Rozprawy doktorskie: „Essences and essential oils”

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Gersbach, Paul Vincent, University of Western Sydney i of Science Technology and Environment College. "Aspects of essential oil secretion in vascular plants". THESIS_CSTE_XXX_Gersbach_P.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/775.

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A study of some aspects of essential oil secretion in plants was conducted. The first part of the study involved analysis of the volatile terpenoid content and composition of leaf extracts from a range of Australian native plants by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Secretory structures were studied by several microscopic imaging techniques including conventional bright and dark field optical microscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Three methods were employed for scanning electron microscopy. Sample material was prepared for conventional SEM by chemical fixation and rapid freeze fixation, and fresh material was imaged by environmental SEM. These methods were compared, and the images acquired by environmental SEM were invariably of a superior standard as the biological integrity of the samples was retained throughout, and the samples were free of process-induced artefacts. Several other tests were conducted and results discussed in some detail. In the final part of the study, aspects of essential oil secretion were examined by histochemical methods. The first of these was a new method based on traditional approaches to histochemistry. The monoterpene phenols thymol and carvacrol were located in glandular trichomes of Lamiaceae species by means of a colour-change reaction of the phenols with a nitrosophenol/acid reagent. The second used magnetic resonance imaging by a chemical shift selective method to locate, non invasively, the aromatic monoterpenes thymol and anethole in secretory structures in the fruit of Carum copticum (Apiaceae) and the leaves of Backhousia anisata (Myrtaceae) respectively.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Science)

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Nyiramana, Lunianga Marie. "Stratégies de mise en marché des huiles essentielles québécoises /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1991. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Phillips, Alicia Kyser Appel Arthur G. "Toxicity and repellency of essential oils to the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)". Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1942.

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Gersbach, Paul V. "Aspects of essential oil secretion in vascular plants /". View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031223.143208/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2001.
"This thesis is presented in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Science at the University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia" Bibliography : p. 145-163.

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Makgwane, Peter Ramashadi. "Characterization of essential oils by comprehensively coupled supercritical fluid and gas chromatography (SFGxGC)". Pretoria ; [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02222007-184250.

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Begum, Syeda Nargis. "Microencapsulation of lemon oil by precipitation method using sodium caseinate /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18497.pdf.

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Zabaras, Dimitrios. "Determination of induced changes in foliar emissions of terpene-inducing plants /". View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030923.145135/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2003.
A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, College of Science, Technology and Environment, University of Western Sydney, May, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.

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Tembeni, Babalwa. "Seasonal variations of essential oil composition and some biological evaluation of Pelargonium inquinans (L.) Ait. South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6281.

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Pelargonium inquinans which belongs to the family Geraniaceae, is an essential oil yielding plant. P. inquinans was collected from two different sites in Grahamstown (wild) and Alice, at the University of Fort Hare botanical garden. Authentication of the plant was done by Dr. T. Dold at Schonland herbarium, and the voucher specimen being T01. This study is focused at determining the chemical constituents and biological properties of the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans across different seasons, as the plant grows throughout the year. Seasonal collection of wild and cultivated P. inquinans was achieved in a duration of 12 months. 32 essential oil samples of P. inquinans were obtained by extraction using hydro-distillation technique for 3-4 hours. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined using GC/MS and GC/FID. Amongst the 32 essential oils only 4 samples wild ( fresh stem and leaf) and cultivated ( fresh stem and leaf) from summer season were evaluated for analgesic activity using acetic acid induced writhings and hot plate nociception models in mice, anti-inflammatory activity was determined on the egg albumin- induced rat paw oedema in rats. The results obtained from GC-MS revealed a total of 169 components obtained from the leafstem, fresh/dry wild and cultivated P. inquinans. These essential oils showed a great deal of chemotaxonomic variation and similarity in the major and minor components along the season. In spring season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans had abundance of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (20.6percent-66.7percent). The major components were found to be α-caryophyllene (9.1percent-26.8percent), p-xylene (23.3percent-27.5percent), β-caryophyllene (11.4percent-30.9percent), o-xylene (6.3percent-39.4percent), β-thujene (8.7percent), isocaryophyllene (13.9percent), isoborneol (14.2percent), β-myrcene (5.7percent), geranyl acetate (13.8percent), toluene (7.9percent), β-gurjunene (18.5percent), α-cadinene (15.8percent), β-farnesene (14.2percent), 3-carene (12.1percent) and camphene (9.0percent). In summer season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans were found to have abundance of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (50.3percent- 63.0percent), oxygenated monoterpenes (30.4percent) and hydrogenated monoterpenes (20.8percent- 61.0percent). The major components were found to be α-caryophyllene (12.3percent-25.8percent), β-caryophyllene (15.1percent- 31.7percent), trans-caryophyllene (10.3percent- 17.8percent), phytol (14.2percent- 20.2percent), camphor (46.5percent), sabinene (27.8percent), elemol (18.1percent), z3-hexenyl isobutyrate (16.3percent), limonene (12.1percent), menthone (12.1percent)< E.E-β-farnesene (14.7percent), palmitic acid (9.6percent), eugenol (9.4percent), cis- β-ocimene (8.7percent), α-terpineol (8.7percent), geranyl acetone (7.8percent), β- humulene (7.5percent). linoleic acid (7.4percent), trans-linalool oxide (7.4percent), β-bisabolene (7.1percent), cis- linalool oxide (7.1percent), ionone (6.9percent), caryophyllene oxide (6.9percent) and germacrene d (6.3percent). In autumn season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans were found to be rich in hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (29.3percent- 65.2percent) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (22.8percent- 31.4percent). The major components were found to be α-caryophyllene (15.5percent- 23.4percent), β-caryophyllene (15.2percent- 17.2percent), β-myrcene (7.7percent-13.8percent), β-humulene (8.7percent- 15.2percent), caryophyllene oxide (9.8- 16.2percent), trans- caryophyllene (16.7percent- 23.3percent), α-humulene (11.8percent- 18.6percent), linoleic acid (11.2percent), palmitic acid (10.4percent), phytol acetate (8.5percent), -longipinene (8.3percent) and citronellol (7.8percent). In winter season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans were found to have abundance of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (25.1percent- 48.6percent), oxygenated monoterpenes (47.6percent), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (22.2percent- 28.0percent). The major components were found to be β-caryophyllene (14.6percent- 23.0percent), α-caryophyllene (9.4percent- 18.0percent), trans- caryophyllene (12.2percent- 14.6percent), α-cedrene (26.2percent), germacrene –d-4-ol (16.8percent), 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (15.6percent), (+) epibicyclosesquiphellandrene (15.3percent), E-β- farnesene (13.0percent), β-phellandrene (11.7percent), 2-nitrophenol (9.5percent), palatinol (8.4percent), geranyl acetate (7.7percent) and linoleic acid (7.4percent). The oils from the wild and cultivated sources showed significant (p<0.05-0.001) decrease in number of writhes induced by the acetic acid compared to vehicle; caused significant (p<0.05-0.001) delay in reaction time on the hot plate at 60 and 90 min post-treatment and significantly (p<0.05-0.001) reduced oedema size caused by the egg albumin injection compared to the vehicle. The oils from the wild plant showed more potency compared to the cultivated. The essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans showed qualitative, quantitative and chemotaxonomic variation with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. These essential oils need to be explored for further biological analysis because of the major components they contain.

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Thapa, Dinesh. "Studies on the influence of essential oils on human gut bacteria and colonic cells". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225962.

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The ability of essential oils (EO) to manipulate the intestinal microbiota may potentiate their application in food as nutraceutical and as prophylactic agents for colonic disease. Little is known about the influence of EO on gut bacteria, the mechanism of their antibacterial action and genotoxicity to the host. Here, the antibacterial activities of EO in pure and in a mixed faecal culture were investigated. These antibacterial activities were further studied to compare the selective nature of EO and their effects on membrane integrity. The growth of gut pathogens and commensals was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in pure culture, with most of the pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Clostridium difficile, C. perfringens and Salmonella typhimurium are sensitive to nerolidol, thymol, eugenol and geraniol at a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 50-500 ppm. These concentrations of EO and mainly nerolidol were also inhibitory to some gut commensals, in particular affecting Faecalibacterium prausnitzii adversely in pure culture. In contrast, in the mixed culture system beneficial groups of bacteria, including F. prausnitzii, as determined by qPCR of 16S rRNA genes were not affected. Thymol and geraniol at 500 ppm suppressed the growth of total bacteria, resulting in minimal fermentation. A lower dose of 100 ppm of EO compounds was effective in suppressing the pathogen, C. difficile with no concern for commensal bacteria or their fermentation products, acetate, propionate and butyrate. This study also discovered that the proteome of commensal, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and pathogenic gut bacteria, Escherichia coli, in response to EO compounds are affected differently. Thymol and eugenol down-regulated virulence factors in E. coli. The tested EO compounds were not genotoxic in the comet assay at non-toxic doses. Differential effects of EO compounds on gut pathogens and commensals and their non-toxicity but geno-protective properties could be applicable in improving gut health in man.

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Okoh, Omobola Oluranti. "Variation in the essential oil composition of Calendula Officinalis L". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001150.

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Variations in the yield, chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. cultivated in Alice, Eastern Cape of South Africa over a period of 12 months using the solvent-free microwave extraction and traditional hydrodistillation methods were evaluated. The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed the presence of 33 compounds with 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, camphor, verbenone, bornyl acetate and camphene constituting about 80 percent of the oils throughout the period of investigation, with the solvent-free microwave extraction method generally yielding more of the major components than the hydrodistillation method. Each of the major components of the oils varied in quantity and quality of yield at different periods of the year. The method of extraction and time of harvest are of importance to the quantity and quality of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene- 4-ol, linalool, a-terpeneol were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD. However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as a-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, a-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans- β-ocimene, γ-teprinene, and cis-sabinene hydrate than SFME extracted oil. Accumulation of monoterpene alcohols and ketones was observed during maturation process of Rosmarinus leaves. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined using a serial microplate dilution method. The essential oils obtained using both methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the SFME extracted oils ranged between 0.23 and 1.88 mg mL-1, while those of the HD extracted oils varied between 0.94 and 7.5 mg mL-1, thus suggesting that the oil obtained by solvent free microwave extraction was more active against bacteria than the oil obtained through hydrodistillation. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the obtained oils were tested by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH+) assay and β- carotene bleaching test. In the DPPH+ assay, while the free radical scavenging activity of the oil obtained by SFME method showed percentage inhibitions of between 48.8 percent and 67 percent, the HD derived oil showed inhibitions of between 52.2 percent and 65.30 percent at concentrations of 0.33, 0.50 and 1.0 mg mL-1, respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the percentage inhibition increased with increasing concentration of both oils with a higher antioxidant activity of the oil obtained through the SFME than the HD method. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts using three eluent solvent systems of varying polarities i. e. CEF, BEA and EMW and sprayed with vanillin-sulfuric acid. The chemical composition of the different extracts was similar with the exception of methanol and water extracts which had only one or two visible compounds after treating with vanillin-spray reagent. To evaluate the number of antibacterial compounds present in the fractions, bioautography was used against two most important nosocomial microorganisms. S. aureus (Gram positive) and E. coli (Gram negative). Nearly all the crude serial extraction fractions contained compounds that inhibited the growth of E. coli. The hexane extract had the most lines of inhibition followed by ethyl acetate. Bioassay-guided fractionation against E. coli was used to isolate antibacterial compounds. The largest number of antibacterial compounds occurred in the hexane fraction. Furthermore we tried to complete the characterization by extracting and studying other biologically important plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Rosmarinus extracts

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Motsa, Nozipho M. "Essential oil yield and composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) as influenced by harvesting frequency and plant shoot age". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08272007-180003.

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Sgwane, Thulile Seipone. "Effect of essential oil compounds on metabolism of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids by ruminal microorganisms in vitro". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227111.

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Ruminant products, meat and milk, were long ago discovered to contain a high content of saturated fat associated with various chronic diseases in human, including coronary heart disease. Increased consumption of n-3 fatty acids, linolenic (LNA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) by man has been linked with reduced incidences of these diseases. Therefore, in vitro experiments carried out in this thesis investigated the possibility that the dietary inclusion of essential oil compounds (EOC) might modify ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and thereby improve the fatty acid profiles of ruminant derived foods. In the first experiment, twenty EOC were screened, of which carvacrol, thymol, cis/trans-citral, geraniol, nerol, (+)-α-pinene, l-menthone, linalyl acetate and (R)-(+)-pulegone were most effective at protecting the PUFA from biohydrogenation. The reduced accumulation of stearic acid with concomitant increases in vaccenic acid following the addition of the EOC confirmed their capacity to inhibit biohydrogenation of both LA and LNA. However, the observed decreases in total volatile fatty acids concentrations suggested that the inclusion of these compounds at 300 mg l-1 also suppressed microbial fermentation. Of these EOC, carvacrol and thymol were the most potent inhibitors of fermentation as they decreased total VFA concentrations by ≥60% from those of the control. In the second experiment, selected EOC, namely linalyl acetate, l-menthone and (+)-α-pinene, were tested at lower doses. It was observed that these EOC when added at 100 and 200 mg l-1 also inhibited biohydrogenation with minimal effect on VFA concentration. In experiment 3, pure culture work was undertaken to assess the effects of EOC on three key Butyrivibrio spp., involved in the biohydrogenation process, namely B. fibrisolvens, B. hungatei and B. proteoclasticus. The EOC inhibited biohydrogenation through their bacteriostatic effects on these bacteria. In conclusion, these studies revealed that EOC have the potential to modify ruminal biohydrogenation to varying extents depending on the type of compound used and the dose applied. Consequently, they might be useful at improving the healthiness of ruminant products, however their effects have to be confirmed in vivo and ensure that they do not cause significant inhibition of fibre digestion.

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Lessard, Martine. "Caractérisation des produits naturels odorants retrouvés dans les lichens de genre usnea et bryoria de la région du mont Apica, Québec /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1990. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Vargas-Sarmiento, María Mercedes. "Essential oil treatments to control Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman 2000 (formerly Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans 1904) (Mesostigmata: Varroidae)". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1784.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 70 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-52).

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Terblanche, Francois Cornelius. "Die karakterisering, benutting en vervaardiging van produkte herwin vanuit Lippia scaberrima Sond". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09062001-100658.

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Eyres, Graham Terence, i n/a. "Determination of character-impact odorants in hop essential oils using hyphenated techniques in gas chromatography". University of Otago. Department of Food Science, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080125.143442.

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Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are an indispensable component of beer, with the essential oil responsible for imparting distinctive odour and aroma characteristics to beer. However, not all character-impact odorants in hop essential oil have been identified and hop aroma in beer is still not completely understood. The composition of hop essential oil is very complex with 485 compounds currently identified in the literature, and recent research suggests that up to 1000 compounds may actually be present. Only a certain number will be present at concentrations above threshold and make a direct contribution to the odour of the oil. In addition, many important odorants are only present at trace concentrations. Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) using human assessors is the best way to locate potent odorants and facilitate their identification. A novel methodology was developed to identify the character-impact odorants in hop essential oil samples using hyphenated techniques in gas chromatography. GC-O was used to locate odour active compounds and determine relative importance using CharmAnalysis[TM] according to the odour potency principle. Due to the chemical complexity of the samples, considerable co-elution of peaks occurs during single column gas chromatography (1DGC), making the detection and identification of character-impact odorants challenging. Therefore, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) was used to resolve and identify compounds eluting in the odour active regions. The methodology was developed in a case study on coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and wild coriander (Eryngium foetidum) leaf essential oils. During GC-O analysis of these samples it was recognised that odour active regions frequently coincide with several co-eluting compounds. To address this, a heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry (MDGC-O) instrument was developed to resolve these 'co-eluting odour clusters' and determine the compound(s) responsible for the odour perception. The 'spicy' character of hops is considered to be a desirable attribute in beer associated with 'noble hop aroma'. However, the compounds responsible have yet to be adequately elucidated. This character was investigated using a commercial 'Spicy' fraction of hop essential oil, selectively enriched for monoterpene and sesquiterpene alcohols. The odour active compounds in (i) the spicy fractions and (ii) the whole essential oils of four different hop varieties were compared using the presented methodology. A compound with an intense 'woody, cedarwood' odour was determined to be a potent, character-impact odorant in all samples. This odour coincided with a complex region of the chromatogram where up to thirteen compounds were co-eluting. The peak responsible for this odour was determined by (i) correlation of peak areas with odour potency (Charm) values and (ii) MDGC-O. The compound was tentatively identified by GCxGC-TOFMS as 14-hydroxy-β-caryophyllene, which has not previously been reported as an odorant in hop essential oil. It was concluded that this compound and other 'woody, cedarwood' odorants contributed to the 'spicy' character of the investigated hop samples. Compounds previously associated with noble hop aroma, notably caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxides I and II, and humulenol II, did not contribute to the odour character of the hop samples. Other potent odorants that were identified in the whole essential oil and spicy fractions of hops were: geraniol, linalool, β-ionone, eugenol, isovaleric acid, and β-damascenone. While myrcene was a moderately potent odorant in the whole hop essential oil samples, the abundant sesquiterpene hydrocarbons α-humulene, β-caryophyllene and β-farnesene did not significantly contribute to the odour character.

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Motsa, Nozipho Mgcibelo. "Essential oil yield and composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) as influenced by harvesting frequency and plant shoot age". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27584.

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Népomuscène, Murwanashyaka Jean. "Caractérisation des huiles essentielles du bleuet nain, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1995. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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David, Evelize de Fátima Saraiva [UNESP]. "Níveis de fósforo no desenvolvimento e produção de óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. cultivada em solução nutritiva". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93474.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-01-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 david_efs_me_botfca.pdf: 544358 bytes, checksum: 5bff6514383e868656bc07323c8417f1 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Para o estudo do desenvolvimento da Mentha piperita L. e da produção de seu óleo essencial, foram cultivadas plantas em solução nutritiva com diferentes níveis de fósforo, que constituíram diferentes tratamentos, aos quais as plantas foram submetidas. Para tanto, as plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva no 2 Hoagland & Arnon (1950), na mesma solução com decréscimo de 50% e com acréscimo de 50% de fósforo. As variáveis número de folhas, comprimento de parte aérea, massa seca dos diferentes órgãos, área foliar, razão de área foliar, área foliar específica, taxa assimilatória liquida, taxa de crescimento relativo, razão de massa foliar, distribuição de massa seca, rendimento e composição de óleo essencial foram avaliadas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três níveis de fósforo, cinco colheitas e quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5. Para a análise do óleo essencial o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey, com 5% de significância. O fator colheita foi avaliado por análise de regressão, exceto na avaliação da produção e composição do óleo essencial. As plantas submetidas ao maior nível de fósforo e igual a 91,5/183,0 mg L-1 apresentaram tendência de aumento do número de lâminas foliares, área foliar, massa seca de lâminas foliares, massa seca total e dos teores de mentona. As plantas submetidas ao nível intermediário de fósforo, igual a 57,5/115,0 mg L-1 apresentaram maior massa seca de caule mais pecíolos e maior teor de mentofurano. Quando as plantas foram submetidas ao menor nível de fósforo, igual a 28,7/57,5 mg L-1, foi maior a massa seca de raízes, massa seca de estolões, produção de óleo essencial e teores de mentol, acetato de mentila e pulegona...
To study the development of Mentha piperita L. and the production of essential oil plants were cultivated in nutritive solution under several levels of P. Original Hoagland & Arnon (1950) no 2 nutritive solution were one of the treatments, and the other experimental levels were this nutritive solution with 50% of the original P concentration, and added with 50% P over the original concentration. The variables evaluated were number of leaves, steam length, dry mass several organs, leaf area, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, net assimilatory rate, relative growth rate, leaf mass ratio, dry mass distribution. Essential oil yield and composition were also assessed. A randomized factorial design 3x5 were used, with there levels of phosphorus. for essential oil, a randomized 3x3 factorial design were used. Data analysis consisted in application of ANOVA followed by the Tukey test, using the level of significance of 5%. The crop factor was studied using regression analysis, except for essential oil yield and composition. Highest P levels, 91,5/183,0 mg L-1 resulted on significantly higher values for number of leaves, leaf area, leaf dry mass, total dry mass and content menthone. Plants cultivated under intermediate P levels, 57,5/115,0 mg L-1 had higher values for stem plus petiole dry mass, and content menthofuram. When submitted to the lower level of P, 28,7/57,5 mg L-1, root dry mass, steam dry mass, menthol, essential oil yield, menthyl acetate and pulegone content were highest. Physiological indexes as leaf area ratio, leaf mass ratio, dry mass distribution of plants cultivated under the intermediate P levels were higher than those found in the P level of 91,5/183 mg L-1. We concluded that the best period to crop this plant, aiming for a highest yield of essential oil, was 60 days after transplantation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Scott, Laura-Marie. "Kinetic and mechanistic study of Lilestralis, a synthetic muguet fragrance molecule". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165414.

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In the multi-step synthesis of Lilestralis, a synthetic muguet fragrance, the kinetics and mechanism of the formation of 3-(3-t-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol (m-LOL) and 4-(3-t-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol (p-LOL) from 2-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-ol (MPP) and isobutylene using concentrated liquid phosphoric acid as a catalyst was investigated. By-products that include phosphate esters of MPP, m-LOL and p-LOL and oligomers of isobutylene were produced during this reaction and their role within the kinetics and mechanism was also investigated. When crystalline phosphoric acid is dissolved in water, it can form equilibrium polyphosphate mixtures at high acid concentrations. The phosphate species have the general formula Hn+2PnO3n+1 and consist of species such as orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7) and triphosphoric acid (H5P3010). The presence of polyphosphate within liquid phosphoric acid solutions used in this study was investigated using 31P NMR. To investigate the influence of water on the reaction, a number of experiments were performed using 1,4-dioxane as a solvent. This was chosen as the boiling points and density are similar to water, although it is classified as an aprotic solvent. Phosphate esters of MPP, m-LOL and p-LOL are produced as by-products and can potentially undergo hydrolysis when water is present, therefore reactions using aqueous phosphoric acid solutions may not give a true reflection of the concentration of phosphate esters produced. The use of heterogeneous catalysts was also investigated in order to improve yield and selectivity for p-LOL and m-LOL. These include acid catalysts such as solid phosphoric acid supported on Kieselguhr (SPA), sulphated zirconia and ultra stable zeolite-Y (H-USY).

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Cheseaux, Clarisse. "Analyse des huiles essentielles de l'algue brune fucus vesiculosus de la Côte Nord du Saint-Laurent /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1988. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Eiasu, Bahlebi Kibreab. "Influence of soil water management on plant growth, essential oil yield and oil composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.)". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10172009-100336/.

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Gcora, Nozibele. "A model to enhance the perceived trustworthiness of Eastern Cape essential oil producers selling through electronic marketplaces". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2194.

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Eastern Cape Province farmers in the natural essential oils industry are yet to fully realise the use of electronic commerce (e-commerce) platforms, such as electronic marketplaces (e-marketplaces) for business purposes. This is due to the issues that include lack of awareness, poor product quality, untrusted payment gateways and unsuccessful delivery that are associated with e-marketplaces. As a result, farmers do not trust e-marketplaces and therefore hesitate to engage in e-marketplaces for business purposes. This is further complicated by natural essential oils buyers‟ tendency of preferring face-to-face interaction with a supplier rather than online interaction as they need quality assurance. As such, this research proposes a model to enhance the perceived trustworthiness of natural essential oil producers in the Eastern Cape Province selling through e-marketplaces. The model constitutes the factors that could be considered in assisting essential oil producers to create a perception of trustworthiness to buyers in e-marketplaces. These factors were evaluated amongst five organisations involved in the production, retail or processing of essential oils using a multiple-case study methodology. The study‟s use of multiple-case study was applied within the interpretivist paradigm and five cases were considered. Interviews, document analysis and observations were used for data collection. Data analysis was done using within-case analysis followed by cross-case analysis to establish factors of trust. The essential oil producers based in the Gauteng, Kwazulu-Natal and Western Cape provinces were cases that had been successfully using e-marketplaces for a notable period of time. Accordingly, factors that contributed to the successful use of e-marketplaces informed the proposed model of this research. The model proposes that perceived trustworthiness of enterprises in e-marketplaces can be achieved through following the uncertainty reduction stages (Entry, Personal and Exit) and applying uncertainty reduction strategies (passive, active and interactive).

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Mpati, Kwena Winnie. "Response of fever tea (Lippia Javanica) to fertigation frequency, growth medium and propagation method". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02202007-113732.

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Ntwana, Babalwa. "Growth, mineral content and essential oil quality of Buchu (Agathosma Betulina) in response to pH under controlled conditions in comparison with plants from its natural habitat /". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1626.

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Gawde, Archana Jairam. "Bioprospection and by-product utilization of Juniperus virginiana". Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-12142008-132141.

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Chiguvare, Herbert. "Phytochemical analyses and Brine shrimp (Artemia Salina) lethality studies on Syzygium cordatum". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1004352.

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Syzygium cordatum Hoscht ex. C Krauss, also known as water berry, is normally used by the people of South Africa for respiratory ailments including tuberculosis, stomach complaints, treatment of wounds and as emetics. An extract of the leaves can be used as a purgative for diarrhoea treatment. The leaves of Syzygium cordatum Myrtaceae were obtained from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, air dried and sequential solvent extraction was done to obtain various non volatile crude extracts. The volatile extract, that is the essential oil was extracted from the leaves using hydrodistillation and analysis of compounds was done by GC/MS for composition. 32 compounds were obtained from the fresh leaves and 18 compounds were obtained from the dry leaves. The fresh oil contains caryophyllene (11.8 percent) and caryophyllene oxide (11.1 percent) as the main sesquiterpene component. α-Pinene(5.0 percent) was the only monoterpene compound identified in the fresh oil in substantial amount. The dry leaves oil had copanene (17.0 percent), β-Caryophellene (26.0 percent), cubenol (6.5 percent) and caryophellene oxide (14.2 percent) as the dominant constituent of the oil. Summary of the classes of compounds in the oil revealed that the chemical profile of both oils were dominated by sesquiterpenoid compounds. This is the first time that terpenoids compounds are being identified in both the fresh and dry leaf oil of S. cordatum. Hexane leaf extract was selected due to the interest in the terpenoid compounds. Column chromatography of the hexane crude gave five (5) of which two are fully reported. The isolates were fully elucidated using spectroscopic methods to be β-Sitosterol (HC3) and Friedela-3-one (HC1A/HC1D). Cytotoxicity analysis was carried out on the crude using the Brine shrimps assay. Isolates 1C and1D showed significant lethality using the brine shrimps assay with lethality values (LC50) of 4.105mg/ml for HC1C and 4.11mg/ml for 1D/1A respectively.

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Ajayi, Emmanuel Olusegun. "Interaction of terpenes and oxygenated terpenes with some drugs". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/418.

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SFME and HD for the extraction of essential oil in Lavandula officinalis in Alice have been reported. A total of 59 compounds were identified with the major compound being 1,8-cineole, an oxygenated monoterpene, with 46.89% and 44.84% yield obtained for HD and SFME respectively. Charge transfer (CT) complexes formed between α-pinene, 1,8-cineole and camphor as electron donors with iodine as the electron acceptor have been studied spectrophotometrically in methylene chloride solution. The Benesi- Hildebrand equation has been applied to estimate the formation constant (Kf) and molecular extinction coefficient (εCT). The value of Kf is the highest in camphor-I2 complex compared to the other two complexes. Antibacterial assessment was carried out on the various reagents, determining the MIC of individual reagents and in combination. The results show an improvement, on combination of the various reagents than when tested alone.

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Okoh, Omobola Oluranti. "Chemical transformations and phytochemical studies of bioactive components from extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis L". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/354.

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Variations in the yield, chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. cultivated in Alice, Eastern Cape of South Africa over a period of 12 months using the solvent-free microwave extraction and traditional hydrodistillation methods were evaluated. The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed the presence of 33 compounds with 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, camphor, verbenone, bornyl acetate and camphene constituting about 80 percent of the oils throughout the period of investigation, with the solvent-free microwave extraction method generally yielding more of the major components than the hydrodistillation method. Each of the major components of the oils varied in quantity and quality of yield at different periods of the year. The method of extraction and time of harvest are of importance to the quantity and quality of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene- 4-ol, linalool, a-terpeneol were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD. However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as a-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, a-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans- β-ocimene, γ-teprinene, and cis-sabinene hydrate than SFME extracted oil. Accumulation of monoterpene alcohols and ketones was observed during maturation process of Rosmarinus leaves. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined using a serial microplate dilution method. The essential oils obtained using both methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the SFME extracted oils ranged between 0.23 and 1.88 mg mL-1, while those of the HD extracted oils varied between 0.94 and 7.5 mg mL-1, thus suggesting that the oil obtained by solvent free microwave extraction was more active against bacteria than the oil obtained through hydrodistillation. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the obtained oils were tested by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH+) assay and β- carotene bleaching test. In the DPPH+ assay, while the free radical scavenging activity of the oil obtained by SFME method showed percentage inhibitions of between 48.8 percent and 67 percent, the HD derived oil showed inhibitions of between 52.2 percent and 65.30 percent at concentrations of 0.33, 0.50 and 1.0 mg mL-1, respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the percentage inhibition increased with increasing concentration of both oils with a higher antioxidant activity of the oil obtained through the SFME than the HD method. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts using three eluent solvent systems of varying polarities i. e. CEF, BEA and EMW and sprayed with vanillin-sulfuric acid. The chemical composition of the different extracts was similar with the exception of methanol and water extracts which had only one or two visible compounds after treating with vanillin-spray reagent. To evaluate the number of antibacterial compounds present in the fractions, bioautography was used against two most important nosocomial microorganisms. S. aureus (Gram positive) and E. coli (Gram negative). Nearly all the crude serial extraction fractions contained compounds that inhibited the growth of E. coli. The hexane extract had the most lines of inhibition followed by ethyl acetate. Bioassay-guided fractionation against E. coli was used to isolate antibacterial compounds. The largest number of antibacterial compounds occurred in the hexane fraction. Furthermore we tried to complete the characterization by extracting and studying other biologically important plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Rosmarinus extracts.

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Bolina, Cristiane de Oliveira. "Variabilidade genética e associação entre caracteres agronômicos, fisiológicos e fitoquímicos em variedades de Artemisia annua L". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2011. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/231.

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CAPES
Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) é uma herbácea anual altamente aromática, nativa da Ásia e aclimatada no Brasil. As folhas são fontes abundantes de artemisinina, uma lactona sesquiterpênica utilizada no preparo de drogas para o tratamento de malária, e também de óleo essencial, utilizado na composição de cosméticos e produtos higiênicos. O presente estudo objetivou estimar a variabilidade genética e as correlações existentes entre caracteres agronômicos, fisiológicos e fitoquímicos em variedades de A. annua, além de caracterizar o teor, o rendimento e a composição de seu óleo essencial. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos foram as variedades Artemis, 2/39x5x3M e 2/39x1V de A. annua, submetidas a avaliações agronômicas, fisiológicas e fitoquímicas. Para a realização das estimativas de distância genética foram geradas matrizes de dissimilaridade utilizando a distância Euclidiana e os métodos de agrupamento de Tocher e UPGMA. Além disso, avaliou-se a importância relativa dos caracteres para divergência genética pelo método de Singh. A relação existente entre os caracteres estudados foi estimada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e o nível de significância analisado pelo teste t. As análises foram realizadas pelo software Genes e os dendrogramas obtidos pelo NTSYS. A separação e quantificação das substâncias presentes no óleo essencial foram realizadas em cromatógrafo gasoso com detector de ionização de chama e a identificação das mesmas foi feita em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas. Os métodos de Tocher e UPGMA foram concordantes entre si na formação dos grupos e a presença de variabilidade genética dentro das variedades permitiu a identificação de acessos dissimilares e com média elevada para as características estudadas. O número de ramificações, concentração intracelular de CO2 e rendimento de óleo essencial foram os caracteres que mais contribuíram para a dissimilaridade genética de A. annua. Os acessos B24, C5 e C32 foram os mais promissores dentro das variedades e devem ser conservados para futuras hibridações, sendo que as hibridações mais promissoras na obtenção de populações segregantes desejadas são B24 x C5, B24 x C32 e C5 x C32. Encontrou-se correlação positiva e significativa entre os caracteres volume de dossel e rendimento de óleo essencial na variedade 2/39x5x3M, porém, esta correlação não foi encontrada na variedade 2/39x1V. Em ambas as variedades, observouse correlação negativa e significativa entre volume de dossel e teor de artemisinina. A variedade 2/39x1V produziu a maior massa seca de folhas, maior teor e o maior rendimento de óleo essencial. Cânfora, γ-muuroleno e 1,8 cineol foram os constituintes químicos encontrados em maiores teores no óleo essencial das variedades 2/39x5x3M e 2/39x1V de A. annua.
Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) is a highly aromatic annual herb, native from Asia and acclimated in Brazil. The leaves are a rich source of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone used in the preparation of drugs for the treatment of malaria, and also of essential oil used in cosmetics and hygienic products. This study aimed to estimate the genetic variability and correlation between agronomic, physiological and phytochemicals traits in varieties of A. annua, also to characterize the content, yield and essential oil composition. The design was completely randomized and treatments were the varieties Artemis, 2/39x5x3M and 2/39x1V of A. annua, submitted to agronomic, physiological and phytochemical evaluations. For the accomplishment of the genetic distance estimates dissimilarity matrices had been generated using the Euclidean distance and Tocher’s and UPGMA’s grouping methods. Moreover, relative importance of the characters for genetic divergence for the method of Singh was evaluated. The relationship between the studied characters was estimated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the significance level was analyzed by test t. The analyses were performed in the Genes software and the dendrograms obtained from the NTSYS program. The separation and quantification of substances present in the essential oil were performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and the identification of them were made in a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. Tocher’s and UPGMA’s methods agreed among themselves in the formation of groups and the presence of genetic variability within varieties allowed the identification of dissimilar individuals with high average for all traits. The number of branches, the intracellular concentration of CO2 and oil yield were the traits that contribuited most to the genetic dissimilarity of A. annua. The accesses B24, C5 and C32 were the most promising within populations and must be conserved for future crossings, and the most promising crosses for obtaining desired segregant populations B24 x C5, B24 x C32 e C5 x C32. Correlation met positive and significant between canopy volume of characters and essential oil yield in the variety 2/39x5x3M, however, this correlation was not found in the variety 2/39x1V. In both varieties, there was a negative and significant correlation between canopy volume and content of artemisinin. The variety 2/39x1V produced the greatest dry mass of leaves and consequently achieved the highest level and the highest yield of essential oil. Camphor, ymuuroleno and 1.8 cineole were the compounds found in higher concentrations in the essential oil of varieties 2/39x5x3M and 2/39x1V of A. annua.

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Belleau, Francine. "Analyse de l'huile essentielle du ledum groenlandicum retzius". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1990. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Odeyemi, Oluwakemi Oluwaseyi. "Studies on the use of essential oils for the control of Sitophilus Zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera; Curculionidae): a pest of stored maize grains". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/168.

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The common maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a well known pest of stored-maize grain in most parts of the world, was identified as one of the major constraints of harvested maize grains in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The use of plants or their products is one of the recent methods being investigated for insect pest control worldwide. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to identify available plants in the Eastern Cape that could be used to combat the problem of Sitophilus zeamais in stored-maize grains. For the realization of the aims of this research, the following studies were carried out; a preliminary survey was conducted to obtain baseline information on the farmers’ knowledge and experience of indigenous insect pest control methods in the Eastern Cape. Also, studies on the insecticidal potential of the essential oils of some plants were investigated against the maize weevil. The quality parameters of maize grains treated with the essential oils was also studied and, using a rat model, the toxicity of the essential oils was investigated. The outcome from this study revealed that there is awareness amongst the farmers in the Eastern Cape on the use of plants or their products to control insect pests. Unfortunately, such methods are currently being neglected and the knowledge of their application was found to be eroding. Among the various essential oils screened were those from Mentha longifolia L. and Tagetes minuta L. which evoked an appreciable level of contact, fumigant and repellent toxicity on the maize weevil. Further work done to determine the effects of the oils on maize stored over a period of three months revealed that the two oils had no adverse effect on the proximate compositions and some quality parameters of the stored maize. However, the toxicological study conducted on rats showed that the oils at tested concentrations exhibited some level of toxicity. It is, therefore, suggested that the essential oils of M. longifolia and T. minuta should not be used to treat maize grains intended for human consumption.

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Andrade, Bruna Fernanda Murbach Teles [UNESP]. "Produtos naturais: atividades antibacteriana e imunomoduladora in vitro e perfil bioquímico in vivo". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140216.

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Produtos naturais, como os óleos essenciais, possuem diversas propriedades biológicas bem como são importantes fontes para a pesquisa. Além disto, os óleos essenciais estão presentes em nossa rotina, tanto em produtos como xampus, sabonetes e alimentos, assim como em alternativas terapêuticas como a aromaterapia. Objetivamos investigar atividades biológicas de produtos naturais, sendo os resultados apresentados na forma de três manuscritos. Investigamos a ação antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais de tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), gerânio (Perlagonium graveolens), palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) e seus respectivos compostos majoritários 1-terpinen-4-ol, citronelol e geraniol em sua fase líquida e gasosa (Capítulo I). Foi demonstrada a eficácia dos óleos essenciais e seus principais componentes como agentes antimicrobianos por contato direto e na forma de vapor utilizando três diferentes metodologias e foram destacados os danos causados por esses vapores utilizando informações de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Em outra parte do estudo, objetivamos analisar parâmetros bioquímicos séricos e o estresse oxidativo de ratos submetidos à inalação do óleo essencial de palmarosa e geraniol durante 30 dias (Capítulo II). Ratos tratados com os produtos naturais apresentaram níveis de colesterol total diminuídos bem como foi verificado efeitos benéficos do óleo essencial sobre o estresse oxidativo. Finalizando o estudo, avaliamos a ação imunomoduladora do óleo essencial de C. martinii e geraniol quanto à produção de citocinas pró- e anti-inflamatórias por monócitos humanos (Capítulo III). As diferentes concentrações testadas não mostraram efeitos citotóxicos em monócitos. A produção do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-α não foi afetada por C. martinii e geraniol, sendo que somente na concentração de 5 μg/mL de C. martinii, houve estímulo para a sua produção. Por outro lado, em todas as...
Natural products such as essential oils have diverse biological properties and are important sources for research. In addition, the essential oils are present in our daily lives, both in products like shampoos, soaps and foods, as well as alternative therapies such as aromatherapy. We aimed to investigate the biological activities of natural products, the results are presented in the form of three manuscripts. We investigated the antibacterial action of essential oils of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), geranium (Perlagonium graveolens), palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) and their major compounds respective 1-terpinen-4-ol, citronellol and geraniol in liquid and vapor phase (Chapter I). The effectiveness of essential oils and their main components such as antimicrobial agents, was demonstrated by direct contact and vapor form using three different methodologies and the information of the damage caused by these vapors using transmission electron microscopy. In another part of the study, we aimed to assess serum biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in rats subjected to inhalation of palmarosa essential oil and geraniol during thirty days (Chapter II). Mices treated with natural products had total cholesterol levels decreased and it was found beneficial effects of the essential oil on oxidative stress. Concluding the study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory action of C. martinii essential oil and geraniol as the production of proand anti-inflammatory by human monocytes (Chapter III). Different concentrations tested showed no cytotoxic effects on monocytes. The production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was not affected by C. martinii and geraniol, and only the concentration of 5 mg/mL of C. martinii, there was a stimulus for their production. Furthermore, at all concentrations of geraniol and C. martinii increased by interleukin (IL) -10 by human monocytes. The results showed that the noncytotoxic concentrations of oil and geraniol ...

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Andrade, Bruna Fernanda Murbach Teles. "Produtos naturais : atividades antibacteriana e imunomoduladora in vitro e perfil bioquímico in vivo /". Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140216.

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Orientador: Ary Fernandes Júnior
Coorientador: José Maurício Sforcin
Coorientador: Ana Angélica Henrique Fernandes
Banca: Vera Lúcia Mores Rall
Banca: Fernanda Mani
Banca: Jairo Kenupp Bastos
Banca: Wander Rogério Pavanelli
Resumo: Produtos naturais, como os óleos essenciais, possuem diversas propriedades biológicas bem como são importantes fontes para a pesquisa. Além disto, os óleos essenciais estão presentes em nossa rotina, tanto em produtos como xampus, sabonetes e alimentos, assim como em alternativas terapêuticas como a aromaterapia. Objetivamos investigar atividades biológicas de produtos naturais, sendo os resultados apresentados na forma de três manuscritos. Investigamos a ação antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais de tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), gerânio (Perlagonium graveolens), palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) e seus respectivos compostos majoritários 1-terpinen-4-ol, citronelol e geraniol em sua fase líquida e gasosa (Capítulo I). Foi demonstrada a eficácia dos óleos essenciais e seus principais componentes como agentes antimicrobianos por contato direto e na forma de vapor utilizando três diferentes metodologias e foram destacados os danos causados por esses vapores utilizando informações de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Em outra parte do estudo, objetivamos analisar parâmetros bioquímicos séricos e o estresse oxidativo de ratos submetidos à inalação do óleo essencial de palmarosa e geraniol durante 30 dias (Capítulo II). Ratos tratados com os produtos naturais apresentaram níveis de colesterol total diminuídos bem como foi verificado efeitos benéficos do óleo essencial sobre o estresse oxidativo. Finalizando o estudo, avaliamos a ação imunomoduladora do óleo essencial de C. martinii e geraniol quanto à produção de citocinas pró- e anti-inflamatórias por monócitos humanos (Capítulo III). As diferentes concentrações testadas não mostraram efeitos citotóxicos em monócitos. A produção do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-α não foi afetada por C. martinii e geraniol, sendo que somente na concentração de 5 μg/mL de C. martinii, houve estímulo para a sua produção. Por outro lado, em todas as...
Abstract: Natural products such as essential oils have diverse biological properties and are important sources for research. In addition, the essential oils are present in our daily lives, both in products like shampoos, soaps and foods, as well as alternative therapies such as aromatherapy. We aimed to investigate the biological activities of natural products, the results are presented in the form of three manuscripts. We investigated the antibacterial action of essential oils of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), geranium (Perlagonium graveolens), palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) and their major compounds respective 1-terpinen-4-ol, citronellol and geraniol in liquid and vapor phase (Chapter I). The effectiveness of essential oils and their main components such as antimicrobial agents, was demonstrated by direct contact and vapor form using three different methodologies and the information of the damage caused by these vapors using transmission electron microscopy. In another part of the study, we aimed to assess serum biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in rats subjected to inhalation of palmarosa essential oil and geraniol during thirty days (Chapter II). Mices treated with natural products had total cholesterol levels decreased and it was found beneficial effects of the essential oil on oxidative stress. Concluding the study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory action of C. martinii essential oil and geraniol as the production of proand anti-inflammatory by human monocytes (Chapter III). Different concentrations tested showed no cytotoxic effects on monocytes. The production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was not affected by C. martinii and geraniol, and only the concentration of 5 mg/mL of C. martinii, there was a stimulus for their production. Furthermore, at all concentrations of geraniol and C. martinii increased by interleukin (IL) -10 by human monocytes. The results showed that the noncytotoxic concentrations of oil and geraniol ...
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Garcia, Daniel 1984. "Respostas agronômicas e fitoquímicas de Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. cv. CPQBA 2 em função de adubação orgânica e espaçamentos /". Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151455.

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Orientador: Lin Chau Ming
Banca: Marcos Roberto Furlan
Banca: Marcia Ortiz Mayo Marques
Banca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
Banca: Sandra Maria Pereira da Silva
Resumo: Este trabalho investigou pela primeira vez as respostas agronômicas e fitoquímicas das inflorescências e dos ramos de Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. cv. CPQBA 2 (macela) submetida a cinco doses de adubo orgânico (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 t ha-1) e dois espaçamentos (50 e 100 cm entre plantas e entre linhas). Procedeu-se, 457 dias após o transplantio (DAT), a colheita e análise dos dados de altura, biomassa seca (ramos e inflorescências), seguidas das análises laboratoriais: extração (p/p%) e análise das substancias químicas do óleo essencial (%) bem como sua atividade antibacteriana; teores de luteolina, 3-O-metilquercetina, quercetina, ácido cafeico, rutina e trans-ferúlico (mg/100g) do extrato hidroalcoólico, além das análises do teor de flavonoides e fenóis totais (mg/100g) durante quatro idades de coleta (150, 240, 320 e 457 DAT). Os dados de altura das plantas demonstram que o tratamento 30 t ha-1 se destacou (110,89 cm). O teor de biomassa seca das inflorescências apresentou diferença estatística significativa apenas para o menor espaçamento (1.267,33 kg ha-1). Em relação ao teor de óleo essencial das inflorescências houve destaque significativo apenas para o tratamento controle (0,2935%) e para os ramos houve diferença significativa o tratamento 30 t ha-1 (0,1086%). A correlação entre o acúmulo de óleo (L.ha-1) com o total de biomassa seca atingida (Kg.ha-1) foi calculada, sendo os teores de óleo dos ramos (19,33 L ha-1) maiores que os das inflorescências (3,34 L ha-1)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work has investigated for the first time the agronomic and phytochemical responses from inflorescences and branches of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. cv. CPQBA 2 (macela) over five doses of organic fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 t ha-1) and two spacings (50 and 100 cm between plants and between rows). Harvest time were carried out, 457 days after transplanting (DAT), followed by laboratory analysis: extraction (w/w%) and analysis of chemicals substances from essential oil (%) as well as its antibacterial activity; luteolin, 3-O-methylquercetin, quercetin, caffeic acid, rutin and trans-ferulic acid (mg/100g) of the hydroalcoholic extract further the analyzes of the flavonoid and phenolic acid content (mg/100g) during four moments (150, 240, 320 and 457 DAT). Plant height data demonstrate that the 30 t ha-1 treatment stood out (110.89 cm). The dry biomass content of the inflorescences presented significant statistical difference only for the smallest spacing (1,267.33 kg ha-1). Regarding the essential oil content of the inflorescences, there was a significant difference only for the control treatment (0.2935%) and for the branches there was a significant difference in the treatment 30 t ha-1 (0.1086%). The correlation between the accumulation of oil (L.ha-1) and total dry biomass (Kg.ha-1) was calculated, with the oil contents of the branches (19,33 L ha-1) being higher than the inflorescences (3.34 L ha-1). Thirty chemicals substances were identified in the essent... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Piazon, Neto Mario [UNESP]. "Nutrição mineral e produção de óleo essencial em plantações de corymbia citriodora fertilizado com composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154616.

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O lodo de esgoto está se tornando cada vez mais um grande problema para as cidades, pois com o aumento populacional há proporcionalmente um aumento desse resíduo. Uma alternativa para a sua disposição é a utilização no setor agrícola e florestal, com uma maior aptidão para o último, pois seu produto final não se destina a alimentação humana ou animal. Visto isso, pretende-se saber se o lodo de esgoto tratado (Biossólido) tem a capacidade de fornecimento nutricional adequado para a cultura de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.), espécie de múltiplos usos, onde se destaca a extração de óleo essencial. Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar a fertilização de florestas homogêneas da espécie Corymbia citriodora, destinadas à produção de óleo essencial, com biossólido, através dos seguintes tratamentos: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 10; 15 e 20 Mg ha-1 de biossólido complementado com potássio e boro, fertilização química usual, um tratamento apenas com potássio e boro e testemunha absoluta. Antes da instalação do experimento em campo, realizou-se análise química do solo como base para as recomendações da adubação química. Parâmetros biométricos e nutricionais foram avaliados a cada três meses durante um ano, como altura, diâmetro de copa, índice de cor verde nas folhas e análise foliar, além de realizar a cada seis meses a análise do solo. Ao fim de 12 meses, coletou-se as folhas do terço médio e inferior da árvore para a quantificação da biomassa. Além disso, foram retiradas amostras ...
The sewage sludge is becoming an increasingly big problem for cities, with the population growing; there is an increased proportion of this material. An alternative for disposal this waste is the use in agriculture and forestry, with a special ability of the latter, since the end product is not intended for human or animal feeding. Based on this, is to find out if the treated sewage sludge (biosolids) has the ability to supply adequate nutrition for the cultivation of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.), a species of multiple uses, which highlights the essential oil extraction.This study aims to compare the fertilizing forests homogeneous species Corymbia citriodora for the production of essential oil with biosolids (2.5, 5.0, 10 and 20 ton / ha K), usual chemical fertilizer, only one treatment with potassium and an absolute control without any fertilization. Before the experiment be deployed under field conditions, there will be a soil test recommendations as a basis for mineral fertilizers. Several parameters will be evaluated every three months during one year, which will be the following: height, crown diameter, level of chlorophyll in leaves and leaf analysis and every six months will be done soil and leaf analysis. At the time of leaves collect, dry weight will be measured in addition to the oil yield and quality, quantifying the content of citronelal by the method of chromatography. There were statistical differences for height, crown diameter and index of green, and for crown diameter indicated differences from the first evaluation (after three months). For nutrition, chemical analysis of leaves was ...

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Moraes, Thiago de Mello [UNESP]. "Avaliação do óleo essencial de Citrus aurantium e do seu constituinte majoritário, limoneno, como adjuvantes no tratamento da artrite reumatóide em ratos com úlceras gástricas". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102443.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Artrite reumatóide (AR) é uma doença auto-imune, crônica, inflamatória e sistêmica cuja etiologia não é totalmente conhecida e até o presente, não existe cura. Esta doença é caracterizada pela inflamação simétrica e progressiva das juntas sinoviais que resulta em uma erosão óssea e da cartilagem. Apesar de todos os inconvenientes causados pelas drogas anti-inflamatórias não esteroidais (DAINE), estas constituem a base da pirâmide no tratamento da AR e são os medicamentos mais prescritos no início do tratamento da AR. A prevalência de úlceras gástricas e duodenais, dentre os usuários crônicos das DAINE, está acima de 20%, dentre estes, cerca de 4% desenvolvem complicações graves. Outro fato muito relevante na prevalência da AR é que pacientes com AR e usuários de DAINE são muito mais susceptíveis as úlceras gástricas causadas por DAINE do que os usuários comuns destes anti-inflamatórios. A partir de resultados obtidos anteriormente foi demonstrado que o óleo essencial de Citrus aurantium (OEC) e o limoneno (LIM), seu constituinte majoritário, apresentaram atividade gastroprotetora frente á úlceras gástricas induzidas por DAINE além de uma ação cicatrizante na mucosa gástrica de ratos. Sendo assim, os objetivos iniciais deste trabalho foram de avaliar a ação gastroprotetora e cicatrizante do OEC e LIM na mucosa gástrica de ratos artríticos e também avaliar a atividade anti-inflamatória destes compostos per si e em associação com uma DAINE em modelos de inflamação aguda e crônica (artrite reumatóide). Para isso foram realizados modelos de inflamação aguda induzida por diferentes agentes pró-inflamatórios (carragenina, histamina, bradicinina, serotonina, e substância P) além do modelo de inflamação crônica (artrite reumatóide) induzida por colágeno. Para avaliar a atividade destes...
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Van, der Westhuizen Guida Maria. "Effects of Ylang ylang essential oil on physiological and socio- psychological variables in females". Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/201.

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Thesis (M. Tech.(Somatology)) - Central University of Technology, Free state, 2013
The role of the modern woman has drastically altered within the last 20 years. Aiming to find a balance and adequate time to address both family and work demands requires fine planning and compromise, most likely leading to a woman who is overstressed, fatigued, impatient and anxious. A fatigued body, induced by stress overload, may result in an elevation in blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate. These physiological alterations may predispose individuals to cardiovascular disease and a compromised immune system. Currently, the dynamics between physiological changes within the body and the influence of aromatherapy essential oils are not well defined or researched. Limited information is available to explain the influence of aromatherapy essential oils as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) on female physiological parameters, specifically blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate. The aim of the research study firstly was to evaluate the physiological alterations in the female human body in response to aromatherapy Ylang ylang essential oil, and secondly, to determine the perceptions regarding the physiological and psychological abilities of the participants upon completion of the treatment course. The outcome of this study will contribute to the scientific knowledge of aromatherapy essential oils as a CAM therapy. A single blind, experimental case-control study design was followed. This research study recruited 36 voluntary female participants from the Bloemfontein area between the ages of 20 and 45 years. The 36 participants were divided equally into group A and B. Group A commenced with the face control (carrier oil only), followed by three face experimental treatments (Ylang ylang essential oil blend). Thereafter, the back control was conducted, followed by three back experimental treatments. Similarly, group B commenced with three back experimental treatments, followed by the back control. The three face experimental treatments followed and concluded with the face control. Demographic and post-treatment questionnaires were utilised to ascertain demographic data and any perceptive physiological and psychological changes. The blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate physiological parameters were measured by utilizing the Nihon Kodhen apparatus. Physical stress indicators such as elevated pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breathing rate increased during stress were reduced at a quicker rate in aromatherapy treatments where Ylang ylang essential oil was present. Dermal application of Ylang ylang essential oil produced more prominent improvements when applied to the back area, indicating that a larger absorption surface provides superior improvements in the physical parameters. Most participants perceived an improvement in stress levels, concentration levels, energy levels and self esteem levels. In general, it seems probable that Ylang ylang essential oil had a positive effect on stress and had a reductive effect on some of the physiological parameters. The topic of complementary and alternative therapies is a diverse one. Various opinions, whether justifiable or not, are possibly influencing the public domain which has become directed at CAM therapies as alternatives to conventional medicine. The most evident and probable shortcoming in CAM therapy research lies in the lack of scientific research and evidence. Thus, more research is required in order to contribute to this field of study by adding knowledge and provide a better understanding of the topic. This study has contributed to the knowledge of CAM therapies.

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Budri, Paulo Eduardo [UNESP]. "Efeito dos óleos essenciais de Syzygium aromaticum e Cinnamomum zeylanicume e seus compostos majoritários na produçao de biofilme em cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, isolados de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110362.

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A mastite bovina é uma inflamação da glândula mamária das vacas, causando perdas econômicas na bovino-cultura leiteira e Staphylococcus aureus é um dos micro-organismos mais comumente isolado nesse tipo de doença. A produção de biofilmes por S. aureus constitui um importante fator de virulência e contaminação desse micro-organismo, envolvendo a adesão da bactéria em superfícies sólidas. Neste trabalho foram testados os óleos essenciais de Syzygium aromaticum (OESA) e Cinnamomum zeylanicum (OECZ) e seus compostos majoritários, eugenol e cinamaldeído, quanto à atividade sobre a formação de biofilmes em cepas de S. aureus, em diferentes superfícies. Os resultados demonstraram inibição significativa (p<0,05) da produção de biofilme pelo OESA em superfície de poliestireno e aço inox (69,4% e 63,6%, respectivamente). Entretanto, seu composto majoritário, o eugenol, não apresentou a mesma eficácia, reduzindo a formação em apenas 52,8% em poliestireno e 19,6% em aço inox (p>0,05). Por outro lado, o OECZ e seu composto majoritário, cinamaldeído, reduziram significativamente a capacidade de produção de biofilme, tanto em superfícies de poliestireno (74,7% e 69,6%, respectivamente) quanto em superfície de aço inox (45,3% e 44,9%, respectivamente). Pela significante redução da produção de biofilme por OESA, OECZ e cinamaldeído, em baixa concentração, estas substâncias podem ser consideradas, como princípio ativo, na produção de sanitizantes na indústria de alimentos
Bovine Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland of cows causing economic losses in dairy cattle and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the microorganisms most commonly isolated in this kind of disease. The production of biofilms by S. aureus is an important virulence factor and spreed of this microorganism, involving the adhesion of bacteria on solid surfaces. In this work we tested the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum (OESA) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (OECZ) and their major compounds, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, as the activity on biofilm formation in strains of S. aureus on different surfaces. The results showed a significant inhibition (p <0.05) for the biofilm production on the by OESA on polystyrene and stainless steel surface (69.4% and 63.6 %, respectively). However, its major compound, eugenol, did not show the same effectiveness, reducing in only 52.8 % and 19.6 % in polystyrene stainless steel (p > 0.05). On the other hand, OECZ and its major compound, cinnamaldehyde, reduced significantly the capacity of biofilm production, both in polystyrene (74.7% and 69.6%, respectively) and on the of stainless steel surfaces (45.3% and 44.9%, respectively). Due to the significant reduction of biofilm production by OESA, OECZ and cinnamaldehyde, at low concentration, these substances may be considered as active ingredient, in the production of sanitizers in the food industry

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Piazon, Neto Mario 1985. "Nutrição mineral e produção de óleo essencial em plantações de corymbia citriodora fertilizado com composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto /". Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154616.

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Orientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini
Banca: Fernando Carvalho Oliveira
Banca: José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves
Resumo: O lodo de esgoto está se tornando cada vez mais um grande problema para as cidades, pois com o aumento populacional há proporcionalmente um aumento desse resíduo. Uma alternativa para a sua disposição é a utilização no setor agrícola e florestal, com uma maior aptidão para o último, pois seu produto final não se destina a alimentação humana ou animal. Visto isso, pretende-se saber se o lodo de esgoto tratado (Biossólido) tem a capacidade de fornecimento nutricional adequado para a cultura de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.), espécie de múltiplos usos, onde se destaca a extração de óleo essencial. Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar a fertilização de florestas homogêneas da espécie Corymbia citriodora, destinadas à produção de óleo essencial, com biossólido, através dos seguintes tratamentos: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 10; 15 e 20 Mg ha-1 de biossólido complementado com potássio e boro, fertilização química usual, um tratamento apenas com potássio e boro e testemunha absoluta. Antes da instalação do experimento em campo, realizou-se análise química do solo como base para as recomendações da adubação química. Parâmetros biométricos e nutricionais foram avaliados a cada três meses durante um ano, como altura, diâmetro de copa, índice de cor verde nas folhas e análise foliar, além de realizar a cada seis meses a análise do solo. Ao fim de 12 meses, coletou-se as folhas do terço médio e inferior da árvore para a quantificação da biomassa. Além disso, foram retiradas amostras ...
Abstract: The sewage sludge is becoming an increasingly big problem for cities, with the population growing; there is an increased proportion of this material. An alternative for disposal this waste is the use in agriculture and forestry, with a special ability of the latter, since the end product is not intended for human or animal feeding. Based on this, is to find out if the treated sewage sludge (biosolids) has the ability to supply adequate nutrition for the cultivation of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.), a species of multiple uses, which highlights the essential oil extraction.This study aims to compare the fertilizing forests homogeneous species Corymbia citriodora for the production of essential oil with biosolids (2.5, 5.0, 10 and 20 ton / ha K), usual chemical fertilizer, only one treatment with potassium and an absolute control without any fertilization. Before the experiment be deployed under field conditions, there will be a soil test recommendations as a basis for mineral fertilizers. Several parameters will be evaluated every three months during one year, which will be the following: height, crown diameter, level of chlorophyll in leaves and leaf analysis and every six months will be done soil and leaf analysis. At the time of leaves collect, dry weight will be measured in addition to the oil yield and quality, quantifying the content of citronelal by the method of chromatography. There were statistical differences for height, crown diameter and index of green, and for crown diameter indicated differences from the first evaluation (after three months). For nutrition, chemical analysis of leaves was ...
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Jones, Christopher G. "The best of Santalum album : essential oil composition, biosynthesis and genetic diversity in the Australian tropical sandalwood collection". University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0146.

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[Truncated abstract] An investigation into the causes of heartwood and essential oil content of Australian plantation sandalwood, Santalum album was undertaken. Genetic diversity of 233 S. album, five S. austrocaledonicum and fifteen S. macgregorii trees growing in the Forest Products Commission arboretum, Kununurra WA, was assessed using nuclear and chloroplast RFLPs. Santalum spicatum was chosen as an out-group. Nuclear genetic diversity of the S. album collection was very low, with observed and expected heterozygosity levels of 0.047. This was lower than the results previously reported in the literature for trees in India, however a different technique was used. Based on allelic patterns, the collection was able to be categorised into 19 genotypes; each representing some shared genetic origin. Some groups were highly redundant with 56 trees being represented, while others were populated by just one tree. The essential oil yield and heartwood contents of trees from these genetic groups were compared. Yields were highly variable both within and between groups of trees which share a common genetic history, suggesting a significant environmental component was contributing to the observed phenotype, despite identical soil and climatic conditions. Ancestral lineages were tested using chloroplast RFLPs, although a lack of shared mutations between species made this difficult. Only one S. album tree originating from Timor was resolved using nuclear RFLPs, with the other trees being grouped with material sourced from India. There was no resolution of Indian S. album from Timorese using chloroplast RFLPs, however one S. album tree grown from Indian seed possessed a single unique mutation. The low genetic diversity of the Australian S. album collection is likely to be a combination of incomplete seed sourcing and highly restricted gene flow during the evolution of the species. Combined with information gathered on the phylogeny of the genus by other researchers, S. album is postulated to have originated from an over-sea dispersal out of northern Australia or Papua New Guinea 3 to 5 million years ago. Essential oil yield and composition was assessed for 100 S. album trees growing in the collection, ranging in age from 8 to 17 years. Oil content of heartwood ranged from 30 mg g-1 to 60 mg g-1, and the transition zone 36 mg g-1 to 90 mg g-1. Sapwood contained almost no sesquiterpene oils. Despite the highly variable total oil yields, the chemical profile of the oil did not vary, suggesting there was limited genetic diversity within this region of the genome. Strong, positive correlations existed between v sesquiterpenoids in the essential oil of S. album. ... These represent the first TPS genes to be isolated from sandalwood and will enable further elucidation of oil biosynthesis genes. This thesis compiles a three-pronged approach to understanding the underlying causes of oil yield variation in S. album. As a species for which so little is known, the research presented here provides a major leap forward for tree improvement, breeding and silviculture. Hence the best of Santalum album research is presented.

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Lihandra, Eka M. "Assessment of ethanol, honey, milk and essential oils as potential postharvest treatments of New Zealand grown fruit a thesis submitted in (partial) fulfilment for the degree of Master of Applied Science at the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, 2007 /". Click here to access this resource online, 2007. http://repositoryaut.lconz.ac.nz/theses/1361/.

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Dalbosco, Talita. "Avaliação do potencial alelopático dos extratos foliares brutos do capim-annoni-2 (Eragrostis plana Nees) e estudo do óleo essencial". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/737.

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O capim annoni-2, Eragrostis plana Nees, é uma espécie vegetal africana conhecida por sua capacidade invasora e, por este motivo, classificada como planta daninha, sendo considerada a mais agressiva e de mais difícil controle nos campos sulinos. Esta espécie ativa mecanismos de inibição de crescimento e germinação de outras espécies vizinhas no fenômeno denominado alelopatia. O estudo fitoquímico de E. plana Nees, justifica-se por se tratar de uma espécie com suposta atividade alelopática, bem como, em função de suas características e do impacto biológico e econômico causado por ela. Com o objetivo de identificar e caracterizar moléculas bioativas e avaliar seus efeitos alelopáticos, foram realizados os experimentos. As folhas de E. plana Nees, foram coletadas no inverno e verão, para análise fitoquímica, e a obtenção do óleo essencial das amostras foi feita por hidrodestilação e, posteriormente, filtrados e refrigerados até a análise cromatográfica gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Para os metabólitos secundários não voláteis, o material botânico foi submetido a extração exaustiva a frio, com éter de petróleo e acetato de etila. Os extratos foram submetidos à técnica de Infravermelho. Na identificação alelopática foram utilizadas sementes da espécie Ipomoea grandifolia em dois bioensaios comumente realizados em estudos alelopáticos. Os testes, de germinação e alongamento de radícula e hipocótilo foram monitorados diariamente por 7 dias, em condições controladas e realizados em câmaras BOD (Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio). Para os dois testes foram empregados 5 doses com diferentes concentrações de cada extrato em volume de 5 mL em cada placa de Petri. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições, sendo água destilada e Tween 80 + solvente extratores como testemunhas. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de homogeneidade de variâncias, pelo teste de Cochran C e à análise de normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro–Wilk, com posterior análise de variância, ANOVA e teste de Tukey a 5% de significância para as variáveis homogêneas. O efeito alelopático apresentado pelas folhas de E. plana Nees, pode estar relacionado com os teores de terpenos observados na análise do óleo essencial, uma vez que os mesmos, possuem propriedades alelopáticas, conforme relatos da literatura. Os extratos brutos expressaram o potencial alelopático da E. plana Nees, interferindo no desenvolvimento da espécie receptora. A utilização destes extratos de forma direta ou como fonte de moléculas químicas, pode colaborar no desenvolvimento de novos bio-herbicidas.
The grass - 2 lovegrass , Eragrostis plana Nees , is an African plant species known for its invasive capacity and , therefore , classified as a weed , and is considered the most aggressive and more difficult to control in the southern fields . This species active mechanisms of inhibition of germination and growth of neighboring species in the phenomenon called allelopathy . The phytochemical study of E. plana Nees , is justified because it is a species with alleged allelopathic activity and, depending on its characteristics and the biological and economic impact caused by it . In order to identify and characterize bioactive molecules and evaluate their allelopathic effects , the experiments were performed . The leaves of E. plana Nees were collected in winter and summer , for phytochemical analysis , and obtain the essential oil sample was taken by hydrodistillation and subsequently filtered and chilled to the gas chromatographic analysis coupled with mass spectrometry . For non- volatile secondary metabolites , the plant material was subjected to exhaustive cold extraction with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate . The extracts were subjected to IR technique . In allelopathic identification seeds of Ipomoea grandifolia species commonly performed in two bioassays in allelopathic studies were used . The tests , germination and radicle and hypocotyl elongation were monitored daily for 7 days under controlled and conducted in chambers BOD ( Biochemical Oxygen Demand ) conditions . For both tests 5 doses with different concentrations of each extract volume of 5 mL in each Petri dish were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications, with distilled water and Tween 80 + solvent extractors as witnesses . The data were submitted to variance homogeneity test, the Cochran C and analysis of normality by the Shapiro - Wilk test, with subsequent analysis of variance , ANOVA and Tukey test at 5 % significance level for the homogeneous variables. The allelopathic effect exhibited by the leaves of E. Nees plane can be related to the levels observed in the analysis of terpenes of essential oil , since they possess allelopathic effects , as reported in the literature. The extracts expressed the allelopathic potential of E. plana Nees , interfering with the development of the receiving species . The use of these extracts directly or as a source of chemical molecules , can collaborate in developing new bio - herbicides.

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David, Evelize de Fátima Saraiva 1970. "Níveis de fósforo no desenvolvimento e produção de óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. cultivada em solução nutritiva /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93474.

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Orientador: Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro
Banca: José Antonio Proença V. Moraes
Banca: Marcia Ortiz Mayo Marques
Resumo: Para o estudo do desenvolvimento da Mentha piperita L. e da produção de seu óleo essencial, foram cultivadas plantas em solução nutritiva com diferentes níveis de fósforo, que constituíram diferentes tratamentos, aos quais as plantas foram submetidas. Para tanto, as plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva no 2 Hoagland & Arnon (1950), na mesma solução com decréscimo de 50% e com acréscimo de 50% de fósforo. As variáveis número de folhas, comprimento de parte aérea, massa seca dos diferentes órgãos, área foliar, razão de área foliar, área foliar específica, taxa assimilatória liquida, taxa de crescimento relativo, razão de massa foliar, distribuição de massa seca, rendimento e composição de óleo essencial foram avaliadas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três níveis de fósforo, cinco colheitas e quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5. Para a análise do óleo essencial o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey, com 5% de significância. O fator colheita foi avaliado por análise de regressão, exceto na avaliação da produção e composição do óleo essencial. As plantas submetidas ao maior nível de fósforo e igual a 91,5/183,0 mg L-1 apresentaram tendência de aumento do número de lâminas foliares, área foliar, massa seca de lâminas foliares, massa seca total e dos teores de mentona. As plantas submetidas ao nível intermediário de fósforo, igual a 57,5/115,0 mg L-1 apresentaram maior massa seca de caule mais pecíolos e maior teor de mentofurano. Quando as plantas foram submetidas ao menor nível de fósforo, igual a 28,7/57,5 mg L-1, foi maior a massa seca de raízes, massa seca de estolões, produção de óleo essencial e teores de mentol, acetato de mentila e pulegona... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: To study the development of Mentha piperita L. and the production of essential oil plants were cultivated in nutritive solution under several levels of P. Original Hoagland & Arnon (1950) no 2 nutritive solution were one of the treatments, and the other experimental levels were this nutritive solution with 50% of the original P concentration, and added with 50% P over the original concentration. The variables evaluated were number of leaves, steam length, dry mass several organs, leaf area, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, net assimilatory rate, relative growth rate, leaf mass ratio, dry mass distribution. Essential oil yield and composition were also assessed. A randomized factorial design 3x5 were used, with there levels of phosphorus. for essential oil, a randomized 3x3 factorial design were used. Data analysis consisted in application of ANOVA followed by the Tukey test, using the level of significance of 5%. The crop factor was studied using regression analysis, except for essential oil yield and composition. Highest P levels, 91,5/183,0 mg L-1 resulted on significantly higher values for number of leaves, leaf area, leaf dry mass, total dry mass and content menthone. Plants cultivated under intermediate P levels, 57,5/115,0 mg L-1 had higher values for stem plus petiole dry mass, and content menthofuram. When submitted to the lower level of P, 28,7/57,5 mg L-1, root dry mass, steam dry mass, menthol, essential oil yield, menthyl acetate and pulegone content were highest. Physiological indexes as leaf area ratio, leaf mass ratio, dry mass distribution of plants cultivated under the intermediate P levels were higher than those found in the P level of 91,5/183 mg L-1. We concluded that the best period to crop this plant, aiming for a highest yield of essential oil, was 60 days after transplantation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Leonardo, Marcelo [UNESP]. "Produção de óleo essencial associado à deficiência hídrica em plantas Ocimum basilicum L. cv. genovese". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103422.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Um dos mais importantes fatores ambientais e agronômicos que afetam a produção de metabólitos secundários em plantas é a água. Quantidade limitada de água tem efeito negativo sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Entretanto, a deficiência hídrica (DH), muitas vezes tem se mostrado positiva no acúmulo de constituintes ativos em espécies medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares. Verificou-se a influência da DH na participação de assimilados, acúmulo e na composição do óleo essencial em manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.). Paralelamente, foram avaliados parâmetros bioquímicos relacionados com a resposta das plantas a DH. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por dois blocos, T1 (controle) que foi mantido sempre irrigado e T2 (DH) submetido a três níveis de DH. Nas plantas dos tratamentos do bloco T2 (DH), foi suspenso o fornecimento de água quando 50% das plantas iniciaram seu florescimento. Observou-se que as plantas cultivadas sob DH, responderam com aumento da concentração de óleo essencial na inflorescência e nas folhas. O maior rendimento de óleo por planta, foi encontrado nas plantas do controle, principalmente no tecido da inflorescência, inversamente do observado para o tecido foliar. Em termos qualitativos, a análise dos componentes do óleo revelou que os diferentes níveis de DH não alteraram o padrão conhecido para esta espécie. Constatou-se que todos os parâmetros biométricos foram influenciados negativamente pela DH. A análise da atividade enzimática indicou que o estresse causado por DH ativou todas as enzimas relacionadas ao sistema de resposta antioxidativo, além de induzir ao acúmulo de L-prolina.
The water is one of the most important agronomic and environmental factors that affect the production of secondary metabolites in plants. Limited amount of water has negative effect on growth and development of plants. However, the hydric deficiency (HD), a lot of times have been shown positive in the active constituents accumulation in medicinal species, aromatic and spices. The influence of HD was verified in participation of assimilate, accumulation and in the essential oil composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). At the same time, biochemical parameters related with HD in plants were studied. The treatments were constituited by two blocks, T1 (control) that was maintained well irrigated and T2 (HD) submitted to three levels of HD. In T2 (HD) treatments, the water supply was suspended when 50% of the plants began flowering. In plants cultivated under HD was observed that the essential oil concentration was increased in the inflorescences and leaves. The largest oil income was found in the plants of control, mainly in inflorescences material, inversely of observed in leaves material. In qualitative terms, the oil components analysis revealed that the different levels of HD didn't alter the known standarts for this species. It was verified that all of the biometrical parameters were negatively influenced by HD. The enzymatic activity analysis indicated that the stress caused by HD had activated all of the enzymes related to the antioxitative response system, besides inducing the accumulation of L-proline.

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Santos, Adriana de Jesus. "Nanocompósitos contendo óleo essencial de Syzygium aromaticum : obstenção, caracterização e atividade larvicida contra o Aedes aegypti". Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3960.

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The essential oils, such Syzygium aromaticum essential oil has attracted great interest due to their known larvicidal activity against the Aedes aegypti. However, these oils present a limited use in aqueous media, the proliferation media of Ae. aegypti. In this sense, the achievement of systems that improve the oil dispersion in aqueous media is highly necessary. The aim of the present work was to produce and characterize nanocomposite containing OESA as release system for larvicidal control of Ae. aegypti. The (bentonite/PVP) nanocomposites were produced via clay/polymer intercalation method using a hidroalcoholic solution. Samples with clay to polymer ratio of 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 p/p were produced and they were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), moisture determination by Karl Fischer method, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The larvicidal activity was evaluated though the determination of the median lethal concentration (CL50) for Ae. aegypti larvae. From XRD results, an increase in the basal spacing (d001) of bentonite from 13.61 Å to 27.13 Å could be observed after the nanocomposite formation, which characterizes the clay/polymer intercalation. When the oil was incorporated to the nanocomposite no difference could be detected in the basal spacing values. The TG/DTA and DSC curves suggested higher thermal stability for oil incorporated nanocomposite. The moisture determination by the Karl-Fischer method was used to confirm the TG results. From FTIR spectra it was possible to detect the vanishing and shifting of some OESA bands at 3075 cm-1, 2944 cm-1 e 1751 cm-1, which suggest the OESA incorporation to nanocomposite. The OESA presented CL50 of 40.74 ppm, while its major component eugenol presented CL50 of 48.19 ppm. The nanocomposite produced with a ratio of 2:1 p/p presented a CL50 of 27.34 ppm, which is less than the pure oil, suggesting the viability of the system.
Os óleos essenciais tais como o óleo essencial de Syzygium aromaticum (OESA), têm despertado interesse ao controle das larvas do Aedes aegypti uma vez que apresentam comprovada ação larvicida. O uso direto destes óleos apresenta limitação quanto à solubilidade em meio aquoso, o meio de proliferação das larvas. Logo, a obtenção de sistemas que favoreçam a dispersão destes óleos em meio aquoso se faz necessária. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo obter e caracterizar nanocompósitos contendo o OESA para o controle larvicida do Ae. aegypti. Os nanocompósitos (bentonita/PVP) foram obtidos pelo método de intercalação argila/polímero em solução hidroalcoólica, variando as proporções entre argila e polímero (2:1; 1:1 e 1:2 p/p), e caracterizados por técnicas de difração de raios X (DRX), análise termogravimétrica (TG/DTA), determinação de umidade pelo método de Karl Fischer, calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e espectrofotometria de absorção na região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A atividade larvicida foi avaliada a partir da determinação da concentração letal média (CL50) contra as larvas do Ae. aegypti. Os resultados das análises de DRX mostraram um aumento do espaçamento basal da bentonita de 13,61 Å para 27,13 Å após a formação do nanocompósito, caracterizando, assim, intercalação argila/polímero. Com a incorporação do óleo ao nanocompósito não foi observado diferença nos valores do espaçamento basal. As curvas de TG/DTA e DSC sugeriram ganho de estabilidade térmica para o óleo incorporado ao nanocompósito. A determinação de umidade pelo método de Karl-Fischer foi utilizada para corroborar os resultados do TG. Foi possível observar nos espectros de FTIR o desaparecimento e o deslocamento de algumas bandas do OESA em 3075 cm-1, 2944 cm-1 e 1751 cm-1, sugerindo a incorporação do OESA aos nanocompósitos. O OESA apresentou CL50 de 40,74 ppm enquanto o seu componente majoritário eugenol apresentou CL50 de 48,19 ppm. O nanocompósito na proporção 2:1 p/p apresentou uma CL50 de 27,4 ppm, menor que a do óleo puro, o que sugere a viabilidade do sistema.

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Santos, Sandra Regina Lima. "Síntese e atividade de compostos potencialmente larvicidas frente ao Aedes aegypti". Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3956.

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Nowadays, themost importantarboviral diseaseaffecting humans is dengue.The Dengue constitutesa serious problem of public health in the world; its managementis basically restrictedto the controlling of themain vector, Aedes aegypti. In absence of an effective and safe prevention vaccine for this disease, the main preventive measureavailablefor infections causedby dengue virusisvector controlthrough the use of chemicalinsecticides andlarvicides. This strategy, however, hasshownselectivity inmaintenanceofresistant mosquitopopulations against insecticidesconventionallyused. In this context, the development of new technologies and alternative strategies to combat Aedes aegypti is essential to reduce the disease incidence.Thus, theobjective of this studywas to evaluatethe activity of new compoundsagainst larvaeof Aedesaegyptiand it was addressed two aspects:the evaluationof terpenesand derivatives, as well as the synthesis ofcompoundswith the potentialto acttowardsofmetabolism oftryptophan. Initially were selected 21 commercially compounds available, subdivided into two groups: 10 aromatic and 11 aliphatic bicyclic. Bioassays were performed using 20 larvae per test in cups containing 20 ml of an aqueous solution containing varying concentrations of test compounds in triplicate. Among the aromatic compounds the p-cymene demons the best potency LC50 = 51 ppm and the Resorcinol exhibited the lower potency LC50 = 577 ppm. Within the aliphatic group the ( )-camphene showed the best activity LC50 = 220 ppm and 1,8-cineole exhibited lower potency LC50 = 1419 ppm. It was Identified that the structural characteristics of the derivatives of essential oils may contribute to the understanding the larvicidal activity of these compounds. In this sense, we report the importance of the lipophilic groups presence increasing the potency of these substances as well as reducing the potential larvicide in derivatives held hydroxyl in the molecule. Subsequently, twelve compoundskynureninederivativesweresynthesized according tovariousmethods, followed bythe identificationby thin layer chromatography and melting point, purified by silica gel 60 column chromatography and characterized by 13C and1H NMR , MS and IR. Allsynthetic intermediateswere evaluated forlarvicidal activityandobserved thatcompounds 2-amino-a-chloroacetophenone replacedtested proved tobepotent larvicides agentsagainstAe. aegypti, with LC50valuesranged from4.29 to 11.71ppm. However, thecompounds 2-acetylamino-2-[2 - (2-amino-fenilas-substituted)-2-oxoetila] malonic aciddiethylester andkynurenine derivatives, showed nosignificant activity againstl arvae of the Ae.aegypti.
A dengue é hoje a mais importante arbovirose que afeta o homem e constitui um sério problema de saúde pública mundial, estando seu controle voltado, basicamente, no manejo do principal vetor, o Aedes aegypti. Na ausência de uma vacina eficaz e segura para prevenção desta enfermidade, a principal medida de prevenção disponível para as infecções causadas pelo vírus da dengue é o controle vetorial através do uso de inseticidas e larvicidas químicos. Essa estratégia, entretanto, tem se mostrado seletiva no que concerne à manutenção de populações resistentes do mosquito frente aos inseticidas convencionalmente utilizados. Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e estratégias alternativas no controleao Aedes aegypti é fundamental para reduzir a incidência da doença. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade de novos compostos frente às larvas do Aedes aegypti e para tal utilizou-se de duas vertentes: a avaliação de monoterpenos e derivados, fenilpropanóides,e substâncias derivadas da via do metabolismo do triptofano.Inicialmente foram selecionados 21 compostos comercialmente disponíveis, subdivididos em dois grupos: 10 compostos aromáticos e 11 alifáticos bicíclicos. Os bioensaios foram realizados utilizando-se 20 larvas por teste, em copos descartáveis contendo 20 mL de uma solução aquosa com concentrações variadas dos compostos teste, em triplicata. Dentre os compostos aromáticos o p-cimeno apresentam-se mais potentes, CL50 = 51 ppm e o Resorcinol exibiu a menor potência CL50 = 577 ppm. Dentro do grupo dos alifáticos o ( )-canfeno apresentou a melhor atividade CL50 = 220 ppm e o 1,8-cineol exibiu a menor potência CL50 = 1419 ppm. Identificamos que as caracteristicas estruturais dos derivados de oléos essencias podem contribuir para potencializar a atividade larvicida destes compostos. Neste sentido, relatamos a importância da presença de grupos lipofilicos no incremento da potência destas substâncias assim como a diminuição do potencial larvicida em derivados que detinham hidroxila em sua molécula. Posteriormente, doze compostos derivados da quinurenina foram sintetizados de acordo com diversas metodologias, seguido da identificação por cromatografia em camada delgada e ponto de fusão, além de serem purificados em coluna cromatográfica de sílica gel 60 e caracterizados por RMN de13C e 1H, EM e IV. Todos os intermediários de síntese foram avaliados quanto à atividade larvicida e observou-se que os compostos 2-amino-a-cloroacetofenona substituídatestados demonstraram serem potentes agentes larvicidas contra o Ae. aegypti, sendo que os valores das CL50 variaram entre 4,29 a 11,71 ppm. Entretanto, os compostos 2-acetilamino-2-[2-(2-amino-fenilas-substituídas)-2-oxoetila] ácido malônico-dietil-éster ederivados da quinurenina, não apresentaram atividade significativa contra as larvas do Ae. aegypti

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Cassini, Juliane. "Utilização de enzimas para a obtenção de óleos essenciais e cumarinas da casca de Citrus latifolia Tanaka". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1003.

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O óleo essencial de Citrus latifolia Tanaka (limão Tahiti) possui grande valor comercial e aplicações em diversos tipos de indústrias. A extração enzimática de óleos vegetais fixos aumenta o rendimento, consome pouca energia e causa um mínimo impacto ambiental, porém poucos estudos avaliaram o seu emprego para a extração de óleos essenciais de plantas aromáticas. Em vista disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia enzimática para a extração do óleo essencial de cascas de C. latifolia Tanaka, além de avaliar a percentagem de compostos bioativos, como cumarinas, nos resíduos dos processos de extração. Para tanto, foram realizados pré-tratamentos enzimáticos nas cascas, através de um complexo constituído principalmente por celulases, caracterizado em papel filtro (FPA), e posterior extração do óleo por hidrodestilação. Nos três primeiros experimentos foram avaliados o efeito da carga enzimática (5, 7 e 12 FPA/g de substrato), o efeito do tempo de pré-tratamento enzimático (1, 2 e 3 horas) e o efeito do pré-tratamento em cascas trituradas sobre o rendimento e a composição do óleo essencial obtido por 1 hora de hidrodestilação. Em outro experimento foi avaliada a possibilidade de redução no tempo de hidrodestilação através do pré-tratamento enzimático, utilizando-se cargas de 5, 7 e 12 FPA/g em cascas trituradas, calculando-se o rendimento em óleo durante a hidrodestilação em diferentes intervalos de tempo (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 minutos). As cumarinas foram extraídas com hexano dos resíduos líquidos e sólidos das hidrodestilações através de extração líquido-líquido e soxhlet, respectivamente. As análises dos compostos dos óleos essenciais e das cumarinas foram feitas por cromatografia gasosa (GC) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC/MS). Nos três primeiros experimentos descritos não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas entre os rendimentos em óleo das amostras pré-tratadas enzimaticamente e os controles, demonstrando que o pré-tratamento enzimático não alterou o rendimento em óleo obtido por 1 hora de hidrodestilação. Porém, a análise dos componentes dos óleos permitiu observar um aumento nas proporções de alguns compostos oxigenados (p<0,05), responsáveis pela qualidade do aroma. No experimento onde foi avaliada a diminuição do tempo de hidrodestilação, verificou-se que o pré-tratamento com carga de 5 FPA/g atingiu o rendimento máximo em torno de 30 minutos do processo de destilação, enquanto que no controle o rendimento máximo foi em torno de 50 minutos. Utilizando-se a carga de 7 FPA/g, o rendimento máximo foi atingido em torno de 20 minutos, o mesmo ocorrendo com a carga de 12 FPA/g, enquanto que no controle foi em torno de 40 e 50 minutos, respectivamente. Estes resultados indicam que o pré-tratamento enzimático reduz o tempo de hidrodestilação apresentando vantagens do ponto de vista de custo energético e de integridade dos componentes do óleo, visto a redução do tempo de exposição do material vegetal à temperatura de ebulição da água, preconizando as bases para um processo tecnológico que envolve pré-tratamento enzimático associado à hidrodestilação para ser empregado na obtenção de óleo essencial de C. latifolia Tanaka. Em relação às cumarinas, os resultados obtidos indicaram que a percentagem da maioria desses compostos não foi alterada quando as amostras sofreram pré-tratamento enzimático. Entretanto, propõe-se que os resíduos gerados pela hidrodestilação podem ser aproveitados e utilizados como fonte de cumarinas.
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Citrus latifolia Tanaka (Tahiti lime) essential oil has a high commercial value and a large application in different industries. The enzymatic extraction of vegetable oils increases yields extraction, energy efficient and cause minimal environmental impact, but few studies have evaluated its use for the extraction of essential oils from aromatic plants. As a result, this study aimed to contribute to the development of enzymatic technology for extraction of essential oil from peels of C. latifolia Tanaka, and assess the proportion of bioactive compounds such as coumarins, in wastes extraction processes. To do so, it was performed enzymatic pretreatment of the peels, through a complex composed primarily of cellulases, characterized in filter paper (FPA), and subsequent extraction of oil by hydrodistillation. In the first three experiments were evaluated the effect of enzyme loading (5, 7 and 12 FPA/g substrate), the effect of time of enzymatic pretreatment (1, 2 and 3 hours) and the effect of pretreatment on crushed peels, on yield and composition of essential oil obtained by 1 hour hydrodistillation. In another test, it was evaluated the possibility of reducing the time hydrodistillation by enzymatic pretreatment, using loads of 5, 7 and 12 FPA/g of crushed peels, calculating the oil yield during the hydrodistillation at different intervals time (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes). The coumarins were extracted from the liquid and solid wastes from hydrodistillations with hexane through liquid-liquid extraction and soxhlet, respectively. The analysis of the compounds of essential oils and coumarins were made by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS). In the first three experiments described not statistical differences were found between the oil yields of enzymatically pretreated samples and controls, demonstrating that the enzymatic pretreatment did not affect the oil yield obtained by 1 hour hydrodistillation. However, the analysis of the oil components allowed to observe an increase in the proportions of some oxygenated compounds (p < 0,05), responsible for the quality of aroma. In the experiment where was evaluated the short-time hydrodistillation, it was found that pretreatment with a load of 5 FPA/g reached the maximum yield of about 30 minutes from the distillation process, while in the control the maximum yield was about 50 minutes. Using the load of 7 FPA/g, the maximum yield was reached in about 20 minutes, the same happened with the load of 12 FPA/g, while in the control was around 40 and 50 minutes, respectively. These results indicate that enzymatic pretreatment reduces the time hydrodistillation with advantages in terms of cost efficiency and integrity of the oil components, since the reduction in exposure time of the plant material at a temperature of boiling water, pointing out the foundation for a technological process that involves enzyme pretreatment associated with hydrodistillation to be employed in obtaining essential oil of C. latifolia Tanaka. For the coumarins, the results indicated that the percentage of most of these compounds was not altered when the samples were enzymatically pretreated. However, it is proposed that the waste generated by hydrodistillation can be recovered and used as a source of coumarins.

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Moor, Vincent de. "Étude sur la composition des glycosides du sapin baumier Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1994. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Martínez, Julian 1976. "Extração de oleos volateis e outros compostos com CO2 supercritico : desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de aumento de escala a partir da modelagem matematica do processo e avaliação dos extratos obtidos". [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254925.

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Orientadores: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles, Paulo de Tarso Vieira Rosa
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Doutorado
Engenharia de Alimentos
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

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