Rozprawy doktorskie: „Eucalypts”

1

Holman, James, i n/a. "Clines, Species and Eucalypts: An Evolutionary Perspective". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030527.124144.

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Two eucalypt clines were examined using morphological, ecophysiological and molecular analyses. The species complexes examined were an ironbark complex (Eucalyptus melanophloia x E. whitei) and a box complex (E. brownii x E. populnea). Both of these complexes demonstrate continuous morphological variation across their clines. The origin of these morphological clines has previously been interpreted as the product of secondary contact between allopatric species. In this study, an analysis of morphological variation across the clines did not identify an increase in trait variance in the intermediate populations, which suggests that previous theories concerning the origin of these clines may not be valid. Genetic structuring in nuclear and chloroplast DNA was examined across the clines to investigate whether the morphological clines were the product of secondary contact between two independent evolutionary lineages, or whether the clines represent a single evolutionary lineage that has undergone primary differentiation. The microsatellite analyses indicated that there was little genetic structuring across either cline, and that there were only low levels of population differentiation. The lack of hierarchical structuring in the distribution of nuclear genetic variation suggests that these clines are unlikely to be the product of recent gene flow between two formerly allopatric species/populations. A nested clade analysis of the JLA+ region of the cpDNA provides additional evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the morphospecies classifications represent distinct evolutionary lineages. Instead the analyses indicate that each cline represents a single cohesion species and a single evolutionary lineage. The phylogeographic distribution of cpDNA haplotypes is likely to have resulted from restricted seed mediated gene flow with isolation by distance. A more cogent explanation for the clines, based on the genetic data, is that they have arisen through the process of continuous morphological diversification that has been promoted by a directional selection gradient. Drought experiments were conducted in the glasshouse to investigate whether differences in physiological performance under water stress helps to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline. Under increasing water stress, the morphotypes showed differences in their ability to maintain water status and photosynthetic rates, yet there was no obvious pattern to these differences across the cline. Physiological differences are therefore inadequate to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline and highlight the compensatory role that morphological variation may play in alleviating water stress. The value of adopting the cohesion species concept and a hypothesis-testing framework to assess species status is demonstrated in this study. This framework provided a statistical approach to distinguish independent evolutionary lineages from interspecific populations and provides evidence to refute the current species status of the species complexes studied. Eucalypt classification is predominantly based on morphology, which results in taxonomic classification that may not reflect genealogical relationships. This is due to the disparity between morphological and phylogenetic relationships. I therefore suggest that current presumptions regarding the prevalence and importance of hybridisation within the genus may reflect taxonomic classification. An accurate assessment of the prevalence and importance of hybridisation requires species classification to be based on genealogical relationships.

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2

Holman, James. "Clines, Species and Eucalypts: An Evolutionary Perspective". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365394.

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Two eucalypt clines were examined using morphological, ecophysiological and molecular analyses. The species complexes examined were an ironbark complex (Eucalyptus melanophloia x E. whitei) and a box complex (E. brownii x E. populnea). Both of these complexes demonstrate continuous morphological variation across their clines. The origin of these morphological clines has previously been interpreted as the product of secondary contact between allopatric species. In this study, an analysis of morphological variation across the clines did not identify an increase in trait variance in the intermediate populations, which suggests that previous theories concerning the origin of these clines may not be valid. Genetic structuring in nuclear and chloroplast DNA was examined across the clines to investigate whether the morphological clines were the product of secondary contact between two independent evolutionary lineages, or whether the clines represent a single evolutionary lineage that has undergone primary differentiation. The microsatellite analyses indicated that there was little genetic structuring across either cline, and that there were only low levels of population differentiation. The lack of hierarchical structuring in the distribution of nuclear genetic variation suggests that these clines are unlikely to be the product of recent gene flow between two formerly allopatric species/populations. A nested clade analysis of the JLA+ region of the cpDNA provides additional evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the morphospecies classifications represent distinct evolutionary lineages. Instead the analyses indicate that each cline represents a single cohesion species and a single evolutionary lineage. The phylogeographic distribution of cpDNA haplotypes is likely to have resulted from restricted seed mediated gene flow with isolation by distance. A more cogent explanation for the clines, based on the genetic data, is that they have arisen through the process of continuous morphological diversification that has been promoted by a directional selection gradient. Drought experiments were conducted in the glasshouse to investigate whether differences in physiological performance under water stress helps to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline. Under increasing water stress, the morphotypes showed differences in their ability to maintain water status and photosynthetic rates, yet there was no obvious pattern to these differences across the cline. Physiological differences are therefore inadequate to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline and highlight the compensatory role that morphological variation may play in alleviating water stress. The value of adopting the cohesion species concept and a hypothesis-testing framework to assess species status is demonstrated in this study. This framework provided a statistical approach to distinguish independent evolutionary lineages from interspecific populations and provides evidence to refute the current species status of the species complexes studied. Eucalypt classification is predominantly based on morphology, which results in taxonomic classification that may not reflect genealogical relationships. This is due to the disparity between morphological and phylogenetic relationships. I therefore suggest that current presumptions regarding the prevalence and importance of hybridisation within the genus may reflect taxonomic classification. An accurate assessment of the prevalence and importance of hybridisation requires species classification to be based on genealogical relationships.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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3

King, Rachel, i n/a. "Spatial Structure and Population Genetic Variation in a Eucalypt Species Complex". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050113.091713.

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In this study, the relative influences of selection, gene flow, and other evolutionary forces on the spatial structure of genetic variation within a eucalypt species complex (the spotted gums: genus Corymbia, section Politaria) were assessed. The study investigated the spatial genetic structure among four putative species of spotted gum (broad-scale), as well as within a single population (fine-scale)of one species, using both molecular and quantitative markers. The spotted gum complex occurs naturally across a range of 2500 km in eastern Australia. Spatial genetic variation within and between the four putative spotted gum species was examined using both chloroplast and nuclear markers. No significant differentiation was found between the three northern species of the complex, C. citriodora, C. variegata and C. henryi. The southern species, C. maculata, shared no haplotypes with any of the three northern species. These results disagree in part with those reported in a previous allozyme based study in which C. henryi was found to be significantly divergent from C. variegata (with which it is sympatric) and more closely aligned with C. maculata. Re-analysis of the allozyme data provided evidence of selection acting at the PGM2 locus within populations of C. variegata and C. henryi. The exclusion of this locus from the data set led to concordance between the cpDNA and nDNA analyses. Restricted gene flow and evidence of isolation by distance were identified as the dominant processes influencing the contemporary distribution of the cpDNA haplotypes. No geographic structure of haplotypes was found and complex genealogical relationships between haplotypes indicated the combined effects of past fragmentation, range expansion and possible long distance dispersal events. The variation and spatial structure in both neutral molecular markers and quantitative genetic traits were compared to explore the relative influences of dispersal and selection within a single eucalypt population. Both mature trees (n=130) from a natural population of C. variegata and their progeny (n=127) were sampled. A very high outcrossing rate (98%) was estimated for the population based on data from seven microsatellite loci. This suggested regular pollenmediated gene flow into the population, further supported by the observed high levels of genetic diversity and polymorphism. Significant positive spatial structure was found between parent trees occurring up to 150 m apart in the natural forest, although genetic distance between these individuals suggested limited relatedness (i.e. less than half-sib relatedness). The effect of pollen-mediated gene flow appears, therefore, to swamp any effect of nearest neighbour inbreeding which has been reported in other studies of eucalypt populations and has been attributed to limited seed dispersal. Resistance to the fungal disease Sporothrix pitereka (Ramularia Shoot Blight) was measured on progeny from each of the population study trees. Substantial resistance variability was found, along with a high estimate in heritability of resistance (0.44 ± 0.06), indicating significant additive genetic variation within the population. Spatial analysis showed no significant spatial structure with resistant and susceptible genotypes apparently distributed randomly throughout the population. The lack of concordance between the molecular and quantitative markers suggests that there may be a cost to resistance. Temporal variation in the severity of disease outbreaks may have then led to differential selection of seedlings across many generations, maintaining variability in disease resistance and facilitating the apparent random distribution of disease resistant and susceptible genotypes throughout the population. C. variegata is an important commercial forestry species. The identification of strong genetic control in the disease resistance trait, as well as significant adverse genetic and phenotypic correlations between susceptibility and growth traits, will aid future breeding programs. Controlled crosses between resistant genotypes from this population should result in strong genetic gains in both resistance and growth, with little costs associated with inbreeding depression due to the highly outcrossed nature of the population.

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4

King, Rachel. "Spatial Structure and Population Genetic Variation in a Eucalypt Species Complex". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365496.

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In this study, the relative influences of selection, gene flow, and other evolutionary forces on the spatial structure of genetic variation within a eucalypt species complex (the spotted gums: genus Corymbia, section Politaria) were assessed. The study investigated the spatial genetic structure among four putative species of spotted gum (broad-scale), as well as within a single population (fine-scale)of one species, using both molecular and quantitative markers. The spotted gum complex occurs naturally across a range of 2500 km in eastern Australia. Spatial genetic variation within and between the four putative spotted gum species was examined using both chloroplast and nuclear markers. No significant differentiation was found between the three northern species of the complex, C. citriodora, C. variegata and C. henryi. The southern species, C. maculata, shared no haplotypes with any of the three northern species. These results disagree in part with those reported in a previous allozyme based study in which C. henryi was found to be significantly divergent from C. variegata (with which it is sympatric) and more closely aligned with C. maculata. Re-analysis of the allozyme data provided evidence of selection acting at the PGM2 locus within populations of C. variegata and C. henryi. The exclusion of this locus from the data set led to concordance between the cpDNA and nDNA analyses. Restricted gene flow and evidence of isolation by distance were identified as the dominant processes influencing the contemporary distribution of the cpDNA haplotypes. No geographic structure of haplotypes was found and complex genealogical relationships between haplotypes indicated the combined effects of past fragmentation, range expansion and possible long distance dispersal events. The variation and spatial structure in both neutral molecular markers and quantitative genetic traits were compared to explore the relative influences of dispersal and selection within a single eucalypt population. Both mature trees (n=130) from a natural population of C. variegata and their progeny (n=127) were sampled. A very high outcrossing rate (98%) was estimated for the population based on data from seven microsatellite loci. This suggested regular pollen–mediated gene flow into the population, further supported by the observed high levels of genetic diversity and polymorphism. Significant positive spatial structure was found between parent trees occurring up to 150 m apart in the natural forest, although genetic distance between these individuals suggested limited relatedness (i.e. less than half-sib relatedness). The effect of pollen-mediated gene flow appears, therefore, to swamp any effect of nearest neighbour inbreeding which has been reported in other studies of eucalypt populations and has been attributed to limited seed dispersal. Resistance to the fungal disease Sporothrix pitereka (Ramularia Shoot Blight) was measured on progeny from each of the population study trees. Substantial resistance variability was found, along with a high estimate in heritability of resistance (0.44 ± 0.06), indicating significant additive genetic variation within the population. Spatial analysis showed no significant spatial structure with resistant and susceptible genotypes apparently distributed randomly throughout the population. The lack of concordance between the molecular and quantitative markers suggests that there may be a cost to resistance. Temporal variation in the severity of disease outbreaks may have then led to differential selection of seedlings across many generations, maintaining variability in disease resistance and facilitating the apparent random distribution of disease resistant and susceptible genotypes throughout the population. C. variegata is an important commercial forestry species. The identification of strong genetic control in the disease resistance trait, as well as significant adverse genetic and phenotypic correlations between susceptibility and growth traits, will aid future breeding programs. Controlled crosses between resistant genotypes from this population should result in strong genetic gains in both resistance and growth, with little costs associated with inbreeding depression due to the highly outcrossed nature of the population.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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5

Lacy, Philip Alan Physical Environmental &amp Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Burning Under Young Eucalypts". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43663.

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Fuels management in eucalyptus plantations is essential to minimise the impact of wildfire. Prescribed burning has the potential to reduce the fuel hazard in plantations, but is not routinely conducted due to concerns relating to tree damage. Through a series of experimental burns, the issues of tree damage are addressed and minimum tree sizes are recommended that are capable of withstanding the effects of low to moderate intensity fires. Data was collected between 2005 and 2007 over six sites, two species, and three age classes. Tree response results came from multiple measurements of over 1700 individual trees. The fuel characteristics commonly found in sub-tropical eucalypt plantations from age four to eleven are described and quantified. These fuel characteristics are related to fire behaviour and new fire behaviour models, specific to young eucalypt plantations, are presented. The fuel characteristics that most influence fire behaviour in young eucalypt plantations are fuel load, fuel height, and fuel moisture content. These characteristics can be used to predict the rate of spread of a plantation fire under benign wind conditions. A novel technique for assessing the extent of stem damage in eucalypts is developed and described. This technique enables immediate assessment of stem damage following fire; previous assessment techniques recommend waiting a considerable period of time (up to 2 years) until dead bark dropped off and fire scars were evident. This new assessment technique is likely to be suitable for post-fire assessment of any eucalypt species and will provide forest managers with the capability of deciding whether to leave a stand to ???grow-on??? or commence recovery operations. Minimum stem sizes recommended to ensure no long-term damage are between 5 ??? 8 cm DBH (diameter at breast height, i.e. 1.3m above ground level) for Eucalyptus dunnii (Dunn???s white gum) and 5 ??? 13 cm DBH for Corymbia spp. (spotted gum) depending on the quantity of fuel around the stem. Stem sizes vary between species because of the variation in bark thickness between species. This thesis provides all the necessary information to conduct prescribed burning operations in young eucalypt plantations.

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Carvalho, Guilherme Mendes de Almeida. "Karyogram, genome size and AT/CG base composition in eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) by cytogenetic and flow cytometry". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/20098.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O gênero Eucalyptus é um grupo extremamente bem sucedido de plantas arbóreas, compreendendo mais 700 espécies. Além de sua importância em regiões endêmicas como a Austrália, o eucalipto é importante na economia global devido a sua alta taxa de crescimento, adaptabilidade a várias condições ecológicas (elevação, clima e solo) e uso variado (matéria prima, carvão, fibra, polpa e papel). O estudo do genoma contribui para o entendimento de aspectos evolutivos e outros aspectos biológicos básicos do grupo. O entendimento da natureza de um genoma requer informação sobre o conteúdo de DNA e deveria ser considerada crucial em qualquer programa de análise genômica comparativa. O presente estudo determinou e reavaliou o tamanho do genoma e a composição de bases de 25 espécies de Eucalyptus. Além disso, o estudo comparou cariogramas de diferentes espécies, por citogenética clássica e molecular, em busca de possíveis alterações ou regiões não homólogas nos cromossomos de espécies que apresentavam maior diferença no conteúdo de DNA nuclear. No primeiro artigo, foi desenvolvido um protocolo citogenético para a obtenção de cromossomos com uma melhor resolução longitudinal. Assim, foi possível a montagem do cariograma de E. citriodora com 2n = 22 cromossomos. No segundo artigo, o valor 2C e a relação AT/CG foram estimados para as 25 espécies de Eucalyptus. A partir dos valores do tamanho do genoma os quais variaram entre 2C = 0,91 pg e 2C = 1,37 pg, foi feita uma análise comparativa do cariograma de quatro espécies e nenhuma diferença foi identificada. Em uma abordagem citomolecular, com o uso da hibridização in situ do genoma nenhuma região de não homologia cromossômica foi discriminada entre as espécies E. baileyana (1,36 pg) e E. citriodora (1,01 pg). Os resultados alcançados no presente trabalho corroboram para considerar pequenas alterações do conteúdo de DNA dispersas no genoma, possivelmente provenientes da atividade de elementos transponíveis, como a principal causa da variação do tamanho do genoma em Eucalyptus.
The genus Eucalyptus represents an extremely successful group of woody plants covering more than 700 species. Besides its importance in the Australian environment, eucalypts are important in the global economy due to their high growth rates, adaptability to various ecological conditions (e.g. elevation, climates, soils) and multiple uses (e.g. raw material, energy wood, timber, pulp and paper). The study of genome contributes to understanding evolutionary aspects of the group and others basic biological processes. A basic understanding of the nature of a given genome requires information regarding the amount of DNA and it should be considered a crucial aspect of any truly comprehensive program of comparative genomic analysis. The present study determinate, as well as revaluate, the size and genomic base composition of 25 Eucalyptus species. Furthermore, this study compared karyotypes of different species by classical and molecular cytogenetic looking for possible chromosomal alterations or chromosomal non-homologous regions correlated with the genome size variation among the species. In the first paper, a cytogenetic protocol was developed to obtain of chromosomes with improved longitudinal resolution. Thus, E. citriodora karyogram was assembly confirming a karyotype with 2n = 22 chromosomes. In the second paper 2C value and base composition were measured for 25 Eucalyptus species. From the genome size differences that range from 2C = 0.91 pg to 2C = 1.37 pg comparative karyological analysis were conducted and no remarkable differences were indentified. In a molecular cytogenetic approach, a genome in situ hybridization experiment was performed and it was not possible discriminate any non- homologous chromosomal regions, between E. baileyana (1.36 pg) and E. citriodora (1.01 pg). The results achieve in the present work corroborate to considerate small and dispersed DNA content changes, possible due transposable elements activity, as the mainly cause of genome size variation in Eucalyptus.
O autor escreveu a tese toda em inglês, por isso o título ficou no mesmo idioma.

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Nunes, Pedro Mourato Catela. "Honeydew producers in eucalypts and associated native fauna". Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13884.

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Mestrado em Gestão e Conservação de Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL / Universidade de Évora
In recent years there has been an increase in the number of introduced eucalypt-feeding invasive species in worldwide plantations outside Australia. A large portion of these are honeydew producing sap-suckers, mostly psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Besides the negative impact on eucalypt production, these non-native honeydew producers may have ecological effects on local native fauna by establishing new interactions. In this work, we intended to study these new interactions in eucalypt plantations in Portugal. We surveyed during a year three invasive psyllid species, Glycaspis brimblecombei, Ctenarytaina spatulata and Ctenarytaina eucalypti, in two sites with eucalyptus trees in Lisbon. The two sites differed on species composition and tree age. For each psyllid species, we estimated the population abundance and identified the associated fauna present in each survey date, covering the activity period of the psyllids. We also analyzed the sugar composition of honeydew and lerp produced by G. brimblecombei. With these results, we intended to further understand how sugar composition of these products may influence the associated fauna. The three psyllid species differed on their seasonal activity. The two Ctenarytaina species were observed from January to June, whereas G. brimblecombei concentrated its activity between May and September. Several commensal and predatory native species were found associated with the psyllids, as well as two exotic Australian parasitoid species. The number of specimens and species richness of both native commensals and predators was significantly higher for G. brimblecombei in comparison with the two other psyllid species. The main sugar present on G. brimblecombei honeydew and lerps was fructose. This work offers contributions for the eucalypt plantation management towards the psyllid species, for the study of the how invasive honeydew producing species affect the native fauna and finally serving as a guideline for future studies in the honeydew sugar compositions and its effect on the fauna attractiveness of the honeydew
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8

Dounis, Konstandina Tsaloumas Dimitris. "Island and exile in Dimitris Tsaloumas' The House with the eucalypts" / The House with the eucalypts / translated into English by Konstandina Dounis". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19060.pdf.

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9

Delaporte, Kate Louise. "Eucalypts for ornamental horticulture : selection, interspecific hybridisation and postharvest testing /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AHP/09hpd338.pdf.

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10

Leslie, Andrew Dunbar. "Eucalypts as a genus for short rotation forestry in Great Britain". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21700.

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The study focused on four research objectives: 1. To identify the species and provenances of eucalypts most suitable for biomass production in Great Britain. 2. To compare growth of eucalypts with other promising short rotation forestry genera. 3. To develop volume and biomass functions for E. gunnii. 4. To estimate yields and patterns of growth for E. gunnii. Searches on CAB abstracts and World of Science showed that there was limited research conducted on eucalypts in the UK. This research provides an original contribution to knowledge through; a long term assessment of the performance of species of cold tolerant eucalypts across a range of sites, identification of the basis for the rapid growth of eucalypts in comparison with trees from other genera, identification of the best fit function to describe stem form in E.gunnii and a characterisation of the pattern of growth in this species. The thesis provides an account of the long history of eucalypts in the UK, the first record of a eucalypt being planted in Britain probably being Eucalyptus obliqua in the late 1700s (Aiton 1789). A review is then provided of the experience and constraints to growing nine eucalypt species in the UK and their potential for short rotation forestry are described. The rapid growth of eucalypts makes them well suited to short rotation forestry, but there are considerable risks from frosts and extreme winters. Results from a trial established in Cumbria, north west England are described. Survival and growth was compared between E.gunnii, E. nitens and native or naturalised species, identified by Hardcastle (2006) as having potential for short rotation forestry. The rapid rate of growth of E. gunnii was attributed to a combination of large leaf area, a long period of growth during the year and a high specific leaf area. There was 99% mortality of E. nitens at the trial over winter, preventing comparison with other species. At the same trial and assessment was made of frost damage during the winter of 2009-2010, which proved to be the coldest for thirty years (Met Office 2010). E. gunnii was found to be more cold-tolerant than E. nitens, with 35% of the former surviving the winter and less than 1% of the latter. Larger trees were damaged more so than smaller trees reinforcing the argument for good silviculture to promote rapid, early growth. The study on stem form and growth of E. gunnii represents the first in the UK. Volume, height and dbh of a total of 636 trees, measured by felling, optical dendrometer and terrestrial laser scanner were used to test the goodness of fit of a volume function developed in France by AFOCEL and is South America by Shell Oil. The AFOCEL function was found to predict volume with less bias and be suitable for all but the smallest trees. Characterisation of growth curves using mined historic data indicated yields of 16 m3 ha-1 y-1 or approximately 8 t ha-1 y-1 at 20 years old. In contrast, growth curves derived from stem analysis of nine trees from Chiddingfold (south east England) and Glenbranter (central western Scotland) indicated lower yields at 7 m3 ha-1 y-1 at age 28 years and 4.5 m3 ha-1 y-1 at age 30 years respectively. Evidence from plantings elsewhere in the UK show that higher rates of growth are possible, but also that yields are often compromised by high mortality.

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11

Xu, Daping. "Managing nutrients to increase productivity of plantation eucalypts in south China". Thesis, Xu, Daping (2001) Managing nutrients to increase productivity of plantation eucalypts in south China. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52620/.

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This thesis deals with increasing productivity of plantation eucalypts in south China by use of fertilisers, by harvest residue management and by inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi. The soils for eucalypt plantations in south China are generally oxisols and ultisols which are acidic in reaction, highly leached, heavy-textured and deeply weathered. Phosphorus deficiency is very severe and its availability may be reduced to plantation eucalypts because of the limited number of species of eucalyptcompatible ectomycorrhizal fungi in the region. Most of the land available for eucalypts in south China has been degraded over recent centuries with extensive loss of the A horizon. Nitrogen supply is limited because of low organic matter content in topsoil. The low productivity, and small leaf mass of eucalypt plantations in south China, may be caused by limitation in soil nutrient supply, especially P and N. One of the key questions addressed is whether the productivity of plantation eucalypts in south China can be increased to the world average by nutrient management across a rotation. Field trials were established in Guangdong Province (near Gaoyao, Kaiping and Yangxi. one trial at each site) and Yunnan Province (1 trial near Chuxiong) to address this issue (Appendix 1). Nursery inoculation of eucalypt seedlings with ectomycorrhizal fungi significantly affected tree height and stand volume of the eucalypt plantations, but the effect (positive or negative) was iso late-dependent and related to tree survival rate. A Laccaria isolate (CSIRO E4728) significantly increased stand volume by 27% at Gaoyao and a Scleroderma (MURU LH041) increased growth by 15% at Chuxiong at age three years. All isolates increased tree growth under P-limited soil conditions and only one isolate increased tree growth at marginal soil P. The effect of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation was not significant at 4.5 years in Gaoyao. Application of superphosphate at establishment, in the presence of a basal fertiliser. increased tree growth and survival of E. urophylla in the trial near Gaoyao and of E. globulus in the trial near Chuxiong. It also increased P and N concentrations in the youngest fully expanded leaves (YFEL) at Year 1 and available P in topsoil at Years 2 and 4.5 in the trial near Gaoyao. Application of P increased biomass in all tree components. The addition of 20, 50 and 200 kg P ha'1 increased stand volume by 5, 5 and 7 times of the MAI at P0, respectively. Total tree biomass at P 200 was more than 7 times of the total tree biomass at P0 at Gayao. The more P applied, the higher the percentage of stem-wood and the lower the percentage of root mass. The low P concentrations in leaves and roots in P20 trees at Year 4.5 suggested the withdrawal of P from the biomass, through efficient internal cycling. The addition of P increased N, P, K, Ca and Mg uptake by 2-4, 3-5, 3-5, 3-4 and 3-4 times of the uptake by trees at P0. respectively. However, more than 80% of the nutrient accumulation by trees will be lost by the harvesting practices widely used in China. In a third trial, located near Kaiping, effect of P fertiliser rate on biomass production. nutrient uptake, partition and use efficiency of a 75 months-old clonal plantation of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla was studied on a hilly site with terraces. Here. P application increased tree growth, biomass and N, P and K uptake. Application of 208 kg P ha-1 was adequate for tree growth. The proportion of stem-wood was increased and the proportion of root biomass was decreased as the quantity of phosphorus applied increased. The N and K use efficiencies for tree biomass and stem-wood production increased with P supply. The P use efficiency was highest in the 13 kg P ha'1 treatment, and decreased at higher rates of P. Phosphorus recovery by tree uptake was between 8- 25% and decreased as the quantity of P applied increased. The study also indicated that N is likely to limit productivity after P due to the high uptake of N by the understorey. Since most eucalypt plantations in south China will shortly pass into their second rotation, effects of P fertilisation in the first rotation, and re-fertilisation (no P) of coppice on nutrient availability, growth and tree nutrient status of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla was investigated in a trial near Kaiping. Phosphorus application in the first rotation increased available P, organic P and total P in terrace topsoil. Both P application in the first rotation and re-fertilisation of coppice increased tree growth, but the coppice response to P was less than the tree response to P in the first rotation. Refertilisation with N. K and B increased stand volume from 35 to 47 m3 across all P treatments. It was concluded that N may be the main nutrient constraining tree growth of coppice after P application. Effects of harvest residue management, intercropping with N-fixing trees, fertilisation. and regeneration by coppice or replanting on tree growth, nutrient concentration in YFEL, soil properties and soil nutrient availability in the second rotation were studied on a degraded site in Yangxi. A reduction in the amount of residue removed during harvest increased N and P concentrations in the YFEL and tree growth by increasing available nutrient supply and reducing the loss of soil organic C after tree planting. It also increased the amount of litterfall. Tree growth in the treatment where all organic matter was removed and weeds were periodically controlled, was better than in the whole tree harvest plots because of reduced weed competition. Intercropping with N fixing trees enhanced tree growth 2 years after planting and increased litterfall 3 years after planting. Application of N, P and K fertilisers increased N, P and K concentrations in the YFEL and tree growth. The growth increment was much higher than that obtained by harvest residue management on this poor degraded soil. Coppice trees grew better than replanted trees. The difference between coppice and replanted trees was reduced by fertilisation. From the above trials, it is concluded in this thesis that productivity of plantation eucalypts can be improved to 20 m3 ha-1 yr-1, the average productivity in the world, by nutrient management. The lack of long-term response in tree growth to inoculation may be due to poor fungal persistence. Further work is needed to optimise the selection of eucalypt-compatible fungi that can persist and assist eucalypts especially on infertile and high P-fixing soils. Recommended P fertilisation should be around 50 kg P ha-1 in southwestern China and 50-200 kg P ha-1 in southeastern China, depending on soil fertility and the farmer’s economic capacity. Nitrogen fertilisation in the second rotation is very important and 200-400 kg N ha-1 is recommended over 2-3 applications. Harvest residue retention and coppice regeneration are recommended as operational practices. Future research must address long-term effects of plantation management on soil fertility.

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Farifr, Eiman. "Seedling growth and physiological responses of Perth’s eucalypts to soil-induced stresses". Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1865.

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Perth’s Swan Coastal Sand Plain soils are typically nutrient impoverished, and the native trees of the region are therefore adapted to maximise nutrient uptake. Although the dune systems here are generally not known to be particularly saline or alkaline, there are areas that susceptible to salinity, flooded and elevated pH, especially those that have been modified by human activities. This study investigated the seedlings growth of three Eucalyptus species (Corymbia calophylla, Eucalyptus gomphocephala and E. marginata) to three environmental stress; salinity waterlogging and alkalinity in a greenhouse at Curtin University to assess their relative tolerance to these stressors, and hence understand more about their potential use in landscape restoration and rehabilitation. Knowing the seedling growth and physiological responses of three prominent Perth eucalypts to soil-induced stresses provides us with invaluable knowledge for rehabilitating and restoring Perth’s urban bushland.For the salt tolerance experiment, seedlings of the three species were subjected to 81 days growing in potting mix watered weekly with either 0, 50, 100, 150, 250 mM NaCl solutions. Measurements of relative plant growth, biomass allocation and leaf water loss and seedling survival suggested that E. gomphocephala was the most tolerant. Survival data suggests that E. gomphocephala seedlings have shown ability to cope with a weekly dosage of NaCl solution much greater than 0.25 M, and at least survived for more than 11 weeks under moderately saline conditions. Corymbia calophylla, and E. marginata were the least tolerance with more than half the seedlings succumbing to salt solutions > 250 mM NaCl.A flooding experiment, caused by prolonged inundation of water, lasting for 70 days, all three species grew most vigorously in well watered condition but when waterlogged condition E. gomphocephala and E. marginata seedlings grew slowly and became more water stressed compared to C. calophylla seedlings. These finding suggest that although E. gomphocephala and E. marginata can occurs in wetter areas of Perth’s Swan Coastal Plain they are not flood tolerant. C. calophylla is a common tree species in the moderately wet lower south-west of Western Australia; it is less common north of Perth where it is restricted to river valleys (Powell 2009). This may explain Marri’s ability to physiologically tolerate seasonal flooding (i.e. no significant reduction in stomatal conductance or transpiration rate), despite a reduction in seedling growth.A liming experiment, was conducted with 20% w/w crushed and sifted Tomala limestone add to potting mix to increase soil pH. The pot trial was conducted over 82 days. E. gomphocephala is restricted soils overlying limestone on Perth’s Swan Coastal Plain, and according to total seedling dry weight data and calculated relative growth rates coped best in a limestone-enriched soil. However, when examining all the growth and physiological data collected C. calophylla appears to be the most tolerant, with no significant difference in leaf allocation or leaf water loss between the well-watered controls and the limestone-enriched treatments. E. marginata was the least tolerant with a 14% reduction in stomatal conductance.As seedlings, E. marginata was the least tolerant to the three soil-induced stresses (i.e. flooding, salinity, alkalinity) imposed. The next most tolerant species, E. gomphocephala wasn’t the most tolerant to an increase is soil alkalinity, although it displayed the least change in seedling dry weight and relative growth rate. C. calophylla was the most tolerant of the three eucalypts to the three stressors. However soil-induced stresses will last for longer than the 70-80 days when plants are growing in more natural environments than the seedlings were exposed to in these experiments. By itself, these results will assist Perth’s urban land managers in understanding how these tree species respond at the seedling stage to three important soil-induced stressors, more work is required to understand how the observed responses after seedling physiology and how long the seedlings can tolerate these extreme changes in their growing environment.

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13

Jackson, Sarah. "Mycosphaerella leaf disease on eucalypts in Western Australia - The diversity and impact". Thesis, Jackson, Sarah (2013) Mycosphaerella leaf disease on eucalypts in Western Australia - The diversity and impact. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/25075/.

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Eucalyptus plantation forestry in Western Australia (WA) is a relatively young industry and by the end of 2008, the total plantation estate (softwood and hardwood) was over 950 000 ha. The predominant plantation species is Eucalyptus globulus, native to south-eastern Australia. In Western Australia (WA), the most serious foliar disease of eucalypt plantations is Mycosphaerella Leaf Disease (MLD). However, little systematic sampling for MLD has been carried out in WA to determine its impact on plantations, yields, species involved or whether they are introduced or not. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate MLD in south-western Australia with a particular focus on the species diversity, taxonomy and the impact on early growth on E. globulus. The increase in the number of Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria species associated with Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) in E. globulus plantations in WA in the past decade has raised concern about the possible movement of pathogens between the native forests and plantations and vice versa. A survey of necrotic leaf spots collected from plantation and endemic eucalypts from WA and Queensland was conducted. Overall, ten new Eucalyptus host records for Mycosphaerella/ Teratosphaeria species were isolated from WA and five from Queensland. Significantly, M. nubilosa was isolated from E. grandis x resinifera and E. urophylla x globulus in WA. This is the first time M. nubilosa has been isolated from Eucalyptus hosts within the series Resinifera (see Chapter 2). An assessment of the number of fungi that may be contributing to MLD in E. globulus plantations in WA was undertaken (Chapter 3) and the changes in the number of species and their incidence since the first surveys were conducted. Four new records of Mycosphaerella were identified in this study; M. ellipsoidea, P. fori, M. suttoniae and M. tasmaniensis. Mycosphaerella ellipsoidea and P. fori are first records for Australia, and M. suttoniae and M. tasmaniensis are first records for WA. The current work shows an increase in the number of Mycosphaerella species associated with plantation eucalypts in WA and Australia. With the exception of M. cryptica, none of these species were known in WA prior to the commencement of large-scale E. globulus plantations, and with M. cryptica as the exception, none have a known impact on the major native eucalypts in the region. The ITS region of the type material of T. parva, M. grandis and M. gregaria using culture and herbarium specimens was sequenced and compared to existing sequences from GenBank (Chapter 4). This was the first study to examine and sequence the type material of M. grandis, T. parva and M. gregaria. As the sequences of the ITS region of M. grandis and T. parva were identical it was concluded that M. grandis be reduced to synonymy with T. parva. Mycosphaerella aurantia, M. buckinghamiae and M. africana also match the type sequence of M. gregaria. Therefore, these should all be synonymised to M. gregaria. Also, this study was the first to describe ITS sequence variation within the same Mycosphaerella isolate. The aim of Chapter 5 was to identify the infection pathway at the leaf surface using scanning electron microscopy and to determine the pathogenicity of M. marksii on E. globulus. The use of glycerol as a surfactant and its effect on ascospore viability was also assessed. However, this study was unable to confirm pathogenicity of M. marksii on E. globulus seedlings under laboratory conditions. However, M. marksii ascospores were able to germinate and enter E. globulus stoma 3–6 days after initial infection. Species-specific primers were successfully designed and tested for three Mycosphaerella species that occur on E. globulus in WA (Chapter 6). Meteorological conditions appeared to determine the defoliation of juvenile foliage and not MLD as levels of MLD remained relatively low throughout the trial period. The MLD levels increased throughout spring as warm wet conditions favoured the development of disease especially on the flush of new juvenile foliage. Also, new foliage emerged after late summer rainfall. As disease pressure mounted, the trees responded through defoliation. As temperatures increased and the juvenile foliage aged, there is likely to have been an increase in the defoliation of leaves. Therefore, by mid-summer defoliation levels reached a similar level to disease and insect damage. Following leaf defoliation and the emergence of new juvenile and adult leaves, the relative amount of disease on the trees decreased. This is because most of the disease was present on the older juvenile foliage which was shed. Field observations can be a reliable indication of disease progression. Although field observations at a branch level over exaggerated levels of MLD when there was a higher level of foliage, there was still a similar trend in the amount of disease when compared to the ASSESS program. Some experience in disease monitoring would indicate a more accurate assessment of MLD. It is interesting to note that the assessors tended to overestimate disease when MLD was at a higher level, and this also included the author. Infection studies of Uwebraunia dekkeri were conducted to confirm how this species enters E. globulus leaves and to determine its pathogenicity (Chapter 7). This study demonstrated that conidia of U. dekkeri could infect E. globulus leaves and that it is not a hyperparasite of M. cryptica or M. nubilosa. Conidiogenesis was both percurrent and sympodial and the phenomenon of anastomosis was observed for the first time on the leaf surface. The impact that MLD has on the wood volume has previously not been investigated in WA (Chapter 8). Through the application of pesticides and fungicides in the early stages of establishment at two plantations near Albany, tree volumes were significantly increased. However, the increase in wood volume would be offset by the pesticide and application costs. This study demonstrated that monitoring for pests and disease would be more effective than spraying of chemical treatments for the first three years. The regular use of chemical treatments is expensive to maintain and is proving to be environmentally unacceptable by some communities. This study also showed that spraying for low levels of MLD had little effect on disease incidence and/ or volume increase in E. globulus plantations in WA. The most important factors for a healthy plantation appear to be site selection, preparation and tree genetics. This study was the first to investigate the impact of MLD on the growth of Eucalyptus globulus plantations in WA. As part of this study, the biology, taxonomy and pathogenicity of the main species present in WA were investigated. The key findings were: i) the number, abundance and distribution of Mycosphaerella/ Teratosphaeria species in WA is not static and plantations should be continually monitored for the presence of new potentially threatening species; ii) spraying for MLD, although effective in reducing the prevalence and impact on growth, was not economically viable; and iii) intragenomic variation of the ribosomal genome may explain sequence variation observed in single spore isolates of Mycosphaerella/ Teratosphaeria and this has taxonomic implications. Further work would identify the impact the new records are having on the plantation estate and also if these species have the potential to spread into the neighbouring endemic forests. This study has provided a broader understanding of MLD in WA and the development of tools that could be used for further study.

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Hoffmann, Madonna Bridget, i Madonna hoffman@dpi qld gov au. "Application of tree and stand allometrics to the determination of biomass and its flux in some north-east Australian woodlands". Central Queensland University. Biological and Environmental Sciences, 2007. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20070525.144254.

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This thesis examines the effects of species, rainfall and soil type on tree biomass regressions, as well as the effects of stand dominance and structure on stand biomass regressions in north-east Australian woodlands. This was achieved by examining tree characteristics and biomass relationships for a series of woodland monitoring sites throughout the study area. This study utilised a modified data set from this permanent monitoring site network to provide structural attributes for trees and communities of varying composition in the grazed woodlands. These data were supplemented with environmental data and tree harvest data sets. Initially, the research reported in this thesis developed allometric and stand biomass regressions for Callitris glaucophylla communities. This research also demonstrated that changes in tree-form were not reflected in changes in the environment, nor did such changes reflect changes in tree biomass regressions for three eucalypt species. As a result, a common regression provides a robust estimate of total aboveground biomass of eucalypt trees in the study area. Thus expensive destructive harvesting can generally be avoided for minor eucalypt species. Finally, this study demonstrated a successful methodology that described the stand structure of all the grazed woodland sites based on tree heights. This methodology was developed to allow the expansion of a single stand regression to estimate stand biomass across the entire north-east Australian woodlands. The findings demonstrated in this study, combined with the long-term data from the permanent monitoring network sites, should enhance the estimation of carbon flux within eucalypt communities of north-east Australias grazed woodlands.

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15

au, aaron maxwell@csiro, i Aaron Maxwell. "The Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Impact of Mycosphaerella Species on Eucalypts in South-Western Australia". Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040803.144922.

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Plantation eucalypts are a recent and rapidly growing industry in Australia, and will eventually replace the logging of old-growth forests. Over 40% of these plantations have been established in south-western Australia, where more than 160 000 ha of Eucalyptus globulus plantations now occur. In the early 1900s, this species was widely planted as an exotic in South Africa, but succumbed to severe pest (Gonipterus sp.) and disease (Mycosphaerella sp.) problems. Similarly, in south-western Australia E. globulus is an exotic species, but with the additional threat that it is planted adjacent to indigenous eucalypts, which increases the possibility of pests and pathogens switching between closely related eucalypt hosts. Over the past ten years, there have been anecdotal reports of increasing levels of Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) in E. globulus plantations in south-western Australia. This increase in disease level is of concern to the industry. To date there have been no comprehensive studies into the taxonomy, biogeography and population genetics of MLD in south-western Australia. This thesis investigated the impact of MLD in south-western Australia with a focus on its impact, taxonomy, biogeography and population genetics. It is the first study worldwide to quantify the relative impact of different Mycosphaerella species in a regional plantation estate. A survey of pest, disease and nutritional disorders (Chapter 2) found that MLD was the most severe and frequently occurring, single taxonomic health threat to 1 and 2-year-old E. globulus plantations in south-western Australia. For the first time, this survey identified and quantified the impact of pest and disease damage to E. globulus plantations in the region. There were differences in the disease levels between plantations and this was due to initial Mycosphaerella species composition and inoculum level, and local climatic conditions favourable for disease, rather than to the provenance planted or the nutritional status of the individual plantations. The survey for Mycosphaerella pathogens of eucalypts (Chapter 3) identified two new species of Mycosphaerella (M. ambiphylla and M. aurantia) and extended the known geographic range of eight other species (M. cryptica, M. gregaria, M. lateralis, M. marksii, M. mexicana , M. nubilosa, M. parva and M. suberosa). Of these: M. lateralis and M. mexicana were new records for Australia; and M. gregaria, M. nubilosa and M. parva were new records for Western Australia. A new anamorph, Phaeophloeospora ambiphylla was described and linked to M. ambiphylla. The occurrence of these new species and disease records in south-western Australia is significant for the plantation-eucalypt industry worldwide. The finding of two new species highlighted the need to quantify the disease impact of these on eucalypt plantations; and the extension of the range the remaining species raised important quarantine issues, concerned with the movement of plant material between regions and countries. The biogeographical investigation of Mycosphaerella (Chapter 4) identified that the most widespread and serious cause of MLD in south-western Australia is M. cryptica. In addition to occurring on the exotic E. globulus, it also occurs on two of the three important indigenous forestry eucalyptus species in this region. That is, on E. diversicolor, and E. marginata, but not on Corymbia calophylla. In terms of the plantation estate of E. globulus, however, M. nubilosa is the most widespread pathogen. The current study found that MLD on E. globulus is a complex of several different species, whereas, on E. diversicolor and E. marginata it is caused by only M. cryptica. Two species, M. cryptica and M. marksii were found commonly on adult E. globulus leaves. Although M. cryptica was the most frequent and serious cause of disease on adult leaves, M. marksii levels appear to be increasing and the future epidemiology of this pathogen should be closely monitored. There is some concern that these two MLD species could become an economically important problem on adult leaves of E. globulus. At present severe levels of MLD is significantly more common on juvenile than on adult foliage. The phylogenetic analysis (Chapter 5), based on ITS rDNA sequences from the present study and those obtained from GenBank accessions, found that Mycosphaerella is an assemblage of largely polyphyletic anamorph genera. Ten distinct clades emerged from the analysis. With the exception of the Dissoconium and the M. recutita clade, which comprised of two and one species respectively, none were comprised entirely of one anamorph genus alone. The anamorph genera represented were often dispersed across more than one clade, indicating that these anamorphs have arisen separately in different phylogenetic lineages. Cercospora, Stenella and Uwebraunia anamorphs each occurred in more than one separate clade. Although on the basis of rDNA sequence data Mycosphaerella appeared mostly monophyletic there was some evidence that the Mycosphaerella genus may be polyphyletic. This was particularly evident from the Dissoconium clade which grouped as closely to the outgroup Botryosphaeria taxon as it did with the remaining Mycosphaerella species. It was argued that a multi-gene phylogeny, which includes sequencing many species in other genera aligned with Mycosphaerella, is required in order to satisfactorily answer the question of whether Mycosphaerella is truly monophyletic. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that the taxonomy of Mycosphaerella based on ITS sequence data needs further clarification. Some species that are morphologically distinct, such as M. vespa and M. molleriana, shared identical ITS sequences. Other morphologically distinct species differed by as little as one or two nucleotides. Yet in other cases, the sequence variation amongst isolates from the same species differed substantially. Much of this variation in M. cryptica and other species was attributed to poorly edited sequences that had been lodged with GenBank. It was postulated that although a part of the remaining variation reflected the existence of cryptic species, some was likely to be genuine intra-species differences. It was concluded that further genes need to be sequenced, and more standardised cultural studies conducted in order to define species boundaries within Mycosphaerella. Based on the ITS rDNA sequence data, two different molecular methods for the identification of Mycosphaerella species from eucalypts were developed (Chapter 6). The first of these was a PCR-RFLP method that enabled the identification of Mycosphaerella species present on eucalypts in south-western Australia. A key is provided, which enabled the identification of species on a combination of PCR-RFLP DNA fragment migration patterns and a small number of morphological features. This key enables the identification of Mycosphaerella species more easily than keys that rely on morphological features alone. Therefore, this has made it easier for non-Mycosphaerella specialists to identify species from this genus. The second molecular method developed for the identification of Mycosphaerella species was that of primers that selectively amplify the DNA of M. cryptica and M. nubilosa, the two most important causes of MLD (Chapter 6). This will allow the rapid identification of these two species by non-specialists in Mycosphaerella taxonomy. The primers from the current study will also enable early diagnosis of the possible causal organism of MLD in a plantation. Once the use of these primers for amplifying DNA from leaf tissue has been optimised, they will also facilitate studies into the early infection process of M cryptica and M. nubilosa. For example, the presence of the pathogen may be detected prior to the appearance of symptoms. Studies may be conducted to determine the length of a hemi-biotrophic phase, and the extent of tissue colonisation both spatially and temporally, beyond the necrotic lesion in these two Mycosphaerella species. Previously, such studies have been hampered by the slow growth rate of these fungi in culture and the lack of media that would allow their selective isolation and detection by directly plating diseased and non-diseased host tissue. This study has clearly indicated that Mycosphaerella species are the major disease threat to E. globulus plantations in Western Australia. It has also shown that over the relatively short period of time of less than ten years the number of species recorded has increased from three to ten, and that disease severity has increased in plantations. It is therefore critical to continue the research on this genus in order to understand the biology, epidemiology and population genetics of this pathogen. This is necessary in order to inform tree selection and silvicultural practise that will minimise the future impact of MLD. This is particularly important if the industry moves towards clonal and hybrid forestry as has occurred elsewhere in the world. This study has laid the foundations for future research on this disease through the elucidation of the taxonomy of Mycosphaerella in south-western Australia and by providing some important molecular tools for its diagnosis and further study.

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16

Maxwell, Aaron. "The taxonomy, phylogeny and impact of Mycosphaerella species on eucalypts in South-Western Australia". Thesis, Maxwell, Aaron (2004) The taxonomy, phylogeny and impact of Mycosphaerella species on eucalypts in South-Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/187/.

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Plantation eucalypts are a recent and rapidly growing industry in Australia, and will eventually replace the logging of old-growth forests. Over 40% of these plantations have been established in south-western Australia, where more than 160 000 ha of Eucalyptus globulus plantations now occur. In the early 1900s, this species was widely planted as an exotic in South Africa, but succumbed to severe pest (Gonipterus sp.) and disease (Mycosphaerella sp.) problems. Similarly, in south-western Australia E. globulus is an exotic species, but with the additional threat that it is planted adjacent to indigenous eucalypts, which increases the possibility of pests and pathogens switching between closely related eucalypt hosts. Over the past ten years, there have been anecdotal reports of increasing levels of Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) in E. globulus plantations in south-western Australia. This increase in disease level is of concern to the industry. To date there have been no comprehensive studies into the taxonomy, biogeography and population genetics of MLD in south-western Australia. This thesis investigated the impact of MLD in south-western Australia with a focus on its impact, taxonomy, biogeography and population genetics. It is the first study worldwide to quantify the relative impact of different Mycosphaerella species in a regional plantation estate. A survey of pest, disease and nutritional disorders (Chapter 2) found that MLD was the most severe and frequently occurring, single taxonomic health threat to 1 and 2-year-old E. globulus plantations in south-western Australia. For the first time, this survey identified and quantified the impact of pest and disease damage to E. globulus plantations in the region. There were differences in the disease levels between plantations and this was due to initial Mycosphaerella species composition and inoculum level, and local climatic conditions favourable for disease, rather than to the provenance planted or the nutritional status of the individual plantations. The survey for Mycosphaerella pathogens of eucalypts (Chapter 3) identified two new species of Mycosphaerella (M. ambiphylla and M. aurantia) and extended the known geographic range of eight other species (M. cryptica, M. gregaria, M. lateralis, M. marksii, M. mexicana , M. nubilosa, M. parva and M. suberosa). Of these: M. lateralis and M. mexicana were new records for Australia; and M. gregaria, M. nubilosa and M. parva were new records for Western Australia. A new anamorph, Phaeophloeospora ambiphylla was described and linked to M. ambiphylla. The occurrence of these new species and disease records in south-western Australia is significant for the plantation-eucalypt industry worldwide. The finding of two new species highlighted the need to quantify the disease impact of these on eucalypt plantations; and the extension of the range the remaining species raised important quarantine issues, concerned with the movement of plant material between regions and countries. The biogeographical investigation of Mycosphaerella (Chapter 4) identified that the most widespread and serious cause of MLD in south-western Australia is M. cryptica. In addition to occurring on the exotic E. globulus, it also occurs on two of the three important indigenous forestry eucalyptus species in this region. That is, on E. diversicolor, and E. marginata, but not on Corymbia calophylla. In terms of the plantation estate of E. globulus, however, M. nubilosa is the most widespread pathogen. The current study found that MLD on E. globulus is a complex of several different species, whereas, on E. diversicolor and E. marginata it is caused by only M. cryptica. Two species, M. cryptica and M. marksii were found commonly on adult E. globulus leaves. Although M. cryptica was the most frequent and serious cause of disease on adult leaves, M. marksii levels appear to be increasing and the future epidemiology of this pathogen should be closely monitored. There is some concern that these two MLD species could become an economically important problem on adult leaves of E. globulus. At present severe levels of MLD is significantly more common on juvenile than on adult foliage. The phylogenetic analysis (Chapter 5), based on ITS rDNA sequences from the present study and those obtained from GenBank accessions, found that Mycosphaerella is an assemblage of largely polyphyletic anamorph genera. Ten distinct clades emerged from the analysis. With the exception of the Dissoconium and the M. recutita clade, which comprised of two and one species respectively, none were comprised entirely of one anamorph genus alone. The anamorph genera represented were often dispersed across more than one clade, indicating that these anamorphs have arisen separately in different phylogenetic lineages. Cercospora, Stenella and Uwebraunia anamorphs each occurred in more than one separate clade. Although on the basis of rDNA sequence data Mycosphaerella appeared mostly monophyletic there was some evidence that the Mycosphaerella genus may be polyphyletic. This was particularly evident from the Dissoconium clade which grouped as closely to the outgroup Botryosphaeria taxon as it did with the remaining Mycosphaerella species. It was argued that a multi-gene phylogeny, which includes sequencing many species in other genera aligned with Mycosphaerella, is required in order to satisfactorily answer the question of whether Mycosphaerella is truly monophyletic. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that the taxonomy of Mycosphaerella based on ITS sequence data needs further clarification. Some species that are morphologically distinct, such as M. vespa and M. molleriana, shared identical ITS sequences. Other morphologically distinct species differed by as little as one or two nucleotides. Yet in other cases, the sequence variation amongst isolates from the same species differed substantially. Much of this variation in M. cryptica and other species was attributed to poorly edited sequences that had been lodged with GenBank. It was postulated that although a part of the remaining variation reflected the existence of cryptic species, some was likely to be genuine intra-species differences. It was concluded that further genes need to be sequenced, and more standardised cultural studies conducted in order to define species boundaries within Mycosphaerella. Based on the ITS rDNA sequence data, two different molecular methods for the identification of Mycosphaerella species from eucalypts were developed (Chapter 6). The first of these was a PCR-RFLP method that enabled the identification of Mycosphaerella species present on eucalypts in south-western Australia. A key is provided, which enabled the identification of species on a combination of PCR-RFLP DNA fragment migration patterns and a small number of morphological features. This key enables the identification of Mycosphaerella species more easily than keys that rely on morphological features alone. Therefore, this has made it easier for non-Mycosphaerella specialists to identify species from this genus. The second molecular method developed for the identification of Mycosphaerella species was that of primers that selectively amplify the DNA of M. cryptica and M. nubilosa, the two most important causes of MLD (Chapter 6). This will allow the rapid identification of these two species by non-specialists in Mycosphaerella taxonomy. The primers from the current study will also enable early diagnosis of the possible causal organism of MLD in a plantation. Once the use of these primers for amplifying DNA from leaf tissue has been optimised, they will also facilitate studies into the early infection process of M cryptica and M. nubilosa. For example, the presence of the pathogen may be detected prior to the appearance of symptoms. Studies may be conducted to determine the length of a hemi-biotrophic phase, and the extent of tissue colonisation both spatially and temporally, beyond the necrotic lesion in these two Mycosphaerella species. Previously, such studies have been hampered by the slow growth rate of these fungi in culture and the lack of media that would allow their selective isolation and detection by directly plating diseased and non-diseased host tissue. This study has clearly indicated that Mycosphaerella species are the major disease threat to E. globulus plantations in Western Australia. It has also shown that over the relatively short period of time of less than ten years the number of species recorded has increased from three to ten, and that disease severity has increased in plantations. It is therefore critical to continue the research on this genus in order to understand the biology, epidemiology and population genetics of this pathogen. This is necessary in order to inform tree selection and silvicultural practise that will minimise the future impact of MLD. This is particularly important if the industry moves towards clonal and hybrid forestry as has occurred elsewhere in the world. This study has laid the foundations for future research on this disease through the elucidation of the taxonomy of Mycosphaerella in south-western Australia and by providing some important molecular tools for its diagnosis and further study.

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17

Maxwell, Aaron. "The taxonomy, phylogeny and impact of Mycosphaerella species on eucalypts in South-Western Australia". Maxwell, Aaron (2004) The taxonomy, phylogeny and impact of Mycosphaerella species on eucalypts in South-Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/187/.

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Plantation eucalypts are a recent and rapidly growing industry in Australia, and will eventually replace the logging of old-growth forests. Over 40% of these plantations have been established in south-western Australia, where more than 160 000 ha of Eucalyptus globulus plantations now occur. In the early 1900s, this species was widely planted as an exotic in South Africa, but succumbed to severe pest (Gonipterus sp.) and disease (Mycosphaerella sp.) problems. Similarly, in south-western Australia E. globulus is an exotic species, but with the additional threat that it is planted adjacent to indigenous eucalypts, which increases the possibility of pests and pathogens switching between closely related eucalypt hosts. Over the past ten years, there have been anecdotal reports of increasing levels of Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) in E. globulus plantations in south-western Australia. This increase in disease level is of concern to the industry. To date there have been no comprehensive studies into the taxonomy, biogeography and population genetics of MLD in south-western Australia. This thesis investigated the impact of MLD in south-western Australia with a focus on its impact, taxonomy, biogeography and population genetics. It is the first study worldwide to quantify the relative impact of different Mycosphaerella species in a regional plantation estate. A survey of pest, disease and nutritional disorders (Chapter 2) found that MLD was the most severe and frequently occurring, single taxonomic health threat to 1 and 2-year-old E. globulus plantations in south-western Australia. For the first time, this survey identified and quantified the impact of pest and disease damage to E. globulus plantations in the region. There were differences in the disease levels between plantations and this was due to initial Mycosphaerella species composition and inoculum level, and local climatic conditions favourable for disease, rather than to the provenance planted or the nutritional status of the individual plantations. The survey for Mycosphaerella pathogens of eucalypts (Chapter 3) identified two new species of Mycosphaerella (M. ambiphylla and M. aurantia) and extended the known geographic range of eight other species (M. cryptica, M. gregaria, M. lateralis, M. marksii, M. mexicana , M. nubilosa, M. parva and M. suberosa). Of these: M. lateralis and M. mexicana were new records for Australia; and M. gregaria, M. nubilosa and M. parva were new records for Western Australia. A new anamorph, Phaeophloeospora ambiphylla was described and linked to M. ambiphylla. The occurrence of these new species and disease records in south-western Australia is significant for the plantation-eucalypt industry worldwide. The finding of two new species highlighted the need to quantify the disease impact of these on eucalypt plantations; and the extension of the range the remaining species raised important quarantine issues, concerned with the movement of plant material between regions and countries. The biogeographical investigation of Mycosphaerella (Chapter 4) identified that the most widespread and serious cause of MLD in south-western Australia is M. cryptica. In addition to occurring on the exotic E. globulus, it also occurs on two of the three important indigenous forestry eucalyptus species in this region. That is, on E. diversicolor, and E. marginata, but not on Corymbia calophylla. In terms of the plantation estate of E. globulus, however, M. nubilosa is the most widespread pathogen. The current study found that MLD on E. globulus is a complex of several different species, whereas, on E. diversicolor and E. marginata it is caused by only M. cryptica. Two species, M. cryptica and M. marksii were found commonly on adult E. globulus leaves. Although M. cryptica was the most frequent and serious cause of disease on adult leaves, M. marksii levels appear to be increasing and the future epidemiology of this pathogen should be closely monitored. There is some concern that these two MLD species could become an economically important problem on adult leaves of E. globulus. At present severe levels of MLD is significantly more common on juvenile than on adult foliage. The phylogenetic analysis (Chapter 5), based on ITS rDNA sequences from the present study and those obtained from GenBank accessions, found that Mycosphaerella is an assemblage of largely polyphyletic anamorph genera. Ten distinct clades emerged from the analysis. With the exception of the Dissoconium and the M. recutita clade, which comprised of two and one species respectively, none were comprised entirely of one anamorph genus alone. The anamorph genera represented were often dispersed across more than one clade, indicating that these anamorphs have arisen separately in different phylogenetic lineages. Cercospora, Stenella and Uwebraunia anamorphs each occurred in more than one separate clade. Although on the basis of rDNA sequence data Mycosphaerella appeared mostly monophyletic there was some evidence that the Mycosphaerella genus may be polyphyletic. This was particularly evident from the Dissoconium clade which grouped as closely to the outgroup Botryosphaeria taxon as it did with the remaining Mycosphaerella species. It was argued that a multi-gene phylogeny, which includes sequencing many species in other genera aligned with Mycosphaerella, is required in order to satisfactorily answer the question of whether Mycosphaerella is truly monophyletic. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that the taxonomy of Mycosphaerella based on ITS sequence data needs further clarification. Some species that are morphologically distinct, such as M. vespa and M. molleriana, shared identical ITS sequences. Other morphologically distinct species differed by as little as one or two nucleotides. Yet in other cases, the sequence variation amongst isolates from the same species differed substantially. Much of this variation in M. cryptica and other species was attributed to poorly edited sequences that had been lodged with GenBank. It was postulated that although a part of the remaining variation reflected the existence of cryptic species, some was likely to be genuine intra-species differences. It was concluded that further genes need to be sequenced, and more standardised cultural studies conducted in order to define species boundaries within Mycosphaerella. Based on the ITS rDNA sequence data, two different molecular methods for the identification of Mycosphaerella species from eucalypts were developed (Chapter 6). The first of these was a PCR-RFLP method that enabled the identification of Mycosphaerella species present on eucalypts in south-western Australia. A key is provided, which enabled the identification of species on a combination of PCR-RFLP DNA fragment migration patterns and a small number of morphological features. This key enables the identification of Mycosphaerella species more easily than keys that rely on morphological features alone. Therefore, this has made it easier for non-Mycosphaerella specialists to identify species from this genus. The second molecular method developed for the identification of Mycosphaerella species was that of primers that selectively amplify the DNA of M. cryptica and M. nubilosa, the two most important causes of MLD (Chapter 6). This will allow the rapid identification of these two species by non-specialists in Mycosphaerella taxonomy. The primers from the current study will also enable early diagnosis of the possible causal organism of MLD in a plantation. Once the use of these primers for amplifying DNA from leaf tissue has been optimised, they will also facilitate studies into the early infection process of M cryptica and M. nubilosa. For example, the presence of the pathogen may be detected prior to the appearance of symptoms. Studies may be conducted to determine the length of a hemi-biotrophic phase, and the extent of tissue colonisation both spatially and temporally, beyond the necrotic lesion in these two Mycosphaerella species. Previously, such studies have been hampered by the slow growth rate of these fungi in culture and the lack of media that would allow their selective isolation and detection by directly plating diseased and non-diseased host tissue. This study has clearly indicated that Mycosphaerella species are the major disease threat to E. globulus plantations in Western Australia. It has also shown that over the relatively short period of time of less than ten years the number of species recorded has increased from three to ten, and that disease severity has increased in plantations. It is therefore critical to continue the research on this genus in order to understand the biology, epidemiology and population genetics of this pathogen. This is necessary in order to inform tree selection and silvicultural practise that will minimise the future impact of MLD. This is particularly important if the industry moves towards clonal and hybrid forestry as has occurred elsewhere in the world. This study has laid the foundations for future research on this disease through the elucidation of the taxonomy of Mycosphaerella in south-western Australia and by providing some important molecular tools for its diagnosis and further study.

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18

au, V. Andjic@murdoch edu, i Vera Andjic. "Phylogeny, phylogeography and movement of Kirramyces spp. associated with leaf blight diseases of plantation eucalypts". Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20080805.133632.

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When this study commenced in early 2004, only five Phaeophleospora species. had been reported from eucalypts of which only two; P. destructans (STE-U 1336) and P. epicoccoides (STE-U 1346) had been sequenced. In a former study, Phaeophleospora species emerged in two separate clades suggesting that Phaeophelospora is polyphyletic. The appearance and severity of lesions on eucalypt leaves are generally used to recognise the species of Phaeophleospora responsible for disease. However, depending on host and climate, the symptoms associated with infection by P. epicoccoides, P. eucalypti and P. destructans can be almost identical and incorrect diagnosis is a common problem. Thus, Phaeophleospora species were compared based on DNA sequences and multi gene genealogies were constructed. In addition species- specific primers were designed and tested on leaf material. Many isolates of Phaeophleospora spp. were collected and sequenced, and all Phaeophleospora spp. from eucalypts were shown to cluster together and are closely related to the most important leaf pathogens associated with eucalypts namely Colletogloeopsis zuluensis, Mycosphaerella cryptica and M. nubilosa. In contrast, these fungi are distantly related to the type specimen of the genus Phaeophleospora, P. eugeniae. Furthermore, all DNA sequences of isolates of P. destructans examined in this thesis, including the ex-type culture, were identical but different to one previously lodged in GenBank. This phylogenetic separation led to a morphological study of the species assigned to Phaeophleospora and compared the species from eucalypts with P. eugeniae the type specimen of Phaeophleospora. The phylogenetic and morphological studies show that P. eugeniae is well separated from Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts and led to the resurrection of the previous generic name, Kirramyces for Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis and morphological observation of Kirramyces spp. and Colletogloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts showed considerable overlap between these two genera. Therefore, Colletogloeopsis was reduced to synonymy with Kirramyces. Consequently, the genus Kirramyces was expanded from five to 14 species, and included the description of two new species, K. angophorae and K. corymbiae. In order to assist with their identification a key based on morphology of conidia for Kirramyces species was developed. Kirramyces destructans is a devastating pathogen originally described from Indonesia in 1996 and has since been found throughout Asia where all common tropical and subtropical plantation eucalypt species and hybrids are susceptible. K. destructans is considered a major biosecurity threat in Australia, both to native eucalypt forests and the tropical plantation industry. Prior to the current study, there had been no investigation into the origin and movement of this important pathogen. Thus, five gene regions and six microsatellite loci were sequenced for 43 representative isolates of K. destructans from a range of geographical locations and hosts. Two microsatellite markers detected very low nucleotide polymorphism (three haplotypes for each loci); five other gene regions, including four microsatellite region were uniform. This low level of genetic diversity provides strong evidence that K. destructans was introduced into Indonesia as a founder population and that it has subsequently been spread throughout Asia via human-mediated movement of germplasm. Timor and Northern Australia were considered to be a possible source of origin of this fungus, but the high susceptibility of native E. urophylla to K. destructans in Timor indicates that the pathogen is unlikely to be endemic to Timor. The current distribution of Kirramyces eucalypti is New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand (North Island). The main host of this pathogen is E. nitens which is native to Victoria and New South Wales. Kirramyces eucalypti has not been found in South Africa, yet it causes a severe disease on eucalypt hybrids originating from South Africa growing in New South Wales indicating movement to these hybrids from either native eucalypts or nearby plantations. As such, K. eucalypti poses a threat for the plantation industry in sub-tropical and tropical Australia. The phylogeography of K. eucalypti in Australia and New Zealand was studied by sequencing three gene regions and one microsatellite locus of fifty-seven representative isolates of K. eucalypti from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. The highest genetic variation was found among isolates from NSW suggesting that K. eucalypti originates from NSW. Isolates in New Zealand appear to have been introduced from NSW. Isolates from Queensland were consistently different to those from other regions and may in fact represent a cryptic species or a hybrid. During monitoring of eucalypt taxa trials in far North Queensland, infected leaves resembling symptoms typical of K. destructans were collected and examined. Phylogenetic data based on three gene regions and some morphological characteristics revealed a new taxon described in this study as K. viscidus. Kirramyces viscidus was also shown to be closely related to the devastating pathogen K. destructans. Kirramyces viscidus had been found to cause extensive damage to eucalypt hybrids originating from South America, and less damage to E. grandis from Australia, indicating that this pathogen is probably endemic to Australia. Kirramyces viscidus has the potential to seriously damage tropical eucalypt plantations, especially if clonal and planted off-site. In conclusion, this study resurrected genus Kirramyces for the Phaeophleospora and Coletoglloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts. It also studied the phylogeography and gene flow of the two most important Kirramyces species, K. destructans and K. eucalypti and describes three new Kirramcyes spp. found on eucalypts in Australia. Very recently, K. destructans has been discovered in Northern Australia. This raises a whole series of new issues as there are now several pathogens, K. eucalypti, K. viscidus and K. destructans present in Australia that known to cause serious damage on plantation eucalypts. Recent investigations have also revealed several undescribed Kirramyces spp. in Northern Australia. Their impact, distribution, movement and potential for hybridization now need to be examined.

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19

Andjic, Vera. "Phylogeny, phylogeography and movement of Kirramyces spp. associated with leaf blight diseases of plantation eucalypts". Thesis, Andjic, Vera (2008) Phylogeny, phylogeography and movement of Kirramyces spp. associated with leaf blight diseases of plantation eucalypts. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/93/.

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When this study commenced in early 2004, only five Phaeophleospora species. had been reported from eucalypts of which only two; P. destructans (STE-U 1336) and P. epicoccoides (STE-U 1346) had been sequenced. In a former study, Phaeophleospora species emerged in two separate clades suggesting that Phaeophelospora is polyphyletic. The appearance and severity of lesions on eucalypt leaves are generally used to recognise the species of Phaeophleospora responsible for disease. However, depending on host and climate, the symptoms associated with infection by P. epicoccoides, P. eucalypti and P. destructans can be almost identical and incorrect diagnosis is a common problem. Thus, Phaeophleospora species were compared based on DNA sequences and multi gene genealogies were constructed. In addition species- specific primers were designed and tested on leaf material. Many isolates of Phaeophleospora spp. were collected and sequenced, and all Phaeophleospora spp. from eucalypts were shown to cluster together and are closely related to the most important leaf pathogens associated with eucalypts namely Colletogloeopsis zuluensis, Mycosphaerella cryptica and M. nubilosa. In contrast, these fungi are distantly related to the type specimen of the genus Phaeophleospora, P. eugeniae. Furthermore, all DNA sequences of isolates of P. destructans examined in this thesis, including the ex-type culture, were identical but different to one previously lodged in GenBank. This phylogenetic separation led to a morphological study of the species assigned to Phaeophleospora and compared the species from eucalypts with P. eugeniae the type specimen of Phaeophleospora. The phylogenetic and morphological studies show that P. eugeniae is well separated from Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts and led to the resurrection of the previous generic name, Kirramyces for Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis and morphological observation of Kirramyces spp. and Colletogloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts showed considerable overlap between these two genera. Therefore, Colletogloeopsis was reduced to synonymy with Kirramyces. Consequently, the genus Kirramyces was expanded from five to 14 species, and included the description of two new species, K. angophorae and K. corymbiae. In order to assist with their identification a key based on morphology of conidia for Kirramyces species was developed. Kirramyces destructans is a devastating pathogen originally described from Indonesia in 1996 and has since been found throughout Asia where all common tropical and subtropical plantation eucalypt species and hybrids are susceptible. K. destructans is considered a major biosecurity threat in Australia, both to native eucalypt forests and the tropical plantation industry. Prior to the current study, there had been no investigation into the origin and movement of this important pathogen. Thus, five gene regions and six microsatellite loci were sequenced for 43 representative isolates of K. destructans from a range of geographical locations and hosts. Two microsatellite markers detected very low nucleotide polymorphism (three haplotypes for each loci); five other gene regions, including four microsatellite region were uniform. This low level of genetic diversity provides strong evidence that K. destructans was introduced into Indonesia as a founder population and that it has subsequently been spread throughout Asia via human-mediated movement of germplasm. Timor and Northern Australia were considered to be a possible source of origin of this fungus, but the high susceptibility of native E. urophylla to K. destructans in Timor indicates that the pathogen is unlikely to be endemic to Timor. The current distribution of Kirramyces eucalypti is New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand (North Island). The main host of this pathogen is E. nitens which is native to Victoria and New South Wales. Kirramyces eucalypti has not been found in South Africa, yet it causes a severe disease on eucalypt hybrids originating from South Africa growing in New South Wales indicating movement to these hybrids from either native eucalypts or nearby plantations. As such, K. eucalypti poses a threat for the plantation industry in sub-tropical and tropical Australia. The phylogeography of K. eucalypti in Australia and New Zealand was studied by sequencing three gene regions and one microsatellite locus of fifty-seven representative isolates of K. eucalypti from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. The highest genetic variation was found among isolates from NSW suggesting that K. eucalypti originates from NSW. Isolates in New Zealand appear to have been introduced from NSW. Isolates from Queensland were consistently different to those from other regions and may in fact represent a cryptic species or a hybrid. During monitoring of eucalypt taxa trials in far North Queensland, infected leaves resembling symptoms typical of K. destructans were collected and examined. Phylogenetic data based on three gene regions and some morphological characteristics revealed a new taxon described in this study as K. viscidus. Kirramyces viscidus was also shown to be closely related to the devastating pathogen K. destructans. Kirramyces viscidus had been found to cause extensive damage to eucalypt hybrids originating from South America, and less damage to E. grandis from Australia, indicating that this pathogen is probably endemic to Australia. Kirramyces viscidus has the potential to seriously damage tropical eucalypt plantations, especially if clonal and planted off-site. In conclusion, this study resurrected genus Kirramyces for the Phaeophleospora and Coletoglloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts. It also studied the phylogeography and gene flow of the two most important Kirramyces species, K. destructans and K. eucalypti and describes three new Kirramcyes spp. found on eucalypts in Australia. Very recently, K. destructans has been discovered in Northern Australia. This raises a whole series of new issues as there are now several pathogens, K. eucalypti, K. viscidus and K. destructans present in Australia that known to cause serious damage on plantation eucalypts. Recent investigations have also revealed several undescribed Kirramyces spp. in Northern Australia. Their impact, distribution, movement and potential for hybridization now need to be examined.

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20

Andjic, Vera. "Phylogeny, phylogeography and movement of Kirramyces spp. associated with leaf blight diseases of plantation eucalypts". Andjic, Vera (2008) Phylogeny, phylogeography and movement of Kirramyces spp. associated with leaf blight diseases of plantation eucalypts. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/93/.

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When this study commenced in early 2004, only five Phaeophleospora species. had been reported from eucalypts of which only two; P. destructans (STE-U 1336) and P. epicoccoides (STE-U 1346) had been sequenced. In a former study, Phaeophleospora species emerged in two separate clades suggesting that Phaeophelospora is polyphyletic. The appearance and severity of lesions on eucalypt leaves are generally used to recognise the species of Phaeophleospora responsible for disease. However, depending on host and climate, the symptoms associated with infection by P. epicoccoides, P. eucalypti and P. destructans can be almost identical and incorrect diagnosis is a common problem. Thus, Phaeophleospora species were compared based on DNA sequences and multi gene genealogies were constructed. In addition species- specific primers were designed and tested on leaf material. Many isolates of Phaeophleospora spp. were collected and sequenced, and all Phaeophleospora spp. from eucalypts were shown to cluster together and are closely related to the most important leaf pathogens associated with eucalypts namely Colletogloeopsis zuluensis, Mycosphaerella cryptica and M. nubilosa. In contrast, these fungi are distantly related to the type specimen of the genus Phaeophleospora, P. eugeniae. Furthermore, all DNA sequences of isolates of P. destructans examined in this thesis, including the ex-type culture, were identical but different to one previously lodged in GenBank. This phylogenetic separation led to a morphological study of the species assigned to Phaeophleospora and compared the species from eucalypts with P. eugeniae the type specimen of Phaeophleospora. The phylogenetic and morphological studies show that P. eugeniae is well separated from Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts and led to the resurrection of the previous generic name, Kirramyces for Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis and morphological observation of Kirramyces spp. and Colletogloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts showed considerable overlap between these two genera. Therefore, Colletogloeopsis was reduced to synonymy with Kirramyces. Consequently, the genus Kirramyces was expanded from five to 14 species, and included the description of two new species, K. angophorae and K. corymbiae. In order to assist with their identification a key based on morphology of conidia for Kirramyces species was developed. Kirramyces destructans is a devastating pathogen originally described from Indonesia in 1996 and has since been found throughout Asia where all common tropical and subtropical plantation eucalypt species and hybrids are susceptible. K. destructans is considered a major biosecurity threat in Australia, both to native eucalypt forests and the tropical plantation industry. Prior to the current study, there had been no investigation into the origin and movement of this important pathogen. Thus, five gene regions and six microsatellite loci were sequenced for 43 representative isolates of K. destructans from a range of geographical locations and hosts. Two microsatellite markers detected very low nucleotide polymorphism (three haplotypes for each loci); five other gene regions, including four microsatellite region were uniform. This low level of genetic diversity provides strong evidence that K. destructans was introduced into Indonesia as a founder population and that it has subsequently been spread throughout Asia via human-mediated movement of germplasm. Timor and Northern Australia were considered to be a possible source of origin of this fungus, but the high susceptibility of native E. urophylla to K. destructans in Timor indicates that the pathogen is unlikely to be endemic to Timor. The current distribution of Kirramyces eucalypti is New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand (North Island). The main host of this pathogen is E. nitens which is native to Victoria and New South Wales. Kirramyces eucalypti has not been found in South Africa, yet it causes a severe disease on eucalypt hybrids originating from South Africa growing in New South Wales indicating movement to these hybrids from either native eucalypts or nearby plantations. As such, K. eucalypti poses a threat for the plantation industry in sub-tropical and tropical Australia. The phylogeography of K. eucalypti in Australia and New Zealand was studied by sequencing three gene regions and one microsatellite locus of fifty-seven representative isolates of K. eucalypti from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. The highest genetic variation was found among isolates from NSW suggesting that K. eucalypti originates from NSW. Isolates in New Zealand appear to have been introduced from NSW. Isolates from Queensland were consistently different to those from other regions and may in fact represent a cryptic species or a hybrid. During monitoring of eucalypt taxa trials in far North Queensland, infected leaves resembling symptoms typical of K. destructans were collected and examined. Phylogenetic data based on three gene regions and some morphological characteristics revealed a new taxon described in this study as K. viscidus. Kirramyces viscidus was also shown to be closely related to the devastating pathogen K. destructans. Kirramyces viscidus had been found to cause extensive damage to eucalypt hybrids originating from South America, and less damage to E. grandis from Australia, indicating that this pathogen is probably endemic to Australia. Kirramyces viscidus has the potential to seriously damage tropical eucalypt plantations, especially if clonal and planted off-site. In conclusion, this study resurrected genus Kirramyces for the Phaeophleospora and Coletoglloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts. It also studied the phylogeography and gene flow of the two most important Kirramyces species, K. destructans and K. eucalypti and describes three new Kirramcyes spp. found on eucalypts in Australia. Very recently, K. destructans has been discovered in Northern Australia. This raises a whole series of new issues as there are now several pathogens, K. eucalypti, K. viscidus and K. destructans present in Australia that known to cause serious damage on plantation eucalypts. Recent investigations have also revealed several undescribed Kirramyces spp. in Northern Australia. Their impact, distribution, movement and potential for hybridization now need to be examined.

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21

Flores, Karen Stephanny Cordova. "Estudo das respostas ecofisiológicas no crescimento de clones Eucalyptus spp. submetidos a variações de níveis de restrições hídricas em distintas condições edáficas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-28032016-121014/.

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A alta demanda por madeira de eucalipto para diversas finalidades traz a necessidade da expansão de plantios para áreas em condições de déficit hídrico, o que leva o interesse de entender os processos fisiológicos relacionados ao crescimento da árvore, para possibilitar uma alta produtividade das florestas nessas áreas. Com base nessas informações, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da variação de níveis de restrições hídricas em clones de Eucalyptus spp. plantados em diferentes condições edáficas, pelo estudo das respostas ecofisiológicas, para isso foram instalados em janeiro 2012 dois experimentos na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga (EECFI) pertencente a Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ) - USP, o experimento 1 foi instalado no solo classificado como Latossolo vermelho distroférrico típico A moderado textura argilosa (LVdf) e o experimento 2 no solo Latossolo vermelho distrófico típico A moderado textura argilosa (LVd-1).Cada experimento foi implantado em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial de 6 x 3, seis clones de eucalipto (COP 1404, COP 1407, AEC 1528, AEC 0042, AEC 0224, AEC 0144) e três espaçamentos (3m x1m, 3mx2m, e 3mx4m), com seis repetições, e parcelas quadradas constituídas por 25 plantas, sendo as nove plantas centrais consideradas como a área útil de medição. Foram realizadas avaliações das variáveis: DAP (cm), altura total (m), comprimento da copa (m) e índice de área foliar (IAF m2/m2) trimestralmente, no período de 21 até 37 meses de idade para as variáveis altura total e DAP, e o comprimento da copa e IAF a partir do mês 27. Para a mensuração do IAF foram utilizados dois equipamentos LAI-2000, onde a coleta de dados foi fora e sob o dossel. O folhedo foi coletado mensalmente em todas as parcelas. A avaliação da eficiência e uso de água foi aos 29 e 35 meses, analisando área foliar e as caraterísticas estomáticas em quatro blocos, nos quais três árvores foram amostradas sistematicamente. Para avaliação no incremento de diâmetro no tronco, se instalaram faixas dendrométricas em duas árvores por parcela e as leituras foram quinzenais, sendo correlacionadas com variáveis climáticas no período de 15 e 45 dias de defasagem. Os clones que apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento e estratégia do uso da água foram AEC 1528, AEC 0144 e AEC 0042 obtendo como respostas: maior DAP, altura total, comprimento da copa, área foliar, diâmetro estomático, e menor IAF e concentração de estômatos. Em relação ao peso de folhedo depositado verificou-se que a tendência de deposição oscilou no decorrer do tempo em função da fenologia da planta. Na dinâmica de crescimento cambial os incrementos apresentaram correlações com as variáveis climáticas, principalmente com a precipitação pluviométrica, quanto maior a defasagem maior a correlação. Correlacionando todas as variáveis, os clones apresentaram distintos padrões de respostas ecofisiológicas.
Eucalypts plantations are expanding to drought áreas in Brazil in order to attend the high demand of eucalypts wood for various purposes. Therefore, the understanding the physiological process related to tree growth in this condition is one of the research priorities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ecophysiological responses to water restrictions levels in growth of Eucalyptus spp clones, planted in different soil conditions. The two field experiments were planted in January 2012 at the Itatinga Experimental Station, College of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ), São Paulo State University. Experiment 1 was planted on a site which the soil is classified as \"A moderate typical dystrophic Red Latosol with clay texture (LVdf)\" and experiment 2 on \"A moderate typical dystrophic Red Latosol with clay texture (LVd- 1)\". The experiments were established in a randomized block design with factorial 6 x 3 arrangement [six eucalypts clones (COP 1404, COP 1407, AEC 1528 AEC 0042, AEC 0224, AEC 0144) and three spacings (3m x1m, 3mx2m and 3mx4m)], with six replications, and square plots (5x5 trees). The measurements were carried out on the nine central trees. From the 21 to 37 months of age, the following variables were assessed every three months: DBH (diameter at breast height in cm), height (m) and crown length (m). Leaf area index (LAI m2 / m2) was evaluated every three months after 27 months of age. Two LAI-2000 equipments were used to measure the LAI, one under and another out of the canopy. Litter was collected monthly on all plots. The efficiency of water use was evaluated at 29 and 35 months of age, based on leaf area and stomatal characteristics of samples collected in three trees sampled systematically in four blocks. Dendrometer belts were used to evaluate the diameter growth of two trees per plot. Data collected fortnightly from dendrometers belts were correlated with climatic variables with 15 and 45-da lags. AEC 1528, AEC 0144 and AEC 0042 clones showed higher DBH, total height, crown length, leaf area, stomatal diameter and lower IAF and stomatal concentration, showing better strategy of water use and growth. Deposition of litter fluctuated over time and varied with the tree phenology. Cambium growth dynamics correlated with climate variables, especially with the rainfall. Higher correlations were observed with higher measured lag. Clones showed distinct patterns of ecophysiological responses when the correlations of all variables were considered.

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Wildy, Daniel Thomas. "Growing mallee eucalypts as short-rotation tree crops in the semi-arid wheatbelt of Western Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0031.

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[Truncated abstract] Insufficient water use by annual crop and pasture species leading to costly rises in saline watertables has prompted research into potentially profitable deep-rooted perennial species in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Native mallee eucalypts are currently being developed as a short-rotation coppice crop for production of leaf oils, activated carbon and bio-electricity for low rainfall areas (300—450 mm) too dry for many of the traditional timber and forage species. The research in this study was aimed at developing a knowledge base necessary to grow and manage coppiced mallee eucalypts for both high productivity and salinity control. This firstly necessitated identification of suitable species, climatic and site requirements favourable to rapid growth, and understanding of factors likely to affect yield of the desirable leaf oil constituent, 1,8-cineole. This was undertaken using nine mallee taxa at twelve sites with two harvest regimes. E. kochii subsp. plenissima emerged as showing promise in the central and northern wheatbelt, particularly at a deep acid sand site (Gn 2.61; Northcote, 1979), so further studies focussed on physiology of its resprouting, water use and water-use efficiency at a similar site near Kalannie. Young E. kochii trees were well equipped with large numbers of meristematic foci and adequate root starch reserves to endure repeated shoot removal. The cutting season and interval between cuts were then demonstrated to have a strong influence on productivity, since first-year coppice growth was slow and root systems appeared to cease in secondary growth during the first 1.5—2.5 years after cutting. After decapitation, trees altered their physiology to promote rapid replacement of shoots. Compared to uncut trees, leaves of coppices were formed with a low carbon content per unit area, and showed high stomatal conductance accompanied by high leaf photosynthetic rates. Whole-plant water use efficiency of coppiced trees was unusually high due to their fast relative growth rates associated with preferential investments of photosynthates into regenerating canopies rather than roots. Despite relatively small leaf areas on coppice shoots over the two years following decapitation, high leaf transpiration rates resulted in coppices using water at rates far in excess of that falling as rain on the tree belt area. Water budgets showed that 20 % of the study paddock would have been needed as 0—2 year coppices in 5 m wide twin-row belts in order to maintain hydrological balance over the study period. Maximum water use occurred where uncut trees were accessing a fresh perched aquifer, but where this was not present water budgets still showed transpiration of uncut trees occurring at rates equivalent to 3—4 times rainfall incident on the tree belt canopy. In this scenario, only 10 % of the paddock surface would have been required under 5 m wide tree belts to restore hydrological balance, but competition losses in adjacent pasture would have been greater

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Birt, Patrina. "Mutualistic interactions between the nectar-feeding little red flying-fox Pteropus scapulatus (Chiroptera : Pteropodidae) and flowering eucalypts (Myrtaceae) : habitat utilisation and pollination /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19062.pdf.

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Barradas, Carla Bernardete Rodrigues. "Climate changes and Botryosphaeriaceae diseases of Eucalyptus in Portugal". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21228.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
O eucalipto é das espécies florestais mais plantadas devido à sua importância económica. Em Portugal, (principalmente E. globulus) representa atualmente 26% da área total, sendo a espécie florestal mais abundante no país. Membros da família Botryosphaeriaceae podem ocorrer como endofíticos ou patogénios latentes numa variada gama de hospedeiros lenhosos. Várias espécies têm sido associadas a eucaliptos em todo o mundo. Apesar da sua importância económica, não existem estudos relacionados com a ocorrência de espécies de Botryosphaeriaceae associadas a eucaliptos em Portugal, nem sobre o impacto que as alterações climáticas possam ter no desenvolvimento de doenças. Foi estudada a comunidade de espécies de Botryosphaeriaceae que ocorre tanto em plantações saudáveis como doentes de E. globulus por todo o país. Nove espécies pertencentes a três géneros (Botryosphaeria, Diplodia e Neofusicoccum) foram identificadas, sendo o género Neofusicoccum claramente dominante tanto em plantas doentes como saudáveis. Neofusicoccum algeriense, D. corticola e D. seriata foram descritos pela primeira vez em E. globulus, enquanto N. algeriense, N. kwambonambiense e N. eucalyptorum correspondem aos primeiros registos em Portugal. É fundamental detetar precocemente estes fungos de modo a evitar surtos de doenças que possam resultar em elevadas perdas económicas. A sua identificação, de modo geral, baseia-se em técnicas moleculares que embora muito poderosas na discriminação de espécies podem ser demoradas e dispendiosas. A técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho médio (MIR) permitiu a discriminação de espécies de Botryosphaeriaceae com base no seu perfil de “fingerprint” de infravermelho. Esta técnica revelou potencial para ser uma alternativa eficaz, rápida e económica aos métodos de identificação convencionais. Em ensaios de inoculação artificial foram encontradas diferenças claras na agressividade destes fungos. Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense e D. corticola foram as espécies mais virulentas, em contraste com B. dothidea e D. seriata. Apesar de algumas diferenças nos parâmetros morfo-fisiológicos não foi encontrada qualquer relação direta entre o tamanho da lesão (agressividade) e as respostas fisiológicas da planta. Considerando o perfil fisiológico global e as dimensões das lesões notou-se uma clara variação na suscetibilidade entre os diferentes genótipos de plantas testadas. As alterações climáticas influenciam a ocorrência e gravidade das doenças nas plantas. Os nossos resultados indicam que as plantas em stress hídrico são mais suscetíveis a espécies de Botryosphaeriaceae. Esta resposta foi particularmente relevante quando os fungos foram inoculados em plantas que já se encontravam em privação de água. Além disso, o pré-condicionamento das plantas a condições de seca levou a um ligeiro aumento da resistência à infeção fúngica. Os nossos resultados realçam o facto de as estratégias de gestão para as plantações não poderem ignorar o impacto que as doenças associadas a Botryosphaeriaceae podem ter num cenário de alterações climáticas.
Eucalypts are one of the most widely planted forest trees due to their economic importance. In Portugal, they (mostly E. globulus) represent currently 26% of the total forest area, being the most abundant forest tree in the country. Botryosphaeriaceae species occur as endophytes or latent pathogens on a diverse range of woody hosts, including eucalypts. Despite the economic importance of these plants, there are no studies related to the occurrence of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with them in Portugal or the impact of climate changes in the triggering of diseases. The community of Botryosphaeriaceae species occurring on diseased and healthy E. globulus trees was studied on several plantations throughout the country. Nine species from three different genera (Botryosphaeria, Diplodia and Neofusicoccum) were identified being the genus Neofusicoccum clearly dominant on both diseased and healthy trees. Neofusicoccum algeriense, D. corticola and D. seriata were reported for the first time on E. globulus, while N. algeriense, N. eucalyptorum and N. kwambonambiense correspond to the first reports in Portugal. The early detection of Botryosphaeriaceae species could allow preventing disease outbreaks that may result in significant economic losses. The identification of these fungal species is, in general, based on molecular techniques, that although being very powerful in discriminating species, can be time consuming and still quite expensive. Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) technique allowed the discrimination of species of Botryosphaeriaceae based on their infrared fingerprint profile, being a powerful, cost-effective and faster alternative method to conventional identification techniques. In artificial inoculation trials, marked differences in aggressiveness between these fungi were reported. Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense and D. corticola were the most virulent species while B. dothidea and D. seriata were the less ones. Despite some differences in morpho-physiological parameters no direct relation was found between lesion sizes (aggressiveness) and plant morpho-physiological responses. Considering the global physiological profile and lesion sizes, a clearly variation in susceptibility between different genotypes of eucalypts in study was shown. It is known that climate changes influence the occurrence and severity of plant diseases. Our results indicate that water stressed plants are more susceptible to Botryosphaeriaceae diseases. This response was particularly relevant when the plant was inoculated while water deprivation was already occurring. Moreover, drought primed plants presented a slightly increased resistance to fungal infection. Our results reinforce the fact that management strategies for plantations should not overlook the impact that Botryosphaeriaceae diseases can have in a climate change scenario.

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Gabriel, Murilo Vieira. "Otimização da multiplicação de brotações de Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in vitro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-23062009-160515/.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi otimizar a multiplicação de brotações de Eucalyptus globulus Labill., por meio da definição do tamanho de explantes iniciais e de ajustes de nutrientes minerais do meio de cultura. Os meios de cultura utilizados foram o JADS (CORREIA et al., 1995), JADS modificado e o MS. Os tamanhos dos explantes foram definidos por suas massas frescas iniciais e classificados em T1 (0,1430g), T2 (0,2685g) e T3 (0,5180g). Inicialmente, os ajustes dos nutrientes minerais foram realizados de forma individual para cada nutriente e concentração utilizados: nitrogênio (NH4NO3), com suplementação de 45,0 (N1) e 65,0 (N2) mmol L-1; fósforo (KH2PO4), com suplementação de 1,0 (P1) e 2,0 (P2) mmol L-1; cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), com suplementação 7,5 (Ca1) e 10,0 (Ca2) mmol L-1; e Magnésio (MgSO4.7H2O), com suplementação de 1,5 (Mg1) e 4,5 (Mg2) mmol L-1. Com base nos resultados iniciais, novos ajustes para nitrogênio e cálcio foram realizados: nitrogênio (NH4NO3) e cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), com suplementação de 45,0 e 7,5 mmol L-1 (N1Ca1), respectivamente, e suplementação de 60,0 e 7,5 mmol L-1 (N2Ca1), respectivamente. Todos os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado (DIA); com 3 tratamentos e 4 repetições (tamanho do explante); 10 tratamentos e 3 repetições (ajuste inicial de nutrientes minerais) e 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições (ajuste final de nutrientes minerais). As características de crescimento, massas fresca e seca, porcentagem de massa seca e taxa de crescimento relativo (%) das brotações foram avaliadas semanalmente, durante os 28 dias de cultivo in vitro. As características de crescimento das brotações foram pouco afetadas pelo tamanho do explante inicial; no entanto, apresentaram deformações morfológicas em altas concentrações de nitrogênio. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram incrementos de massas seca e fresca. As porcentagens de massa seca foram menores nos tratamentos com maiores concentrações de nitrogênio (MS, N2 e N2Ca1). As maiores taxas de crescimento relativo foram observadas aos 7 dias de cultivo, e decresceram ao longo do período estudado. O meio de cultura JADS, apresentou crescimento das brotações considerado ótimo, porém não máximo. O meio de cultura MS apresentou crescimento das brotações fora dos padrões considerados ótimo e máximo. O meio de cultura JADS modificado, contendo 45,0 (N), 3,0 (P), 7,5 (Ca) e 3,0 (Mg), apresentou crescimento máximo das brotações e próximo ao ótimo.
The aim of this work was to optimize Eucalyptus globulus Labill. shoot multiplication in vitro through the definition of the initial explant size and the adjustment of mineral nutrients in the culture media. The culture media utilized were JADS (CORREIA et al., 1995), modified JADS and MS. The explants fresh weight were 0.1430 g (T1); 0.2685 g (T2) and 0.5180 g (T3). Initially, the mineral nutrient and concentrations utilized were: nitrogen (NH4NO3) with 45.0 (N1) and 60.0 (N2) mmol L-1; phosphate (KH2PO4) with 1.0 (P1) and 2.0 (P2) mmol L-1; calcium (CaCl2.2H2O) with 7.5 (Ca1) and 10.0 (Ca2) mmol L-1 and magnesium (MgSO4.7H2O) with 1.5 (Mg1) and 4.5 (Mg2) mmol L-1. Based on the initials results, new adjustments were made for nitrogen and calcium, and the concentrations utilized were (NH4NO3) and (CaCl2.2H2O) with 45.0 and 7.5 mmol L-1 (N1Ca1) and 60.0 and 7.5 mmol L-1 respectively. All the tests were carried out in a completely randomized design; with 3 treatments and 4 replicates (explant size); 10 treatments and 3 replicates (initial adjustment of mineral nutrients) and 4 treatments and 6 replicates (final mineral nutrient adjustment). The shoot growth characteristics, fresh and oven dry weight, oven dry weight percentage and relative growth rate were evaluated weekly for 28 day culture period. The explant initial size had little effect on the shoot growth characteristics. All the treatments with mineral nutrient adjustments showed fresh and oven dry weight increase. The oven dry weight percentage were lower in the treatments with high nitrogen concentrations (MS, N2 and N2Ca1). The highest relative growth rates were observed at the 7th day evaluation and lowered along the culture period. The JADS culture medium showed shoot growths considered optimum but not maximum. The MS culture medium showed shoot growths not considered optimum or maximum. The adjusted culture media with 45.0 (N), 3.0 (P), 7.5 (Ca) and 3.0 (Mg) showed shoot growth considered maximum and almost optimum.

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Brondani, Gilvano Ebling. "Aspectos morfofisiológicos na clonagem de Eucalyptus benthamii". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-30052012-105821/.

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Dentre as poucas espécies de Eucalyptus que apresentam aptidão ao cultivo em regiões de baixas temperaturas e a geadas frequentes, destacam-se genótipos de Eucalyptus benthamii que representam opções para futuros plantios florestais em diferentes regiões brasileiras. Porém, existem poucas informações quanto a obtenção de mudas clonais, e se focarmos as espécies aconselhadas para o plantio em condições subtropicais, tal carência é ainda maior, principalmente ao considerar os fatores endógenos e exógenos para o enraizamento adventício. Baseado no exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar aspectos morfofisiológicos da clonagem de genótipos de Eucalyptus benthamii por meio das técnicas de miniestaquia e micropropagação. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro estudos básicos. O primeiro estudo (Capítulo 2) baseou-se na avaliação da morfofisiologia de um minijardim clonal em relação a diferentes concentrações de Zn e B ao longo de sucessivas coletas de brotações. O segundo estudo (Capítulo 3) foi baseado em avaliar o enraizamento de miniestacas quanto a diferentes concentrações de Zn e B e aplicação de AIB ao longo de sucessivas coletas de brotações. O terceiro estudo (Capítulo 4) baseou-se em avaliar a dinâmica de enraizamento de miniestacas quanto a diferentes concentrações de AIB, tempo ótimo de permanência de miniestacas enraizadas em casa de vegetação e a origem da conexão vascular da raiz emitida. Por fim, o quarto estudo (Capítulo 5) foi baseado no desenvolvimento e estabelecimento de protocolo para a micropropagação visando a produção de microcepas para formar um microjardim clonal. Em termos gerais, a sobrevivência das minicepas, produção de miniestacas por metro quadrado ao ano e os teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes variaram significativamente em relação as concentrações de Zn e B, apresentando diferentes respostas ao longo das coletas de brotações no minijardim clonal. Os teores foliares de carboidratos solúveis não estruturais variaram significativamente de acordo com as coletas de brotações e solução nutritiva, sendo que o aumento das concentrações de Zn e B na solução nutritiva induziu a redução dos teores de carboidratos solúveis não estruturais. A porcentagem de enraizamento dos materiais clonais foi baixa, sendo considerados de difícil propagação pela miniestaquia. A presença de Zn e B na solução nutritiva (concentrações variando de 1,0 a 2,0 mg L-1) associadas a presença de AIB induziram os maiores índices de enraizamento. A aplicação de AIB na concentração de 2.000 mg L-1 favoreceu a indução de raízes, e o intervalo de 35 a 42 dias foi o mais indicado para a permanência das miniestacas enraizadas em casa de vegetação. De acordo com as análises histológicas da rizogênese foi verificado que a raiz adventícia apresentou conexão direta com o câmbio vascular. A multiplicação in vitro de gemas axilares dependeu do clone, meio de cultura e concentração de regulador de crescimento e, o alongamento de brotações dependeu do clone e regulador de crescimento. O protocolo de micropropagação foi eficiente para a produção de microplantas de Eucalyptus benthamii as quais podem ser usadas para a formação de um microjardim clonal.
Few Eucalyptus species present adaptation for cultivation in regions subject to low temperatures and frequent frosts, and Eucalyptus benthamii genotypes may represent options for future forest plantations in different regions of Brazil, in view of its excellent silvicultural performance in these conditions. However, there is little information on obtaining clones, and considering the species recommended for planting in subtropical conditions, this lack of information is even greater, mainly when considering the endogenous and exogenous factors for the adventitious rooting. Based on these information, the present work was aimed the conducting of studies on morphophysiological aspects during the cloning of Eucalyptus benthamii through of the mini-cuttings and micropropagation techniques. Therefore, the work was divided into four basic studies. The first study (Chapter 2) was based in evaluate the morphophysiology of a clonal mini-garden regarding to Zn and B concentrations during successive shoot collections. The second study (Chapter 3) was based in evaluate the induction of adventitious rooting in mini-cuttings regarding to genotype, Zn and B concentrations, shoot collections and IBA application. The third study (Chapter 4) was based in evaluate the adventitious rooting percentage of selected genotypes regarding the IBA concentration, optimal time of permanence of rooted mini-cuttings in a greenhouse and the origin of the vascular connection. Finally, the fourth study (Chapter 5) was based in develop a method for cloning of selected genotypes through micropropagation technique for the formation of a clonal micro-garden. In overall terms, mini-stumps survival, mini-cuttings production per square meter per year and foliar content of macro and micronutrients varied significantly in relation to treatments, presenting different responses according to shoots collection of the clonal mini-garden. The content of soluble carbohydrates non-structural of leaves varied regarding the shoots collection and nutrient solution. The increasing of the Zn and B concentrations in the nutrient solution induced reduction of the total content of soluble carbohydrates non-structural of leaves. The adventitious rooting percentage was low, and the genotypes were considered difficult to propagation by mini-cuttings technique. The ministumps fertigated with nutrient solutions containing Zn and B (concentrations of 1.0 at 2.0 mg L-1) associated with the IBA application presented the greater adventitious rooting percentage. The IBA application in the concentration of 2,000 mg L-1 resulted in the greater speed of rooting and rooting percentage, and the interval of 35 to 42 days was the most suitable for the permanence of mini-cuttings rooted in a greenhouse. According to the histological analysis of rhizogenesis was verified that the adventitious root presented direct connection to the vascular cambium. The in vitro multiplication of axillary buds depends of the genetic material, culture medium and concentration of plant growth regulator and, the shoots elongation depends of the genetic material and plant growth regulator. The micropropagation protocol was efficient for the microplants production of Eucalyptus benthamii and can be used to form a clonal microgarden.

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Lima, Israel Luiz de. "Influência do desbaste e da adubação na qualidade da madeira serrada de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex-Maiden". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-20072005-154922/.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral estudar a influência do manejo florestal no rendimento e na qualidade tecnológica da madeira serrada de uma população plantada de Eucalyptus grandis, de 21 anos de idade, manejada pelo sistema de desbastes seletivos com aplicação de fertilizantes na época do início dos desbastes. Os fatores utilizados foram três intensidades de desbastes seletivos (37, 50 e 75%), presença ou ausência de fertilizantes, três classes de diâmetro e três posições verticais ao longo da altura do fuste comercial.As influências dos fatores e de suas combinações nas tensões de crescimento das árvores foram avaliadas de forma indireta através das rachaduras de extremidade de tora, rachadura de extremidade de tábua úmidas e secas, encurvamento e arqueamento de tábua úmida e deslocamento da medula em relação à sua normal posição central. Foram avaliadas, também, porcentagem de casca e conicidade de toras, que são variáveis que interferem no rendimento em madeira serrada; massa específica da madeira à umidade de equilíbrio ao ar; módulo de elasticidade estrutural na flexão estática não destrutiva, determinado em tábuas secas de dimensões comerciais e um sistema de classificação de tábuas segundo diferentes classes de qualidade. O deslocamento da medula, conicidade, porcentagem de casca e o índice de rachaduras de topo de tora não sofreram nenhuma influência significativa dos fatores desbaste, adubação e classe de diâmetro. As rachaduras de extremidade de tábua serrada seca ou verde, encurvamento, arqueamento e o módulo de elasticidade estrutural sofreram influências dos fatores desbaste, adubação e classe de diâmetro em algumas situações específicas. O índice de rachadura de tábuas serrada verde ou seca diminui da medula para a casca enquanto que o encurvamento de peça serrada e o módulo de elasticidade estrutural aumentam da medula para a casca. O arqueamento das tábuas não apresenta nenhuma tendência de variação ao longo do raio da tora. A metodologia não destrutiva utilizada para avaliação do módulo de elasticidade estrutural à flexão estática demonstrou-se ser simples, prática e eficiente.Na classificação das tábuas serradas foi constatado que a posição relativa da tábua no raio interfere nas classes de qualidade da madeira. A freqüência de tábuas de 1ª classe aumenta da medula para a casca enquanto que as tábuas de refugo diminuem da medula para casca. A massa específica da madeira à umidade de equilíbrio ao ar sofreu influência do fator adubo e aumenta significativamente da medula para a casca. A intensidade de 75% de desbaste propiciou, de maneira geral, maior homogeneidade de qualidade da madeira ao longo do raio. Observa-se boas relações positivas entre rachadura de tábua seca e rachadura de tábua verde, mas a melhor relação foi observada entre o rendimento em madeira serrada seca e o rendimento em madeira serrada verde com destopo.
The study had the general objective of studying the influence of forest thinning on the some yield and technological quality indicators of sawn wood from a 21 year old grown Eucalyptus grandis stand managed by selective thinning with the use of fertilizers at 6 years old. The thinning intensities (37, 50 and 75%), presence or absence of fertilizers, two diameter classes, two vertical positions along the stem commercial height and three longitudinal position along the tree radius were taken as the study factors. The influences of the factors treatments and their combinations on tree growth stresses were evaluate indirectly through log end splitting, green and dry sawn lumber end splitting, green sawn lumber bow and spring and pith displacement from it normal central position. The percentage of bark and log taper which are variables that interfere on the sawn wood yield was also evaluated. Structural modulus of elasticity at static bending determined in commercial dimensions dry sawn lumber and a grading system of sawn pieces were determined. Thinning and fertilization had no significant effect on pith displacement, log tapering, bark percentage and log end splitting index. Green and dry sawn lumber, bow, spring and structural modulus of elasticity were influenced by thinning, fertilization and diameter class in some specific situations. Green or dry sawn lumber end splitting index decreases from pith to bark although green sawn lumber bow and the structural modulus of elasticity increase toward the periphery of the tree. Green lumber spring presents no variation tendency along the log radius. The methodology of non-destructive testing used for structural modulus of elasticity evaluation at static bending had demonstrated to be simple, practical and efficient. It was observed during sawn lumber grading operation that the relative position of a piece in the tree radius interferes on its class grade. The frequency of first class lumber increases from pith to bark while the refused pieces number decreases toward the outer part of the tree. In general the 75% thinning intensity slightly promoted a better homogeneity of sawn wood quality along the tree radius.

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Miranda, Aline Cristina [UNESP]. "Caracterização e comparação da diversidade genética de populações de Eucalyptus grandis por meio de marcadores moleculares e características quantitativas". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144679.

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O objetivo desse estudo foi explorar a variabilidade genética existente entre e dentro de procedências e progênies da população estudada, conhecendo a estrutura genética da população de melhoramento, estimando parâmetros genéticos de caracteres quantitativos de crescimento e determinando a origem das populações de melhoramento de Eucalyptus grandis. O teste de progênies e procedências de Eucalyptus grandis com 153 progênies de polinização aberta, oriundas de dez procedências foi implantado em Anhembi como parte da rede experimental Projeto Cooperativo Populações Núcleo, sendo o delineamento experimental utilizado de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e seis plantas lineares. A mensuração dos caracteres quantitativos como diâmetro à altura do peito, altura total das árvores, volume e sobrevivência ocorreram aos 12, 24, 36, 48 e 60 meses e as análises foram realizadas via RELM/BLUP. Para a avaliação do sistema de reprodução e identificação da diversidade genética existente nas procedências brasileiras, foram selecionadas 981 plantas para análise de nove locos microssatélites e para determinação das origens da espécie estudada foi realizado a genotipagem de 254 plantas de 18 populações da Austrália. Nas análises individuais em todos os períodos de avaliação, os caracteres de produção apresentaram-se significativos a um grau de liberdade pelo teste LRT, indicando a existência de variabilidade genética a ser explorada pelo melhoramento genético, tanto entre como dentro de progênies. Houve uma redução dos valores de herdabilidade individual para todas as características avaliadas aos 12 meses para 60 meses de mensuração. O valor de repetibilidade individual ( ) obtido apresentou magnitude alta (0,78). Das 20 progênies selecionadas pela média harmônica da performance relativa dos valores genéticos (MHPRVG), 14 dessas estão presentes em todas as análises mostrando que a seleção com base apenas na análise de interação genótipos x anos, pode ser errônea e/ou não capitalizar genótipos importantes. Das dez procedências avaliadas, a seleção realizada pela MHPRVG proporcionou a seleção de progênies de seis procedências. Estimativa da taxa de cruzamento multiloco foi alta (0,994), esse resultado está dentro do padrão observado para a taxa de cruzamento em outras populações, mas significativamente diferente de 1,0, sugerindo um sistema misto de reprodução, combinando autofecundações e cruzamentos, com predominância de cruzamento. As estimativas de diferenciação genética entre as populações foram significativamente diferentes de zero. A combinação da origem de diferentes procedências brasileiras associadas à seleção, indica potencial de reprodução, sendo que, os indivíduos de diferentes procedências podem ser utilizados para compor uma nova geração.
To explore the genetic variability between and within provenances and progenies of the population studied, the aim of this study was to understand the genetic structure of the population of breeding, to estimate genetic parameters of quantitative traits of growth and determine the origin of breeding populations Eucalyptus grandis. The provenances test and progenies of Eucalyptus grandis with 153 open-pollinated progenies, ten provenances, was established at Anhembi, as part of the experimental network (PCPN), the experimental design was a design randomized block with linear plots. The measurement of quantitative traits diameter at breast height, total tree height, cylindrical volume and survival were evaluates at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, the analyzes were performed by RELM / BLUP and evaluation of mating system and identification the genetic diversity of Brazilian provenances, 981 plants were selected for analysis of nine microsatellite loci and to determine the origins of studied species was conducted genotyping of 254 samples from 18 populations of Australia. In the individual analysis in all evaluation, yield traits showed a significant degree of freedom for the LRT test, indicating the existence of genetic variability to be exploited by breeding, both between and within progenies. There was a reduction of individual heritability values for all characteristics evaluated at 12 months to 60 months of measurement. The individual value of repeatability ( r ˆ ) obtained showed high magnitude (0.78). We selected the best 20 progenies classified in terms of individual genetic value by MHPRVG, 14 progenies were found are present in all analyzes showing that the selection based only on the analysis of genotype x years can be erroneous and / or to capitalize important genotypes. Of the ten evaluated provenances, the selection made by MHPRVG provided the selection of six provenances progenies. Estimated multilocus outcrossing rate was high (0.994), this result is within the pattern observed for the outcrossing rate in other populations, but significantly different from 1.0, suggesting a mixed system of reproduction, combining selfing and crosses, especially cross. Estimates of genetic differentiation among populations were significantly different from zero. The combination of different origin Brazilian origins associated with the selection, indicates reproductive potential, is that individuals of different origins may be used to compose a new generation.

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Ferraz, Alexandre de Vicente. "Ciclagem de nutrientes e metais pesados em plantios de Eucalyptus grandis adubados com lodos de esgoto produzidos em diferentes estações de tratamento da região metropolitana de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-18022010-105811/.

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A produção de lodo de esgoto vem aumentando exponencialmente com a multiplicação das estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETEs) e a sua disposição final tem se tornado um problema sanitário preocupante. Por ser um resíduo rico em matéria orgânica e nutrientes, muitas pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas na busca de alternativas ecologicamente mais adequadas para o seu descarte. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar as diferenças entre lodos de esgoto (biossólidos), produzidos em três diferentes Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos da região metropolitana de São Paulo, quando utilizados como adubo em plantações de Eucalyptus grandis. Procurou-se também avaliar a influência deste resíduo sobre a ciclagem de nutrientes e sobre a dinâmica de metais pesados no ecossistema florestal. O estudo foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais da ESALQ/USP em Itatinga-SP, cujo solo é predominantemente arenoso e de baixa fertilidade natural. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos aleatorizados, com 4 repetições e cinco tratamentos, sendo eles: 1)Testemunha Absoluta (TA), sem nenhuma adubação; 2) Fertilização mineral convencional (FM); 3) Aplicação de 15 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto da ETE de Barueri (LB); 4) 15 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto da ETE de São Miguel (LSM); 5) 15 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto da ETE do Parque Novo Mundo (LPNM). Todos os tratamentos com lodo de esgoto foram complementados com potássio mineral (KCl), visto que o lodo é deficiente neste nutriente. O LB e o LSM foram condicionados com polieletrólitos, mas o LPNM foi condicionado com cal hidratada e cloreto férrico. O efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre os eucaliptos foi avaliado através de: inventários florestais semestrais, nutrição foliar, estimativa do folhedo produzido mensalmente, estimativa semestral de folhedo acumulado sobre o solo, avaliação da decomposição do folhedo no campo através de bolsas decompositoras, reflexo dos lodos sobre a fertilidade do solo, estimativa da biomassa e do estoque de nutrientes e metais pesados nos componentes do tronco (Lenho+Casca), nas folhas e nas raízes finas dos eucaliptos. Observou-se que a adubação dos eucaliptos com os lodos propiciou, em média, um incremento do volume de madeira da ordem de 65%, superior à testemunha (sem adubação) e similar ao observado no tratamento com fertilização mineral. A concentração dos nutrientes nas folhas dos eucaliptos tratados com os lodos, aos 6 meses de idade, apresentou uma elevação significativa dos nutrientes N, P, Ca, Cu, Fe e Zn em relação à testemunha. Mas, aos 42 meses, observou-se a tendência geral de redução da concentração de todos os nutrientes nas folhas, independente dos tratamentos. A adição dos lodos estimulou em 75% a produção de folhedo pelos eucaliptos, bem como um maior acúmulo de folhedo sobre o piso florestal. Conseqüentemente, houve uma maior transferência de nutrientes, via folhedo, das copas dos eucaliptos para a camada de serapilheira. De maneira geral, a aplicação da FM e dos lodos de esgoto melhorou a fertilidade do solo na linha de plantio (ponto de aplicação), principalmente na camada entre 0 e 5 cm de profundidade. Todavia, poucas mudanças foram observadas na produção de raízes finas em função dos diferentes tratamentos. O lodo de esgoto, quando condicionado na ETE com cal hidratada, tende a elevar o estoque de cálcio em todos os componentes do sistema solo-planta-serapilheira, podendo a longo prazo causar desbalanço nutricional e impactos prejudiciais ao ecossistema. Nos tratamentos com lodo de esgoto, foi observada uma maior concentração de metais pesados, em comparação à testemunha, nas folhas: Cu, Zn e Ni; no folhedo: Cu e Zn; no solo: Cu e Zn (na linha de plantio) e Zn (na entrelinha de plantio), apenas na camada de 0-5 cm de profundidade e nas raízes finas: Zn e Ni. É imprescindível, portanto, se conhecer previamente a concentração dos diferentes elementos no lodo de esgoto, antes de sua aplicação em plantios florestais. O monitoramento nutricional das árvores e da ciclagem dos nutrientes são práticas de fundamental importância para o bom manejo deste resíduo e do empreendimento florestal.
The production of sewage sludge increased exponentially with the enlargement of sewage treatment plants (ETEs, by its acronym in Portuguese). The final disposal of this product has always been a sanitary problem. Since it is a residue rich in organic matter and nutrients, several researches have been carried out, looking for adequate ecological alternatives for its disposal. This study aims to verify the differences among the sewage sludge (biosolids) from three different sewage treatment plants in the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo when used as fertilizers in Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Moreover it seeks to assess the influence of this residue in the nutrients cycling and in the heavy metals dynamic in forestry ecosystems. This research was carried out in the Experimental Station of Forestry Sciences of ESALQ/USP in Itatinga, Sao Paulo, where the soil is mainly sandy and of low natural fertility. The experimental delineation was of randomized blocks, with 4 replications and 5 treatments: 1) control (TA) without fertilization; 2) mineral conventional fertilization (FM); 3) application of 15 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge from Barueri ETE (LB); 4) 15 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge from Sao Miguel ETE (LSM); 5) 15 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge from Parque Novo Mundo ETE (LPNM). Since the sewage sludge lacks mineral potassium (KCl), it was added to all the treatments. The LB and the LSM were conditioned with polyelectrolyte, but the LPNM was conditioned with CaOH and with FeCl3. The sewage sludge was applied in the planting rows. The effect of the different treatments on the eucalyptus trees was assessed by: six-monthly forestry inventories, leafs nutrition, estimation of monthly production of leaf fall, six-monthly estimation of leaf fall stocked in the soil, assessment of the decomposition of leaf fall in the field with decomposition bags, reflex of the sludge over the soil fertility, estimation of the biomass and the stock of nutrients and heavy metals in the trunk (stem wood + bark), in the leaves and in the fine roots of the eucalyptus trees. It was observed that the fertilization with sludge favored in average the increase of the wood volume around 65%, higher that the control (without fertilization) and similar to what observed in the treatment with mineral fertilization. The concentration of N, P, Ca, Cu, Fe and Zn in the leaves of the eucalyptus treated with the sludge, when six months old, increased significantly compared with the control. When the trees, of all the treatments were 42 months old, there was a decrease in the concentration of all nutrients in the leaves. The addition of sludge stimulated in 75% the production of leaf fall, as well as its high accumulation in the forestry soil. Consequently, the nutrients transfer was high, by the leaf fall, from the top of the trees to the litter. In general, the application of FM and of sewage sludge improved the soil fertility in the inter row (application place), mainly in the depth 0-5 cm. However, few changes were observed in the fine roots production regarding the different treatments. The sewage sludge, when conditioned in the ETE with CaOH, tends to increase the calcium stock in all the components of the system soil-plantlitter, what in long term may cause a nutritional imbalance and harmful impacts to the ecosystem. In the treatments with sewage sludge, a higher concentration of heavy metals in the leaves was observed in comparison with the control: Cu, Zn and Ni; in the leaf fall: Cu and Zn; in the soil: Cu and Zn (in the planting rows) and Zn (between-tree rows), only in the depth 0-5cm and in the fine roots: Zn and Ni. Therefore, before the application of sewage sludge in forestry plantations it is essential to know the concentration of the different elements present in it. The nutritionalmonitoring of the trees and the nutrients cycling are fundamental practices of essential importance for the good management of this residue and for the forestry farmer

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Laclau, Patricia Renee Françoise Battie. "Efeitos da adubação potássica sobre a adaptação à seca do Eucalyptus grandis". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-16012014-160920/.

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Com a continuação do aquecimento global, prevê-se o aumento dos períodos de seca, um dos mais importantes fatores abióticos a afetar o crescimento dos eucaliptos no Brasil. Nessa direção, as práticas silviculturais poderiam adaptar-se para favorecer os mecanismos de adaptação das árvores à seca. Assim, na Estação Experimental de Itatinga, foram avaliados os efeitos da adubação potássica sobre os aspectos produtivos e fisiológicos de um povoamento de Eucalyptus grandis, em primeira rotação, submetido à exclusão parcial de chuva durante trinta meses após o plantio. O dispositivo experimental foi um split plot, com três blocos completos e quatro tratamentos: dois regimes hídricos (100% e 63% das chuvas, com exclusão parcial artificial) e duas doses de K (0 e 4,5 kmol ha-1). A meta foi avaliar a influência da nutrição potássica sobre as características e a atividade fotossintética das folhas. A transpiração foi medida por sensores de fluxo de seiva para estimar a eficiência de transpiração do povoamento. O potencial foliar e as trocas gasosas foliares foram monitorados, enquanto os valores de \'delta\'13C do floema foram medidos, para avaliar o estado hídrico e o funcionamento estomático das árvores, em função da disponibilidade de K e de água. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de K atuou sobre vários mecanismos responsáveis pelo aumento do crescimento e da produção de madeira: aumento da área foliar total e individual, da duração de vida foliar, do tamanho e da turgescência celular foliar, da espessura foliar e dos espaços intercelulares no mesófilo foliar, da capacidade fotossintética, da condutância dos estômatos e do mesófilo, da exportação dos fotoassimilados, produzidos nas folhas-fontes, do fluxo de seiva, da eficiência de transpiração na produção de madeira, pelo aumento da repartição de biomassa nesse compartimento. Folhas com sintomas de deficiência de K mostraram concentrações de nutrientes, espaços intercelulares e atividade fotossintética inferiores, e concentrações de açúcares solúveis superiores, na comparação com o tratamento com K, sugerindo uma ligação entre nutrição, anatomia e fisiologia foliar. Durante o déficit hídrico, o E. grandis mostrou um comportamento isohidrodinâmico, associado ao fechamento estomático, ao ajustamento foliar osmótico, à diminuição na elasticidade das paredes celulares, ao aumento na eficiência de uso da água nas folhas, à diminuição da área foliar total e à rápida absorção da água nas camadas profundas do solo. A partir de aproximadamente 22 meses após o plantio, o estado hídrico das árvores diminuiu: (1) nas parcelas com exclusão parcial de chuva, em relação às parcelas sem exclusão parcial de chuva, e (2) nas parcelas com adição de K, em relação às parcelas sem essa adição. Embora a adição de K melhore as relações hídricas nas folhas, o controle dos movimentos estomáticos e as trocas gasosas foliares, ela agravou o estado hídrico das árvores durante períodos de seca intensa, devido ao maior crescimento e à demanda hídrica. Assim, os efeitos benéficos da adição de K sobre a adaptação à seca das árvores poderiam não contrabalançar o aumento do déficit hídrico durante períodos mais intensos de seca. Em relação às previsões futuras de seca, as empresas florestais, provavelmente, terão de adaptar a fertilização para minimizar a demanda de água e os riscos de mortalidade
Global warming is predicted to exacerbate drought, one of the most important abiotic stress factors affecting eucalypts growth in Brazil. Silvilcultural practices might be adapted to enhance drought adaptation mechanisms of trees. This study examined the effects of K addition on productive and physiological aspects of Eucalyptus grandis stands in first rotation submitted to partial through fall exclusion over thirty months after planting. A large-scale through fall exclusion experiment using a split plot design was conducted with three blocks and four treatments: two water regimes (100% and 63% of through fall with partial artificial exclusion) and two K doses (0 and 4.5 kmol ha-1). The influence of K nutrition on characteristics and photosynthetic activity of leaves was assessed Tree transpiration was measured from sap flow probes to estimate water use efficiency. Foliar water potential and gas exchange were monitored, and phloem \'delta\'13C was measured in order to evaluate tree water status and stomatal regulation depending on K and water availabilities. The results showed that K supply influence various mechanisms responsible for tree growth enhancement: increase in total and individual leaf area, leaf lifespan, cell turgor and cell size due to an increase in turgor, leaf thickness and intercellular spaces, photosynthetic capacity, stomata and mesophyll conductances, photoassimilate export from source leaves and transpiration efficiency for wood production through increase of biomass partitioning to this compartment. Leave with K-deficiency symptoms exhibited lower nutrient concentrations and photosynthetic activity, reduced intercellular spaces, and higher soluble sugar contents compared to healthy leaves, which suggested a strong link between nutrition, leaf anatomy and physiology. The adaptive mechanisms of E. grandis trees to cope with water restriction were an isohydrodynamic behavior associated with stomatal closure, osmotic adjustment, a decrease in wall cell elasticity, an increase in foliar water use efficiency, a decrease in total leaf area and a fast water uptake in very deep soil layers. From approximately 22 months after planting onwards, tree water status was lower: (1) in droughted plots compared to the rain-fed plots and, (2) in K-fertilized plots, compared to the K-unfertilized trees. Although K addition enhanced tree water relations, stomatal control and leaf gas exchange, it exacerbated tree water deficit during severe drought as a result of high water demand throughout tree development. Therefore, the beneficial effects of K supply on tree acclimation to drought may not counterbalance the increase in water deficit during severe water restriction periods compared to the K-unfertilized trees. Regarding future drought previsions, forest managers might have to adapt their fertilization regimes to minimize water demand and risks of mortality

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au, Tania Jackson@dec wa gov, i Tania Joy Jackson. "Occurrence and variation of Endothiella eucalypti in Eucalyptus globulus plantations of south-western Australia and the influence of some biotic and abiotic factors on the response of the host to the pathogen". Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061129.132615.

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As the Eucalyptus globulus plantation industry expands and matures in southwestern Australia (WA), the impact of disease within the plantation environment is predicted to increase. This thesis investigated the most abundant canker-causing pathogen associated with branch and stem cankers, Endothiella eucalypti the anamorph of Cryphonectria eucalypti. Endothiella eucalypti was widespread, although at low incidence, throughout the WA plantation estate and was frequently observed sporulating on the bark of healthy hosts in the absence of disease. Regions with a long (approximately 20 years) plantation history, such as Bunbury, had the highest incidence of this pathogen. A high degree of variability in pathogenicity, growth rate and colony morphology was observed between WA isolates of En. eucalypti. In the glasshouse, a significant variation in susceptibility of seven E. globulus provenances to En. eucalypti was observed. Although an interaction between the E. globulus provenance and En. eucalypti isolate was recorded, some provenances were generally more susceptible than others. In two 18-month-old plantations, the susceptibility of three provenances to En. eucalypti was significantly influenced by environmental conditions. Visual assessment of general tree health indicated that less healthy trees had smaller lesions than healthy trees. It is hypothesised that the selection of E. globulus provenances to suit site conditions in the future should decrease the risk of serious disease, especially on marginal sites. Endothiella eucalypti caused disease in intact stems of two-year-old E. globulus under glasshouse conditions. This suggests that En. eucalypti may not require a wound to infect in the field. Vegetative compatibility groupings between WA En. eucalypti isolates indicated a relatively high degree of genotypic diversity within the WA asexual population of En. eucalypti, whereas inter-simple sequence repeats PCR (ISSR-PCR) analysis indicated a lower level of genotypic diversity. Discrepancies between traditional and molecular techniques, such as ISSR-PCR, was attributed to the more specific gene-togene analysis afforded by molecular techniques. ISSR-PCR successfully distinguished variability within the En. eucalypti population and with the teleomorph, isolated in South Africa. It also separated Cryphonectria cubensis isolates from the C. eucalypti isolates. As copper is the micronutrient most limiting growth of E. globulus in WA, its role in the resistance of two E. globulus provenances was examined in a glasshouse trial. Lesion extension or defence responses of E. globulus to En. eucalypti did not differ between Cu-adequate and Cu-deficient plants. It is suggested that constitutive levels of host defence enzymes played a more important role in providing protection for the host against En. eucalypti than the external supply of copper. A reduction in the canopy volume of E. globulus within plantations due to insect herbivory or foliar pathogens, such as Mycosphaerella spp., has been reported to predispose the host to disease caused by non-aggressive canker-causing fungi. Under two separate glasshouse trials, conditions of 100% defoliation and 80% defoliation maintained over six weeks prior to inoculation, were required to significantly increase lesion extension caused by En. eucalypti in E. globulus stems. The ability of defoliated E. globulus to retain a degree of resistance to En. eucalypti was attributed to the rapid replacement of foliage and up-regulation of photosynthesis in remaining leaves. The carbohydrate reserves of the plant were depleted following defoliation and remained depressed regardless of the length of time the trees remained defoliated. In conclusion, the endophytic habit of En. eucalypti poses a threat to highly stressed trees, however it does not appear to be an immediate threat to WA plantation health. Although En. eucalypti has not yet been responsible for a major disease outbreak in WA, the impact of this disease on plantation-grown eucalypts elsewhere in Australia and worldwide serves as an indication of its potential to affect WA plantations.

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Kurylo, Cris Lisiê. "Ocorrência e bionomia de Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) e seu inimigo natural Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) em plantas de Eucalyptus globulus". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2099.

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Species of the genus Eucalyptus hosting several species of insects of the family Psyllidae. Among them, the specie Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is considered the most harmful, causing damage to culture wherever it has been introduced. To control these hemiptera phytophage, treatment with insecticides proved to be costly and unsustainable. But the entrance of the pest in our country, has been with their natural enemy specific Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Accordingly, this study had as main objective to check the occurrence of C. eucalypti and its natural enemy P. pilosus in commercial plantations of Eucalyptus globulus; their fluctuation population; its biology and define a methodology for creation. When studied in the laboratory, the temperature of 22 ± 2°C, photoperiod of 12 hours and relative humidity of 60 ± 10% C. eucalypti completed the full cycle in 39.49 ± 6.4 days, and 8.83 ± 1.71 days for hatching eggs, and 30.67 ± 6.08 days of nymphal development, the survival of adults was on average 6,19 ± 3,06 days for males and 6,50 ± 3,88 days for females. It was found that C. eucalypti puts the eggs in the armpit of the early leaf shoots still closed. Nymphs of all instars form colonies in the shoot, leaving most of the time property with the stylus inserted in the plant. The droppings are removed in the form of bubbles or droplets that spread over the colony. The floating population was evaluated through 27 collections held fortnightly. The total of 54,160 individuals was catalogued insects. Of these, 51,119 (94.4%) were C. eucalypti, and most nymphs, total parasitoids found was 3,041, of which 73.40% corresponded to the mummies. You can see that the population of psilídeo increases when the temperatures begin to become more mild, or from the month of July. With the growth of population density of the insect-pests increases the availability of food for the parasitoid, which with its population that has increased, leading to a fall of two populations and a level of balance in a very small population level, until, according to the low level of parasitoid population, the pest again recover its population, becoming a cyclical 9 process. The longevity of P. pilosus was recorded assessing up 100 adults at a temperature of 25 ± 1°C, resulting in an average of 9.48 ± 6.37 days.
Espécies do gênero Eucalyptus hospedam várias espécies de insetos da família Psyllidae. Dentre elas, Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) é considerada a mais prejudicial, causando danos à cultura onde quer que tenha sido introduzida. Para o controle desses hemípteros fitófagos, tratamentos com inseticidas provaram ser caros e não sustentáveis, porém, o ingresso da praga em nosso país, se deu junto com seu inimigo natural específico Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetivou verificar a ocorrência de Ctenarytaina eucalypti e de seu inimigo natural Psyllaephagus pilosus em plantios comerciais de Eucalyptus globulus; sua flutuação populacional; sua biologia e definir uma metodologia de criação. Quando estudado em laboratório, a temperatura de 22 ± 2ºC, fotofase de 12 horas e umidade relativa do ar de 60 ± 10% C. eucalypti completou o ciclo total em 39,49 ± 6,4 dias, sendo 8,83 ± 1,71 dias para o período embrionário e 30,67 ± 6,08 dias de desenvolvimento ninfal. A longevidade média dos adultos foi de 6,19 ± 3,06 e 6,50 ± 3,88 dias para machos e fêmeas respectivamente. Verificou-se que C. eucalypti oviposita na axila dos primórdios foliares nas brotações ainda fechadas. Ninfas de todos os ínstares formam colônias nas brotações, permanecendo a maior parte do tempo imóveis, com o estilete inserido na planta. Os excrementos são eliminados em forma de bolhas ou gotas que se espalham sobre a colônia. A flutuação populacional foi avaliada através de 27 coletas realizadas quinzenalmente. O total de insetos catalogados foi 54.160 indivíduos. Destes, 51.119 (94,4%) eram C. eucalypti, sendo a maioria ninfas. O total de parasitóides encontrados foi de 3.041, dos quais 73,40% correspondiam às múmias. Pode-se observar que a população do psilídeo aumenta quando as temperaturas começam a se tornar mais amenas, ou seja, a partir do mês de julho. Com o crescimento da densidade populacional do inseto-praga aumenta a disponibilidade de alimento para o parasitóide, que com isto tem sua população aumentada, conduzindo a uma queda das duas populações em um nível de equilíbrio num patamar populacional bastante reduzido, até que, em função do baixo nível populacional do parasitóide, a praga volta a recuperar sua população, tornando-se um processo cíclico. A longevidade de P. pilosus foi registrada avaliando-se, em laboratório, 100 adultos à temperatura de 25 ± 1ºC, obtendo-se uma duração média de 9,48 ± 6,37 dias.

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Oliveira, Nádia Cristina de [UNESP]. "Biologia de Gonipterus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Curcu- lionidae) em Eucalyptus spp. em diferentes temperaturas". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105409.

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Gonipterus scutellatus, conhecido como o gorgulho do eucalipto, é de origem australiana e considerada mundialmente a principal espécie de besouro desfolhador de Eucalyptus. Este trabalho teve por objetivos estudar o desenvolvimento de G. scutellatus em diferentes espécies e híbridos de Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. urophylla e dois híbridos de E. grandis x E. urophylla conhecidos como urograndis) em diferentes temperaturas (18°C, 22°C, 26°C e 30°C). Os resultados demonstraram que o desenvolvimento biológico de G. scutellatus foi dependente do hospedeiro e da temperatura. E. urophylla foi o mais adequado ao desenvolvimento do gorgulho enquanto E. grandis afetou negativamente sua biologia. Para os híbridos, os resultados foram intermediários entre os obtidos nessas duas espécies. O período de desenvolvimento de G. scutellatus foi inversamente proporcional à temperatura. Foi observado que a melhor temperatura foi a 26°C enquanto 30°C foi letal ao desenvolvimento biológico desta espécie.
Gonipterus scutellatus, known as eucalyptus snout beetle, is from Australia and considered the main species of Eucalyptus defoliator beetle world-wide. This paper deals with the development of the G. scutellatus reared on different species and hybrids of Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. urophylla and two hybrids of E. grandis X E. urophylla, the so called urograndis) at different temperatures (18°C, 22°C, 26°C and 30°C). The results demonstrated that G. scutellatus biological development was host and temperature dependent, E. urophylla was the most suitable for the weevil development while E. grandis affected negatively its biology. As to hybrids, the results were intermediary between the obtained on these two species. The development period of G. scutellatus was inversely proportional to the temperature. It was observed that 26°C was the best temperature, while 30°C was lethal to the biological development of this species.

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Oliveira, Nádia Cristina de 1975. "Biologia de Gonipterus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Curcu- lionidae) em Eucalyptus spp. em diferentes temperaturas /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105409.

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Orientador: Carlos Frederico Wilcken
Banca: Wilson Badiali Crocomo
Banca: Evoneo Berti Filho
Banca: Nilton José de Sousa
Banca: Edson Tadeu Iede
Resumo: Gonipterus scutellatus, conhecido como o gorgulho do eucalipto, é de origem australiana e considerada mundialmente a principal espécie de besouro desfolhador de Eucalyptus. Este trabalho teve por objetivos estudar o desenvolvimento de G. scutellatus em diferentes espécies e híbridos de Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. urophylla e dois híbridos de E. grandis x E. urophylla conhecidos como urograndis) em diferentes temperaturas (18°C, 22°C, 26°C e 30°C). Os resultados demonstraram que o desenvolvimento biológico de G. scutellatus foi dependente do hospedeiro e da temperatura. E. urophylla foi o mais adequado ao desenvolvimento do gorgulho enquanto E. grandis afetou negativamente sua biologia. Para os híbridos, os resultados foram intermediários entre os obtidos nessas duas espécies. O período de desenvolvimento de G. scutellatus foi inversamente proporcional à temperatura. Foi observado que a melhor temperatura foi a 26°C enquanto 30°C foi letal ao desenvolvimento biológico desta espécie.
Abstract: Gonipterus scutellatus, known as eucalyptus snout beetle, is from Australia and considered the main species of Eucalyptus defoliator beetle world-wide. This paper deals with the development of the G. scutellatus reared on different species and hybrids of Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. urophylla and two hybrids of E. grandis X E. urophylla, the so called urograndis) at different temperatures (18°C, 22°C, 26°C and 30°C). The results demonstrated that G. scutellatus biological development was host and temperature dependent, E. urophylla was the most suitable for the weevil development while E. grandis affected negatively its biology. As to hybrids, the results were intermediary between the obtained on these two species. The development period of G. scutellatus was inversely proportional to the temperature. It was observed that 26°C was the best temperature, while 30°C was lethal to the biological development of this species.
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Jackson, Sarah. "Infection of Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus marginata and Corymbia calophylla by Mycosphaerella species". Thesis, Jackson, Sarah (2001) Infection of Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus marginata and Corymbia calophylla by Mycosphaerella species. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32765/.

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Choi, Bokyung. "Taxonomic status of Melaleuca argentea "Ashburton biotype" and identification and evaluation of exon capture loci for Myrtaceae". Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142211.

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Melaleuca sensu lato is the second biggest genus (ca. 380 spp.) that is mainly distributed in Australia, but some species are found in Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea and New Caledonia. Melaleuca occupy a range of habitats and are found in all biomes, which makes this hyper-diverse genus an excellent group to carry out evolutionary studies. The taxonomy of Melaleuca sensu lato (tribe Melaleuceae) has been controversial. The tribe originally included eight other genera: Beaufortia, Calothamnus, Conothamnus, Eremaea, Lamarchea, Petraeomyrtus, Phymatocarpus, and Regelia. However, with taxonomic changes all of the genera in the tribe were transferred to Melaleuca. To date, the phylogenetic studies based on molecular data have shown that Melaleuca is paraphyletic with respect to the other genera in the tribe. However, the taxonomic boundary of Melaleuca is still debated. Existing molecular phylogenies of Melelauceae have used only a few genetic markers, and the relationships within the genus remain unresolved with large polytomies. Taxonomy of eucalypts has been problematic. Eucalypts include the following seven genera (Eucalyptus, Corymbia, Angophora, Arillastrum, Allosyncarpia, Stockwellia, Eucalyptosis). They are mainly Australian but some genera/species extend outside Australia. The taxonomic relationship of Corymbia, and Angophora is still debated. Some molecular phylogenies have shown monophyly of Corymbia and Angophora while Corymbia was paraphyletic with respect to Angophora in other studies. In Chapter 2, the genetic diversity of Melaleuca argentea (M. leucadendra complex) was explored. Previous research suggested that populations in the Pilbara region of Western Australia had some genetic distinctions. The Pilbara populations were recorded as M. argentea “Ashburton biotype” (AB) in older literature, but no further information was available. Morphological characters and molecular data to assess the taxonomic status of the Pilbara population were used. We found that AB is more similar and closely related to M. leucadendra than to M. argentea. The results did not have conclusive evidence to support that AB is a distinct species from M. leucadendra. In order to test the taxonomic status, presence of gene flow between AB and M. leucadendra need to be further tested. With the ultimate aim of estimating a comprephensive phylogeny of Melaleuca and eucalypts using more samples and many more loci compared to previous studies, we developed genetic markers for exon capture in Chapter 3. A workflow to locate orthologous and low copy number nuclear loci is introduced along with the method that was employed to identify the chloroplast markers. 209 chloroplast and nuclear loci that might be useful for Myrtaceae were identified by and 43 Myrtaceae taxa were successfully sequenced. In Chapter 4, a gene tree approach for each individual locus was undertaken to remove potentially paralogous loci. We have found 144 loci that might be useful for Melaleuca and 174 loci for eucalypts. The present study contributes towards more robust estimations of phylogenetic relationships in the genus Melaleuca, eucalypts as well as other genera in Myrtaceae. Further work is required to verify the markers and to study phylogenetic relationships of the taxa at different taxonomic levels using the loci.

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Ngugi, Michael R. "Physiological responses to environmental stress in eucalyptus cloeziana and eucalyptus argophloia /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17409.pdf.

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Yang, Zhi. "Vegetative propagation and genetic fingerprinting of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus amplifolia". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024073.

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Faria, Luiz Carlos de. "Uso do lodo de esgoto (biossólido) como fertilizante em eucaliptos: demanda potencial, produção e crescimento das árvores e viabilidade econômica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-26102007-085318/.

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O presente trabalho avaliou o uso do lodo residual (biossólido) produzido nas Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETEs) da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) como fertilizante em florestas de eucaliptos. Os aspectos estudados foram demanda potencial, resposta à fertilização em termos de produção madeireira, crescimento das árvores e viabilidade econômica. Foi verificada uma elevada demanda potencial pelo biossólido em povoamentos de eucaliptos localizados a curtas distâncias de transporte rodoviário no entorno da RMSP. Verificou-se também que o biossólido, complementado com P e K minerais no plantio, acelerou a ritmo de crescimento das árvores, aumentou o nível de produção madeireira e reduziu o ciclo de produção de Eucalyptus grandis em proporções semelhantes às observadas para a fertilização mineral convencional. Na avaliação aos 99 meses de idade, foi verificado que a maior dose de biossólido (40 Mg ha-1) não resultou na maior produção de madeira. Se considerada a diferença estatística entre as curvas de crescimento, os modelos testados podem ser divididos em apenas dois grupos: (i) testemunha e dose de 10 Mg ha-1; e (ii) demais tratamentos. A análise econômica (valor presente líquido anualizado e a taxa de juros de 12% ao ano) recomenda a dose de 5 Mg ha-1, com complementação com K mineral no plantio, se utilizado como critério de definição de corte a escolha da idade que maximiza o incremento médio anual em cada tratamento. Para as condições do trabalho concluiu-se que o biossólido não substitui totalmente a fertilização mineral convencional. Economicamente, confirmou-se a expectativa de que elevadas taxas de aplicação do biossólido são inviáveis, devido principalmente à alta umidade natural desse material que encarece significativamente o transporte.
This work evaluates the use of the residual sludge (biosolids) produced by sewage treatment units located in the Metropolitan Region of the City of São Paulo (MRSP) as a fertilizer in Eucalyptus grandis forest plantations. The aspects studied were potential demand, wood production response to the fertilization, trees growth and economic viability. A high level of potential demand was observed for the biosolids on forest eucalyptus plantations located at short ground transportation distances in the MRSP. It was also observed that biosolids, complemented by phosphorous and potassium at the planting stage, increased the growth rate of the trees, resulted in more wood output and reduced the rotation age at levels similar to those observed for conventional mineral fertilization. When evaluated 99 months after planting, it was observed that the highest dosage of biosolids did not result on the highest wood production output. The adjusted models can be separated in only two groups according to the statistical differences among them: (i) control and dosage 10 Mg ha-1; and (ii) all other treatments. The economic analysis (annualized net present value at 12% return rate) recommended dosage 5 Mg ha-1 complemented with K, for rotation lengths defined by the age that maximizes mean annual increment. The use of biosolids does not substitute totally the use of mineral fertilizers. Economically, it was confirmed that the highest biosolid dosages were not viable, due mainly to its high levels of water content and consequently high transportation cost.

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Morais, Alaine Patrícia da Silva [UNESP]. "Efeito do processo de auto-hidrólise e caracterização química da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132178.

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A indústria papeleira vem focando em estudos atuais que buscam alternativas para separar a madeira em seus componentes, celulose, hemiceluloses, lignina e extrativos, pois eles que escondem as diversas oportunidades da biorrefinaria integrando processos produtivos de combustíveis e produtos químicos a partir da biomassa. A solubilização das hemiceluloses por auto-hidrólise tem sido proposta como o primeiro passo da biorrefinaria. E os materiais extraídos com a auto-hidrólise (licores auto-hidrolisados) podem ser usados na produção de produtos químicos e biocombustíveis. Assim, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da temperatura e do tempo na auto-hidrólise da serragem do Eucalyptus urograndis e do Eucalyptus grandis para obtenção de possíveis dados cinéticos do comportamento dos componentes químicos (extrativos, lignina, holocelulose, celulose e hemiceluloses) e ainda o rendimento e o índice de cristalinidade, visando estabelecer os pontos de máxima extração das hemiceluloses do material pré-hidrolisado. Os experimentos foram realizados em amostras de serragem de E. urograndis e do E. grandis tidas como controle (não-hidrolisadas) e pré-hidrolisadas. O material foi auto-hidrolisado em minirreatores em diferentes temperaturas (110, 130, 150, 170 e 190 °C) até atingir os diferentes tempos (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 150 minutos). Em cada reator foi usada à relação licor:madeira (10:1 L:kg de madeira seca). Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis (temperatura e tempo) influenciam no rendimento; com a diminuição do teor de lignina da serragem auto-hidrolisada ocorreu um aumento do teor de extrativos; apenas uma pequena quantidade de celulose foi removida em comparação às hemiceluloses e uma rápida diferença ocorreu no índice de cristalinidade da celulose, entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que com a auto-hidrólise da serragem de E. urograndis e do E. grandis é possível ...
The paper industry has been focusing on current studies that seek alternatives for separating wood into its components, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives; they hiding the various biorefinery opportunities by integrating production processes of fuels and chemicals from biomass. The solubilization of hemicelluloses by auto-hydrolysis has been proposed as the first step in biorefinery. And the extracted materials with autohydrolysis (auttohydrolysed liquors) can be used to produce biofuels and chemicals. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of temperature and time in autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus grandis possible to obtain kinetic data on the behavior of chemicals (extractives, lignin, holocellulose, hemicelluloses and cellulose) and also income and crystallinity index, to establish the points of maximum extraction of hemicelluloses prehydrolysed material. The experiments were performed in E. urograndis and E. grandis samples taken as a control (non-hydrolyzed) and prehydrolyzed. The material was autohydrolyzed minirreatores at different temperatures (110, 130, 150, 170 and 190 °C) to achieve different times (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 150 minutes). In each minireactor was used to liquor ratio: wood (10: 1 L: kg dry wood). The results showed that the variables (temperature and time), influence on the yield; with decreasing lignin content of the sawdust was autohydrolyzed an increase in the extractives content; only a small amount of cellulose is removed compared hemicelluloses and a quick difference occurred in the cellulose crystallinity index between treatments. It is concluded that with E. urograndis and E. grandis sawdust autohydrolysis can drastically affect treatment without lignin and cellulose.

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Morais, Alaine Patrícia da Silva 1980. "Efeito do processo de auto-hidrólise e caracterização química da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis /". Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132178.

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Orientador: Cláudio Angeli Sansígolo
Banca: Jose Claudio Caraschi
Banca: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo
Banca: Mario de Oliveira Neto
Banca: Adriana Lima Moro
Resumo: A indústria papeleira vem focando em estudos atuais que buscam alternativas para separar a madeira em seus componentes, celulose, hemiceluloses, lignina e extrativos, pois eles que escondem as diversas oportunidades da biorrefinaria integrando processos produtivos de combustíveis e produtos químicos a partir da biomassa. A solubilização das hemiceluloses por auto-hidrólise tem sido proposta como o primeiro passo da biorrefinaria. E os materiais extraídos com a auto-hidrólise (licores auto-hidrolisados) podem ser usados na produção de produtos químicos e biocombustíveis. Assim, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da temperatura e do tempo na auto-hidrólise da serragem do Eucalyptus urograndis e do Eucalyptus grandis para obtenção de possíveis dados cinéticos do comportamento dos componentes químicos (extrativos, lignina, holocelulose, celulose e hemiceluloses) e ainda o rendimento e o índice de cristalinidade, visando estabelecer os pontos de máxima extração das hemiceluloses do material pré-hidrolisado. Os experimentos foram realizados em amostras de serragem de E. urograndis e do E. grandis tidas como controle (não-hidrolisadas) e pré-hidrolisadas. O material foi auto-hidrolisado em minirreatores em diferentes temperaturas (110, 130, 150, 170 e 190 °C) até atingir os diferentes tempos (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 150 minutos). Em cada reator foi usada à relação licor:madeira (10:1 L:kg de madeira seca). Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis (temperatura e tempo) influenciam no rendimento; com a diminuição do teor de lignina da serragem auto-hidrolisada ocorreu um aumento do teor de extrativos; apenas uma pequena quantidade de celulose foi removida em comparação às hemiceluloses e uma rápida diferença ocorreu no índice de cristalinidade da celulose, entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que com a auto-hidrólise da serragem de E. urograndis e do E. grandis é possível ...
Abstract: The paper industry has been focusing on current studies that seek alternatives for separating wood into its components, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives; they hiding the various biorefinery opportunities by integrating production processes of fuels and chemicals from biomass. The solubilization of hemicelluloses by auto-hydrolysis has been proposed as the first step in biorefinery. And the extracted materials with autohydrolysis (auttohydrolysed liquors) can be used to produce biofuels and chemicals. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of temperature and time in autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus grandis possible to obtain kinetic data on the behavior of chemicals (extractives, lignin, holocellulose, hemicelluloses and cellulose) and also income and crystallinity index, to establish the points of maximum extraction of hemicelluloses prehydrolysed material. The experiments were performed in E. urograndis and E. grandis samples taken as a control (non-hydrolyzed) and prehydrolyzed. The material was autohydrolyzed minirreatores at different temperatures (110, 130, 150, 170 and 190 °C) to achieve different times (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 150 minutes). In each minireactor was used to liquor ratio: wood (10: 1 L: kg dry wood). The results showed that the variables (temperature and time), influence on the yield; with decreasing lignin content of the sawdust was autohydrolyzed an increase in the extractives content; only a small amount of cellulose is removed compared hemicelluloses and a quick difference occurred in the cellulose crystallinity index between treatments. It is concluded that with E. urograndis and E. grandis sawdust autohydrolysis can drastically affect treatment without lignin and cellulose.
Doutor

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Milla, Moreno Estefanía Alejandra. "Efecto del déficit hídrico en algunas respuestas fisiológicas de Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh y Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151656.

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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal
El agua es el principal factor limitante para el desarrollo de especies de cultivo agrícola y especies forestales. En Chile más de tres cuartos de la superficie continental corresponde a zonas áridas y semiáridas. Diversos estudios han demostrado que las especies del género Eucaliptus, poseen un amplio potencial en la tolerancia a condiciones de pluviometría limitada. Por esta razón, se evalúa el efecto de la disponibilidad de agua en algunas respuestas fisiológicas de tres especies de Eucaliptos: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis y Eucalyptus cladocalyx. El estudio comprende un total de 90 plantas de eucaliptos, 30 de cada especie, las cuales se disponen en un diseño factorial de cinco bloques al azar. Las plantas fueron sometidas a tres niveles de disponibilidad de agua, definidos como: sin estrés, estrés moderado y estrés severo. Las plantas se mantuvieron bajo condiciones semi-controladas en invernadero y las respuestas fueron evaluadas durante dos ciclos de desecamiento, el primero de cinco semanas y el segundo de nueve semanas. Al finalizar cada ciclo, las plantas fueron rehidratadas durante una semana.

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Sereghetti, Guilherme Corrêa [UNESP]. "Biomassa inicial do híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla vs. Eucalyptus grandis em diferentes espaçamentos". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99741.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A utilização da biomassa como insumo energético é uma tendência mundial. No Brasil, dentre as espécies florestais utilizadas, o eucalipto pode ser considerado a mais promissora em decorrência de uma silvicultura avançada e eficiente. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial em diferentes espaçamentos de plantio de um clone de eucalipto. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Sarapuí, estado de São Paulo, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, contendo três blocos, com nove tratamentos quanto ao espaçamento de plantio, variando a área útil de cada planta entre 2,0 e 8,0 m². A área das parcelas era de 72 m², determinando a quantia de 9 a 36 plantas por parcela, além de uma bordadura dupla. Aos doze meses foram realizadas medições do diâmetro de colo e altura total de todas as plantas de cada parcela para determinação do volume, e foram derrubadas 1 árvore por parcela para cubagem rigorosa e coleta dos discos de madeiras à 0%, 12,5%, 37,5% e 62,5%, a fim de se determinar a densidade básica e porcentagem de casca. Aplicando-se ANOVA para as variáveis volume, densidade básica da madeira, densidade básica da casca e porcentagem de casca, obteve-se diferença significativa ao nível de 5% de significância apenas para as variáveis volume e porcentagem de casca. Com relação ao volume, os menores espaçamentos apresentaram maiores volumes por hectare. Para a variável porcentagem de casca houve certa correlação com a densidade básica da madeira. O tratamento 2x1 apresentou o maior volume por ha
The use of biomass as energy input is a worldwide trend. In Brazil, among the forest species, eucalyptus can be considered the most promising due to an advanced and efficient forestry. This study aimed to evaluate the initial development in different planting spacings of a Eucalyptus clone. The experiment was conducted in the city of Sarapuí in São Paulo state, using a randomized complete block design containing three blocks with nine treatments for planting space, varying the floor area of each plant between 2.0 and 8.0 m². The area of plots was 72 m², determining the amount of 9-36 plants per plot, plus a double border. At twelve months have been carried out measurements of stem diameter and total height of all plants in each plot to determine the volume, and were cut down one tree per plot for cubing and collection of disks of wood at 0%, 12.5%, 37.5% and 62.5% in order to determine the basic density and percentage of bark. Applying ANOVA for the variables volume, basic wood density, basic density of bark and bark percentage, obtained a significant difference at 5% significance level only for the variables volume and percentage of bark. With respect to volume, the smallest spacings had higher volumes per hectare. For the variable percentage of bark there was some correlation with basic density. Treatment 2x1 showed the largest amount per ha

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Guia, Ana Filipa Fontinha. "Efeito da rega e fertilização no híbrido Eucalyptus globulus x Eucalyptus cypellocarpa". Master's thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21505.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
A Eucalyptus globulus Labill. é uma das espécies que ocupa maior área florestal em Portugal, ocupando assim um lugar de destaque no quadro económico português. No entanto, tendo em consideração o clima mediterrânico que caracteriza o território nacional, a seca severa no verão afeta negativamente o seu crescimento e produtividade. Neste sentido, estudar as características morfológicas e fisiológicas em resposta ao stress hídrico do material vegetal melhorado torna-se essencial para compreender como as plantas reagem à seca. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em estudar o efeito da disponibilidade de água e nutrientes na estrutura e funcionamento de árvores do híbrido Eucalyptus globulus x Eucalyptus cypellocarpa (YG15), em árvores com nove meses de idade a crescer em condições de fertirrega e controlo (s/fertirrigação). A maior disponibilidade de água e nutrientes, permitiu um melhor estado hídrico bem como um maior crescimento do híbrido. As diferenças de crescimento encontradas devem-se ao fecho dos estomas, que levou à restrição da entrada de CO₂ e consequentemente ao declínio da concentração dos hidratos de carbono não estruturais. Observou-se um decréscimo acentuado do potencial de madrugada e do meio-dia nas árvores fertirrigadas entre a primavera e o verão, sugerindo que a água disponível nos meses de julho e agosto foi deficitária. Além disso, o decréscimo da área foliar específica (SLA) observado indica uma adaptação ao stress hídrico. No entanto, os valores de potencial hídrico não se refletiram no conteúdo relativo em água (RWC) que se manteve constante, indicando que as árvores foram eficientes na gestão e uso da água. Para a eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II, não encontramos diferenças entre tratamentos indicando que o sistema fotossintético não foi afetado pelo stress hídrico sazonal. Em suma, este híbrido apresentou alguma tolerância à privação de água através da diminuição da SLA e a manutenção de valores elevados de RWC
N/A

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Moreira, Jorge Felipe Quintana. "Uso de antraquinona en cocción kraft de Eucalyptus globulus y Eucalyptus nitens". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5926.

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Foi analisada, experimentalmente, o efeito da adição de antraquinona ao processo kraft convencional para produção de celulose de mistura de Eucalyptus globulus e Eucalyptus nitens. Foram analisados aumentos da velocidade da reação de deslignificação e estabilidade dos carboidratos, utilizando condições industriais de cozimento batch da Celulosa Arauco y Constitucion SA, Planta Arauco. Para alcançar kappa constante (15 e 17) foram modificados os tempos de cozimentos e foram utilizadas diferentes dosagens de antraquinona. Foram estabelecidas relações lineares entre a dosagem de antraquinona e o rendimento depurado, o teor de rejeitos, o alcali residual e o teor de sólidos no licor residual. Para a dosagem máxima de AQ utilizada (0,10%) foram obtidos, para ambos os níveis de kappa, aumentos de 1,95% e 1,32% nos rendimentos depurados, economias de 14,2% e 50,4% nas cargas de álcali e decréscimos nos tempos de cozimento de 13 e 11 minutos para kappa 15 e 17, respectivamente.
En la presente disertación se verificó de manera experimental el efecto de la adición de Antraquinona al proceso de cocción batch convencional para una mezcla industrial de Eucalyptus globulus E. nitens.; en lo que respecta a su capacidad de aumentar la velocidad de la reacción de deslignificación y proporcionar estabilidad a las hemicelulosas y celulosas de la fibra. Lo anterior se logró con experiencias de laboratorio fijando las condiciones de cocción de acuerdo a la operación de los digestores batch de Celulosa Arauco y Constitución S.A., Planta Arauco. Donde para obtener un kappa constante (15 y 17) se modificó el Factor H mediante el tiempo de cocción, en distintos niveles de carga de Antraquinona. Se pudo establecer una relación lineal entre la dosificación de Antraquinona y los parámetros estudiados: rendimiento clasificado, rechazos, álcali residual, tiempo de cocción y sólidos en el licor negro. Particularmente, para la máxima dosificación de AQ utilizada en este estudio (0,1% bms) se obtuvo para ambos niveles de Kappa respecto al blanco o testigo- un aumento de 1.95% y 1.32 de rendimiento clasificado, un ahorro de álcali de 14.2% y 50.4% y una disminución de tiempo de cocción de 13 min y 11 min para Kappa 15 y 17, respectivamente.

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Sereghetti, Guilherme Corrêa 1987. "Biomassa inicial do híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla vs. Eucalyptus grandis em diferentes espaçamentos /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99741.

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Orientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças
Banca:Marcos Antonio de Rezende
Banca: José Mauro Santana da Silva
Resumo: A utilização da biomassa como insumo energético é uma tendência mundial. No Brasil, dentre as espécies florestais utilizadas, o eucalipto pode ser considerado a mais promissora em decorrência de uma silvicultura avançada e eficiente. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial em diferentes espaçamentos de plantio de um clone de eucalipto. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Sarapuí, estado de São Paulo, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, contendo três blocos, com nove tratamentos quanto ao espaçamento de plantio, variando a área útil de cada planta entre 2,0 e 8,0 m². A área das parcelas era de 72 m², determinando a quantia de 9 a 36 plantas por parcela, além de uma bordadura dupla. Aos doze meses foram realizadas medições do diâmetro de colo e altura total de todas as plantas de cada parcela para determinação do volume, e foram derrubadas 1 árvore por parcela para cubagem rigorosa e coleta dos discos de madeiras à 0%, 12,5%, 37,5% e 62,5%, a fim de se determinar a densidade básica e porcentagem de casca. Aplicando-se ANOVA para as variáveis volume, densidade básica da madeira, densidade básica da casca e porcentagem de casca, obteve-se diferença significativa ao nível de 5% de significância apenas para as variáveis volume e porcentagem de casca. Com relação ao volume, os menores espaçamentos apresentaram maiores volumes por hectare. Para a variável porcentagem de casca houve certa correlação com a densidade básica da madeira. O tratamento 2x1 apresentou o maior volume por ha
Abstract: The use of biomass as energy input is a worldwide trend. In Brazil, among the forest species, eucalyptus can be considered the most promising due to an advanced and efficient forestry. This study aimed to evaluate the initial development in different planting spacings of a Eucalyptus clone. The experiment was conducted in the city of Sarapuí in São Paulo state, using a randomized complete block design containing three blocks with nine treatments for planting space, varying the floor area of each plant between 2.0 and 8.0 m². The area of plots was 72 m², determining the amount of 9-36 plants per plot, plus a double border. At twelve months have been carried out measurements of stem diameter and total height of all plants in each plot to determine the volume, and were cut down one tree per plot for cubing and collection of disks of wood at 0%, 12.5%, 37.5% and 62.5% in order to determine the basic density and percentage of bark. Applying ANOVA for the variables volume, basic wood density, basic density of bark and bark percentage, obtained a significant difference at 5% significance level only for the variables volume and percentage of bark. With respect to volume, the smallest spacings had higher volumes per hectare. For the variable percentage of bark there was some correlation with basic density. Treatment 2x1 showed the largest amount per ha
Mestre

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Ngusya, Musyoka. "Aspects of Eucalyptus waferboard". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28294.

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Eucalyptus species is already well established in the pulp and paper industry. The species noted fast growth, especially in the tropical regions, provides a special resource for utilization in providing shelter in these regions, which have some of the highest growth in population rates. Waferboard industry, though well established in most developed countries, is rare in most developing countries. The fact that waferboard requires relatively low quality wood, as opposed to plywood, is an important factor and makes it more appealing for development in these regions. Technical information on utilization of Eucalyptus for waferboard is lacking in most aspects, and most of the experimentation has mainly been conducted on preliminary levels only. The study was carried out to fill that gap and provide data which can lead to increased utilization of the species in the waferboard industry. This was achieved by the making of panels under standard conditions and performing standard tests on the specimens cut from the laboratory made panels.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

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Joubert, Jan-Erns. "Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80179.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent times, governments around the world have placed increasing focus on cleaner technologies and sustainable methods of power generation in an attempt to move away from fossil fuel derived power, which is deemed unsustainable and unfriendly to the environment. This trend has also been supported by the South African government, with clear intentions to diversify the country’s power generation by including, among others, biomass as a renewable resource for electricity generation. Woody biomass and associated forestry residues in particular, could potentially be used as such a renewable resource when considering the large amount of fast growing hardwood species cultivated in South Africa. Approximately 6.3 million ton of Eucalyptus grandis is sold annually for pulp production while a further 7 million ton of Eucalyptus species are sold as round wood. With these tree species reaching commercial maturity within 7 – 9 years in the South African climate, there is real potential in harnessing woody biomass as a renewable energy source. In this study, pyrolysis was investigated as a method to condense and upgrade E.grandis into energy and chemical rich products. The pyrolysis of E.grandis is the study of the thermal degradation of the biomass, in the absence of oxygen, to produce char and bio-oil. The thermal degradation behaviour of E.grandis was studied using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany and subsequently used to determine the isoconversional kinetic constants for E.grandis and its main lignocellulosic components. Slow, Vacuum and Fast Pyrolysis were investigated and optimised to maximise product yields and to identify the key process variables affecting product quality. The Fast Pyrolysis of E.grandis was investigated and compared on bench (KIT0.1 kg/h), laboratory (SU1 kg/h) and pilot plant scale (KIT10 kg/h), using Fast Pyrolysis reactors at Stellenbosch University (SU) in South Africa and at KIT in Germany. The Slow and Vacuum Pyrolysis of E.grandis was investigated and compared using a packed bed reactor at Stellenbosch University. The TGA revealed that biomass particle size had a negligible effect on the thermal degradation behaviour of E.grandis at a heating rate set point of 50 °C/min. It was also shown that increasing the furnace heating rates shifted the thermo-gravimetric (TG) and differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curves towards higher temperatures while also increasing the maximum rate of volatilisation. Lignin resulted in the largest specific char yield and also reacted across the widest temperature range of all the samples investigated. The average activation energies found for the samples investigated were 177.8, 141.0, 106.2 and 170.4 kJ/mol for holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, Klason lignin and raw E.grandis, respectively. Bio-oil yield was optimised at 76 wt. % (daf) for the SU1 kg/h Fast Pyrolysis plant using an average biomass particle size of 570 μm and a reactor temperature of 470 °C. Differences in the respective condensation chains of the various Fast Pyrolysis reactor configurations investigated resulted in higher gas and char yields for the KIT reactor configurations compared to the SU1 kg/h Fast Pyrolysis plant. Differences in the vapour residence time between Slow (>400 s) and Vacuum Pyrolysis (< 2 s) resulted in a higher liquid and lower char yield for Vacuum Pyrolysis. Local liquid yield maxima of 41.1 and 64.4 wt. % daf were found for Slow and Vacuum Pyrolysis, respectively (achieved at a reactor temperature of 450 °C and a heating rate of 17 °C/min). Even though char yields were favoured at low reactor temperatures (269 – 300 °C), the higher heating values of the char were favoured at high reactor temperatures (29 – 34 MJ/kg for 375 – 481 °C). Reactor temperature had the most significant effects on product yield and quality for the respective Slow and Vacuum Pyrolysis experimental runs. The bio-oils yielded for SP and VP were found to be rich in furfural and acetic acid.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Regerings regoor die wêreld het in die afgelope tyd toenemende fokus geplaas op skoner tegnologie en volhoubare metodes van kragopwekking in 'n poging om weg te beweeg van fossielbrandstof gebasseerde energie, wat geag word as nie volhoubaar nie en skadelik vir die omgewing. Hierdie tendens is ook ondersteun deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, met 'n duidelike bedoeling om die land se kragopwekking te diversifiseer deur, onder andere, biomassa as 'n hernubare bron vir die opwekking van elektrisiteit te gebruik. Houtagtige biomassa en verwante bosbou afval in die besonder, kan potensieel gebruik word as so 'n hernubare hulpbron, veral aangesien ‘n groot aantal vinnig groeiende hardehout spesies tans in Suid-Afrika verbou word. Ongeveer 6,3 miljoen ton Eucalyptus grandis word jaarliks verkoop vir pulp produksie, terwyl 'n verdere 7 miljoen ton van Eucalyptus spesies verkoop word as paal hout. Met hierdie boom spesies wat kommersiële volwassenheid bereik binne 7 - 9 jaar in die Suid-Afrikaanse klimaat, is daar werklike potensiaal vir die benutting van houtagtige biomassa as 'n hernubare energiebron. In hierdie studie is pirolise ondersoek as 'n metode om E.grandis te kondenseer en op te gradeer na energie en chemikalie ryke produkte. Die pirolise van E.grandis is die proses van termiese afbreking van die biomassa, in die afwesigheid van suurstof, om houtskool en bio-olie te produseer. Die termiese afbrekingsgedrag van E.grandis is bestudeer deur gebruik te maak van termo-gravimetriese analise (TGA) by die Karlsruhe Instituut van Tegnologie in Duitsland en daarna gebruik om die kinetiese konstantes vir die iso-omskakeling van E.grandis en sy hoof komponente te bepaal. Stadige, Vakuum en Snel pirolise is ondersoek en geoptimiseer om produk opbrengste te maksimeer en die sleutel proses veranderlikes wat die kwaliteit van die produk beïnvloed te identifiseer. Die Snel Pirolise van E.grandis is ondersoek en vergelyk op bank- (KIT0.1 kg / h), laboratorium- (SU1 kg / h) en proefaanlegskaal (KIT10 kg / h) deur gebruik te maak van Snel pirolise reaktore by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch (US) in Suid-Afrika en die Karlsruhe Instituut van Tegnologie (KIT) in Duitsland. Die Stadige en Vakuum Pirolise van E.grandis is ondersoek en vergelyk met behulp van 'n gepakte bed reaktor aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Die TGA studie het openbaar dat biomassa deeltjiegrootte 'n onbeduidende uitwerking op die termiese afbrekingsgedrag van E.grandis het by 'n verhittings tempo van 50 ° C / min. Dit is ook bewys dat die verhoging van die oond verwarming tempo die termo-gravimetriese (TG) en differensiële termo-gravimetriese (DTG) kurwes na hoër temperature verskuif, terwyl dit ook die maksimum tempo van vervlugtiging laat toeneem het. Lignien het gelei tot die grootste spesifieke houtskool opbrengs en het ook oor die wydste temperatuur interval gereageer van al die monsters wat ondersoek is. Die gemiddelde aktiveringsenergieë vir die monsters wat ondersoek is, was 177,8, 141,0, 106,2 en 170,4 kJ / mol, onderskeidelik vir holosellulose, alpha-sellulose, Klason lignien en rou E.grandis. Bio-olie opbrengs is geoptimeer teen 76 wt. % (DAF) vir die SU1 kg / h Snel Pirolise aanleg met behulp van 'n gemiddelde biomassa deeltjiegrootte van 570 μm en 'n reaktor temperatuur van 470 ° C. Verskille in die onderskeie kondensasie kettings van die verskillende Snel Pirolise aanlegte wat ondersoek is, het gelei tot hoër gas- en houtskool opbrengste vir die KIT reaktor konfigurasies in vergelyking met die SU1kg/h FP plant. Verskille in die damp retensie tyd tussen Stadige (> 400 s) en Vakuum pirolise (<2 s) het gelei tot 'n hoër vloeistof en laer houtskool opbrengs vir Vakuum Pirolise. Plaaslike vloeistof opbrengs maksima van 41,1 en 64,4 wt. % (daf) is gevind vir Stadig en Vakuum pirolise onderskeidelik, bereik by 'n reaktor temperatuur van 450 ° C en 'n verhittingstempo van 17 ° C / min. Selfs al is houtskool opbrengste bevoordeel by lae reaktor temperature (269 - 300 ° C), is die hoër warmte waardes van die houtskool bevoordeel deur hoë reaktor temperature (29 - 34 MJ / kg vir 375 - 481 ° C). Reaktor temperatuur het die mees beduidende effek op die produk opbrengs en kwaliteit vir die onderskeie Stadige Pirolise en Vakuum Pirolise eksperimentele lopies gehad. Die bio-olies geproduseer tydens Stadige en Vakuum Pirolise was ryk aan furfuraal en asynsuur.

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Braz, Rafael Leite. "Influência das tensões de crescimento e da poda sobre a qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus dunnil, Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus saligna". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/37912.

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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Jorge Luis Monteiro de Matos
Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcio Pereira Rocha
Co-orientador : Prof. Dr. José Guilherme Prata
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal. Defesa: Curitiba, 12/12/2014
Inclui referências
Área de concentração : Tecnologia e utilização de produtos florestais
Resumo: No Brasil, as espécies do gênero Eucalyptus são as mais plantadas, sendo amplamente empregadas em diversos setores de base florestal e madeireira. Um dos problemas encontrados no uso da madeira para obtenção de produtos sólidos são as tensões de crescimento e a presença de nós. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influência das tensões de crescimento e da poda sobre a qualidade da madeira destinada à geração de produtos sólidos de espécies do gênero Eucalyptus, entre elas o Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus grandis e o Eucalytus saligna, através do uso de metodologias não destrutivas e convencionais. O material utilizado para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi proveniente de plantios florestais da empresa GRANFLOR, localizados na região de Rosário do Sul - RS, com 28, 40, 52 e 65 meses de idade. A avaliação da qualidade da madeira foi realizada em duas etapas: Capítulo 1: Avaliação das tensões de crescimento sobre a qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus para geração de produtos sólidos. Neste capítulo, avaliaram-se as tensões de crescimento da madeira, através da deformação residual longitudinal (DRL), analisando, também, as variáveis de crescimento da árvore, bem como algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira. As informações foram obtidas por métodos convencionais de acordo com normas já estabelecidas e por técnicas não destrutivas para mensuração da DRL e análise por espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo. Com base nos resultados foram realizadas analises estatísticas, com o intuito de determinar e agrupar as informações a respeito da qualidade tecnológica da madeira e suas perspectivas. Capítulo 2: Efeito da poda sobre a qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus. Avaliou-se o sistema de poda empregado pela empresa, verificando a qualidade da cicatrização interna dos nós, bem como a extensão do núcleo nodoso e a estimativa da madeira limpa. De modo geral, os métodos utilizados, tanto convencionais quanto os não destrutivos, demostraram ser promissores e apresentaram-se como uma possível ferramenta para a caracterização da madeira. Os resultados colaboraram para a obtenção de infomações e na indicação de material que tendem a apresentar as caracterísiticas de maior interesse, visando à obtenção de uma madeira com maior valor agregado e livre de defeitos, destinada à geração de produtos sólidos. Palavras-chave: Eucalyptus. Deformação residual longitudinal. Nós. Produtos sólidos.
Abstract: In Brazil, species of Eucalyptus are commonly grown, is widely employed in various sectors of based forest industries. One of the problems found in the use of wood to obtain solid products are growth stresses and the presence of knots. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate of the influence of growth stresses and pruning on the wood quality of for the making of solid products of Eucalyptus species, among them the Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna using nondestructive and conventional methodologies. The material used for the development of the research came from forest plantations the GRANFLOR company located in the region of Rosário do Sul - RS, with 28, 40, 52 and 65 months of age. Evaluation wood quality was performed in two stages: Chapter 1: Evaluation of growth stress on quality of Eucalyptus wood for making of solid products. This chapter analized the growth stresses in wood by longitudinal residual strain, also analyzing the variables of tree growth, the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Information has been obtained by conventional methods according to established standards and through non-destructive techniques used to measure the longitudinal residual strain and analysis of near-infrared spectroscopy. Based on the results were performed statistical analyzes in order to determine and cluster the information about the technological quality of the wood and its perspectives. Chapter 2: Effect of pruning on quality of Eucalyptus wood. Evaluated the system of pruning employed by the company, checking the quality of the internal healing of the knots as well as the extent of the knotty core and the estimation of clear wood. In general, the methods used in both conventional and non-destructive be demonstrated promising and presented as a possible tool for characterization of timber. The results contributed to obtain information and indication of material that to present more characteristic tend to have higher interest, in order a superior wood with higher value addedand free from defects intended for making solid products. Keywords: Eucalyptus. Longitudinal residual strain. Knots. Solid products.

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Brondani, Gilvano Ebling. "Miniestaquia e micropropagaçao de Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage X Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/15815.

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No Brasil as espécies de Eucalyptus possuem grande destaque na silvicultura, devido a importância econômica, adaptabilidade, diversidade e rapidez no crescimento. No entanto, poucas espécies apresentam aptidão ao cultivo em regiões com ocorrência de baixas temperaturas e geadas freqüentes, como as existentes no sul do Brasil. Devido a adaptabilidade a essas condições, o E. benthamii e o E. dunnii são espécies alternativas ao plantio, principalmente para o abastecimento energético e sólidos madeiráveis. Adicionalmente, híbridos entre os materiais citados poderão apresentar boa opção para futuros programas de plantios florestais. No entanto, não existem informações quanto a obtenção de mudas do híbrido com padrão de qualidade e quantidade desejáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar as técnicas de miniestaquia e micropropagação como métodos de clonagem do híbrido E. benthamii x E. dunnii. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos. O primeiro referiu-se a miniestaquia com a realização de 27 coletas sucessivas de brotações ao longo de um ano de experimento, considerando-se as quatro estações: primavera, verão, outono e inverno. Avaliou-se também o efeito do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) na promoção dos processos rizogênicos das miniestacas. O segundo estudo incluiu a micropropagação, sendo avaliadas as respostas dos materiais genéticos nas fases de estabelecimento de segmentos nodais in vitro, proliferação de gemas adventícias e o alongamento das brotações. Em ambos os estudos, utilizaram-se propágulos de minicepas dos clones H12, H19 e H20 que foram manejadas em minijardim clonal sob sistema semi-hidropônico em leito de areia. Como principais resultados pode-se destacar a grande variabilidade de respostas entre os materiais genéticos. Na miniestaquia, o efeito da sazonalidade e as oscilações da temperatura influenciaram de forma determinante quanto ao sucesso da técnica. A maior produção de miniestacas ocorreu nas estações mais quentes, porém, os melhores índices de enraizamento foram registrados nas estações mais frias. A aplicação do AIB promoveu resultados positivos ao enraizamento das miniestacas. Na micropropagação, os clones apresentaram estabelecimento satisfatório, no entanto, o clone H19 expressou elevada recalcitrância ao cultivo in vitro. Para os clones H12 e H20 foi possível estabelecer as combinações mais eficientes dos fitorreguladores benzilaminopurina (BAP) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) na fase de multiplicação de gemas e, de BAP e ácido giberélico (GA3) no alongamento de brotações. O padrão de resposta para as características avaliadas dependeu da composição básica do meio de cultura, sendo que o ½MS proporcionou as melhores respostas para as características analisadas

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