and Cerrado Biomes. The spots where these insects were observed are located in Feliz Natal, Lucas do Rio Verde, Sorriso and Vera. The purpose of this study was to report the new occurrences and to characterize the attack period of the beetle C. ferruginea in Eucalyptus plantations in Middle-North region of Mato Grosso State, region of Biomes Transition.
31
Rowston, C. "Nest- and refuge-tree usage by squirrel gliders, Petaurus norfolcensis, in south-east Queensland". Wildlife Research 25, nr 2 (1998): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96065.
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The types of nest trees used by squirrel gliders and the tree types available in the environment were compared. Non-eucalypt trees and smooth-barked eucalypts were significantly under-utilised as nest trees, and iron-barked eucalypts and stags were used as nest trees to a greater degree than would be expected from their availability in the environment. Stags used as nest trees could be of a significantly smaller tree diameter than other tree types, whereas smooth-barked trees used as nest trees were of a significantly larger diameter than all other tree types.
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Lunt, Ian D. "Allocasuarina (Casuarinaceae) Invasion of an Unburnt Coastal Woodland at Ocean Grove, Victoria: Structural Changes 1971 - 1996". Australian Journal of Botany 46, nr 6 (1998): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97032.
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Changes in vegetation structure in a long-unburnt (> 115 years) woodland at Ocean Grove, Victoria, were assessed by comparing density data collected in 1971 by Withers and Ashton (1977) with comparable data from 1996. The changes in structure outlined by Withers and Ashton (1977) continued to operate over the 25 year period, namely, a dramatic increase in the density of Allocasuarina littoralis (Salisb.) L.A.S.Johnson, and a continued decline in the once-dominant eucalypts, especially Eucalyptus ovata Labill. The density of A. littoralis increased from 911 trees ha–1 in 1971 to 3565 trees ha–1 in 1996. Most of the surviving E. ovata displayed extensive crown dieback, and appear likely to die in the near future. Many eucalypt seedlings which were planted into burnt and unburnt experimental plots in 1971 were still alive in 1996, but most were less than 0.5 m tall and suppressed by tall regrowth of A. littoralis and Acacia pycnantha Benth. In the continued absence of fire and other disturbances, it is predicted that A. littoralis will continue to dominate the reserve, leading to further declines in eucalypts. It appears unlikely that a single fire will prevent A. littoralis dominance, and frequent burning at short intervals may be required to reinstate an open woodland structure.
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Rockwood, Donald L., Martin F. Ellis, Ruliang Liu, Fengliang Zhao, Puhui Ji, Zhiqiang Zhu, Kyle W. Fabbro, Zhenli He i Ronald D. Cave. "Short Rotation Eucalypts: Opportunities for Biochar". Forests 10, nr 4 (5.04.2019): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040314.
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Eucalypts can be very productive when intensively grown as short rotation woody crops (SRWC) for bioproducts. In Florida, USA, a fertilized, herbicided, and irrigated cultivar planted at 2471 trees/ha could produce over 58 green mt/ha/year in 3.7 years, and at 2071 trees/ha, its net present value (NPV) exceeded $750/ha at a 6% discount rate and stumpage price of $11.02/green mt. The same cultivar grown less intensively at three planting densities had the highest stand basal area at the highest density through 41 months, although individual tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was the smallest. In combination with an organic fertilizer, biochar improved soil properties, tree leaf nutrients, and tree growth within 11 months of application. Biochar produced from Eucalyptus and other species is a useful soil amendment that, especially in combination with an organic fertilizer, could improve soil physical and chemical properties and increase nutrient availability to enhance Eucalyptus tree nutrition and growth on sandy soils. Eucalypts produce numerous naturally occurring bioproducts and are suitable feedstocks for many other biochemically or thermochemically derived bioproducts that could enhance the value of SRWCs.
34
Burrows, W. H., M. B. Hoffmann, J. F. Compton, P. V. Back i L. J. Tait. "Allometric relationships and community biomass estimates for some dominant eucalypts in Central Queensland woodlands". Australian Journal of Botany 48, nr 6 (2000): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99066.
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Allometric equations are presented relating stem circumference to branch, leaf, trunk, bark, total above-ground and lignotuber biomass for Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell. (woodland trees), E. melanophloia Sol. Ex Gaerth. (both woodland and regrowth community trees) and E. populnea F.Muell. (woodland trees). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the slopes of individual lognormal regression lines plotting stem circumference against total above-ground biomass for E. crebra, E. melanophloia and E. populnea. Root-to-shoot ratios and leaf area indices were also determined for the stands contributing to each regression. The regressions were then applied to measured eucalypt stems in the associated plant community to give estimates of each stand’s component (eucalypt tree fraction only) biomass per hectare. These eucalypt regressions were next applied to measured stems of each species on a total of 33 woodland sites in which these eucalypts individually contributed > 75% of total site basal area. Above-ground biomass/basal area relationships averaged 6.74 0.29 t m–2 basal area for 11 E. crebra sites, 5.11 0.28 t m–2 for 12 E. melanophloia sites and 5.81 0.11 t m–2 for 10 E. populnea sites. The mean relationship for all sites was 5.86 0.18 t m–2 basal area. The allometric relationships presented at both individual tree and stand levels, along with calculated biomass : basal area relationships, enable ready estimates to be made of above-ground biomass (carbon stocks) in woodlands dominated by these eucalypts in Queensland, assuming individual stem circumferences or community basal areas are known. However, to document changes in carbon stocks (e.g. for Greenhouse Gas Inventory or Carbon Offset trading purposes), more attention needs to be placed on monitoring fluxes in the independent variables (predictors) of these allometric equations.
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Yuan, Zi-Qing. "Fungi and associated tree diseases in Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia". Australian Systematic Botany 9, nr 3 (1996): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960337.
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A survey of fungal species occuil-ing on plants in Acacia and Eucalyptus seed production areas (SPAS) established at Yapilika, Melville Island, Northern Territory, as well as in the surrounding native vegetation was conducted. A total of 21 fungal species representing 18 genera of Ascomycotina (63.6%) and Deuteromycotina (36.4%) was collected. Among them, 10 species are newly recorded from Australia, Cryptovalsa cf. protracta, Dinemasporiuriz strigosum, Eutypella scoparia, Hypoxylon rubigineo-areolaturn, Leptosphaeria sp., Pestalotiopsis ncaciae, P. neglecta, Pseudocercospora sp., Rhytidhysteron rufuluin and Valsaria insitiva, and seven species are proposed as new: Botryosphaeria appendiculata, Coleophonza eucalypti, Hyponectria grevilleae, H. syzygii, Pseudocercospora erythrophlei, Stomiopeltis acaciae and Trichonectria syzygii. Most fungi collected in the survey are foliar pathogens. Leaf diseases of Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus pellita were commonly found in SPAs during the investigation. Most stem fungi were saprophytes. Only one, B. appendiculata, was found to be associated with dieback of Eucalyptus pellita. It is a potential stem canker pathogen of tropical eucalypts. Descriptions and illustrations for each new species and new Australian records are given.
36
Prior, Lynda D., Grant J. Williamson i David M. J. S. Bowman. "Impact of high-severity fire in a Tasmanian dry eucalypt forest". Australian Journal of Botany 64, nr 3 (2016): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15259.
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Dry eucalypt forests are believed to be highly fire tolerant, but their response to fire is not well quantified. We measured the effect of high-severity fires in dry eucalypt forest in the Tasmanian Midlands, the driest region on the island. We compared stand structures and fuel loads in long-unburnt (>15 years since fire) and recently burnt (<5 years since fire) sites that had been completely defoliated. Even in unburnt plots, 37% of eucalypt stems and 56% of acacia stems ≥5 cm in diameter were dead, possibly because of antecedent drought. The density of live eucalypt stems was 37% lower overall in burnt than in unburnt plots, compared with 78% lower for acacias. Whole-plant mortality caused by fire was estimated at 25% for eucalypt trees and 33% for acacias. Fire stimulated establishment of both eucalypt and acacia seedlings, although some seedlings and saplings were present in long-unburnt plots. The present study confirmed that eucalypts in dry forests are more tolerant of fire than the obligate seeder eucalypts in wet forests. However, there were few live mature stems remaining in some burnt plots, suggesting that dry eucalypt forests could be vulnerable to increasingly frequent, severe fires.
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Plumanns-Pouton, Ella, Lauren T. Bennett, Julio C. Najera-Umaña, Anne Griebel i Nina Hinko-Najera. "Species and Competition Interact to Influence Seasonal Stem Growth in Temperate Eucalypts". Forests 13, nr 2 (1.02.2022): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020224.
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Insights on tree species and competition effects on seasonal stem growth are critical to understanding the impacts of changing climates on tree productivity, particularly for eucalypts species that occur in narrow climatic niches and have unreliable tree rings. To improve our understanding of climate effects on forest productivity, we examined the relative importance of species, competition and climate to the seasonal stem growth of co-occurring temperate eucalypts. We measured monthly stem growth of three eucalypts (Eucalyptus obliqua, E. radiata, and E. rubida) over four years in a natural mixed-species forest in south-eastern Australia, examining the relative influences of species, competition index (CI) and climate variables on the seasonal basal area increment (BAI). Seasonal BAI varied with species and CI, and was greatest in spring and/or autumn, and lowest in summer. Our study highlights the interactive effects of species and competition on the seasonal stem growth of temperate eucalypts, clearly indicating that competitive effects are strongest when conditions are favourable to growth (spring and autumn), and least pronounced in summer, when reduced BAI was associated with less rainfall. Thus, our study indicates that management to reduce inter-tree competition would have minimal influence on stem growth during less favourable (i.e., drier) periods.
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Carr, DJ, SGM Carr i JR Lenz. "Leaf Venation in Eucalyptus and Other Genera of Myrtaceae: Implications for Systems of Classification of Venation". Australian Journal of Botany 34, nr 1 (1986): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860053.
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Two types of venation in leaves of eucalypts and other members of Myrtaceae are described and their ontogeny investigated in species of Eucalyptus. Primary seedling leaves of eucalypts have brochidodromous venation. A paramarginal vein is formed from the extensions of primary lateral veins and completed by the strengthening of commissural minor veins. Adult Eucalyptus leaves have intramarginal veins that are formed independently of the primary laterals which join them after their formation. The apparently brochidodromous venation of leaves of some species arises as a result of differential growth following the inception of intramarginal veins. Leaves with intramarginal veins are ontogenetically acrodromous. These conclusions are discussed in relation to the system of classification of venation put forward by L. J. Hickey. In particular, problems of ordination, affecting the terminology of veins, and of homology arising from the application of the rules of that system to the Myrtaceae, are dealt with.
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Hanks, Lawrence M., Timothy D. Paine i Jocelyn G. Millar. "Tiny wasp helps protect eucalypts from eucalyptus longhorned borer". California Agriculture 50, nr 3 (maj 1996): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v050n03p14.
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Hanold, Dagmar. "Ailing eucalypts". New Scientist 208, nr 2782 (październik 2010): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)62525-0.
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Speight, K. N., W. G. Breed, W. Boardman, D. A. Taggart, C. Leigh, B. Rich i J. I. Haynes. "Leaf oxalate content of Eucalyptus spp. and its implications for koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with oxalate nephrosis". Australian Journal of Zoology 61, nr 5 (2013): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13049.
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Oxalate nephrosis is a leading disease of the Mount Lofty Ranges koala population in South Australia, but the cause is unclear. In other herbivorous species, a common cause is high dietary oxalate; therefore this study aimed to determine the oxalate content of eucalypt leaves. Juvenile, semimature and mature leaves were collected during spring from eucalypt species eaten by koalas in the Mount Lofty Ranges and compared with those from Moggill, Queensland, where oxalate nephrosis has lower prevalence. Total oxalate was measured as oxalic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. The oxalate content of eucalypts was low (<1% dry weight), but occasional Mount Lofty leaf samples had oxalate levels of 4.68–7.51% dry weight. Mount Lofty eucalypts were found to be higher in oxalate than those from Queensland (P < 0.001). In conclusion, dietary oxalate in eucalypt leaves is unlikely to be the primary cause of oxalate nephrosis in the Mount Lofty koala population. However, occasional higher oxalate levels could cause oxalate nephrosis in individual koalas or worsen disease in those already affected. Further studies on the seasonal variation of eucalypt leaf oxalate are needed to determine its role in the pathogenesis of oxalate nephrosis in koalas.
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Howard, J. L. "Diet of Petaurus breviceps (Marsupialia: Petauridae) in a mosaic of coastal woodland and heath." Australian Mammalogy 12, nr 1 (1989): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am89002.
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Diet of Petaurus breviceps in a coastal woodland and heath mosaic was assessed by timed feeding observations and qualitative faecal analysis. Feeding at banksia and eucalypt flowers was the most observed foraging behaviour. Faeces contained abundant pollen. The pattern of foraging closely followed changes in patterns of flowering in the area because P. breviceps regularly visited flowers for nectar and pollen. It fed at a faster rate per flower when foraging on eucalypts, but had a high number of inter-plant movements when foraging on banksias. Seventy-one per cent of Eucalyptus gummifera trees were incised to obtain sap. Values obtained for sap flow showed that incised trees exuded more sap than non-incised ones. Gum was abundant at Jervis Bay, and sap may be utilised when nectar is abundant.
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Drinnan, AN, i PY Ladiges. "Floral development and systematic position of Eucalyptus curtisii (Myrtaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 4, nr 3 (1991): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910539.
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The corolla of E. curtisii Blakely & White clearly consists of free, imbricate parts that closely adhere by their cuticles. Ontogenetic investigation of the corolline parts did not reveal any suggestion of morphological duality that characteristically leads to the complex 'petals' in Angophora and other eucalypts. The stamen primordia are initiated on the inner flank of the invaginated floral apex, and at anthesis are inserted on the rim of the hypanthium. There is no evidence of a stemonophore distinctive of the informal subgenera Eudesmia, Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus. The possession of the plesiomorphic condition for both these characters is suggestive of a 'primitive' position for E. curtisii close to the root of the eucalypt phylogenetic tree. This is supported by the possession of several other characters that are apparently plesiomorphic for Eucalyptus sens. lat.
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Old, KM, R. Gibbs, I. Craig, BJ Myers i ZQ Yuan. "Effect of Drought and Defoliation on the Susceptibility of Eucalypts to Cankers Caused by Endothia gyrosa and Botryosphaeria ribis". Australian Journal of Botany 38, nr 6 (1990): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900571.
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Seedlings, saplings and mature eucalypts were susceptible to infection by Endothia gyrosa and Botryosphaeria ribis. Eucalyptus regnans and E. delegatensis were more susceptible than E. grandis and E. saligna. In trees not subjected to stress, cankers were limited in extent and often healed. When trees were defoliated, either manually or by severe insect attack, stem concentrations of both starch and soluble carbohydrates were reduced and canker development in some pathogen/host combinations was increased. Seedlings subjected to water stress were not predisposed to canker formation. The association of E. gyrosa with branch dieback of rural eucalypts suffering from chronic defoliation suggests that canker fungi contribute to the crown dieback syndrome in south-eastern Australia.
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Healey, Adam, David J. Lee, Agnelo Furtado i Robert J. Henry. "Evidence of inter-sectional chloroplast capture in Corymbia among sections Torellianae and Maculatae". Australian Journal of Botany 66, nr 5 (2018): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18028.
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Chloroplast capture through hybridisation and introgression is well described within Eucalyptus. Despite the propensity of the Corymbia genus (eucalypts) to form hybrids from wide crosses, description of chloroplast capture in Corymbia has, until recently, been limited. In this study our aim was to investigate evidence of intersectional chloroplast capture between sections Torellianae and Maculatae. Using whole-genome next-generation sequencing data, the complete chloroplast genomes were assembled from four Corymbia taxa: Corymbia citriodora subspecies citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata (F.Muell.) A.R.Bean & M.W.McDonald, Corymbia henryi (S.T.Blake) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, and Corymbia torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, represented by eight genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis and comparison among Corymbia chloroplast genomes and nuclear external transcribed spacer (ETS) sequences revealed chloroplast capture among Corymbia species across distinct sections Torellianae and Maculatae within subgenus Blakella. Reticulate evolution, along with Eucalyptus, likely extends into Corymbia as evidenced by incongruent plastid and nuclear phylogenetic trees, suggestive of its importance of hybridisation and introgression during the evolution of eucalypts.
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Hill, Kenneth, i Lawrence Johnson. "Systematic studies in the eucalypts. 10. New tropical and subtropical eucalypts from Australia and New Guinea (Eucalyptus, Myrtaceae)". Telopea 8, nr 4 (13.07.2000): 503–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20002007.
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McCarthy, Michael A., i Laura J. Pollock. "Conserving phylogenetic diversity, with reference to Victorian eucalypts". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 128, nr 1 (2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs16001.
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Preserving the tree of life (i.e. phylogenetic diversity) is increasingly recognised as important in conservation. Australia is a key area for retaining the tree of life because it holds a disproportionately large amount of phylogenetic diversity. We examine the degree to which the phylogenetic diversity of Victorian eucalypts is reserved within conservation areas. Based on modelled distributions of 101 eucalypt species and a phylogeny constructed from four molecular markers, we show that Victoria’s conservation reserve system contains approximately a quarter of the eucalypt phylogenetic diversity. Some species do not exist at all within the reserve system. Large increases in reserved phylogenetic diversity could be achieved with small increases in the area set aside for conservation. Further, we show that any developments within Victoria’s national parks should consider impacts on the reservation of eucalypt phylogenetic diversity.
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Arnold, R. J., Y. J. Xie, J. Z. Luo, H. R. Wang i S. J. Midgley. "A tale of two genera: Exotic Eucalyptus and Acacia species in China. 2. Plantation resource development". International Forestry Review 22, nr 2 (1.06.2020): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820829403441.
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In China a substantial plantation industry involving 5.4 M ha of exotic eucalypts and up to 50 000 ha of exotic acacias, has been built on a foundation of collaborative R&D sponsored by both China and Australia over the past 40 years. Germplasm derived from some of the early collaboration still provides the majority of trees deployed in current eucalypt plantations in China. But, whilst the past 2 decades has been the best of times for plantation eucalypts in China, the past decade has simultaneously been the worst of times for plantation acacias. Improved plantation productivities achieved through R&D programs coupled with innovations in processing markedly increased the profitability of young eucalypt plantations; this provided strong market pull for expansion of these plantations. For exotic acacias though, plantation areas in China have declined over the past decade. Factors that have contributed to the contrasting fates of these species in China, along with their future outlooks, are reviewed in this report.
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Fensham, RJ, i DMJS Bowman. "Stand Structure and the Influence of Overwood on Regeneration in Tropical Eucalypt Forest on Melville-Island". Australian Journal of Botany 40, nr 3 (1992): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920335.
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The stand structure of tree species in tropical eucalypt forest on Melville Island reveals a mass of short woody sprouts in the ground layer and low numbers of sapling eucalypts. The growth of the woody sprouts showed no significant response in the first 2 years after release from overwood competition. However, eucalypts are released in response to overwood removal, after 2-5 years, although investigations of old clear-felled blocks indicated that this response is not consistent. The initiation of saplings may be related to the size of the lignotuber and the presence of a tap root for some species. It is suggested that the accession of saplings may be limited by the degradation of root systems by termite herbivory. Using assumptions regarding longevity of life stages, it is demonstrated that the forest structure of the study site can be perpetuated undercurrent conditions despite indications that the relative dominance of the forest eucalypt species will shift.
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Ladiges, Pauline Y., i Frank Udovicic. "Comment on molecular dating of the age of eucalypts". Australian Systematic Botany 18, nr 3 (2005): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb04049.
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Comment is provided on a recent paper by Crisp et al. (2004) that includes estimates of the age of divergence events for the eucalypt group. Deriving dates from sequence data has some inherent problems, and for the eucalypts these vary several fold compared with estimates based on other data.