Artykuły w czasopismach: „Esterification”

1

Farahani, Mohammad R. M., i Fatemeh Taghizadeh. "Roughness of esterified eastern cottonwood". BioResources 5, nr 4 (22.08.2010): 2232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.4.2232-2238.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of esterification via acetic or propionic anhydride on the surface roughness of eastern cottonwood. Eastern cottonwood (Populous deltoides) was esterified by using acetic or propionic anhydride without using any solvent or catalyst under different conditions. Two different weight percentage gains (WPGs) were obtained for each of the modifying chemicals. Three main surface roughness parameters, namely average roughness (Ra), mean peak to valley height (Rz) and maximum roughess (Rmax) were measured by a stylus method before and after esterification. The surface roughness was significantly increased due to the esterifications. The surface roughness of wood increased with increasing WPG.

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Álvarez-Mateos, P., J. F. García-Martín, F. J. Guerrero-Vacas, C. Naranjo-Calderón, C. C. Barrios-Sánchez i M. C. Pérez-Camino. "Valorization of a high-acidity residual oil generated in the waste cooking oils recycling industries". Grasas y Aceites 70, nr 4 (23.07.2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1179182.

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A sludge fraction is obtained from the industries which recycle cooking oil and this sludge contains a large amount of oil with an extremely high acidity ( > 60%). In this work, we propose a scheme for methyl ester production from this residual oil consisting of the esterification of the free fatty acids followed by the transesterification of the remaining triglycerides. Esterifications were carried out with different methanol:oil molar ratios, and various catalysts in different weight ratios. The results revealed that homogeneous catalysts produced higher yields than heterogeneous ones in the esterification reaction. With the aim of improving the process, a previous triglyceride hydrolysis was assayed using lipases from Candida rugosa. Finally, the 3-stage process was performed under the most favorable conditions for each stage obtaining 84% wt. fatty acid methyl esters, which shows the potential of this residual oil as a source of biodiesel.

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Altuntepe, Emrah, Thorsten Greinert, Felix Hartmann, Annika Reinhardt, Gabriele Sadowski i Christoph Held. "Thermodynamics of enzyme-catalyzed esterifications: I. Succinic acid esterification with ethanol". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101, nr 15 (12.05.2017): 5973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8287-4.

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Kadarwati, Sri, Riska Nurfirda Annisa, Evalisa Apriliani, Cepi Kurniawan i Samuel Budi Wardhana Kusuma. "The Catalytic Activity of TCA-Modified Indonesian Natural Zeolite During the Esterification of Sengon Wood Bio-Oil". Trends in Sciences 20, nr 2 (2.12.2022): 3632. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.3632.

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The bio-oil produced from the pyrolysis of biomass is highly corrosive due to the high content of organic acids. These organic acids could be removed through an appropriate upgrading process, i.e., esterification using alcohols to form less polar esters. In this study, the bio-oil used as the feedstock in the esterification was produced from the pyrolysis of Sengon wood with a particle size of 297 µm at 600 °C. The esterification was performed at 70 °C in the presence of a trichloro acetic acid (TCA)-modified Indonesian H-zeolite catalyst with various weight ratios of bio-oil-to-methanol and reaction times under a constant stirring rate of 500 rpm. The esterification progress was indicated by the decrease in the total acid number of the bio-oil after esterification. No significant coke formation (< 0.05 wt%) was observed indicating that the suppression of repolymerisation could be achieved. This study showed that the esterification underwent in a fast rate, indicated by the decrease in the total acid number of the bio-oil by 47.85 % only over a 15-min esterification. Compared to the uncatalysed esterification, the TCA/zeolite-catalysed esterification showed a higher decrease in the total acid number of the bio-oil up to 65.83 %, due to the conversion of the carboxylic acids to esters. HIGHLIGHTS The TCA-modified Indonesian natural zeolite catalyst has been successfully prepared The presence of the TCA/Indonesian natural zeolite during the esterification of bio-oil produced from the pyrolysis of Sengon wood could greatly suppress the severe repolymerisation leading to coke formation The TCA/Indonesian natural zeolite-catalysed esterification of Sengon bio-oil underwent in a fast rate The TCA/Indonesian natural zeolite catalyst showed a good performance in this study in comparison with the uncatalysed esterification GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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SHANG, Y., J. LI, P. ZHANG, Z. SONG, Y. LI i H. HUANG. "Esterification and Selective Esterification in the Presence of TiCl4". Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 23, nr 6 (listopad 2007): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-9040(07)60145-7.

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Del Menezzi, Claudio, Siham Amirou, Antonio Pizzi, Xuedong Xi i Luc Delmotte. "Reactions with Wood Carbohydrates and Lignin of Citric Acid as a Bond Promoter of Wood Veneer Panels". Polymers 10, nr 8 (28.07.2018): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080833.

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The reaction of citric acid with wood veneers was studied by Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CP MAS 13C NMR) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectrometry. The analysis showed that reactions of citric acid occurred with both lignin and carbohydrate constituents of wood. The reactions occurring are esterifications between the carboxylic acid functions of citric acid and the numerous aromatic and aliphatic hydroxyl groups of the main wood constituents. Reaction of citric acid with glucose as a simple model compound of carbohydrates hydroxyl groups also yielded reactions leading to linear and branched oligomers by esterification. The result indicate that the reactions of esterification are accompanied in parallel by some internal rearrangements of lignin. The applied results on bonding wide flat wood surfaces such as veneers to obtain LVL panels yielded excellent strength results even if the conditions of pressing were more drastic than what is usual for this application. The applied bonding results have shown that citric acid has great potential to be used as a bio-binder for wood veneers.

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Keglevich, György, Nóra Zsuzsa Kiss, Zoltán Mucsi, Erzsébet Jablonkai i Erika Bálint. "The synthesis of phosphinates: traditional versus green chemical approaches". Green Processing and Synthesis 3, nr 2 (1.04.2014): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2013-0106.

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Abstract Three alternatives are discussed in comparison with the classical esterification of phosphinic chlorides by reaction with alcohols. All novel methods, such as microwave (MW)-assisted direct esterification, MW-assisted phase transfer catalyzed alkylating esterification and the propylphosphonic anhydride-promoted esterification, start from phosphinic acids and offer different advantages and disadvantages. The methods are analyzed from green chemical point of view.

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Vasnev, V. A., G. D. Markova, B. A. Uvarov, W. Yu Voytekunas i M. J. M. Abadie. "Catalysis of Trans-esterification Reactions in Model Ester Mixtures". Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 7, nr 2 (13.07.2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj618.

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Model trans-esterification reaction of n-butylbenzoate with phenyl-p-chlorobenzoate in the molar ratio of 20:1 has been studied. In order to evaluate catalysts based on lanthanide system the activity of nyodymium compounds – neodymium acetate, neodymium acetylacetonate and nitrate complex with benzo-12-crown-4 (neodymium nitrate coronate) – has been studied in the model trans-esterification reaction of n-butylbenzoate with phenyl-pchlorobenzoate. The effect of the electronic structure of the metal on the catalytic activity of the coronates of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, terbium and erbium nitrates has been studied. In order to estimate the optimum concentration of the catalysts, a study of the dependence of the transesterification reaction on concentration of neodymium nitrate coronate was carried out. An asymptotic nature of the concentration dependence on the catalytic activity of lanthanide compounds has been observed. In order to look for new classes of inhibitors of trans-esterefication reaction, the model trans-esterificatiom reaction of n-butylbenzoate with phenyl-p-chlorbenzoate has been studied in the presence of some carborane derivatives: cesium salts of bis-1,2-(dicarbollyl) complexes of iron, cobalt and nickel(3+) and bis-1,2(dicarbollyl) nickel(4+) [(C2B9H11)2Me]. Some of these compounds were found to be effective inhibitors. The dependence of the constant rate of the model trans-esterification reaction of n-butylbenzoate with phenyl-p-chlorobenzoate on the concentration of cerium salt of bis-1,2-(dicarbollyl) complex of nickel has been studied to determine the optimum concentration of inhibitors. The influence of the ester chemical structure on the activity of ester groups in the trans-esterification activity has been determined in the reaction of di-n-butylterephthalate with different p-substituted derivatives of phenylbenzoate (phenyl-p-methoxybenzoate, phenyl-p-methylbenzoate, phenylbenzoate, phenyl-pchlorobenzoate, phenyl-p-nitrobenzoate, p-methoxyphenylbenzoate, p-methylphenylbenzoate, p-chlorophenylbenzoate, p-nitrophenylbenzoate, n-butylbenzoate, di-n-butylterephthalate) in presence of the samarium nitrate coronate.

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An, Liangliang, Chuanling Si, Guanhua Wang, Cheol Soon Choi, Yong Ho Yu, Jin Ho Bae, Soo Min Lee i Yong Sik Kim. "Efficient and green approach for the esterification of lignin with oleic acid using surfactant-combined microreactors in water". BioResources 15, nr 1 (8.11.2019): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.89-104.

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A green, effective, and feasible reaction for esterification of lignin with oleic acid in water at room temperature was investigated. A surfactant-combined system (p-toluenesulfonic acid/4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) was designed to simultaneously solubilize kraft lignin and disperse the oleic acid, producing microreactors for esterification. Esterification using a higher 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid dosage at room temperature was found to be a good option, and an increasing oleic acid dosage had no effect on improving the degree of esterification. Structural characterization analyses confirmed the successful esterification of lignin with oleic acid, indicating the effectiveness and feasibility of esterification of macromolecules in water. Due to the introduction of a long flexible aliphatic chain, the lignin ester showed a noticeable decrease in glass transition temperature, an obvious increase in contact angle, and exhibited excellent thermoplasticity, processability, and hydrophobicity. Additionally, lignin-ester nanoparticles were prepared through the micellization of p-toluenesulfonic acid. Therefore, the method of esterification using surfactant-combined microreactors in water is promising for high value-added utilization of lignin.

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Daviot, Laura, Thomas Len, Carol Lin i Christophe Len. "Microwave-Assisted Homogeneous Acid Catalysis and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Dialkyl Succinate in a Flow Reactor". Catalysts 9, nr 3 (16.03.2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030272.

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Two new continuous flow systems for the production of dialkyl succinates were developed via the esterification of succinic acid, and via the trans-esterification of dimethyl succinate. The first microwave-assisted continuous esterification of succinic acid with H2SO4 as a chemical homogeneous catalyst was successfully achieved via a single pass (ca 320 s) at 65–115 °C using a MiniFlow 200ss Sairem Technology. The first continuous trans-esterification of dimethyl succinate with lipase Cal B as an enzymatic catalyst was developed using a Syrris Asia Technology, with an optimal reaction condition of 14 min at 40 °C. Dialkyl succinates were produced with the two technologies, but higher productivity was observed for the microwave-assisted continuous esterification using chemical catalysts. The continuous flow trans-esterification demonstrated a number of advantages, but it resulted in lower yield of the target esters.

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Zhu, Jie, Zi Ming Wang, Xiao Liu, Xu Liang i Hui Qun Li. "Research on Esterification Technology of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer and its Cement Paste Fluidities". Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (wrzesień 2013): 2857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2857.

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The synthesis process of esterification products used for the preparation of polycarboxylate superplasticizier (PCE) was systematically investigated, and the influences of water dosage, the catalyst dosage, reaction time and inhibitor dosage on the esterification rate and cement paste fluidities were determined. The results showed that the esterification rate can reach more than 95% as the water-carrying agent of 70 g, catalyst-alcohol ratio of 0.07, reaction time of 7 hours, inhibitor-acrylic acid ratio of 0.03, respectively. The obtained esterification products subsequently copolymerized with macromonomer to prepare PCE, and then the application performances were tested by adding PCE to cement pastes. From the fluidity results, the cement paste fluidity and fluidity retention capacity of PCE were better than those of commercial PCE, and this was in accordance with the high esterification rate of its esterification rate.

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12

Lortie, Robert. "Enzyme catalyzed esterification". Biotechnology Advances 15, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-9750(96)00046-8.

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GANDHI, NEENA N., NITIN S. PATIL, SUDHIRPRAKASH B. SAWANT, JYESHTHARAJ B. JOSHI, PRAMOD P. WANGIKAR i D. MUKESH. "Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification". Catalysis Reviews 42, nr 4 (30.11.2000): 439–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/cr-100101953.

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Drevon, C. A., R. Blomhoff, M. Rasmussen, G. M. Kindberg, T. Berg i K. R. Norum. "Retinol esterification in cultured rat liver cells". Biochemical Journal 230, nr 3 (15.09.1985): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2300617.

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Retinol esterification was examined in cultured hepatocytes and stellate cells from the rat. Esterification of [3H]retinol was linear for 2 h in both cell types. By increasing the concentration of retinol in the medium, there was a marked increase in retinol esterification in both cell types. The capacity for esterification of retinol was in the same order of magnitude in the two cell types at 3.5 microM-retinol in the medium. This represents a rate of retinol esterification which far exceeds that required to esterify the amount of retinol absorbed in the intestine. It was demonstrated in particulate homogenates from cultured hepatocytes that the esterification of retinol was dependent on acyl-CoA. Addition of 25-hydroxycholesterol or mevalonolactone promoted an increase in cholesterol esterification, whereas retinol esterification was unaffected, suggesting that cholesterol and retinol are esterified by two different enzymes. Some 80% of vitamin A in cultured hepatocytes is retinyl esters, mostly retinyl palmitate. By adding 87 microM-retinol in the medium the cells accumulated 100-fold free retinol and 2.5-3.0-fold retinyl esters within 1 h. When retinol-loaded cells were incubated without retinol, there was a marked decrease especially in free but also in esterified retinol. In the presence of 1 mM-oleic acid in the medium the amount of retinyl oleate was twice that in control cells.

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Jacobsen, Elisabeth Egholm, i Thorleif Anthonsen. "Water content influences the selectivity of CALB-catalyzed kinetic resolution of phenoxymethyl-substituted secondary alcohols". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, nr 6 (1.06.2002): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-068.

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Derivatives of 1-phenoxy-2-alkanols were kinetically resolved by esterification with irreversible and reversible acyl donors using lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435) as a catalyst. To optimize the relative rate of reaction (the E-value), esterifications in eight different solvents with different water activities were performed. For 3-bromo-1-phenoxy-2-propanol (1), the E-values in all the solvents were higher when the water activity was increased, while the E-values for 1-phenoxy-2-pentanol (2) and 3-chloro-1-phenoxy-2-propanol (3) decreased by increasing water activity. The water content of the various reaction media with the same water activity was determined. Solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran contained much more water than hexane, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, toluene, and benzene. At high-water activity, the high-water content of the former group of solvents resulted in termination of the reaction at low conversion. The reason seemed to be that the acyl donor and possibly also the produced esters were hydrolyzed. This was not the case when the esterification was performed in water-immiscible solvents with the same water activity.Key words: kinetic resolution, E-value, solvents, water activity, water content.

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Suaniti, Ni Made, I. Wayan Bandem Adnyana, Manuntun Manurung i Nadya Hartasiwi. "Methyl Laurate Characterization from Enzymatic Esterification-Transesterification Process of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)". Materials Science Forum 864 (sierpień 2016): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.864.77.

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This Lauric acid is the most abundant fat in coconut oil, which can undergo an esterification and trans-esterification reactions to form methyl laurate. The aim of this study was to characterize the results obtained from lauric acid esterification and tran-esterification VCO enzymatic produce methyl esters with a distinctive odor ester. VCO enzymatic_methanol esterification (9: 1) with phosphoric acid catalyst and tran-esterification results esterification_methanol (1: 3) with KOH catalyst with varies time were 0.5; 1; 1.5; and 2 hours with the percentage obtained FAME row is 73.97; 78.09; 91.75; and 89.83%. Characterizations of methyl laurate were (1) density: 857.97; 857.97; 859.90; and 860.00 kg/m3, (2) % FFA: 0.16; 0.12; 0.09; 0.07% and acid value: 0.44; 0.32; 0.24; 0.14 mg-KOH/g sample. (3) Functional groups showed similarities value with the methyl laurate standard by the FT-IR spectrophotometer, the presence of ester compounds such as C = O; C-O; C-H; CH3; and RCOOR.

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Amaliyah, Suci. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CELLULOSE STEARATE ESTER FROM BACTERIAL CELLULOSE AND STEARIC ACID ENZYMATICALLY USING IMMOBILIZED LIPASE". Molekul 11, nr 2 (28.11.2016): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2016.11.2.225.

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The aims of this study were to determine the optimum conditions of enzymatic esterification between stearic acid with bacterial cellulose using immobilized lipase and to characterize the obtained ester. The optimum condition was observed by the effects of time and mass ratio of cellulose: stearic acid towards degree of esterification. The esterification reaction carried out in a heterogeneous system using n-butanol as solvent at 50 °C. The effect of reaction time on esterification degree is done by variating incubation time for 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 hours. The influence of the mass ratio of cellulose: stearic acid to the esterification degree was carried out by variating 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3, 1: 4, 1: 5 and 1: 6. Products characterization consist of functional group analysis by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), determining degree of substitution (DS) by saponification, swelling index by gravimetric method, and cristallinity by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results showed that condition of esterification was optimum in 18 hours of reaction with mass ratio 1:5. The success of esterification was confirmed by FTIR spectrum that showed ester carbonyl peak at 1718.46 cm-1 . DS of cellulose stearate ester was 0.35. The swelling and crystallinity index of cellulose stearate was smaller than bacterial cellulose.

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Tang, Shi, i Lei Zhang. "Study on Esterifying Conditions of Shrinkage Reducing Monomer". Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (styczeń 2015): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.119.

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One system of Shrinkage reducing monomer was prepared by esterification reaction, the test method of esterification rate was discussed, to find out the significant factors of the esterification rate by using the orthogonal design. The influence of ether-to-acid mole ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst dosage and reaction time on the esterification was also investigated. The results demonstrate that the suitable esterifying conditions mainly require the suitable proportion of MA to C5H12O3 as 1~1.05 to 1, and under the temperature of 120~125°C, and 3~3.5hours of reaction time.

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Pang, Xiu-Yan, Pu Lv, Yi-Shuang Yang, Hai-Li Ren i Fei Gong. "Estrification of Acetic Acid with Isoamyl Alcohol over Expandable Graphite Catalyst". E-Journal of Chemistry 5, nr 1 (2008): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/941953.

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The catalysis of expandable graphite for esterification of acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol has been studied. Expandable graphite was prepared with three different methods. In esterification reaction, the influences of catalyst amount, materials ratio, reaction time, prepared method of the expandable graphite on esterification reaction were discussed. X-ray diffraction spectrum of expandable graphite testified the existence of H2SO4intercalation reaction. Through L9(34) orthogonal experiment, optimum esterification reaction conditions were gained as: n(isoamyl alcohol):n(acetic acid)=1.5:1, w(catalyst with a expandable volume of 290 mL•g-1) = 7.5% total amount of materials, reaction time 1.5 h, and temperature keeping at the boiling point. Yield of isoamyl acetate reachs 96.0%. It was testified that expandable graphite was a kind of effective catalyst in the esterification of acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol.

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Nugraheni, Ika Kusuma, Nuryati Nuryati, Anggun Angkasa Bela Persada, Triyono Triyono i Wega Trisunaryanti. "Impregnated Zeolite as Catalyst in Esterification Treatment from High Free Fatty Acids Palm Oil Mill Effluent". Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 16, nr 1 (20.05.2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v16i2.16378.

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Although Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) can be used as a raw material for biodiesel production, the POME contains an excessive amount of Free Fatty Acids (FFA), necessitating a preliminary process and esterification. POME is degummed using phosphate acid and bleached with carbon active. Additionally, this study used KOH-impregnated zeolite to reduce FFA. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of adding impregnated zeolite on esterification. POME was heated to 600C for 30 minutes, then degumming with 3 % of phosphate acid for 30 minutes, followed by bleaching with carbon active with a comparison ratio of 8:3 at 1000C for 1 hour, and finally, esterification with 3 percent impregnated zeolite from the POME weight at 600C for 4 hours. The analysis was conducted using titration methods to determine the FFA of each esterification. The data will be compared between zeolite and non-zeolite degumming, bleaching, and esterification. The results indicated that the most effective method for reducing FFA was degumming, bleaching, and esterification with zeolite.

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Bystrický, Slavomír, Rudolf Kohn, Tibor Sticzay i Karel Bláha. "Formation of the poly(L-lysine) complex with pectin of various esterification degree". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, nr 5 (1985): 1097–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19851097.

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The circular dichroic (CD) measurement was chosen the tool to investigate the complex formation of poly(L-lysine) with potassium pectate or pectinate of various esterification degree (E). The polycation-polyanion (pectate, E 0%) 1 : 1 complex was quantitatively formed by an electrostatic interaction independently upon the excess of either component. The partial esterification of pectin resulted in a decrease of complex formation; this drop is at a 20% esterification degree low, at higher esterification degrees (46% and 64%) considerable, and at an esterification degree 86% the complex has not been formed at all. The polypeptide chain was present in the complex in an α-helical arrangement characterized by the CD spectrum; the potential spatial arrangements of the complex were proposed. The α-helical polypeptide component constitutes a core surrounded by a superstructure of D-galacturonan chains.

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Altuntepe, Emrah, Vladimir N. Emel’yanenko, Maximilian Forster-Rotgers, Gabriele Sadowski, Sergey P. Verevkin i Christoph Held. "Thermodynamics of enzyme-catalyzed esterifications: II. Levulinic acid esterification with short-chain alcohols". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101, nr 20 (14.09.2017): 7509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8481-4.

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Li, Huan, Yunxiang Qiao, Li Hua, Zhenshan Hou, Bo Feng, Zhenyan Pan, Yu Hu, Xiangrui Wang, Xiuge Zhao i Yinyin Yu. "Imidazolium Polyoxometalate: An Ionic Liquid Catalyst for Esterification and Oxidative Esterification". ChemCatChem 2, nr 9 (22.07.2010): 1165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201000021.

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Pradana, Yano Surya, Ardian Fauzi, Sangga Hadi Pratama i Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo. "Simulation of biodiesel production using hydro-esterification process from wet microalgae". MATEC Web of Conferences 154 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815401007.

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Recently, algae have received a lot of attention as a new biomass source for the production of renewable energy, such as biodiesel. Conventionally, biodiesel is made through esterification or transesterification of oils where the process involves a catalyst and alcohol to be reacted in a reactor. However, this process is energy intensive for drying and extraction step. To overcome this situation, we studied simulation of a new route of hydro-esterification process which is combine hydrolysis and esterification processes for biodiesel production from wet microalgae. Firstly, wet microalgae treated by hydrolyzer to produce fatty acids (FAs), separated with separator, and then mixed with methanol and esterified at subcritical condition to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) while H2SO4 conducted as the catalyst. Energy and material balance of conventional and hydrolysis-esterification process was evaluated by Aspen Plus. Simulation result indicated that conventional route is energy demanding process, requiring 4.40 MJ/L biodiesel produced. In contrast, the total energy consumption of hydrolysis-esterification method can be reduced significantly into 2.43 MJ/L biodiesel. Based on the energy consumption comparison, hydro-esterification process is less costly than conventional process for biodiesel production.

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Liu, Guangrui, Shiwei Guo, Benqiao He, Jianxin Li i Xiaoming Qian. "Synthesis of Butyl Acetate in a Membrane Reactor in a Flow-Through Mode". International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, nr 2 (1.04.2016): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2015-0198.

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Abstract A composite catalytic membrane (CCM), as a heterogeneous catalyst, was prepared from sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) and polyethersulfone (PES) impregnating polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) non-woven fabric by solvent evaporation method, which was employed to produce butyl acetate from continuous esterification of acetic acid with n-butyl alcohol in a flow-through mode. The pervaporation-assisted esterification was also carried out to promote forward reaction of the esterification through online removing the water produced. The results showed that the n-butyl alcohol conversion was over 95.0 % at the reaction temperature of 363 K, the initial acetic acid/n-butyl alcohol molar ratio of 4:1 and the residence time of 4,000 s in single flow-through mode. In the pervaporation-assisted esterification, an obvious enhancement in conversion was achieved compared with the esterification without pervaporation. And the CCMs presented a good catalytic activity and stability.

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Magura, Miroslav, Ján Vojtko, Eva Zemanová, Alexander Kaszonyi i Ján Ilavský. "Esterification kinetics of phenol with phosphoryl trichloride". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 54, nr 3 (1989): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19890608.

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The liquid-phase esterification kinetics of phenol with POCl3 has been studied at isothermal conditions within the temperature interval from 90 to 110 °C. The esterification rate constants of the first, second, and third esterification steps and the activation energies of these steps have been calculated. The given system of competitive consecutive reactions can be described by a system of differential equations which has been solved by the Gauss-Newton optimization method of non-linear regression in the Marquardt modification. In the sequence of the first, second, and third step the esterification rate constants have been found to gradually decrease, whereas the activation energies uncrease in the same sequence.

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Terblans, Yvette M., Johannes J. Huyser, Michelle Huyser, Michael J. Green, Desmond A. Young i Mike S. Sibiya. "Aluminium triflate as catalyst for epoxide ring-opening and esterification reactions Mechanistic aspects". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, nr 6-7 (1.06.2005): 854–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-098.

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Al(CF3SO3)3 is a highly effective catalyst for the ring opening of epoxides with methanol, as well as for the esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols. Factors that influence the rate of the ring opening of butene oxide with methanol and the esterification of acetic acid with n-propanol and ethanol were investigated. It was found that low concentrations (e.g., ~5 ppm) of Al(CF3SO3)3 catalyze the ring-opening reactions, whereas considerably higher concentrations are required for esterification reactions. Molecular modeling studies suggest that these differences can be rationalized in terms of the formation energies of the active intermediates of these reactions.Key words: epoxide, ring opening, esterification, aluminium triflate.

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Yang, Zhengquan, Mingyu Peng, Yu Li, Xiaowei Wu, Tian Gui, Yuqin Li, Fei Zhang, Xiangshu Chen i Hidetoshi Kita. "Improved Esterification of Citric Acid and n-Butanol Using a Dense and Acid-Resistant Beta Zeolite Membrane". Membranes 12, nr 12 (15.12.2022): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121269.

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In this work, a dense and acid-resistant beta zeolite membrane was applied to improve the esterification of citric acid and n-butanol, for the first time. Through the continuous removal of the by-product water via pervaporation (PV), the conversion of citric acid was significantly enhanced from 71.7% to 99.2% using p-Toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) as catalyst. PTSA was a well-known strong acid, and the membrane kept almost no change after PV-esterification, indicating the superior acid resistance of beta zeolite membrane. Compared to the use of acid-resistant MOR zeolite membrane by PV-esterification, a consistently higher conversion of citric acid was obtained using a high-flux beta zeolite membrane. The results showed that high water permeation on the beta zeolite membrane, with good acid resistance, had a strong promoting effect on esterification, leading to an improved conversion. In addition, the citric acid conversion of 97.7% could still be achieved by PV-esterification at a low reaction temperature of 388 K.

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Ummu Kalsum, Ahmad Roesyadi, Mahfud Mahfud, Mahmuddin i Lamatinulu. "The effect of n-hexane as co-solvent in direct trans esterification of Spirulina platensis using microwave". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, nr 3 (30.12.2022): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.3.1407.

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The addition of co-solvent on in situ trans esterification was considered as one of method to improve the extractive process and increase in yield of biodiesel from microalgae. In this study, in situ trans esterification with co-solvent using microwave was studied for improving performance of in situ trans esterification from microalgae. The biodiesel produced from this method was compared with the in situ trans esterification without co-solvent addition. In the optimal reaction conditions (ratio of microalgae to methanol 1:15 w /v; 30 ml of co-solvent and 30 % of H2SO4) at 50 min of reaction time, yield of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) produced was 81.04 % compared to only 75,246 % methyl ester produced by in situ trans esterification without co-solvents. The Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis showed the methyl ester profile was a Medium Chain Fatty Acid, MCFA and the largest fatty acid component was dominated by Saturated Fatty Acid, SAFA.

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Lu, Xianghong, Yi Zhang, Yunliang Yu i Jianbing Ji. "Deacidification and esterifaction of waste cooking oil: Comparison of the coupled process with stand-alone catalytic esterification and extraction processes". BioResources 5, nr 1 (17.11.2009): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.1.147-158.

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The free fatty acids in waste oil with high acid value were removed and transformed into fatty acid methyl esters by the extraction-reaction coupled process. The de-acidification efficiency and esterification conversion in the extraction-reaction coupled process were studied and compared with those in the stand-alone extraction process and the esterification process, respectively. Compared with cross-current batch extraction, the de-acidification efficiency of the extraction-reaction coupled process was equivalent to that of seven equilibrium stages in the conditions of the oil/methanol mass ratio of 1:1 at 60 oC. Compared with the esterification process, the esterification conversion of the coupled process was 90.3%, which is much larger than 46% in the esterification process at the reaction time of 32 minutes. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the extraction-reaction coupled process is a very effective and promising method for biodiesel production from oils having high acid value.

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Lailatusholihah, Isna, Angga Suganda, Micha Mahardika, Dina Alva Prastiwi i Boima Situmeang. "Sintesis Metil Ester sebagai Biodie¬sel Minyak Biji Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa L.) melalui Esterifikasi dan Transesterifikasi". Arfak Chem: Chemistry Education Journal 7, nr 1 (2.06.2024): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/accej.v7i1.592.

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Synthesis of methyl ester as biodiesel kesambi seed oil (schleichera oleosa l.) through esterification and transesterification has been successfully conducted. Kesambi seeds are one of the seeds that can produce essential oils, which is about 70%. The methods used in this study are esterification and transesterification. Characterization of methyl ester compound used H-NMR spectrometry The procedure was sample preparation, degumming, esterification, transesterification, and biodiesel quality test. The esterification process had been two steps using a methanol ratio of 20: 1. The biodiesel quality test results are not sufficient from the SNI 04-7182: 2006 standard, where the acid number is 0.718 Mg KOH / g, moisture content 0.32-0.51%, density 840 kg / m3 and viscosity 25.1 Mm2 / s.

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Zhang, Bingxin, Xiaona Wang, Weiqi Tang, Chuanfu Wu, Qunhui Wang i Xiaohong Sun. "Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalyzed Esterification of Soybean Saponin-Acidified Oil with Methanol Vapor for Biodiesel Synthesis". Sustainability 15, nr 18 (13.09.2023): 13670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813670.

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In this study, carbon-based solid acids were used to catalyze the esterification of soybean saponin-acidified oil (SSAO) with methanol vapor for the synthesis of biodiesel. The esterification conversion under different conditions was determined, and the catalyst components were determined using acid-base titration, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. The results showed that the conversion of SSAO under the optimal esterification conditions (i.e., catalyst loading of 6 wt%, methanol/oil molar ratio of 50:1, reaction temperature of 76 °C, and reaction time of 4 h) was 98.9%. The conversion was still higher than 80% after the catalyst was reused for four batches. The methanol vapor esterification (MVE) effectively mitigated the leaching of sulfonic acid groups and the production of sulfonate esters, while the activated white clay adsorption can significantly reduce the metal ion content in SSAO, which weakens its ion exchange with sulfonic acid groups. MVE for biodiesel synthesis is less costly compared to liquid methanol esterification because of the high recovery of methanol and the improved catalyst stability. Therefore, the addition of methanol in the form of vapor in the carbon-based solid acid-catalyzed esterification system is an effective way to maintain the catalyst activity and reduce the production cost of biodiesel.

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Ma, Ran, Liang-Nian He, An-Hua Liu i Qing-Wen Song. "Cu(ii)-catalyzed esterification reaction via aerobic oxidative cleavage of C(CO)–C(alkyl) bonds". Chemical Communications 52, nr 10 (2016): 2145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09146b.

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F. de la Torre, Alexander, Akbar Ali, Bernhard Westermann, Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann i Mariano Walter Pertino. "An efficient cyclization of lapachol to new benzo[h]chromene hybrid compounds: a stepwisevs.one-pot esterification-click (CuAAC) study". New Journal of Chemistry 42, nr 24 (2018): 19591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj03699c.

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Comparison of one-potvs.stepwise esterification of lapachol to obtain highly diversified heterocycles. Whereas the one-pot esterification leads to mono esterified lapachol, the tandem approach generated benzo[h]chromene.

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Wicakso, Doni Rahmat, Anniy Nurin Najma i Diah Ayu Retnowati. "CRUDE BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS FROM RUBBER SEED OIL". Konversi 7, nr 1 (25.11.2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v7i1.4872.

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Abstract-Biodiesel is a diesel engine fuel made from oil containing triglycerides as well as rubber seed oil. This research aims to study how the extraction process of rubber seed oil, to know the effect of crude biodiesel manufacturing process by transesterification and esterification-transesterification and the addition of different catalysts on the transesterification process of crude biodiesel produced. Esterification process use H2SO4 catalyst and transesterification process use KOH and NaOH catalyst. The process of making crude biodiesel done by transesterification and can also by the merging of esterification-transesterification process. Based on this research, yield of crude biodiesel produced by transesterfication and esterification-transesterification by using NaOH catalyst is 38% and 75,6%, while yielded by KOH catalyst is 22,5% and 80%. While the acid number obtained from the transesterification process and esterification-transesterification using KOH catalyst is the same that is 1.33 and for the NaOH catalyst is 1,83 and 1,68. Saponification number obtained from both processes using KOH catalysts were 24,68 and 26,37 and for NaOH catalysts were 18,51 and 20,20. Keywords: Rubber seed oil, crude biodiesel, acid number, saponification number.

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Neitzel, Andrew S., Andrew N. Carley i David L. Severson. "Chylomicron and palmitate metabolism by perfused hearts from diabetic mice". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 284, nr 2 (1.02.2003): E357—E365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00380.2002.

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Hydrolysis of triacylglycerols (TG) in circulating chylomicrons by endothelium-bound lipoprotein lipase (LPL) provides a source of fatty acids (FA) for cardiac metabolism. The effect of diabetes on the metabolism of chylomicrons by perfused mouse hearts was investigated with db/db (type 2) and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated (type 1) diabetic mice. Endothelium-bound heparin-releasable LPL activity was unchanged in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic hearts. The metabolism of LPL-derived FA was examined by perfusing hearts with chylomicrons containing radiolabeled TG and by measuring 3H2O accumulation in the perfusate (oxidation) and incorporation of radioactivity into tissue TG (esterification). Rates of LPL-derived FA oxidation and esterification were increased 2.3-fold and 1.7-fold in db/db hearts. Similarly, LPL-derived FA oxidation and esterification were increased 3.4-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively, in perfused hearts from STZ-treated mice. The oxidation and esterification of [3H]palmitate complexed to albumin were also increased in type 1 and type 2 diabetic hearts. Therefore, diabetes may not influence the supply of LPL-derived FA, but total FA utilization (oxidation and esterification) was enhanced.

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Mahmudova, F., A. Maksumova, N. Matkarimova, Sh Tadjieva i I. Latipova. "Study of the reaction of olefins with acetic acid". E3S Web of Conferences 402 (2023): 14020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340214020.

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The purpose of this work is to study the esterification of liquid olefins with acetic acid in the presence of catalysts and to study the structure and properties of the synthesized saturated esters. 1-Hexene, 2-methyl-1-pentene, 2-ethyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, and 3-methyl-2-pentene were used as liquid olefins and acid catalysts were used as catalysts for the esterification reaction: H2SO4 and HCl. The influence of various factors (the nature of the catalysts, the relative activity of olefins and temperature a) on the rate of the esterification reaction was studied. It has been shown that the reaction rate is much higher in the presence of sulfuric acid than in HCl. It has been established that in the esterification of olefins with acetic acid, with an increase in the length of the side aliphatic substituent of 2-methyl-1-pentene olefins on 2-ethyl-1-pentene, the rate of the ester formation reaction decreases. The mechanisms of esterification reactions are presented. A basic technological scheme for the production of esters was proposed.

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Sumardiono, S., S. R. Nuswantari, B. Jos i H. Cahyono. "Effect of single step oxidation-esterification process on the physicochemical properties of modified cassava starch". Food Research 8, Supplementary 1 (3.03.2024): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(s1).16.

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The oxidation and esterification are examples of starch modification processes which is often carried out. The conventional combination of the oxidation-esterification process has many defects due to its wasting of time, energy-consuming and quality-damping. This research focuses on combining chemical modification processes to produce modified cassava starch by developing a single-step process of oxidation-esterification and a drying process using a rotary UV dryer. The oxidized-esterified cassava starch is characterized by Fourier-transformed insfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and physicochemical properties. The results revealed that the oxidizedesterified cassava starch (COAEC 14) meets the SNI requirements for several parameters such as water content of 13.10±0.141%, ash content of 0.0042±0.0002%, and crude fiber content of 0.6677±0.0424%. In addition, the single-step oxidation-esterification process also improved the quality of swelling power and starch amylose content. Meanwhile, in SEM analysis, the single-step oxidation-esterification process did not change the surface morphology but changed the crystal system and size of starch using XRD analysis.

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Curie, Catia Angli, Dianursanti, Wiratni Budhijanto i Misri Gozan. "Titration vs. GC-MS Analysis to Determine the Factors Affecting the Esterification Activity of Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized onto Celite". E3S Web of Conferences 503 (2024): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450301003.

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The activity of lipases to catalyze the synthesis of esters in a non-aqueous environment can be assessed by performing a simple esterification study. In such tests, titration of the remaining acid has been one of the most used methods to determine the reaction progress due to its simplicity. Nonetheless, the execution of the titration is not always as simple as it sounds. In this study, Candida rugosa lipase is immobilized onto celite matrix, and its esterification activity was evaluated by catalyzing the reaction between butanol and butyric acid. Among the factors affecting the esterification activity of the immobilized enzymes are celite:CRL ratio, buffer pH during immobilization, and post-immobilization drying time. The titration results were analyzed using factorial design, ANOVA test, and Pareto chart. Here, the ambiguity of the titration results is showcased. On the other hand, analyzing the esterification results using GC-MS allowed optimization of the immobilization method to be performed. Finally, factors affecting the activity of the immobilized enzyme can be better assessed when the esterification results were analyzed using GC-MS.

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EBRAHIMI, PAYLO, MOJTABA KOOSHA, SEPIDEH HAMEDI, ELHAM VATANKHAH i REZA SHIDPOUR. "SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF KENAF FIBERS WITH LAUROYL CHLORIDE: EFFECTS OF ALKALINE PRETREATMENT METHOD". Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 58, nr 1-2 (15.03.2024): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2024.58.11.

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Surface functionalization of cellulose fibers is the current focus of research seeking to develop composite materials for various applications. One reason is the low compatibility of natural cellulose-based fibers with thermoplastic matrices for the production of wood-plastic composites. In this research, kenaf fibers (KF) were esterified with lauroyl chloride. Before the esterification reaction, two alkaline pretreatment methods were used: Bain-Marie at low temperature, and at high temperature and pressure in the digester. SEM results showed a smoother surface morphology after esterification. ATR-FTIR results confirmed the substitution of hydroxyl groups of cellulose with lauroylate functional groups. Increasing the carbon content in EDX spectroscopy further supported the successful esterification of kenaf fibers, which is in accordance with ATR-FTIR findings. Based on ATR-FTIR and EDX results, the Bain-Marie pretreatment method was more effective for the esterification reaction. According to the XRD results, the crystallinity index of the fibers slightly increased after esterification reaction. However, the fibers pretreated in the digester had a higher crystallinity index, which was related to efficient removal of amorphous regions due to higher temperature and pressure used in the digester process. This research showed that alkaline pretreatment in Bain-Marie was more effective for the surface functionalization of cellulose fibers than the digester process. These results can be applied in future research works for esterification of cellulose fibers.

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Zhang, Chunyan, Guoying Zhang, Shizhong Luo, Chunfu Wang i Huiping Li. "Base-catalyzed selective esterification of alcohols with unactivated esters". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 16, nr 44 (2018): 8467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ob02411a.

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tert-Butyl esters were identified as efficient esterification reagents for base-catalyzed esterification reactions, and mechanistic studies provided evidence of an exchange of the tert-butyl alkoxide metal with alcohol.

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42

Zhao, Jinlong, Jiarong Shi i Yang Li. "Benzyne-Mediated Esterification Reaction". Organic Letters 23, nr 18 (9.09.2021): 7274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02702.

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Hochberg, R. B. "Biological Esterification of Steroids". Endocrine Reviews 19, nr 3 (1.06.1998): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.19.3.331.

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Hochberg, Richard B. "Biological Esterification of Steroids*". Endocrine Reviews 19, nr 3 (1.06.1998): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.3.0330.

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Wang, Xuewei, Yang Yang, Yongli Zhao, Sheng Wang, Wenchang Hu, Jinmei Li, Zihao Wang, Fengling Yang i Junfeng Zhao. "Ynamide-Mediated Intermolecular Esterification". Journal of Organic Chemistry 85, nr 9 (31.03.2020): 6188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.0c00485.

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Boyer, Jean Louis, Bernard Gilot i Roland Guiraud. "Esterification with solid enzymes". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 24-25, nr 1 (marzec 1990): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02920246.

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Thornalley, P. K. "Esterification of reduced glutathione". Biochemical Journal 275, nr 2 (15.04.1991): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2750535.

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GSH monoethyl ester [gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl(ethyl glycinate)] may be used to supplement cellular pools of GSH in vitro and in vivo. The compound was prepared by esterification of GSH in anhydrous ethanol with HCl as the catalyst. However, a full analysis of products from the esterification of GSH revealed the formation of minor products: gamma-L-(ethyl glutamyl)-L-cysteinylglycine, i.e. an isomeric monoester, gamma-L-(ethyl glutamyl)-L-cysteinyl(ethyl glycinate), i.e. GSH diethyl ester, and N-(3-amino-2,6-dioxopiperazino)-L-cysteinyl(ethyl glycinate), i.e. an acid-catalysed cyclization product. These compounds were separated and purified by reverse-phase h.p.l.c. Esterification of GSH produces mainly the glycyl monoester with minor products of gamma-glutamyl ester, diester and the cyclization product. Only analytical reverse-phase h.p.l.c. of the compounds was found to resolve these products.

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Maier, C., i M. Lambla. "Esterification in reactive extrusion". Polymer Engineering and Science 35, nr 15 (sierpień 1995): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760351502.

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Soupas, Laura, Laura Huikko, Anna-Maija Lampi i Vieno Piironen. "Esterification affects phytosterol oxidation". EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 107, nr 2 (luty 2005): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200401096.

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Haken, J. K. "Studies in trans-esterification". Journal of Applied Chemistry 16, nr 3 (4.05.2007): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010160304.

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