Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Essences and essential oils

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Essences and essential oils”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Essences and essential oils"

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Smith-Palmer, Stewart i Fyfe. "Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens". Letters in Applied Microbiology 26, nr 2 (luty 1998): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.1998.00303.x.

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Stea, Susanna, Alina Beraudi i Dalila De Pasquale. "Essential Oils for Complementary Treatment of Surgical Patients: State of the Art". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/726341.

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Aromatherapy is the controlled use of plant essences for therapeutic purposes. Its applications are numerous (i.e., wellbeing, labour, infections, dementia, and anxiety treatment) but often they have not been scientifically validated. The aim of the present study is to review the available literature to determine if there is evidence for effectiveness of aromatherapy in surgical patients to treat anxiety and insomnia, to control pain and nausea, and to dress wound. Efficacy studies of lavender or orange and peppermint essential oils, to treat anxiety and nausea, respectively, have shown positive results. For other aspects, such as pain control, essential oils therapy has shown uncertain results. Finally, there are encouraging data for the treatment of infections, especially for tea tree oil, although current results are still inconclusive. It should also be considered that although they are, allergic reactions and toxicity can occur after oral ingestion. Therefore, while rigorous studies are being carried out, it is important that the therapeutic use of essential oils be performed in compliance with clinical safety standards.
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Ismaili, Rachid, Sara Houbairi, Lanouari Sanâa, Moustaid Khadija i Lamiri Abdeslam. "Etude De L’Activité Antioxydante Des Huiles Essentielles De Plantes Aromatiques Et Médicinales Marocaines". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, nr 12 (30.04.2017): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n12p323.

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Morocco is a traditional supplier of medicinal and aromatic plants to the world. This activity has resulted to the exploitation of wild plants than dried plants for herbal needs and food flavors. Many species are used for the production of plant extracts and other aromatic essences mainly for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Among these metabolites, there are essential oils that are mixtures of aromatic substances present in the form of tiny droplets in the leaves, fruit peel, resin, branches, and wood. These oils, however, is endowed with antioxidant properties. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of essential oils of three moroccan aromatic and medicinal plants: Thymus vulgaris, Mentha spicata, and Citrus limonum. The oil extraction was performed by steam distillation in a Clevenger type apparatus. Also, the antioxidant activity of these oils was evaluated by the method of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), in comparison with the antioxidant synthetic, ascorbic acid. In the present work, the results showed that the antioxidant activity of three essential oils studied by the trapping method of free radical is moderate. Also, the oil of Thymus vulgaris has a strong activity which exceeds that of ascorbic acid. This was followed by the oil of Mentha spicata, while the lowest activity was observed in Citrus limonum.
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Ekiert, Halina, Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Agnieszka Rzepiela, Paweł Klin i Agnieszka Szopa. "Artemisia Species with High Biological Values as a Potential Source of Medicinal and Cosmetic Raw Materials". Molecules 27, nr 19 (29.09.2022): 6427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196427.

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Artemisia species play a vital role in traditional and contemporary medicine. Among them, Artemisia abrotanum, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia annua, Artemisia dracunculus, and Artemisia vulgaris are the most popular. The chemical composition and bioactivity of these species have been extensively studied. Studies on these species have confirmed their traditional applications and documented new pharmacological directions and their valuable and potential applications in cosmetology. Artemisia ssp. primarily contain sesquiterpenoid lactones, coumarins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Essential oils obtained from these species are of great biological importance. Extracts from Artemisia ssp. have been scientifically proven to exhibit, among others, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antidepressant, cytotoxic, and digestion-stimulating activities. In addition, their application in cosmetic products is currently the subject of several studies. Essential oils or extracts from different parts of Artemisia ssp. have been characterized by antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. Products with Artemisia extracts, essential oils, or individual compounds can be used on skin, hair, and nails. Artemisia products are also used as ingredients in skincare cosmetics, such as creams, shampoos, essences, serums, masks, lotions, and tonics. This review focuses especially on elucidating the importance of the most popular/important species of the Artemisia genus in the cosmetic industry.
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Ez-Zriouli, Rabab, Houda ElYacoubi, Hamada Imtara, Abdelhalim Mesfioui, Aboubaker ElHessni, Omkulthom Al Kamaly, Samar Zuhair Alshawwa, Fahd A. Nasr, Zineb Benziane Ouaritini i Atmane Rochdi. "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities and Acute Toxicity of Cedrus atlantica, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Essential Oils". Molecules 28, nr 7 (27.03.2023): 2974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072974.

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The essential oils yield of Cedrus atlantica, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Eucalyptus camaldulensis was different. C. ambrosioides gave a relatively higher yield (2.1 ± 0.1%), while that of C. atlantica was low (1.0 ± 0.1%) and that of E. camaldulensis was lower (0.75 ± 0.1% of dry matter). The active ingredients of the essential oils and some of their biological effects were also determined. The characterization of their chemical compositions showed that the three essences have different chemical profiles: C. atlantica was richer in sesquiterpenes (β-Himachalene (54.21%) and γ -Himachalene (15.54%)), C. ambrosioides was very rich in monoterpene peroxides and monoterpenes (α-Terpinene (53.4%), ascaridole (17.7%) and ρ-Cymene (12.1%)) and E. camaldulensis was very rich in monoterpene compounds and monoterpenols (p-cymene (35.11%), γ-Eudesmol (11.9%), L-linalool (11.51%) and piperitone (10.28%)). The in vitro measurement of antioxidant activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) reduction assay showed a significant performance of the eucalyptus oil and average performance of the other two (C. atlantica and C. ambrosioides). The in vitro bio-test for their antimicrobial effects showed that the antibacterial activity differed depending on the essential oil and the concentration used, and that their bactericidal efficacy was similar or superior to that of synthetic antibiotics. The toxicity test on rats revealed that the LD50 of the three essential oils was 500 mg/kg body weight, which classifies them as category four cytotoxic natural products at high doses.
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Nebie, Bily, Constantin M. Dabire, Remy K. Bationo, Siaka Sosso, Roger C. H. Nebie, Eloi Pale i Pierre Duez. "Composition chimique et potentiel antioxydant de l’huile essentielle obtenue par co-distillation de Mentha piperita L. et Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf du Burkina Faso". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, nr 2 (3.06.2023): 689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i2.32.

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Les huiles essentielles constituent une source potentielle de molécules à activité antioxydante. Le développement des combinaisons optimisées de ces substances naturelles permettrait leur utilisation comme conservateurs naturels. Ainsi, l’objectif de la présente étude est de déterminer la composition chimique de l’huile essentielle obtenue par co-distillation de Mentha piperita L. et de Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf du Burkina Faso et de comparer son potentiel antiradicalaire à celui du mélange obtenu par combinaison des huiles essentielles pures de ces deux plantes. Les huiles essentielles ont été extraites à l’aide d’un appareil de type Clevenger par hydrodistillation des feuilles sèches de Cymbopogon citratus et Mentha piperita, séparément, puis à partir du mélange de leurs feuilles sèches dans les proportions massiques 80% pour C. citratus et 20% pour M. piperita. Elles ont été ensuite analysées par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Le potentiel antiradicalaire des huiles essentielles, exprimé en milligramme d’équivalent d’acide ascorbique par millilitre d’huile essentielle (mg EAA/mL), a été évalué par la méthode de DPPH. L’huile essentielle obtenue par co-distillation contient majoritairement le citral (49,26%), le β-myrcène (10,98%), le menthol (5,90%) et la menthone (4,50%). L’essence de C. citratus est dominée par le citral (73,77%) et le β-myrcène (13,66%) et celle de M. piperita par le menthol (31,54%), la menthone (20,27%), le menthofurane (15,10%) et l’acétate de menthyle (8,59%). Le pouvoir antiradicalaire des huiles essentielles est : 11,73 ± 0,14 mg EAA/mL pour l’essence de M. piperita ; 10,01 ± 0,06 mg EAA/mL pour celle de C. citratus ; 40,13 ± 0,08 mg EAA/mL pour l’essence obtenue par co-distillation et 11,96 ± 0,04 mg EAA/mL pour l’essence obtenue par combinaison des essences pures. Ces résultats montrent que la co-distillation a permis d’améliorer le potentiel antiradicalaire des huiles essentielles des deux plantes et ouvre des perspectives pour son utilisation comme antioxydant naturel. Essential oils are a potential source of molecules with antioxidant activity. The development of optimized combinations of these natural substances should allow their use as natural preservatives. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the chemical composition of essential oil obtained by co-distillation of Mentha piperita and Cymbopogon citratus from Burkina Faso and to compare its antiradical potential with that of the mixture obtained by combining pure essential oils of these two plants. Essential oils were extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus by hydrodistillation of dry leaves of Cymbopogon citratus and Mentha piperita, separately, then from the mixture of their dry leaves in the mass ratio 80% for C. citratus and 20% for M. piperita. They were then analyzed by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. The antiradical potential of essential oils expressed in milligrams of ascorbic acid equivalent per milliliter of essential oil (mg EAA/mL) was evaluated by DPPH method. Essential oil obtained by co-distillation mainly contains citral (49.26%), β-myrcene (10.98%), menthol (5.90%) and menthone (4.50%). Essential oil of C. citratus is dominated by citral (73.77%) and β-myrcene (13.66%) and that of M. piperita by menthol (31.54%), menthone (20.27%), menthofuran (15.10%) and menthyl acetate (8.59%). Antiradical potential of essential oils are : 11.73 ± 0.14 mg EAA/mL for the essential oil of M. piperita ; 10.01 ± 0.06 mg EAA/mL for that of C. citratus ; 40.13 ± 0.08 mg EAA/mL for essential oil obtained by co-distillation and 11.96 ± 0.04 mg EAA/mL for essence obtained by combining pure essential oils. These results show that co-distillation has improved antioxidant efficiency of the essential oils of these two plants and opens prospects for its use as a natural antioxidant.
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Murni, Sri Wahyu, Tutik Muji Setyoningrum, Fransisca Xaveria Desti Dwi Cahyaningrum, Sheila Alodia i Heri Septya Kusuma. "Extraction of Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) using Hydrodistillation Method: The Effect of F/S Ratio and Extraction Time". RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology 1, nr 1 (23.12.2021): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/cset.v1i1.389.

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Essential oils are volatile aromatic compounds produced by plants. Essential oils are known by various names, including ethereal oils because they have ether properties, volatile oils because they evaporate easily at room temperature, and essential oils because they contain the essence of a plant. Lemongrass is one of the plants that produce essential oils. Extraction of citronella oil can use several methods such as hydrodistillation, pressing, solvent extraction, and adsorption by vaporizing solid fat (enfleurage). In this study the method that will be used is hydrodistillation. This study aims to determine the effect of the mass ratio of citronella oil to the volume of solvent, namely aquadest, on the yield of citronella oil and to determine the effect of the length of extraction time required on the yield of citronella oil.
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T. Aswini, K. Dhanusha, K. Priya, R. Shalini, S. Sumithra i W. Helen. "Essential oils: Characteristics, extraction and pharmacological activities". International Journal of Science and Research Archive 12, nr 1 (30.06.2024): 2457–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.12.1.0909.

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Herbs used medicinally have a vital role in both treatment and wellness. Compared to produced medications, medicinal plants' bioactivity had less adverse effects, and their many therapeutic benefits can be attributed to their antioxidant characteristics. Consumer interest in natural items as substitutes for synthetic additives or pharmacologically significant drugs has grown significantly in recent years. The public benefits from their uses in the fields of medicine, aromatherapy, microbiology, agriculture, cattle, and the food and pharmaceutical industries. Essential oils are aromatic, volatile liquids that are generated from plant material by steam distillation and are given their name based on the plant from which they originate. The oils were deemed "essential" because it was believed they could capture the essence of a plant's flavour and fragrance. They give plants their unique scent. Because of the concentration of healing chemicals gathered in the oil, essential oils function as the original plant's defence mechanism and have more potency. Aromatherapy uses essential oils extensively to help people unwind, lower stress, get rid of headaches, better sleep, and feel happier. They are beneficial for boosting the immune system and treating mild illnesses because they also have antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory qualities. They are a well-liked option for individuals looking for complementary and alternative approaches to health and wellbeing because of their natural origin and efficacy. The purpose of this study is to assess the literature on the nature of essential oils, their potential as therapeutics, and the constituent parts of different types of essential oils.
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El Abdali, Youness, Ghada Beniaich, Adil M. Mahraz, Abdelfattah El Moussaoui, Yousef A. Bin Jardan, Mohamed Akhazzane, Mohamed Chebaibi i in. "Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and in silico NADPH Oxidase Inhibition Studies of Essential Oils of Lavandula dentata against Foodborne Pathogens". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2023 (11.02.2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9766002.

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Food is always subjected to microbial infection and lipid peroxidation, which frequently leads to serious food intoxications. In the present study, essential oils (EOs) extracted from Lavandula dentata Moroccan species and its major component (linalool) were chemically characterized and their antioxidant potential and antibacterial properties against foodborne pathogenic bacteria were examined. EOs phytochemical profile was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). The antioxidant potential was evaluated, in vitro, by use of the β-carotene discoloration assay and in silico vs. NADPH oxidase enzymatic complex as an antioxidant marker. The antibacterial proprieties were assessed by use of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion methods, against Gram (−) bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli) and Gram (+) bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus). Linalool (49.71%) was the major component among the eighteen components identified in Lavandula dentate EO, followed by camphor (14.36%) and borneol (8.21%). The studied EO and linalool compounds showed important antioxidant activity through the β-carotene discoloration test with IC50 values of 35.72 ± 1.21 mg/mL and 30.32 ± 1.23 mg/mL, respectively. Among all the analyzed compounds of lavender EOs, thymol, carvacrol, and α-terpineol were the most active compounds against NADPH oxidase with a glide score of −6.483, −6.17, and −4.728 kcal/mol, respectively. 2D and 3D views showed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the most active compounds and the active site of NADPH oxidase. The antibacterial data showed a significant activity of Lavandula dentata essences against tested foodborne pathogenic bacteria, especially against S. aureus and B. subtilis. Linalool proved active toward the same bacteria and had closer activity to that of lavender essential oil. In light of the obtained findings, the essential oil of Lavandula dentata Moroccan species can be used in the packaging sector as a promising natural food conservative to limit lipid oxidation and treat foodborne infections.
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Kesumasari, Diana. "Implication of Perceived Spaces Toward Visitors' Learning Motivation In Rumah Atsiri Indonesia". Journal of Architectural Research and Education 1, nr 2 (1.01.2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jare.v1i2.22295.

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Rumah Atsiri Indonesia (RAI) is an edu-recreation complex located in Tawangmangu. RAI adopts “experiencing essence” concept through a comprehensive informal learning about essential oils. RAI’s challenge as an educational leisure setting sets a lead to the main research goal: how visitors perceived spaces in RAI and related them to learning motivation. The observation areas were focused on Museum Gallery and the Essential Oils Collection Gardens. These areas provide most knowledge about essential oils to visitors. Data and information were analyzed qualitatively, by comparing physical settings characteristics of observation areas, person-centered mapping and results of informal interviews and questionnaires. As the result, this research showed that there was relation between physical setting characterictics and visitors’ learning motivation. Visitors were more motivated to learn in Essential Oils Collection Gardens, especially in outdoor garden. In this area, visitors got richer experiences because visitors had more freedom in exploring essential oil plants. As a performative space that emphasizes visitors as active participants, this area could stimulated visitors’ emotional and memories through five senses. The adventurous feeling also can be seen from some architectural factors, such as circuitous path with shortcuts, ramps and stairs, which resulting “Learning for Fun” concept. While in Museum Gallery, visitors circulation and media displays were controlled. As a narrative space that put forward the storyline about the history of essential oils, evidently, visitors got bored easily and show no interest in learning which was reflected in their withdrawal behaviors. Stimulation to visitor’s senses were also limited to sight and hearing, so visitors could not be active participant. Learning motivation was also influenced by intrapersonal factors, but these factors were not analyzed further in this research. Some architectural factors that influenced visitors’ learning motivation include: space characteristics, binding scale categories, and media display types.Keywords: Essential Oils; Informal Learning; Physical Settings
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Essences and essential oils"

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Gersbach, Paul Vincent, University of Western Sydney i of Science Technology and Environment College. "Aspects of essential oil secretion in vascular plants". THESIS_CSTE_XXX_Gersbach_P.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/775.

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A study of some aspects of essential oil secretion in plants was conducted. The first part of the study involved analysis of the volatile terpenoid content and composition of leaf extracts from a range of Australian native plants by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Secretory structures were studied by several microscopic imaging techniques including conventional bright and dark field optical microscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Three methods were employed for scanning electron microscopy. Sample material was prepared for conventional SEM by chemical fixation and rapid freeze fixation, and fresh material was imaged by environmental SEM. These methods were compared, and the images acquired by environmental SEM were invariably of a superior standard as the biological integrity of the samples was retained throughout, and the samples were free of process-induced artefacts. Several other tests were conducted and results discussed in some detail. In the final part of the study, aspects of essential oil secretion were examined by histochemical methods. The first of these was a new method based on traditional approaches to histochemistry. The monoterpene phenols thymol and carvacrol were located in glandular trichomes of Lamiaceae species by means of a colour-change reaction of the phenols with a nitrosophenol/acid reagent. The second used magnetic resonance imaging by a chemical shift selective method to locate, non invasively, the aromatic monoterpenes thymol and anethole in secretory structures in the fruit of Carum copticum (Apiaceae) and the leaves of Backhousia anisata (Myrtaceae) respectively.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Science)
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Nyiramana, Lunianga Marie. "Stratégies de mise en marché des huiles essentielles québécoises /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1991. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Phillips, Alicia Kyser Appel Arthur G. "Toxicity and repellency of essential oils to the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)". Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1942.

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Gersbach, Paul V. "Aspects of essential oil secretion in vascular plants /". View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031223.143208/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2001.
"This thesis is presented in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Science at the University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia" Bibliography : p. 145-163.
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Makgwane, Peter Ramashadi. "Characterization of essential oils by comprehensively coupled supercritical fluid and gas chromatography (SFGxGC)". Pretoria ; [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02222007-184250.

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Begum, Syeda Nargis. "Microencapsulation of lemon oil by precipitation method using sodium caseinate /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18497.pdf.

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Zabaras, Dimitrios. "Determination of induced changes in foliar emissions of terpene-inducing plants /". View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030923.145135/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2003.
A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, College of Science, Technology and Environment, University of Western Sydney, May, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
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Tembeni, Babalwa. "Seasonal variations of essential oil composition and some biological evaluation of Pelargonium inquinans (L.) Ait. South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6281.

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Pelargonium inquinans which belongs to the family Geraniaceae, is an essential oil yielding plant. P. inquinans was collected from two different sites in Grahamstown (wild) and Alice, at the University of Fort Hare botanical garden. Authentication of the plant was done by Dr. T. Dold at Schonland herbarium, and the voucher specimen being T01. This study is focused at determining the chemical constituents and biological properties of the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans across different seasons, as the plant grows throughout the year. Seasonal collection of wild and cultivated P. inquinans was achieved in a duration of 12 months. 32 essential oil samples of P. inquinans were obtained by extraction using hydro-distillation technique for 3-4 hours. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined using GC/MS and GC/FID. Amongst the 32 essential oils only 4 samples wild ( fresh stem and leaf) and cultivated ( fresh stem and leaf) from summer season were evaluated for analgesic activity using acetic acid induced writhings and hot plate nociception models in mice, anti-inflammatory activity was determined on the egg albumin- induced rat paw oedema in rats. The results obtained from GC-MS revealed a total of 169 components obtained from the leafstem, fresh/dry wild and cultivated P. inquinans. These essential oils showed a great deal of chemotaxonomic variation and similarity in the major and minor components along the season. In spring season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans had abundance of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (20.6percent-66.7percent). The major components were found to be α-caryophyllene (9.1percent-26.8percent), p-xylene (23.3percent-27.5percent), β-caryophyllene (11.4percent-30.9percent), o-xylene (6.3percent-39.4percent), β-thujene (8.7percent), isocaryophyllene (13.9percent), isoborneol (14.2percent), β-myrcene (5.7percent), geranyl acetate (13.8percent), toluene (7.9percent), β-gurjunene (18.5percent), α-cadinene (15.8percent), β-farnesene (14.2percent), 3-carene (12.1percent) and camphene (9.0percent). In summer season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans were found to have abundance of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (50.3percent- 63.0percent), oxygenated monoterpenes (30.4percent) and hydrogenated monoterpenes (20.8percent- 61.0percent). The major components were found to be α-caryophyllene (12.3percent-25.8percent), β-caryophyllene (15.1percent- 31.7percent), trans-caryophyllene (10.3percent- 17.8percent), phytol (14.2percent- 20.2percent), camphor (46.5percent), sabinene (27.8percent), elemol (18.1percent), z3-hexenyl isobutyrate (16.3percent), limonene (12.1percent), menthone (12.1percent)< E.E-β-farnesene (14.7percent), palmitic acid (9.6percent), eugenol (9.4percent), cis- β-ocimene (8.7percent), α-terpineol (8.7percent), geranyl acetone (7.8percent), β- humulene (7.5percent). linoleic acid (7.4percent), trans-linalool oxide (7.4percent), β-bisabolene (7.1percent), cis- linalool oxide (7.1percent), ionone (6.9percent), caryophyllene oxide (6.9percent) and germacrene d (6.3percent). In autumn season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans were found to be rich in hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (29.3percent- 65.2percent) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (22.8percent- 31.4percent). The major components were found to be α-caryophyllene (15.5percent- 23.4percent), β-caryophyllene (15.2percent- 17.2percent), β-myrcene (7.7percent-13.8percent), β-humulene (8.7percent- 15.2percent), caryophyllene oxide (9.8- 16.2percent), trans- caryophyllene (16.7percent- 23.3percent), α-humulene (11.8percent- 18.6percent), linoleic acid (11.2percent), palmitic acid (10.4percent), phytol acetate (8.5percent), -longipinene (8.3percent) and citronellol (7.8percent). In winter season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans were found to have abundance of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (25.1percent- 48.6percent), oxygenated monoterpenes (47.6percent), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (22.2percent- 28.0percent). The major components were found to be β-caryophyllene (14.6percent- 23.0percent), α-caryophyllene (9.4percent- 18.0percent), trans- caryophyllene (12.2percent- 14.6percent), α-cedrene (26.2percent), germacrene –d-4-ol (16.8percent), 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (15.6percent), (+) epibicyclosesquiphellandrene (15.3percent), E-β- farnesene (13.0percent), β-phellandrene (11.7percent), 2-nitrophenol (9.5percent), palatinol (8.4percent), geranyl acetate (7.7percent) and linoleic acid (7.4percent). The oils from the wild and cultivated sources showed significant (p<0.05-0.001) decrease in number of writhes induced by the acetic acid compared to vehicle; caused significant (p<0.05-0.001) delay in reaction time on the hot plate at 60 and 90 min post-treatment and significantly (p<0.05-0.001) reduced oedema size caused by the egg albumin injection compared to the vehicle. The oils from the wild plant showed more potency compared to the cultivated. The essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans showed qualitative, quantitative and chemotaxonomic variation with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. These essential oils need to be explored for further biological analysis because of the major components they contain.
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Thapa, Dinesh. "Studies on the influence of essential oils on human gut bacteria and colonic cells". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225962.

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The ability of essential oils (EO) to manipulate the intestinal microbiota may potentiate their application in food as nutraceutical and as prophylactic agents for colonic disease. Little is known about the influence of EO on gut bacteria, the mechanism of their antibacterial action and genotoxicity to the host. Here, the antibacterial activities of EO in pure and in a mixed faecal culture were investigated. These antibacterial activities were further studied to compare the selective nature of EO and their effects on membrane integrity. The growth of gut pathogens and commensals was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in pure culture, with most of the pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Clostridium difficile, C. perfringens and Salmonella typhimurium are sensitive to nerolidol, thymol, eugenol and geraniol at a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 50-500 ppm. These concentrations of EO and mainly nerolidol were also inhibitory to some gut commensals, in particular affecting Faecalibacterium prausnitzii adversely in pure culture. In contrast, in the mixed culture system beneficial groups of bacteria, including F. prausnitzii, as determined by qPCR of 16S rRNA genes were not affected. Thymol and geraniol at 500 ppm suppressed the growth of total bacteria, resulting in minimal fermentation. A lower dose of 100 ppm of EO compounds was effective in suppressing the pathogen, C. difficile with no concern for commensal bacteria or their fermentation products, acetate, propionate and butyrate. This study also discovered that the proteome of commensal, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and pathogenic gut bacteria, Escherichia coli, in response to EO compounds are affected differently. Thymol and eugenol down-regulated virulence factors in E. coli. The tested EO compounds were not genotoxic in the comet assay at non-toxic doses. Differential effects of EO compounds on gut pathogens and commensals and their non-toxicity but geno-protective properties could be applicable in improving gut health in man.
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Okoh, Omobola Oluranti. "Variation in the essential oil composition of Calendula Officinalis L". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001150.

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Variations in the yield, chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. cultivated in Alice, Eastern Cape of South Africa over a period of 12 months using the solvent-free microwave extraction and traditional hydrodistillation methods were evaluated. The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed the presence of 33 compounds with 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, camphor, verbenone, bornyl acetate and camphene constituting about 80 percent of the oils throughout the period of investigation, with the solvent-free microwave extraction method generally yielding more of the major components than the hydrodistillation method. Each of the major components of the oils varied in quantity and quality of yield at different periods of the year. The method of extraction and time of harvest are of importance to the quantity and quality of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene- 4-ol, linalool, a-terpeneol were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD. However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as a-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, a-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans- β-ocimene, γ-teprinene, and cis-sabinene hydrate than SFME extracted oil. Accumulation of monoterpene alcohols and ketones was observed during maturation process of Rosmarinus leaves. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined using a serial microplate dilution method. The essential oils obtained using both methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the SFME extracted oils ranged between 0.23 and 1.88 mg mL-1, while those of the HD extracted oils varied between 0.94 and 7.5 mg mL-1, thus suggesting that the oil obtained by solvent free microwave extraction was more active against bacteria than the oil obtained through hydrodistillation. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the obtained oils were tested by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH+) assay and β- carotene bleaching test. In the DPPH+ assay, while the free radical scavenging activity of the oil obtained by SFME method showed percentage inhibitions of between 48.8 percent and 67 percent, the HD derived oil showed inhibitions of between 52.2 percent and 65.30 percent at concentrations of 0.33, 0.50 and 1.0 mg mL-1, respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the percentage inhibition increased with increasing concentration of both oils with a higher antioxidant activity of the oil obtained through the SFME than the HD method. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts using three eluent solvent systems of varying polarities i. e. CEF, BEA and EMW and sprayed with vanillin-sulfuric acid. The chemical composition of the different extracts was similar with the exception of methanol and water extracts which had only one or two visible compounds after treating with vanillin-spray reagent. To evaluate the number of antibacterial compounds present in the fractions, bioautography was used against two most important nosocomial microorganisms. S. aureus (Gram positive) and E. coli (Gram negative). Nearly all the crude serial extraction fractions contained compounds that inhibited the growth of E. coli. The hexane extract had the most lines of inhibition followed by ethyl acetate. Bioassay-guided fractionation against E. coli was used to isolate antibacterial compounds. The largest number of antibacterial compounds occurred in the hexane fraction. Furthermore we tried to complete the characterization by extracting and studying other biologically important plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Rosmarinus extracts
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Książki na temat "Essences and essential oils"

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Lawrence, Brian M. Essential oils, 2001-2004. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Pub. Corp., 2006.

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Susan, Drury, red. Healing oils and essences. London: Hale, 1988.

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Baruah, Akhil, i Subhan C. Nath. Natural essential oils: Fragrances and flavours. Jaipur: Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, 2013.

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Hunter, Murray. Essential oils: Art, agriculture, science, industry and entrepreneurship (a focus on the Asia-Pacific region). New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Fishman, Ruti. Aromaterapyah le-ohavim. Tel Aviv: Asṭrolog, 2008.

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Fishman, Ruti. Aromaterapyah le-ohavim. Tel Aviv: Asṭrolog, 2008.

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Hunter, Murray. Essential oils: Art, agriculture, science, industry and entrepreneurship (a focus on the Asia-Pacific region). New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Fishman, Ruti. Aromaterapyah le-ohavim. Tel Aviv: Asṭrolog, 2008.

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Fishman, Ruti. Aromaterapyah le-ohavim. Tel Aviv: Asṭrolog, 2008.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., red. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995.

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Części książek na temat "Essences and essential oils"

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Kimball, Dan. "Citrus Oils, Aromas, and Essences". W Citrus Processing, 73–101. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3700-3_6.

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Wright, J. "Essential oils". W Food Flavourings, 24–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0499-9_2.

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Cserháti, Tibor. "Essential Oils". W Chromatography of Aroma Compounds and Fragrances, 269–315. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01656-1_3.

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Srivastava, Ajay, Rajiv Lall, Anita Sinha i Ramesh C. Gupta. "Essential Oils". W Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine, 157–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_11.

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Wright, J. "Essential oils". W Food Flavorings, 25–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2161-7_2.

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Wright, J. "Essential oils". W Food Flavorings, 25–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8389-5_2.

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Hanif, Muhammad Asif, Shafaq Nisar, Ghufrana Samin Khan, Zahid Mushtaq i Muhammad Zubair. "Essential Oils". W Essential Oil Research, 3–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16546-8_1.

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Dunford, James C., Louis A. Somma, David Serrano, C. Roxanne Rutledge, John L. Capinera, Guy Smagghe, Eli Shaaya i in. "Essential Oils". W Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1362. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3667.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Essential Oils". W Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 274. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4511.

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Ohloff, Günther. "Essential Oils". W Scent and Fragrances, 127–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78418-7_8.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Essences and essential oils"

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Lopez, Arianne, Maria Cano, Manuel José Lis i Hendrick Lezeck. "Microencapsulation of Essential oils with biopolymers". W 15th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering (MeCCE-15). Grupo Pacífico, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48158/mecce-15.t1-p-09.

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Eyupoglu, Seyda. "Investigation of Insect Repellent Essential Oils". W 2019 3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ismsit.2019.8932843.

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Santos, Amélia Rute, Camila Santos, Nuno Belino, Jesus Rodilla i Ana Paula Gomes. "Encapsulation of Essential Oils in Silica Coating". W The 6th International Virtual Conference on Advanced Scientific Results. Publishing Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/scieconf.2018.6.1.525.

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Stålnacke, M., E. Mgbeahuruike i Y. Holm. "Combination effects of essential oils with antimicrobials". W 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400018.

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Liu, Chien-Wei, Shen-Tzu Lin i Ching-Sung Wang. "Emotional Perception Analysis of Fragrance Essential Oils". W Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ichssr-19.2019.39.

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Kholibrina, Cut Rizlani, i Aswandi Aswandi. "Forest essential oils formulation for acne treatments". W THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF LIGNOCELLULOSE. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0184732.

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García Nofuentes, Juan Francisco, i Roser Martínez-Ramos e Iruela. "Architecture of essences: the revealing abstraction of the tobacco landscape". W 3rd Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture, VIBRArch. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vibrarch2022.2022.15282.

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The architecture targeted by this study, born to shelter and allow the process of organic transformation of the harvested tobacco leaf, is unequivocally identified with a defined chronology and territory. The tobacco drying sheds of the Vega of Granada have shaped, for more than sixty years and until today, the landscape framework of a region that has historically played a decisive role in this large area that is home to a total of forty-one municipalities. Based on the scientific procedure that guides the systematic organisation of landscape studies, we establish a comparative analysis using the so-called morphological method of synthesis; a characteristic empirical practice that allows the enforcement of an inductive analytical procedure for an exact approximation to the landscape, to the time and to the permanence of form as an indispensable requirement of identity. As for the architecture of models and prototypes, we conclude with the architectural characterization of one of the three reference complexes in the province, constituted by one of the most representative models of industrial architecture that is configured on the basis of the essential or invariant in time and space. Geometry acquires prominence, and the material condition of the prototypes loses its relevance in benefit of the relationships that become important as formal configurators of the architectural process.
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Gonzalez, Araceli Lopez, P. A. Vazquez Landaverde i Miriam G. Rodriguez Olvera. "Authenticity analysis of orange (Citrus sinensis) essential oils". W 2019 IEEE International Conference on Applied Science and Advanced Technology (iCASAT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icasat48251.2019.9069529.

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Vorobets, N., H. Yavorska i L. Svydenko. "Antibacterial activity of Calamintha mentifolia Host. essential oils". W GA – 70th Annual Meeting 2022. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759234.

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Faria, Jorge M. S., i Inês V. da Silva. "Anti-Nematodal Essential Oils with Activity against Anisakis". W ECMS 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecms2021-10827.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Essences and essential oils"

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Yankova-Tsvetkova, Elina, Milena Nikolova, Ina Aneva, Tatjana Stefanova i Strahil Berkov. Germination Inhibition Bioassay of Extracts and Essential Oils from Plant Species. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, wrzesień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.09.09.

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Castro, Ricardo Dias de. Chemical and antifungal analysis of essential oils and phytochemicals against Candida albicans. Science Repository OÜ, marzec 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.cmr.2018.01.005.

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GAFNER, STEFAN, i Ashley Dowell. Tea Tree Oil Laboratory Guidance Document. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, październik 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.lgd/ldfd8529.

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Tea tree oil (TTO) is the essential oil of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia or M. linariifolia, Myrtaceae). Adulteration of TTO has become more apparent in recent years. Adulteration occurs with single essential oil components (e.g., sabinene from pine oil), waste products derived from other essential oils such as pine (Pinus spp., Pinaceae), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus and other Eucalyptus spp., Myrtaceae), and camphor (Cinnamomum camphora, Lauraceae) oils, or with essential oils from other Melaleuca species and the closely related genus Leptospermum. This Laboratory Guidance Document presents a review of the various analytical technologies used to differentiate between authentic tea tree oil and essential oils containing adulterating materials. This document can be used in conjunction with the Tea Tree Oil Botanical Adulterants Bulletin published by the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program in 2017.
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Dimitrova-Dyulgerova, Ivanka, Yulian Marinov, Tsvetelina Mladenova, Plamen Stoyanov i Albena Stoyanova. Essential Oils Composition of the Endemic Bulgarian Plant Species Micromeria frivaldszkyana (Degen) Velen. (Lamiaceae). "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, grudzień 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.11.05.

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Shulha, Oleksandr. English Lavender Essential Oil Laboratory Guidance Document. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, wrzesień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.lgd/dhaf0609.

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Lavender oil obtained from the flowers of English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Lamiaceae) is widely used in the production of fragrances, cosmetics, food, beverage products, and pharmaceuticals. The essential oil (EO) is used orally, by inhalation as a sleep aid, and can be applied topically for skin treatment. Adulteration of lavender oil is considered to be widespread due to high product demand and lower prices for chemically similar EOs and compounded fragrances. Some of the known adulterants are EOs from spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia Medik.) or lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel, syn. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. × Lavandula latifolia Medik.), vegetable oils, glycols, and naturally occurring volatile compounds from lower-cost sources (linalool, linalyl acetate, lavandulyl acetate). This Laboratory Guidance Document (LGD) presents a review of various analytical methods used to detect adulteration of EO of English lavender with lavandin, spike lavender, linalool and linalyl acetate-rich EOs, terpenes, and other chemicals. This document can be used in conjunction with the “Adulteration of English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) EO Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin” published by the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program in 2020.
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Hochrein, James Michael, i Adriane Nadine Irwin. Composition of the essential oils from Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), and White Sage (Salvia apiana). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/918273.

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Needham, Glenn R., Uri Gerson, Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman, D. Samatero, J. Yoder i William Bruce. Integrated Management of Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi, and of Varroa Mite, Varroa jacobsoni, Major Pests of Honey Bees. United States Department of Agriculture, marzec 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573068.bard.

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Objectives: The Israeli work plan regarding HBTM included: (a) producing a better diagnostic method; (b) following infestations during the season and evaluating damage to resistant bees and, (c) controlling HBTM by conventional means under local conditions. For varroa our plans to try novel control (e.g. oil novel control (e.g. oil patties & essential oils) were initially delayed by very low pest populations, then disrupted by the emergence of fluvalinate resistance. We monitored the spread of resistance to understand it better, and analyzed an underlying biochemical resistance mechanism in varroa. The US work plan focused on novel management methods for both mites with an emphasis on reducing use of traditional insecticides due to resistance and contamination issues. Objectives were: (a) evaluating plant essential oils for varroa control; (b) exploring the vulnerability of varroa to desiccation for their management; and (c) looking for biological variation in HBTM that could explain virulence variability between colonies. Although the initial PI at the USDA Beltsville Bee Lab, W.A. Bruce, retired during the project we made significant strides especially on varroa water balance. Subcontracts were performed by Yoder (Illinois College) on varroa water balance and DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA) who evaluated plant essential oils for their potential to control varroa. We devised an IPM strategy for mite control i the U.S. Background: Mites that parasitize honey bees are a global problem. They are threatening the survival of managed and feral bees, the well-being of commercial/hobby beekeeping, and due to pollination, the future of some agricultural commodities is threatened. Specific economic consequences of these mites are that: (a) apiculture/breeder business are failing; (b) fewer colonies exist; (c) demand and cost for hive leasing are growing; (d) incidences of bee pathogens are increasing; and, (e) there are ore problems with commercial-reared bees. As a reflection of the continued significance f bee mites, a mite book is now in press (Webster & delaplane, 2000); and the 2nd International Conference on Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites is scheduled (April, 2000, Arizona). The first such conference was at OSU (1987, GRN was co-organizer). The major challenge is controlling two very different mites within a colony while not adversely impacting the hive. Colony management practices vary, as do the laws dictating acaricide use. Our basic postulates were that: (a) both mites are of economic importance with moderate to high infestations but not at low rates and, (b) once established they will not be eradicated. A novel strategy was devised that deals with the pests concomitantly by maintaining populations at low levels, without unnecessary recourse to synthetic acaricides. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements: A major recent revelation is that there are several species of "Varroa jacobsoni" (Anderson & Trueman 1999). Work on control, resistance, population dynamics, and virulence awaits knowing whether this is a problem. In the U.S. there was no difference between varroa from three locales in terms of water balance parameters (AZ, MN & PA), which bodes well for our work to date. Winter varroa (U.S.) were more prone to desiccation than during other seasons. Varroa sensitivity to desiccation has important implications for improving IPM. Several botanicals showed some promise for varroa control (thymol & origanum). Unfortunately there is varroa resistance to Apistan in Israel but a resistance mechanism was detected for the first time. The Israel team also has a new method for HBTM diagnosis. Annual tracheal mite population trends in Israel were characterized, which will help in targeting treatment. Effects of HBTM on honey yields were shown. HBTM control by Amitraz was demonstrated for at least 6 months. Showing partial resistance by Buckfast bees to HBTM will be an important IPM tactic in Israel and U.S.
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Orhan, Nilüfer, Burak Temiz, Hale Gamze Ağalar i Gökalp İşcan. Boswellia serrata Oleogum Resins and Extracts Laboratory Guidance Document. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.lgd/mqgn3574.

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Boswellia resins are described in numerous ancient texts and have been an important trade material for the civilizations located in the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa since at least the third millennium BCE. Frankincense (olibanum) is an exudate that seeps from injured bark of Boswellia species (Burseraceae). The oleogum resin obtained from Boswellia serrata is called Indian frankincense and is used in the Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani systems of traditional medicine. Additionally, its extracts and essential oils are used in soaps, cosmetics, foods, beverages, and incense products. This Laboratory Guidance Document aims to review the analytical methods used to authenticate natural oleogum resin from B. serrata and differentiate it from other Boswellia species, as well as other potential adulterants. This document can be used in conjunction with the B. serrata Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin published by the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program in 2018.1 From a historical perspective, a number of oleogum resins from Boswellia species have been used interchangeably for medicinal purposes around the world, and older “olibanum” pharmacopeial monographs consider more than one species as officially acceptable. Such interchangeable use is still observed today as several Boswellia species are offered as frankincense.2,3 However, Western botanical dietary supplements and the herbal medicine markets are dominated by products labeled to contain B. serrata, irrespective of whether a formal identification of the ingredient has been performed or not. Therefore, this laboratory guidance document has been written to help laboratory analysts to find appropriate analytical methods that allow the unambiguous identification of B. serrata oleogum resin and its extracts.
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From Informal Sideline to National Business in Tunisia. Oxfam IBIS, sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7949.

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Mohammed Yahya is an entrepreneur engaged in the production and sale of essential oils. Getting his enterprise established was not easy. However, things improved when he started receiving support from Youth Participation and Employment (YPE) programme partner the Local Initiative and Development Forum (FIDEL). FIDEL was instrumental in facilitating business grants and business development support. With this more focused approach, Mohammed managed to register his business, participated in national fairs, and opened new market segments. He successfully graduated from the informal labour market to the self-employed category. The training he received from FIDEL helped him to increase the sale of his products. In the future, he hopes to explore the international market and reduce his imports of raw materials by growing ingredients locally.
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