Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Ethical guidance”
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Hauptman, Robert. "Ethical guidance: A response". Journal of Academic Librarianship 25, nr 3 (maj 1999): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-1333(99)80206-7.
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Scanlon, Colleen. "A Professional Code of Ethics Provides Guidance for Genetic Nursing Practice". Nursing Ethics 7, nr 3 (maj 2000): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973300000700308.
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While ethical quandaries and dilemmas are commonplace for nurses, recent advances in human genetics have and will continue to create new challenges and controversies. Throughout time, nursing has been an ethical endeavour, with nurses viewing the ethical mandates of their responsibilities on a par with other core dimensions of their professional life. The (American) profession’s code of ethics, Code for nurses with interpretive statements, provides direction for practice and for the fulfilment of ethical obligations. The explication of these ethical norms and values that shape professional practice is necessary as nurses confront the integration of genetic services into health care. The goal of preserving professional integrity and ethical soundness in the context of genetic health care mandates that nurses rely on and act upon the profession’s national and international codes of ethics.
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VÄYRYNEN, PEKKA. "Ethical Theories and Moral Guidance". Utilitas 18, nr 3 (21.08.2006): 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820806002056.
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Let the Guidance Constraint be the following norm for evaluating ethical theories: Other things being at least roughly equal, ethical theories are better to the extent that they provide adequate moral guidance. I offer an account of why ethical theories are subject to the Guidance Constraint, if indeed they are. We can explain central facts about adequate moral guidance, and their relevance to ethical theory, by appealing to certain forms of autonomy and fairness. This explanation is better than explanations that feature versions of the principle that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’. In closing, I address the objection that my account is questionable because it makes ethical theories subject not merely to purely theoretical but also to morally substantive norms.
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Beecham, L. "GMC approves new ethical guidance". BMJ 316, nr 7144 (23.05.1998): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1553g.
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Macklin, Ruth. "Ethical Rules, Policies, or Guidance?" American Journal of Bioethics 10, nr 6 (2.06.2010): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161003686555.
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Li, H. Y., J. T. An i Y. Zhang. "Ethical Problems and Countermeasures of Artificial Intelligence Technology". E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125101063.
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The in-depth development of artificial intelligence has brought great benefits and convenience to humankind. However, it also brings about ethical crises such as human rights, responsibility, generation, information, prejudice, which are worthy of our attention. Therefore, we should deepen the scientific and technological ethics under the guidance of Marxism, construct artificial intelligence ethical standards, strengthen the supervision of artificial intelligence, enhance the public ethical concepts, so that artificial intelligence can really cope with the risks and challenges under the guidance of scientific and technological ethics, and grasp the development opportunities of The Times.
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Chervenak, Frank A., Laurence B. McCullough, Daniel Skupski i Stephen T. Chasen. "Ethical Challenges in the Management of Pregnancies Complicated by Fetal Anomalies". Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, nr 4 (2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1113.
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Abstract Ethics is an essential dimension of the clinical management of pregnancies complicated by fetal anomalies. Appealing to the ethical principles of beneficence and respect for autonomy, this reviews explicates the ethical concept of the ‘fetus as a patient’. This concept provides the basis for a comprehensive approach to ethical challenges in the management of pregnancies complicated by fetal anomalies. Practice, ethically justified guidance is given for the physician's role in counseling pregnant women about aggressive management, termination of pregnancy, selective termination of multifetal pregnancies, non- aggressive management, and cephalocentesis.
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Carrieri, D., L. Jackson, C. Bewshea, B. Prainsack, J. Mansfield, T. Ahmad, N. Hawkins i S. Kelly. "Ethical issues in genomic research: Proposing guiding principles co-produced with stakeholders". Clinical Ethics 13, nr 4 (23.09.2018): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750918802420.
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Ethical guidance for genomic research is increasingly sought and perceived to be necessary. Although there are pressing ethical issues in genomic research – concerning for example the recruitment of patients/participants; the process of taking consent; data sharing; and returning results to patients/participants – there is still limited useful guidance available for researchers/clinicians or for the research ethics committees who review such projects. This report outlines the ethical principles and guidance for genomic research co-produced with stakeholders during two workshops which took place in the UK between November 2016 and May 2017. The stakeholders involved in these workshops included: healthcare professionals, genomic research teams, academics, patients, biobank managers, and representatives from the Health Research Authority (HRA), NHS Research Ethics Committees, patient support groups, pharmaceutical industry, and health policy think tanks. The co-produced principles and guidance are specifically aimed at researchers/clinicians and members of NHS Research Ethics Committees, and are formulated with the intention to be clear and accessible, both in terms of content and language, to these groups.
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Pollard. "Ethical Guidance from Literature and Mathematics". Journal of Speculative Philosophy 31, nr 4 (2017): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.31.4.0517.
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Bosede, Alokan Funmilola. "Ethical Principles of Guidance and Counselling". International Journal of Tropical Medicine 5, nr 2 (1.02.2010): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijtmed.2010.50.53.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Ethical Reasoning: Guidance or Just Rationalization?" Theoria 87, nr 4 (sierpień 2021): 861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/theo.12347.
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Naughton, Corina, Elaine Meehan, Elaine Lehane, Ciara Landers, Sarah Jane Flaherty, Aoife Lane, Margaret Landers i in. "Ethical frameworks for quality improvement activities: an analysis of international practice". International Journal for Quality in Health Care 32, nr 8 (14.08.2020): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa092.
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Abstract Purpose To examine international approaches to the ethical oversight and regulation of quality improvement and clinical audit in healthcare systems Data sources We searched grey literature including websites of national research and ethics regulatory bodies and health departments of selected countries. Study selection National guidance documents were included from six countries: Ireland, England, Australia, New Zealand, the United States of America and Canada. Data extraction Data were extracted from 19 documents using an a priori framework developed from the published literature. Results We organized data under five themes: ethical frameworks; guidance on ethical review; consent, vulnerable groups and personal health data. Quality improvement activity tended to be outside the scope of the ethics frameworks in most countries. Only New Zealand had integrated national ethics standards for both research and quality improvement. Across countries, there is consensus that this activity should not be automatically exempted from ethical review but requires proportionate review or organizational oversight for minimal risk projects. In the majority of countries, there is a lack of guidance on participant consent, use of personal health information and inclusion of vulnerable groups in routine quality improvement. Conclusion Where countries fail to provide specific ethics frameworks for quality improvement, guidance is dispersed across several organizations which may lack legal certainty. Our review demonstrates a need for appropriate oversight and responsive infrastructure for quality improvement underpinned by ethical frameworks that build equivalence with research oversight. It outlines aspects of good practice, especially The New Zealand framework that integrates research and quality improvement ethics.
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Paton, Alexis. "Fairness, Ethnicity, and COVID-19 Ethics". Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 17, nr 4 (25.08.2020): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-09999-2.
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AbstractRecent weeks have seen an increased focus on the ethical response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ethics guidance has proliferated across Britain, with ethicists and those with a keen interest in ethics in their professions working to produce advice and support for the National Health Service. The guiding principles of the pandemic have emerged, in one form or another, to favour fairness, especially with regard to allocating resources and prioritizing care. However, fairness is not equivalent to equity when it comes to healthcare, and the focus on fairness means that existing guidance inadvertently discriminates against people from ethnic minority backgrounds. Drawing on early criticisms of existing clinical guidance (for example, the frailty decision tool) and ethical guidance in Britain, this essay will discuss the importance of including sociology, specifically the relationship between ethnicity and health, in any ethical and clinical guidance for care during the pandemic in the United Kingdom. To do otherwise, I will argue, would be actively choosing to allow a proportion of the British population to die for no other reason than their ethnic background. Finally, I will end by arguing why sociology must be a key component in any guidance, outlining how sociology was incorporated into the cross-college guidance produced by the Royal College of Physicians.
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Lignou, Sapfo, i Ilina Singh. "Pharmaceutical industry, academia and people with experience of mental illness as partners in research: a need for ethical guidance". Wellcome Open Research 5 (20.08.2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16166.1.
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Background: Several social and policy developments have led to research partnerships in mental health research, which depart from traditional research models. One form of such partnerships is among research institutions, industry (pharmaceutical and biotech) and people with lived experience of mental illness (RIPs). There are several benefits but also ethical challenges in RIPs. An ethics-based approach to anticipating and addressing such ethical issues in mental health research is lacking. Given the expansion of RIPs in treatment development for mental health illness, guidance to support ethical and trustworthy collaborative mental health research projects is essential. Methods: To develop a moral framework for evaluating the ethics of RIPs, we systematically searched PubMed for peer-reviewed literature discussing good practices in research partnerships. Searches were also conducted in websites of known organizations supporting patient engagement with industry in mental health research and in the references of short-listed articles. Following application of exclusion criteria, remaining articles were critically examined and summarised to synthesise principles for ethically acceptable RIPs and inform clear guidance and practices. Results: Critical analysis and synthesis of the short-listed articles highlighted the need for two sets of principles to guide ethical RIPs: principles for (a) RIPs as a trustworthy enterprise (e.g. public accountability, transparency) and (b) fair RIPs (e.g. effective governance, respect). We discuss the application of these principles in problem-solving strategies that can support best practice in establishing fair and successful mental health research partnerships among research institutions, industry and people with lived experience of mental illness. Conclusions: Ethical guidance is needed to prevent and address challenges in RIPs and to promote the scientific and social benefits of these new research partnership models in mental health research. We show how the proposed moral framework can guide research partners in designing, sustaining and assessing ethical and trustworthy collaborative mental health research projects.
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Rattani, Abbas, i Adnan A. Hyder. "Operationalizing the Ethical Review of Global Health Policy and Systems Research: A Proposed Checklist". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 49, nr 1 (2021): 92–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jme.2021.15.
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AbstractThere has been growing consensus to develop relevant guidance to improve the ethical review of global health policy and systems research (HPSR) and address the current absence of formal ethics guidance.
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Logarajah, Sri, i Sue Roff. "Structured learning for clinical ethics in anaesthesia". Clinical Ethics 11, nr 4 (19.08.2016): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750916660831.
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The ‘SLICE’ model for Structured Learning in Clinical Ethics provides a template to help medical professionals identify their own “moral compass” to provide guidance in complex ethical areas. The model has five domains – Conscience, Compliance, Concurrence, Conversation and Conversion. The use of ‘SLICE’ model as a tool for ethics education has been described in various undergraduate and postgraduate settings. These include teaching ethical aspects of transplantation; legislation for undergraduates and consent in paediatric anaesthesia. Its use as tool for teaching reflective ethical practice has been recently described demonstrating the potential of the SLICE model for supporting appraisal and professional development. In this article, we explore the suitability of the SLICE model to provide a general framework encompassing all the requirements for Ethical Clinical practice in anaesthesia. Good Medical Practice guidance produced by the General Medical Council and guidance provided jointly by the Royal College of Anaesthetists and Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland is used as the foundation for developing this framework. The Good Practice Guide for anaesthetic departments provides a solid ethical frame work for interpreting and applying Good Medical Practice guidance by the General Medical Council. Tools such as the SLICE model complement the guides produced by the professional organisations by providing a choice of different methods to facilitate education, decision making and reflective practice.
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Hemming, Karla, Monica Taljaard, Tom Marshall, Cory E. Goldstein i Charles Weijer. "Stepped-wedge trials should be classified as research for the purpose of ethical review". Clinical Trials 16, nr 6 (grudzień 2019): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774519873322.
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Background: All studies classified as research involving human participants require research ethics review. Most regulation and guidance on ethical oversight of research involving human participants was written for pharmacotherapy interventions. Interpretation of such guidance for cluster-randomized trials and stepped-wedge trials, which commonly evaluate complex non-therapeutic interventions such as knowledge translation, public health, or health service delivery interventions, can pose challenges to researchers and regulators. Current guidance: The Ottawa Statement on the Ethical Design and Conduct of Cluster-Randomized Trials provides guidance on the ethical oversight and consent procedures for cluster-randomized trials, and while not explicit, this includes stepped-wedge trials. Yet, stepped-wedge trials have unique characteristics that differentiate them from standard cluster-randomized trials. In particular, they can be used to evaluate knowledge translation interventions within the context of a routine health system rollout; they may have a non-randomized design; and the decision to implement the intervention is not always made by the researcher. Many stepped-wedge trials do not undergo ethical review and do not report trial registration. This suggests that those undertaking these studies and research ethics committees perceive them as non-research activities. Recommendations: Through an ethical analysis of two case studies, we argue that stepped-wedge trials, like parallel arm cluster trials, are systematic investigations designed to produce generalizable knowledge. We contend that stepped-wedge trials usually include human research participants, which may be patients, health care providers, or both. Stepped-wedge trials are therefore research involving human participants for the purpose of ethical review. Nevertheless, the use of a waiver or alteration of consent may be appropriate in many stepped-wedge trials due to the infeasibility of obtaining informed consent and the low-risk nature of the interventions. To ensure that traditional ethical principles such as respect for persons are upheld, these studies must undergo research ethics review.
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Miller, Franklin G. "Research Ethics and Misguided Moral Intuition". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, nr 1 (2004): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00455.x.
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The term therapeutic misconception was coined by Paul Appelbaum and his colleagues to describe the tendency of patients enrolled in clinical trials to confuse research participation with the personal clinical attention characteristic of medical care. It has not been recognized that an analogous therapeutic misconception pervades ethical thinking about clinical research with patient-subjects. Investigators and bioethicists often judge the ethics of clinical research based on ethical standards appropriate to the physician-patient relationship in therapeutic medicine. This ethical approach to clinical research constitutes a misconception because it fails to appreciate the ethically significant differences between clinical research and clinical care.In this article I argue that the assumption that the ethical principles governing the practice of therapeutic medicine should also apply to clinical research with patient- subjects produces incoherence in research ethics and erroneous guidance concerning certain controversial research designs.
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Turner, Martha. "If It Is Newsworthy, It Is Ethics-Worthy: Living in the Code of Ethics for Nurses". Creative Nursing 24, nr 3 (sierpień 2018): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.24.3.143.
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The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements provides guidance for all nurses, in all roles and in all settings. Familiarity with the provisions and the interpretive statements improves our ethical awareness and our ethical competence. Current events in our communities and across the globe require a response from nurses individually and collectively. Living in the Code enables us to form responses that are ethically sound. Advancing the profession through scholarly inquiry and establishing moral communities are other obligations that can be achieved by living in the Code.
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Wijesekera, A. T., i R. Lalitha S. Fernando. "Ethical Leadership Measures for Public Service in Sri Lanka". International Business Research 11, nr 7 (15.06.2018): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n7p106.
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A lack of concern on ethics in public administration may be considered the biggest barrier to quality service delivery. Many efforts have been made to promote ethical standards between public servants. Among those efforts, improving leadership skills can prove to be effective in promoting ethics in public service (Hart 2001).Therefore, ethical leadership behavior is very vital as that ensures ethical guidance. In order to identify the ethical leadership behavior of the public sector, customized measures are essential. This study describes the process of development of a 30-item instrument for measuring ethical leadership behavior in the public service with reference to Divisional Secretariats in Sri Lanka. According to Hinkin's (1998) recommendations in items generating both qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized. First observed the articles which were published related to ethical leadership and examined to find items and dimensions. A focus group discussion was conducted with 20 in-depth interviews to generate additional items to determine whether additional dimensions of ethical leadership would emerge. Based on these two steps, the researcher found 30-items with five dimensions. They were fairness, employee orientation, role clarification, integrity and ethical guidance. These 30-items were included in a questionnaire and a quantitative study was undertaken with 100 respondents employed in the Divisional Secretariats within Gampatha District. Reliability test and factor analysis were used to ensure reliability and validity of this measures. Finally, these 30-items were loaded to four dimensions. Such as people orientation, integrity, ethical guidance and role clarification.
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Wild, V., M. Frick i J. Denholm. "WHO ethics guidance on TB care and migration: challenges to the implementation process". International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24, nr 5 (1.05.2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.17.0882.
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We summarise the current ethical guidance on tuberculosis (TB) care and migration, as set out in the WHO “Ethics Guidance for the Implementation of the End TB Strategy.” Among other aspects, the Ethics Guidance states that there should be firm legal principles in place that ensure the enforcement of migration law on the one hand and the protection of human rights, including the right to health, on the other are separated from one another. As a challenge to the Ethics Guidance and its implementation, we describe two cases, each of which typifies particular problems. Case one describes the experience of a migrant worker in the United Arab Emirates who is deported when mandatory medical exams show evidence of current or prior TB. Case two raises the issue of providing more than TB care, which may also be needed for holistic care. The paper concludes with our suggestions for ways in which we could make progress towards ethically optimal TB care for migrants.
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A. Hameed, Shihab. "TOWARD SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES BASED ON ISLAMIC ETHICAL VALUES". IIUM Engineering Journal 9, nr 2 (29.09.2010): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v9i2.99.
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Software is the core for Computer-based applications which became an essential part for critical control systems, health and human life guard systems, financial and banking systems, educational and other systems. It requires qualified software engineers professionally and ethically. L.R and survey results show that software engineering professionals facing several ethical related problems which are costly, harmful and affected high ratio of people. Professional organizations like ACM, IEEE, ABET and CSAC have established codes of ethics to help software engineering professionals to understand and manage their ethical responsibilities. Islam considers ethics an essential factor to build individuals,communities and society. Islamic Ethics are set of moral principles and guidance that recognizes what is right behavior from wrong, which are comprehensive, stable, fair, and historically prove success in building ethically great society. The 1.3 billions of Muslims with 10s of thousands of software engineers should have an effective role in software development and life, which requires them to understand and implement ethics, specially the Islamic ethics in their work. This paper is a frame-work for modeling software engineering principle. It focuses mainly on adopting a new version of software engineering principle based on Islamic ethical values.
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Saxena, Abha, Paul André Bouvier, Ehsan Shamsi-Gooshki, Johannes Köhler i Lisa J. Schwartz. "WHO guidance on ethics in outbreaks and the COVID-19 pandemic: a critical appraisal". Journal of Medical Ethics 47, nr 6 (31.03.2021): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106959.
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In 2016, following pandemic influenza threats and the 2014–2016 Ebola virus disease outbreaks, the WHO developed a guidance document for managing ethical issues in infectious disease outbreaks. In this article, we analyse some ethical issues that have had a predominant role in decision making in response to the current COVID-19 pandemic but were absent or not addressed in the same ways in the 2016 guidance document. A pandemic results in a health crisis and social and political crises both nationally and globally. The ethical implications of these global effects should be properly identified so that appropriate actions can be taken globally and not just in national isolation. Our analysis, which is a starting point to test the broader relevance of the 2016 WHO document that remains the only available guidance document applicable globally, concludes that the WHO guidance should be updated to provide reasoned and thoughtful comprehensive ethics advice for the sound management of the current and future pandemics.
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Saunders, Jodi L., i Sandra L. Peck. "The Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors: The Administrator and Supervisor Perspective". Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 32, nr 4 (1.12.2001): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.32.4.20.
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This article discusses the ethical issues facing rehabilitation counseling supervisors and administrators (RCS/As). A brief overview of supervision in rehabilitation counseling is provided in addition to: a) an examination of common ethical issues in rehabilitation counseling supervision, b) the availability of ethical guidance, and c) uses and limitations of the recently revised Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors. Recommendations for facilitating and supporting ethical practice are also presented.
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Sarker, Jyotirmoy. "Ethical issues of randomized controlled trials". Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 5, nr 1 (26.03.2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i1.18441.
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Clinical trials involve the application of different medical interventions on human participants. Randomized controlled trials involve different groups of human subjects undergoing different clinical interventions. This process ensures bias free subject allocation which leads to a way to statistically establish the research result. Strict ethical guidance is necessary from selection of participants to the analysis of trial results. Without proper guidance the trial participants would be subjected to unethical experiments. Before starting the randomized controlled trials the investigators must meet all ethics issues. The institutional review board (IRB) must check whether all ethical demands are met or not before permitting the research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i1.18441 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2014 Vol.5(1): 1-4
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Christiansen, Stacy L. "Ethical and Legal Guidance in Biomedical Publishing". Chest 134, nr 6 (grudzień 2008): 1344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-1165.
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Yentis, S. M. "Ethical guidance for research in obstetric anaesthesia". International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 10, nr 4 (październik 2001): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/ijoa.2001.0900.
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Tamin, J. "GMC guidance on confidentiality: is it ethical?" Occupational Medicine 60, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqp186.
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Machin, Helen E., i Steven M. Shardlow. "Overcoming ethical barriers to research". Research Ethics 14, nr 3 (14.11.2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747016117739938.
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Researchers engaged in studies about ‘hidden social groups’ are likely to face several ethical challenges. Using a study with undocumented Chinese migrants in the UK, challenges involved in obtaining approval by a university research ethics committee are explored. General guidance about how to resolve potential research ethics issues, with particular reference to ‘hidden social groups’, prior to submission to a research ethics committee is presented.
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Zapata-Barrero, Ricard, i Evren Yalaz. "Qualitative migration research ethics: a roadmap for migration scholars". Qualitative Research Journal 20, nr 3 (23.06.2020): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-02-2020-0013.
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PurposeThis article aims to set a roadmap for an ethical programme, which we call “qualitative migration research ethics” (QMRE). It is a scoping review that maps current ethical challenges that migration scholars often face and provide guidance, while acknowledging the fact that many researchers deal with ethical issues on a case-by-case basis.Design/methodology/approachBy connecting three lines of debates – ethics in social sciences, in qualitative research and in migration studies – this article addresses the following core questions: What are the particular ethical dilemmas in qualitative migration research (QMR)? How do migration researchers deal with these ethical dilemmas? What is the role of universal ethical codes of conduct and case-by-case ethical considerations in dealing with particular situations?FindingsThis review demonstrates that special aspects of migration research context, e.g. participants' mobility, potential vulnerability and migration as a politicized issue as well as the flexible and exploratory nature of qualitative research require particular ethical awareness that cannot be sufficiently addressed by standardized guidelines.Originality/valueIt proposes that efforts to raise ethical awareness must go beyond researchers' ethical confessions or blind adherence to pre-fixed guidance. Researchers must have critical “ethical radar” before, during and after their fieldwork; not only while working on extreme and vulnerable cases but also while doing all kind of research regardless of the level of vulnerability. Last but not least, this article claims the need for including critical ethical consciousness substantially in higher education programmes at the very beginning of the research career.
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Drew, Cat. "Design for data ethics: using service design approaches to operationalize ethical principles on four projects". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, nr 2128 (6.08.2018): 20170353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0353.
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Ethical frameworks provide helpful guidance about what you should—and should not—do in relation to data projects. But they do not provide definitive yes/no answers about what an ethical data project is or is not. Indeed, research (Ipsos-MORI 2015 Public dialogue into the ethics of data science in government) conducted for the initial development of the Government's Data Ethics Framework shows that the public does not hold any clear red lines; rather, they make nuanced assessments based on a number of variables, including public good and privacy. Ethical frameworks provide a list of these variables to consider in shaping the form of the work. Some are now starting to provide more practical tools and guidance to reshape data projects and push it along those variables into a more ethical space. Alongside technical tools, service design approaches can help enhance the degree to which a data project is ethical, and provides a toolkit for data scientists, analysts and policymakers to take projects from ‘what should we do’ to ‘how can we do it’. This paper sets out the emergence of data science ethical frameworks within the context of the use of data for social good, and—with the recent release of the updated UK Government Data Ethics Framework—shows the recognition more practical guidance needs to be provided. The author then argues that service design approaches provide a helpful ‘wrap around’ for data projects, and draws on experience in using service design tools on four projects, as well as wider examples. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations’.
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Bannister, Kelly. "From Ethical Codes to Ethics as Praxis: An Invitation". Ethnobiology Letters 9, nr 1 (11.07.2018): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.9.1.2018.1060.
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Ethical guidance for research involving Indigenous and traditional communities, cultural knowledge, and associated biological resources has evolved significantly over recent decades. Formal guidance for ethnobiological research has been thoughtfully articulated and codified in many helpful ways, including but by no means limited to the Code of Ethics of the International Society of Ethnobiology. We have witnessed a successful and necessary era of “research ethics codification” with ethical awareness raised, fora established for debate and policy development, and new tools evolving to assist us in treating one another as we agree we ought to within the research endeavor. Yet most of us still struggle with ethical dilemmas, conflicts, and differences that arise as part of the inevitable uncertainties and lived realities of our cross-cultural work. Is it time to ask what more (or what else) might we do, to lift the words on a page that describe how we should conduct ourselves, to connecting with the relational intention of those ethical principles and practices in concrete, meaningful ways? How might we discover ethics as relationship and practice while we necessarily aspire to follow adopted ethical codes as prescription? This paper brings together Willie Ermine’s concept of “ethical space” and Darrell Posey’s recognition of the spiritual values of biodiversity with a unique selection of insights from other fields of practice, such as intercultural communication, conflict resolution and martial arts, to invite a new conceptualization of research ethics in ethnobiology as ethical praxis.
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Masum, Abdul Kadar Muhammad, Md Cholem Ullah i Md Abul Kalam Azad. "Information Technology (IT) Ethics in the Light of Islam". IIUC Studies 9 (10.07.2015): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v9i0.24030.
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Globalization and digital convergence in the emerging knowledge society has raised complex ethical, legal and societal issues. We are faced with complex and difficult questions regarding the freedom of expression, access to information, the right to privacy, intellectual property rights, and cultural diversity. To overcome these issues, it requires qualified and educated IT (Information Technology) beneficiaries professionally and ethically. Professional organizations like ACM, IEEE and ABET have established codes of ethics to help IT professionals, specially end users to understand and manage their ethical responsibilities. Islamic ethics comprise moral principles and guidance that differentiate between right and wrong, which are comprehensive, stable, fair, and historically proved success in building ethically great societies. The estimated 1.5 billion of Muslims should have an effective role in IT related activities and life, which requires them to understand and implement ethics, specially the Islamic ethics in their IT related works. This paper is a roadmap for modeling the IT user principles, which show the main phases for solving such problems. It focuses mainly on adopting a new version of IT user principles based on Islamic ethical values.IIUC Studies Vol.9 December 2012: 243-260
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Bohle, Martin, Cornelia Nauen i Eduardo Marone. "Ethics to Intersect Civic Participation and Formal Guidance". Sustainability 11, nr 3 (1.02.2019): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030773.
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Sound governance arrangement in socio-ecological systems (human niche) combines different means of sense-making. The sustainability of human niche-building depends on the governability of the social-ecological systems (SES) forming the niche. Experiences from small-scale marine fisheries and seabed mining illustrate how ethical frameworks, civic participation and formalised guidance combine in the context of a “blue economy”. Three lines of inquiries contextualise these experiences driving research questions, such as “what is the function of ethics for governability?” First, complex-adaptive SES are featured to emphasise the sense-making feedback loop in SES. Actors are part of this feedback loop and can use different means of sense-making to guide their actions. Second, the “Voluntary Guidelines for Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries” and geoethical thinking are featured to highlight the relevance of actor-centric concepts. Third, Kohlberg’s model of “stages of moral adequacy” and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) are used to show how to strengthen actor-centric virtue-ethics. Combining these lines of inquiry leads to the conclusion that ethical frameworks, civic participation and formalised guidance, when put in a mutual context, support governability and multi-actor/level policy-making. Further research could explore how creativity can strengthen civic participation, a feature only sketched here.
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Horn, Austin R., Charles Weijer, Spencer Phillips Hey, Jamie Brehaut, Dean A. Fergusson, Cory E. Goldstein, Jeremy Grimshaw i Monica Taljaard. "Thinking clearly about the FIRST trial: addressing ethical challenges in cluster randomised trials of policy interventions involving health providers". Journal of Medical Ethics 44, nr 9 (27.04.2018): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104282.
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The ethics of the Flexibility In duty hour Requirements for Surgical Trainees (FIRST) trial have been vehemently debated. Views on the ethics of the FIRST trial range from it being completely unethical to wholly unproblematic. The FIRST trial illustrates the complex ethical challenges posed by cluster randomised trials (CRTs) of policy interventions involving healthcare professionals. In what follows, we have three objectives. First, we critically review the FIRST trial controversy, finding that commentators have failed to sufficiently identify and address many of the relevant ethical issues. The 2012 Ottawa Statement on the Ethical Design and Conduct of Cluster Randomized Trials provides researchers and research ethics committees with specific guidance for the ethical design and conduct of CRTs. Second, we aim to demonstrate how the Ottawa Statement provides much-needed clarity to the ethical issues in the FIRST trial, including: research participant identification; consent requirements; gatekeeper roles; benefit-harm analysis and identification of vulnerable participants. We nonetheless also find that the FIRST trial raises ethical issues not adequately addressed by the Ottawa Statement. Hence, third and finally, we raise important questions requiring further ethical analysis and guidance, including: Does clinical equipoise apply to policy interventions with little or no evidence-base? Do healthcare providers have an obligation to participate in research? Does the power-differential in certain healthcare settings render healthcare providers vulnerable to duress and coercion to participant in research? If so, what safeguards might be implemented to protect providers, while allowing important research to proceed?
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Railton, Peter. "Normative Guidance, Evaluative Guidance, and Skill". Analyse & Kritik 43, nr 1 (1.06.2021): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auk-2021-0014.
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Abstract At least since Aristotle, practical skill has been thought to be a possible model for individual ethical development and action. Jonathan Birch’s ambitious proposal is that practical skill and tool-use might also have played a central role in the historical emergence and evolution of our very capacity for normative guidance. Birch argues that human acquisition of motor skill, for example in making and using tools, involves formation of an internal standard of correct performance, which serves as a basis for normative guidance in skilled thought and action, and in the social transfer of skills. I suggest that evaluativemodeling, guidance, and learning play a more basic role in motor skill than standards of correctness as such-indeed, such standards can provide effective normative guidance thanks to being embedded within evaluative modeling and guidance. This picture better fits the evidence Birch cites of the flexibility, adaptability, and creativity of skills, and can support a generalized version of Birch’s ‘skill hypothesis’.
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Handelsman, Mitchell M. "Canon 6 - Confidentiality—Confidentiality: The Ethical Baby in the Legal Bathwater". Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 18, nr 4 (1.12.1987): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.18.4.33.
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The ethical principle of confidentiality is often overshadowed by narrow discussions of the legal concept of privileged communication. Even professional ethics codes offer only minimal guidance. Policies and practices regarding confidentiality need to be based on a process of ethical reasoning and reflection that includes the philosophical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and fidelity.
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Baker, Jennifer. "VIRTUE ETHICS AND PRACTICAL GUIDANCE". Social Philosophy and Policy 30, nr 1-2 (styczeń 2013): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052513000149.
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AbstractIn this essay I argue that contemporary accounts of virtue ought to incorporate methods ancient virtue ethicists used in addressing an audience whose members were interested in improving their behavior. Ancient examples of these methods, I argue, model how to represent practical rationality in ethical arguments. They show us that when we argue for virtue we ought to address common claims, refer to moral reasoning as a stepwise process, and focus on norms when making recommendations. Our own ethical arguments will be improved if we do these things. To the extent that these methods are incorporated into our contemporary accounts of virtue, we will make important points of contact with the account of practical rationality that forms the very basis of the view.
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Davis-McFarland, Elise. "Ethics in International Practice". Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, nr 6 (17.12.2020): 1779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-20-00132.
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Purpose Credible information on the numbers of people in Majority World countries who have communication and swallowing disorders does not seem to exist; however, there is evidence of the need for communication therapy services in those countries. Certified speech-language pathologists who provide clinical services for people with communication and swallowing disorders overseas must adhere to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Code of Ethics. The purpose of this article is to discuss the requirements for the exercise of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice in the context of international practices. Method The relationship between cultural authenticity and ethically provided services is considered. There is also a discussion of the ethics and outcomes of short-term volunteer programs for clients in Majority World countries and communities. Guidance for development of needed services and programs in the Majority World is offered. Examples of culturally relevant and ethically developed service and collaboration projects are cited. Results The codes of ethics of several Minority and Majority World speech-language therapy associations are reviewed to reflect their requirements for the ethical practices that must be adhered to during clinical practice beyond their members' national borders. There is also guidance on the importance and influence of clinicians' attitudes and demeanor in their work in Majority World countries. Conclusions Ethical clinical practice in Majority World countries requires adherence to the clinician's professional association's code of ethics. Equally important are information and attitudes that enable the clinician to develop and provide services from a perspective of cultural humility and understanding of the community's attitudes, needs, and expectations. An important and necessary aspect of ethical practice is the clinician's personal attitudes and knowledge of the country they bring to their clinical practice.
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Lindsay, Geoff. "Transnational Ethical Guidance and the Development of the EFPA Meta-Code of Ethics". European Psychologist 16, nr 2 (styczeń 2011): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000090.
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Ethical practice is one of the fundamental characteristics of a profession. The development of common codes was an early aim of the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Associations (EFPPA), now the European Federation of Psychologists Associations (EFPA), which sought to develop common standards across Member Associations. This paper describes: the development of the Meta-Code of Ethics, approved in 1995; the subsequent review of its fitness for purpose, leading to the second edition in 2005; and other guidance on ethical practice, including procedures for the evaluation of alleged unethical practice and for determining corrective actions to be taken, including mediation. The success of the Meta-code is reviewed, including its contribution to current initiatives to develop universal ethical practice by psychologists, in the context of new challenges arising from developments within psychology and from changes within society, including concerns about national security.
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Onarheim, Kristine Husøy, Kolitha Wickramage, David Ingleby, Supriya Subramani i Ingrid Miljeteig. "Adopting an ethical approach to migration health policy, practice and research". BMJ Global Health 6, nr 7 (lipiec 2021): e006425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006425.
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Migration health is affected by decision making at levels ranging from global to local, both within and beyond the health sector. These decisions impact seeking, entitlements, service delivery, policy making and knowledge production on migration health. It is key that ethical challenges faced by decision makers are recognised and addressed in research and data, clinical practice and policy making on migration health. An ethical approach can provide methods to identify ethical issues, frameworks for systematising information and suggesting ethically acceptable solutions, and guidance on procedural concerns and legitimate decision making processes. By unpacking dilemmas, conflicts of interests and values at stake, an ethical approach is relevant for all who make decisions about migration health policy and practice. Adopting an ethical approach to migration health benefits governments, organisations, policy makers, health workers, data managers, researchers and migrants themselves. First, it highlights the inherent normative questions and trade-offs at stake in migration health. Second, it assists decision makers in deciding what is the ethically justifiable thing to do through an ‘all things considered’ approach. Third, ethical frameworks and technical guidance set normative and practical standards for decision makers facing ethical questions – from ‘bedside rationing’ to collection of big data or in policy making – that can ensure that migrants’ interests are considered. Fourth, there is a need for greater transparency and accountability in decision making, as well as meaningful participation of migrant groups. An ethical approach connects to public health, economic and human rights arguments and highlights the urgent need to mainstream concerns for migrants in global and national health responses.
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Swain, Rachel, Kazeem Owudunni, Graham Behr, Jo Emmanuel i Matt Malherbe. "Applying ethical dimensions in clinical dilemmas". BJPsych Open 7, S1 (czerwiec 2021): S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.442.
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AimsCentral and North West London's Clinical Ethics Committee (CEC) offers a non-judgmental space to discuss ethical concerns and challenges and provide ethical guidance. This project aims to publicise these ethical dilemmas and guidance to inform decision making trust-wide.BackgroundA Clinical Ethics Committee (CEC) encompasses a diverse range of figures, from psychiatrists and general practitioners to members of the clergy and experts by experience. The CEC in Central and North West London have been meeting regularly since 2003 to provide ethical assistance to a wide range of medical, surgical and psychiatric teams. Complex ethical cases are presented by the treating team, allowing a subsequent discussion of the ethical theories and frameworks within the case with the committee members. This synthesis of information can then assist the treating team in the shaping of ethical based solutions to their dilemmas.The committee wished to encourage ethical based clinical thinking within the trust and enable others to learn from the valuable insights already provided by the CEC over the years.MethodCase notes, recorded from the last 17 years of meetings of the Clinical Ethics Committee were reviewed. 98 cases were identified between 2003-2019. The contemporaneous case reports were then anonymised and indexed into one easy to use file. This file was published on the local intranet and publicised to staff.ResultThe cases were compiled into a PDF document which is available for all staff members within the trust on the intranet. This resource is open to all clinical staff, and serves the dual purpose of encouraging ethical-based thinking and also promoting the ethics committee to those who might be in need of assistance.ConclusionClinical decisions can be complex and nuanced, often complicated by multiple viewpoints and ways of thinking. The database demonstrates the use of ethical dimensions by the ethics committee to inform decision making in a series of varied clinical and management dilemmas. The project required careful consideration around preservation of confidentiality as well as overcoming the logistical barriers of trust-wide dissemination. The result is a document that will allow ethical based decision-making to be embedded into everyday practice.
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Hofmann, Bjørn, i Michal Stanak. "Nudging in screening: Literature review and ethical guidance". Patient Education and Counseling 101, nr 9 (wrzesień 2018): 1561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2018.03.021.
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Schonfeld, Toby, David Alfandre, Kenneth Berkowitz, Barbara Chanko, Mary Beth Foglia i Cynthia Geppert. "Implementing VA’s Authoritative Ethical Guidance in a Pandemic". American Journal of Bioethics 20, nr 7 (2.07.2020): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1779860.
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Yu, Lingling, Xiaoling Li, Pengjun Zhang i Guojun Zhang. "Ethical guidance for geriatric clinical research in China". AGING MEDICINE 3, nr 4 (grudzień 2020): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agm2.12138.
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Diener, L., L. Hugonot-Diener, S. Alvino, J. P. Baeyens, M. P. Bone, D. Chirita, J. M. Husson i in. "Guidance synthesis. Medical research for and with older people in Europe: Proposed ethical guidance for good clinical practice: Ethical considerations". Journal of nutrition, health & aging 17, nr 7 (17.05.2013): 625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-013-0340-0.
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Schick-Makaroff, Kara, i Janet Storch. "Guidance for Ethical Leadership in Nursing Codes of Ethics: An Integrative Review". Canadian Journal of Nursing Leadership 32, nr 1 (29.03.2019): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12927/cjnl.2019.25848.
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Margolis, Joshua D. "Responsibility in Organizational Context". Business Ethics Quarterly 11, nr 3 (lipiec 2001): 431–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857848.
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Abstract:Why does it matter that every negative thought you have had about car salespeople, they have likely had about you? The answer to this question opens up the distinctive challenges, and opportunities, facing business ethics. Those challenges and opportunities emerge from the significant bearing organizational reality has upon individuals’ conduct. As we consider how to assign responsibility for misconduct; how to provide guidance to organizational actors about what they ought to do; and how to develop responsive ethical theory, we need to take psychological and social forces into account. Organizations shape human behavior in ways that pose unavoidable questions about responsibility, practical guidance, and the enterprise of business ethics itself. Adopting the agents’ perspective suggests that business ethics can take a leading role in addressing these vexing questions that confront ethical inquiry and social science more broadly.
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Jha, Jatinder Kumar, Biju Varkkey, Praveen Agrawal i Narendra Singh. "Contribution of HR Systems in Development of Ethical Climate at Workplace: A Case Study". South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management 4, nr 1 (26.05.2017): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322093717705183.
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This article elucidates the relationship between HR systems and ethical climate at workplace with primary focus on the procedure adopted for development of ethical climate, using case study of an Indian power distribution company (Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited [TPDDL]). The study categorizes TPDDL’s endeavours undertaken into two categories, explicit and implicit initiatives. Explicit ways of promoting ethics include ethics trainings, seminars on ethics, rewards and punishment policy, and mechanism of reporting ethical concerns/issues (ethics portal, whistle blower policy, IVRS, etc.). Implicit ways of creating ethical climate include HR practices, namely selective selection, training for developing interpersonal and technical skills, fair performance appraisal system and various engagement initiatives. The support and guidance of the senior management and line managers ensured successful execution of both initiatives. Results from the study suggest, over the period of time, the untiring efforts of various actors that saw the development of an ethical climate.
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Kerasidou, Angeliki. "The value of sharing genomic findings with research ethics committees". Research Ethics 13, nr 2 (5.07.2016): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747016116657133.
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The role of ethics committees is to protect and safeguard the rights and welfare of participants, and promote good research by providing ethical guidance to researchers. In order for ethics committees to fulfil their role and obligations, they need to have adequate understanding of the science and scientific methods used in research. Genomics is a novel and rapidly evolving research field, and identifying the ethical issues raised by it is not straightforward. Limited understanding of, and expertise in, reviewing genomic research may lead ethics committees to either hamper novel research, or overlook important ethical problems. Researchers are in the best position to assist ethics committees in their efforts to remain informed about scientific advancements.