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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Equivalence Transport"
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Leahy, Christopher, Haibo Chen i Richard Batley. "Reliability Equivalence in Public Transport Contexts". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 138 (lipiec 2014): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.194.
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ILIEV, BOZHIDAR Z. "LINKS BETWEEN CONNECTIONS, PARALLEL TRANSPORTS AND TRANSPORTS ALONG PATHS IN DIFFERENTIABLE FIBER BUNDLES". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 02, nr 05 (październik 2005): 823–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887805000806.
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The axiomatic approach to parallel transport theory is partially discussed. Bijective correspondences between the sets of connections, (axiomatically defined) parallel transports and transports along paths that satisfy some additional conditions are constructed. In particular, the equivalence between the concepts "connection" and "(axiomatically defined) parallel transport" is established.
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ILIEV, BOZHIDAR Z. "CONNECTIONS, PARALLEL TRANSPORTS AND TRANSPORTS ALONG PATHS". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 05, nr 07 (listopad 2008): 1137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887808003260.
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The concepts "connection", "parallel transport" and "transport along paths" are axiomatically defined. In differentiable bundles, bijective mappings between the sets of connections, parallel transports and transports along paths satisfying some additional conditions are found; in particular, the equivalence between the concepts "connection" and "(axiomatically defined) parallel transport" is established. Some results, which are specific for topological and vector bundles, are presented.
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Scholthof, Herman B. "Plant virus transport: motions of functional equivalence". Trends in Plant Science 10, nr 8 (sierpień 2005): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.002.
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Tabareau, Nicolas, Éric Tanter i Matthieu Sozeau. "The Marriage of Univalence and Parametricity". Journal of the ACM 68, nr 1 (luty 2021): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3429979.
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Reasoning modulo equivalences is natural for everyone, including mathematicians. Unfortunately, in proof assistants based on type theory, which are frequently used to mechanize mathematical results and carry out program verification efforts, equality is appallingly syntactic, and as a result, exploiting equivalences is cumbersome at best. Parametricity and univalence are two major concepts that have been explored in the literature to transport programs and proofs across type equivalences, but they fall short of achieving seamless, automatic transport. This work first clarifies the limitations of these two concepts when considered in isolation and then devises a fruitful marriage between both. The resulting concept, called univalent parametricity , is an extension of parametricity strengthened with univalence that fully realizes programming and proving modulo equivalences. Our approach handles both type and term dependency, as well as type-level computation. In addition to the theory of univalent parametricity, we present a lightweight framework implemented in the Coq proof assistant that allows the user to transparently transfer definitions and theorems for a type to an equivalent one, as if they were equal. For instance, this makes it possible to conveniently switch between an easy-to-reason-about representation and a computationally efficient representation as soon as they are proven equivalent. The combination of parametricity and univalence supports transport à la carte : basic univalent transport, which stems from a type equivalence, can be complemented with additional proofs of equivalences between functions over these types, in order to be able to transport more programs and proofs, as well as to yield more efficient terms. We illustrate the use of univalent parametricity on several examples, including a recent integration of native integers in Coq. This work paves the way to easier-to-use proof assistants by supporting seamless programming and proving modulo equivalences.
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Labouré, Vincent, Yaqi Wang, Javier Ortensi, Nicolas Martin i Sebastian Schunert. "Multischeme equivalence procedure for neutron transport finite element methods". Annals of Nuclear Energy 166 (luty 2022): 108712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108712.
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Labouré, Vincent, Yaqi Wang, Javier Ortensi, Nicolas Martin i Sebastian Schunert. "Multischeme equivalence procedure for neutron transport finite element methods". Annals of Nuclear Energy 166 (luty 2022): 108712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108712.
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Giudicelli, Guillaume, Kord Smith i Benoit Forget. "Generalized equivalence methods for 3D multi-group neutron transport". Annals of Nuclear Energy 112 (luty 2018): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2017.09.024.
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BASU, CHAITALI, i ABHIJIT MOOKERJEE. "EQUIVALENCE IN GEOMETRIC SCALING OF TRANSPORT PROPERTIES AND WAVEFUNCTIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics B 07, nr 05 (28.02.1993): 1309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797929300233x.
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The transport properties and wavefunction behave identically with respect to multifractal scaling. To establish the above statement, we carried out multifractal analysis on normalised transmittance and normalised wavefunction of two types of electron states, namely the resonance state and the localised state of a one-dimensional Anderson model.
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Fletcher, W. K., M. Church i J. Wolcott. "Fluvial-transport equivalence of heavy minerals in the sand size range". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, nr 9 (1.09.1992): 2017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-158.
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Sediments caught in two pit traps installed in Harris Creek, a small gravel-bed stream in southern British Columbia, were sieved to give five size fractions between 53 and 425 μm, which were then separated into their magnetic and nonmagnetic components. Estimates of transport-equivalent sizes of the higher density magnetic fractions were obtained by determining the grain sizes of magnetic and nonmagnetic particles that enter the traps at proportionally similar rates for a wide range of discharge conditions. The estimates of transport-equivalent sizes are compared with settling-velocity equivalents from settling-tube data. Each heavy-mineral size fraction is transported at a rate similar to a specific larger size fraction, which is approximated by the equivalent settling diameter of particles of lower density.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Equivalence Transport"
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Rispo, Adrien. "Modélisation neutronique avancée des interfaces avec la chaîne SCIENCE V2 pour la remontée axiale du flux dans les réacteurs REP". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP034.
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L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre puis réduire les biais sur la distribution axiale de puissance de la chaîne de calcul SCIENCE de FRAMATOME en comparaison aux simulations Monte-Carlo. L'enjeu industriel est d'estimer précisément la remontée de puissance en extrémité de colonne fissile, à l'interface avec le réflecteur. Cette surpuissance locale est nommée PIC1, pour pic de puissance dans le premier centimètre de combustible. Ce phénomène local étant très dépendant du type d'assemblage, les comparaisons sont réalisées pour six types d'assemblages différents représentatifs du parc français, afin de quantifier les écarts sur le PIC1. Une analyse des différentes sources de biais permet de déterminer une nouvelle structure du schéma actuel de SCIENCE, notamment sur l'équivalence réalisée dans le calcul des données du réflecteur axial, afin de réduire ces biais.Un nouveau schéma d'équivalence réflecteur est développé durant la thèse, permettant un gain en précision sur le PIC1 sur les configurations utilisées précédemment, ainsi que sur des configurations perturbées et avec un environnement. Il permet également un couplage avec le Monte-Carlo, en utilisant les sections efficaces homogénéisées comme données d'entrée pour l'échelle cœur. L'utilisation de plusieurs codes de transport déterministes montre l'importance du traitement 3D dans la résolution de l'équation de Boltzmann.Le nouveau schéma apporte également un gain de précision en évolution en comparant l'apport du nouveau schéma par rapport aux calculs équivalents avec SCIENCE de production et le Monte-Carlo. Une discussion sur la méthode d'implémentation de ce nouveau schéma dans SCIENCE de production est discutée, notamment sur la méthode de génération des sections efficaces à l'échelle réseauThe aim of this thesis is to understand and then reduce the biases in the axial power distribution between FRAMATOME's SCIENCE calculation chain and Monte-Carlo simulations. The industrial challenge is to accurately estimate the power increase at the bottom of the fissile column, at the interface with the reflector. This local overpower is called PIC1, for peak power in the first centimeter of fuel. As this local phenomenon highly depends on the assembly type, PIC1 comparisons are made for six different assembly types, all representative of the French fleet. An analysis of the various sources of bias is performed to determine a new calculation scheme for SCIENCE.A new reflector scheme based on an improved equivalence was developed during the thesis, enabling a gain in PIC1 accuracy for all configurations, but also on perturbed and with an environment configurations. It also enables a coupling with Monte Carlo, using homogenized cross sections as input data for the core level. The use of several deterministic transport codes demonstrates the importance of the 3D contribution to solve the Boltzmann equation.The new scheme also increases accuracy for depletion calculation. The way to implement the new scheme in SCIENCE for industrial studies is discussed, with an emphasis on the method to generate macroscopic cross-sections at the lattice level
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Sciannandrone, Daniele. "Acceleration and higher order schemes of a characteristic solver for the solution of the neutron transport equation in 3D axial geometries". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112171/document.
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Le sujet de ce travail de thèse est l’application de la méthode de caractéristiques longues (MOC) pour résoudre l’équation du transport des neutrons pour des géométries à trois dimensions extrudées. Les avantages du MOC sont sa précision et son adaptabilité, le point faible était la quantité de ressources de calcul requises. Ce problème est même plus important pour des géométries à trois dimensions ou le nombre d’inconnues du problème est de l’ordre de la centaine de millions pour des calculs d’assemblage.La première partie de la recherche a été dédiée au développement des techniques optimisées pour le traçage et la reconstruction à-la-volé des trajectoires. Ces méthodes profitent des régularités des géométries extrudées et ont permis une forte réduction de l’empreinte mémoire et une réduction des temps de calcul. La convergence du schéma itératif a été accélérée par un opérateur de transport dégradé (DPN) qui est utilisé pour initialiser les inconnues de l’algorithme itératif and pour la solution du problème synthétique au cours des itérations MOC. Les algorithmes pour la construction et la solution des opérateurs MOC et DPN ont été accélérés en utilisant des méthodes de parallélisation à mémoire partagée qui sont le plus adaptés pour des machines de bureau et pour des clusters de calcul. Une partie importante de cette recherche a été dédiée à l’implémentation des méthodes d’équilibrage la charge pour améliorer l’efficacité du parallélisme. La convergence des formules de quadrature pour des cas 3D extrudé a aussi été explorée. Certaines formules profitent de couts négligeables du traitement des directions azimutales et de la direction verticale pour accélérer l’algorithme. La validation de l’algorithme du MOC a été faite par des comparaisons avec une solution de référence calculée par un solveur Monte Carlo avec traitement continu de l’énergie. Pour cette comparaison on propose un couplage entre le MOC et la méthode des Sous-Groupes pour prendre en compte les effets des résonances des sections efficaces. Le calcul complet d’un assemblage de réacteur rapide avec interface fertile/fissile nécessite 2 heures d’exécution avec des erreurs de quelque pcm par rapport à la solution de référence.On propose aussi une approximation d’ordre supérieur du MOC basée sur une expansion axiale polynomiale du flux dans chaque maille. Cette méthode permet une réduction du nombre de mailles (et d’inconnues) tout en gardant la même précision.Toutes les méthodes développées dans ce travail de thèse ont été implémentées dans la version APOLLO3 du solveur de transport TDTThe topic of our research is the application of the Method of Long Characteristics (MOC) to solve the Neutron Transport Equation in three-dimensional axial geometries. The strength of the MOC is in its precision and versatility. As a drawback, it requires a large amount of computational resources. This problem is even more severe in three-dimensional geometries, for which unknowns reach the order of tens of billions for assembly-level calculations.The first part of the research has dealt with the development of optimized tracking and reconstruction techniques which take advantage of the regularities of three-dimensional axial geometries. These methods have allowed a strong reduction of the memory requirements and a reduction of the execution time of the MOC calculation.The convergence of the iterative scheme has been accelerated with a lower-order transport operator (DPN) which is used for the initialization of the solution and for solving the synthetic problem during MOC iterations.The algorithms for the construction and solution of the MOC and DPN operators have been accelerated by using shared-memory parallel paradigms which are more suitable for standard desktop working stations. An important part of this research has been devoted to the implementation of scheduling techniques to improve the parallel efficiency.The convergence of the angular quadrature formula for three-dimensional cases is also studied. Some of these formulas take advantage of the reduced computational costs of the treatment of planar directions and the vertical direction to speed up the algorithm.The verification of the MOC solver has been done by comparing results with continuous-in-energy Monte Carlo calculations. For this purpose a coupling of the 3D MOC solver with the Subgroup method is proposed to take into account the effects of cross sections resonances. The full calculation of a FBR assembly requires about 2 hours of execution time with differences of few PCM with respect to the reference results.We also propose a higher order scheme of the MOC solver based on an axial polynomial expansion of the unknown within each mesh. This method allows the reduction of the meshes (and unknowns) by keeping the same precision.All the methods developed in this thesis have been implemented in the APOLLO3 version of the neutron transport solver TDT
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Duarte, Gustavo Ignácio. "Integrabilidade de G-Estruturas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45131/tde-05072018-111337/.
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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo discutir sob quais condições uma G- estrutura é integrável. Primeiro apresentam-se fibrados principais, vetoriais e outras estruturas a elas associados como torção, espaços verticais, espaços horizontais e conexões. Depois apresentam-se a definição de G-estrutura, de integrabilidade de G-estruturas, com exemplos e as respectivas versões de integrabilidade e equivalência de G-estruturas. Finalmente, são descritas condições mais gerais que garantem a integrabilidade de G-estruturas.This dissertation aims to discuss what are the conditions for the inte- grability of a G-structure. We begin presenting principal bundles, vectoer bundles, associated bundles and other structures related to them like torsion, vertical spaces, horizontal spaces and connections. After this, we present the definition of G-structure, integrability os G-structures with examples ans respectives versions of integrabilities and the equivalence of G-estructures. Finally, we describe more general conditions that ensure the integrability of G-structures.
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Loh, Shihk-Hurng. "Pharmacology and physiology of H'+- equivalent membrane transport in the mammalian ventricular mycocyte". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390485.
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Fernandes, Victor Santoro. "Desenvolvimento de método de análise de materiais equivalentes ao tecido humano por simulação Monte Carlo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-12122017-130310/.
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Materiais radiologicamente equivalentes ao tecido humano (Tissue Equivalent Material - TEM) têm a finalidade de evitar exposição injustificável à radiação de pacientes e são amplamente utilizados no controle de qualidade de equipamentos de diagnóstico por imagem. Esses materiais devem ser caracterizados para que se possa confiar em sua semelhança, em termos de suas propriedades de interação com a matéria, aos tecidos que substituem. Uma das maneiras de caracterizar os materiais é verificando se o espectro transmitido através deles se assemelha ao transmitido através do tecido que substituem. O método Monte Carlo (MC) é uma ferramenta útil no processo de caracterização dos TEM pois pode evitar o processo custoso de realizar experimentos de transmissão de raios-X. Esse trabalho investigou a aplicabilidade do método MC à caracterização de TEM de tecido mamário (bTEM) utilizados no controle de qualidade de equipamentos de mamografia. Para verificar a aplicabilidade do método MC, uma série de resultados de simulações foi comparada a resultados experimentais. Espectros de raios X transmitidos foram comparados diretamente através da média de seus resíduos reduzidos (Mean Weighted Squared Residuals - MWSR). Comparações foram feitas através de grandezas derivadas dos espectros. Essas grandezas foram: as camadas semi-redutoras (primeira e segunda), a energia média e a energia efetiva. Foi realizada uma discussão acerca da eficiência de cada uma dessas comparações, através da estimativa do poder de cada teste de hipótese. Os experimentos de transmissão de radiação foram realizados em duas instalações, no Laboratório de Dosimetria das Radiações e Física Medida da Universidade de São Paulo, onde foi utilizado um tubo de raios X com anodo de tungstênio adaptado para qualidades de feixe utilizadas em aplicações mamográficas, e no Centro de Desenvolvimento de Tecnologia Nuclear da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, equipado com um mamógrafo clínico com anodos de tungstênio e molibdênio. Diversas condições experimentais foram variadas para assegurar a robustez das conclusões, tais como as combinações anodo/filtro, os materiais constituintes dos bTEM, suas glandularidades, espessuras e as tensões de pico. Os espectros sem nenhuma atenuação (0 mm) também foram medidos e utilizados nas comparações. Os espectros foram medidos com um detector comercial de CdTe. Dosímetros termoluminescentes foram utilizados para estimar a dose depositada em diversas regiões do bTEM, e esses resultados foram também comparados às simulações. Além da estimativa do nível de exatidão alcançado pelo código de MC nas referidas condições, também se concluiu que o teste de hipótese do MWSR teve o maior poder estatístico, de 0,996. O MWSR foi o teste que demonstrou a compatibilidade dos espectros medidos o maior número de vezes. Esse teste aceitou 48% dos pares de espectros contra 40% de aceitação do teste da primeira camada semi-redutora, que foi o segundo teste com maior aceitação.man radiologically tissue equivalent materials (TEM) have the purpose of avoiding unjustifiable irradiation of patients; they are largely used in the quality control of image diagnostic equipment. These materials must be characterized so that their similarity to the tissues they simulate can be relied upon, regarding their properties of interaction with radiation. One way of characterizing the materials is by checking the resemblance between their transmitted spectrum to the one of tissue they simulate. The Monte Carlo (MC) method is a useful tool in the TEM characterization process, since it may avoid the realization of costly experiments of transmitted X-ray spectrometry. MC may even dismiss preliminary experiments. This work investigated the applicability of the MC method to the characterization of breast tissue TEM (bTEM) used in the quality control of mammography equipment. To evaluate the applicability of the MC method, a series of simulation results was compared to experimental data. Transmitted spectra were directly compared through their mean weighted squared residues (MWSR), and by the comparisons of spectra derived quantities, as it is commonly done in the literature. These quantities were: the half value layers (first and second), the mean energy and the effective energy. A discussion about the efficiency of each one of these comparisons was made by estimating the statistical power of each hypothesis test. The radiation transmission experiments were carried out in two facilities: at the Laboratory of Radiation Dosimetry and Medical Physics of the University of São Paulo, where a tungsten anode X-ray tube adapted to mammographic applications was used. The rest of the experiments was done at the Nuclear Technology Development Center of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy, equipped with a clinical mammographic equipment with anodes composed by tungsten and molybdenum. Several experimental conditions were varied to ensure the robustness of the conclusions, such as the anode/filter combination, the bTEM constituent materials, their glandularities, thicknesses and peak voltages. Spectra with no attenuation (0 mm) were also measured and used in the comparisons. The spectral measurements were done with a commercial CdTe detector. Thermo-luminescent dosimeters were used to estimate the dose deposited at several regions inside the bTEM, and these results were also compared to simulations. In addition to estimating the level of accuracy achieved by the MC code in the mentioned conditions, it was also concluded that the highest statistical power was scored by the MWSR and it was of 0.996. The MWSR was also the test which attested this compatibility of the measured spectra the most. It accepted 48% of the spectra pair against 40% acceptance of the first half value layer test, which was the second test with most acceptance.
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Villafuerte, Francisco C. "Carbonic anhydrase activity and its role in membrane H+-equivalent transport in mammalian ventricular myocytes". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f355ea40-a6a8-45ed-bc78-408bec2c16d2.
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Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are fundamental and ubiquitous enzymes that catalyse the reversible hydration of CO2 to form HCO3- and H+ ions. Evidence derived from heterologous expression systems has led to the proposal of a novel role for CA in intracellular pH regulation, where its physical and functional coupling to membrane H+ -equivalent transport proteins appears to enhance their activity. It has yet to be established whether such a functional association occurs naturally in wild-type cells. Additional evidence on CA activity in-vitro, has also suggested that certain CA isoforms are regulated by physiological changes of pH, an effect that may then affect their ability to enhance H+ -equivalent transport. No information, however, exists on the pH sensitivity of CA in intact cells. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of CA activity has been reported previously for various compounds, in addition to those designed specifically as CA inhibitors. It is possible that some compounds, currently used to inhibit membrane H+ transport, may also target CA. The present work has examined functional aspects of CA activity in ventricular myocytes isolated enzymically from rat heart, focusing on the potential role of C A in controlling sarcolemmal Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) and sarcolemmal Na+-HCO3- cotransport (NEC). NHE and NEC activity were estimated from the rate of recovery of intracellular pH (pHi), following an intracellular acid load in myocytes loaded with carboxy-SNARF-1 (a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, used to measure pHi)). In other experiments, in-vitro CA activity was assessed from the time-course of pH change after addition of CO2-saturated water to a buffered solution containing either CA II or a cardiac homogenate. In further experiments, intracellular CA activity was assessed from the rate of CO2-induced fall of pHi. Three major results emerged, (i) In intact myocytes, CA activity doubles acid extrusion on sarcolemmal NBC, but has no effect on NHE activity. Facilitation of NBC activity by CA is likely to be mediated by an intracellular CA isoform. (ii) In-vitro and intracellular CA activity displays strong pH-dependence within the physiological pH range, activity declining with a fall of pH. (iii) The NHE inhibitor, cariporide, the bicarbonate transport inhibitors DIDS (4,4'- diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid) and S0859 (an experimental compound from Sanofi-Aventis), and the aquaporin blocker, pCMBS (p-chloromercuribenzene sulphonate), all showed strong inhibitory activity towards CA in-vitro, but had no effect on intracellular CA activity. Overall, the work provides the first clear demonstration of a functional role of CA activity in H+-equivalent transport in a wild-type cell. CA thus represents an important regulatory mechanism of H+ -equivalent transport. The pH sensitivity displayed by in-vitro and intracellular CA activity may also have significant functional consequences for pHi regulation. CA inhibition by various membrane transport inhibitors highlights the need for careful drug and experimental design, to avoid secondary inhibition of CA activity and its side-effects. The present work thus provides insight into the functional roles of CA, plus important new information on the enzyme's pharmacological properties.
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Rugaitis, Šarūnas. "Šiaulių miesto triukšmo šaltinių analizė". Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130821_131435-28848.
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Garso lygio matavimai Šiaulių mieste buvo atlikti geguţės mėnesį. Tyrimų vietos buvo pasirinktos gyvenamojoje aplinkoje prie didţiųjų prekybos centų „Akropolis“, „Tilţė“, „Bruklinas“ ir „Saulės miestas“, gyvenamojoje aplinkoje prie geleţinkelio stoties, Šiaulių reabilitacijos centro aplinkoje, prie J. Janonio gimnazijos, kuriai didţiausią triukšmą sukelia autotransportas ir šalia Jovaro progimnazijos. Palyginimui, tose pačiose vietose matavimai buvo ir savaitgalio metu. Didţiausias ekvivalentinis garso lygis išmatuotas šalia prekybos centro „Saulės miestas“. Aukštas triukšmo lygis uţfiksuotas taip pat prie J. Janonio gimnazijos.. Vidutinis triukšmo lygis šalia gyvenamųjų namų išmatuotas netoli prekybos centrų „Tilţė“, „Akropolis“, „Bruklinas“ bei Jovaro progimnazijos aplinkoje, kuriuose garso lygiai viršija leistiną ribą 1 - 4 dBA. Šiaulių reabilitacijos centro aplinkoje neleistinų viršijimų nebuvo aptikta. Savaitgalio matavimuose didţiausias ekvivalentinis garso lygis buvo išmatuotas prie prekybos centro „Saulės miestas“. Gyvenamojoje zonoje prie geleţinkelio stoties ekvivalentinis garso lygis, lyginant su autotransporto skleidţiamais lygiais viršijamas net 12 dBA.Sound levels were measured in month of May. Research test sites were near residential areas next to shopping centres „Saulės miestas“, „Bruklinas“, „Akropolis“, „Tilţė“, also in residential area near city railway station, in Šiauliai rehabilitation centre area, nearby J.Janonis gymnasium, whereat majority of noise is caused by motor transport, and next to Jovaras progymnasium. In comparison all the measurements have been conducted also in weekend. Highest equivalent sound level was measured near J. Janonis gymnasium. Average sound levels were detected in residential areas near shopping centres „Tilţė“, „Akropolis“, „Bruklinas“ and also in Jovaras progymnasium area, in which the equivalent sound level was exceeded by 1-4 dBA respectively. The sound levels in area near Šiauliai rehabilitation centre did not exceed the limits. The results that were conducted in weekend showed that the highest equivalent sound level was measured near the shopping centre „Saulės miestas“. Utmost sound level was measured near the railway station, where equivalent sound level was exceeded by 12 dBA. Specific noise of the railway transport is the major cause for it.
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Horikawa, Carla Shizumi. "Transporte e morfologia de esquemas de tintas epóxi poliamina equivalentes à base de solvente e água". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6370.
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Previous issue date: 2003-07-21In the present work, anticorrosive properties of solvent borne and water based epoxy polyamine coatings were studied comparatively. First these studies were performed for the individual layers of these coatings, i.e., primer, under coating and topcoat, and, finally, for the set of the layers, which was named complete scheme (for both kinds of epoxy polyamine coatings). In the case of primers, the ionic migration resistance was evaluated, and the resistivity of solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating primer (PS) was bigger than that of water based epoxy polyamine coating primer. In water absorption studies, the individual layers and the complete scheme of the solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating had smaller values than those of the water based epoxy polyamine coatings. In the water transport studies, the individual layers and the complete scheme of the solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating had permeation coefficients smaller than those of the water based epoxy polyamine coating. The oxygen transport also was studied and, one more time, the individual layers of the solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating had permeation coefficients smaller than those of the water based epoxy polyamine coating. However, for the complete scheme, the water based epoxy polyamine coating permeation coefficient was smaller than the solvent borne epoxy polyamine coating one, both presented permeation values smaller than the individuals layers.
Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades anticorrosivas das tintas epóxi-poliamina á base de solvente comparativamente com seu equivalente aquoso. Primeiramente, o estudo foi realizado nas camadas individuais que constituíam as tintas, ou seja, tinta de base ou primer, intermediário e acabamento e, finalmente, no conjunto, que foi denominado por esquema completo para ambos tipos de tintas. No caso dos primers avaliou-se a resistência à migração iônica, onde o primer solvente (PS) apresentou maior resistividade. O estudo de absorção de água tanto nas camadas individuais como no esquema completo das tintas epóxi poliamina à base de solvente apresentaram menores valores em relação as tintas à base de água. No estudo de transporte de água, as camadas individuais e o esquema completo das tintas epóxi poliamina à base de solvente apresentaram coeficientes de permeação menores do que os das tintas à base de água. O transporte de oxigênio também foi estudado e, mais uma vez, as camadas individuais apresentaram menores coeficientes de permeação para a tinta epóxi poliamina à base de solvente. No entanto, em relação aos esquemas completos, o conjunto à base de água apresentou menor coeficiente de permeação em relação àquele à base de solvente, ambos apresentaram coeficientes de permeação menores que os das camadas individuais.
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Palakurthi, Nikhil Kumar. "Direct Numerical Simulation of Liquid Transport Through Fibrous Porous Media". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406881191.
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Llerar, Meza Gerónimo. "Upscaling nonreactive solute transport". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/5848.
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This thesis focuses on solute transport upscaling. Upscaling of solute transport is usually required to obtain computationally efficient numerical models in many field applications such as, remediation of aquifers, environmental risk to groundwater resources or the design of underground repositories of nuclear waste. The non-Fickian behavior observed in the field, and manifested by peaked concentration profiles with pronounced tailing, has questioned the use of the classical advection-dispersion equation to simulate solute transport at field scale using numerical models with discretizations that cannot capture the field heterogeneity. In this context, we have investigated the use of the advection-dispersion equation with mass transfer as a tool for upscaling solute transport in a general numerical modeling framework.
Solute transport by groundwater is very much affected by the presence of high and low water velocity zones, where the contaminant can be channelized or stagnant. These contrasting water velocity zones disappear in the upscaled model as soon as the scale of discretization is larger that the size of these zones. We propose, for the modeling solute transport at large scales, a phenomenological model based on the concept of memory functions, which are used to represent the unresolved processes taking place within each homogenized block in the numerical models.
We propose a new method to estimate equivalent blocks, for which transport and mass transfer parameters have to be provided. The new upscaling technique consists in replacing each heterogeneous block by a homogeneous one in which the parameters associated to a memory functions are used to represent the unresolved mass exchange between highly mobile and less mobile zones occurring within the block. Flow upscaling is based on the Simple Laplacian with skin, whereas transport upscaling is based in the estimation of macrodispersion and mass transfer parameters as a result of the interpretation of the rLlerar Meza, G. (2009). Upscaling nonreactive solute transport [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/5848
Palancia
Książki na temat "Equivalence Transport"
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Pershina, K. D., i K. O. Kazdobin. Impedance spectroscopy of electrolytic materials. V.I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/guide.2012.224.
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is playing an increasingly significant role in fundamental and applied research: to study any type of solid and liquid materials (ionic, mixed, semiconductor, and insulators), to study charge transfer in heterogeneous systems, including phase boundaries, electrode boundaries, and elements of the microstructure. With the help of EIS, it is possible to study the behavior of chemical sensors, fuel cells, batteries, and corrosion processes. The base of the method stays on the principle of exciting any electrochemical system with a signal in the form of a sinusoidal wave and observing its behavior in response to this disturbance. This is the simplest method for determining the structural and transport functions of the system under study. This is the simplest method for determining the structural and transport functions of the system under study. The book discusses the theoretical foundations of the method of impedance spectroscopy, including the method of equivalent circuits, and provides examples of the analysis of impedance spectra for real objects. The main attention is paid to the model elements of equivalent circuits, their physical base, and the use of the models in the analysis of electrochemical systems. Handbook consists of seven chapters. It has questions and tasks to self-work after each part. It is intended for students of chemical, chemical-technological, and biomedical specialties, as well as for specialists engaged in research in the field of materials science, medicine, and ecology.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Nonequilibrium Green’s Functions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0007.
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The method of the equation of motion is used to derive the Martin–Schwinger hierarchy for the nonequilibrium Green’s functions. The formal closure of the hierarchy is reached by using the selfenergy which provides a recipe for how to construct selfenergies from approximations of the two-particle Green’s function. The Langreth–Wilkins rules for a diagrammatic technique are shown to be equivalent to the weakening of initial correlations. The quantum transport equations are derived in the general form of Kadanoff and Baym equations. The information contained in the Green’s function is discussed. In equilibrium this leads to the Matsubara diagrammatic technique.
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Lee, Richard. Pulse oximetry and capnography in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0073.
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The estimation of arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry and arterial carbon dioxide tension by capnography are vital monitoring techniques in critical care medicine, particularly during intubation, ventilation and transport. Equivalent continuous information is not otherwise available. It is important to understand the principles of measurement and limitations, for safe use and error detection. PETCO2 and oxygen saturation should be regularly checked against PaCO2 and co-oximeter SO2 obtained from the blood gas machine. The PECO2 trace informs endotracheal tube placement, ventilation, and blood flow to the lungs. It is essential their principles of estimation, the information gained and the traps in interpretation are understood.
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Klein, Michael. Infrastructure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0013.
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Infrastructure services in energy, transport, water, and telecommunications services underpin the wealth of modern nations. Yet inefficiencies abound. In developing nations hundreds of millions of people lack access to modern infrastructure services. Globally, as much as 40 percent of expenditures on infrastructure may constitute waste, equivalent to some 1 to 2 percent of global GDP. Natural monopoly features and sunk costs provide incentives for the parties to infrastructure ventures to play ransom games. Particularly in developing economies prices are often well below cost. Hence investors shy away and access remains limited. Government involvement in project choice and implementation may lead to ‘white elephants’ and mismanagement. Where head-to-head competition can be introduced, such as in modern telecommunications systems, the syndrome can be kept in check. Yet where such competition is not feasible, policymaking and inevitable price and quality regulation remain a challenge, requiring patient effort at arm’s-length from day-to-day political pressures.
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Bockenhauer, Detlef, i Robert Kleta. Approach to the patient with salt-wasting tubulopathies. Redaktor Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0031_update_001.
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Sodium is the main ion of the extracellular compartments, and it is through control of sodium reabsorption that the kidneys maintain volume homoeostasis and systemic blood pressure. The amount of sodium that is first filtered by the glomerulus and then reabsorbed in the tubule is quite staggering: assuming a glomerular filtration rate of 100 mL/min and a serum sodium concentration of 140 mmol/L, an average-sized person filters about 20,000 mmol of sodium per day, equivalent to the amount in 1.2 kg of cooking salt. In the steady state, the amount of sodium excreted is equal to the amount ingested. An average Western diet contains about 8–10 g of salt per day; a low-salt diet may be around 2 g per day. Under physiological conditions, the tubules reabsorb about 99% of filtered sodium. This enormous task is accomplished by a combination of distinct and sequentially oriented sodium or sodium-coupled transport systems along the nephron and the concerted and parallel action of some of these systems within the kidney. These are described, along with the consequences of disorders of the processes. A diagnostic approach to salt-losing states such as Fanconi, Bartter Gitelman and other syndromes, and hypoaldosteronism, is described.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Interacting Systems far from Equilibrium. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.001.0001.
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In quantum statistics based on many-body Green’s functions, the effective medium is represented by the selfenergy. This book aims to discuss the selfenergy from this point of view. The knowledge of the exact selfenergy is equivalent to the knowledge of the exact correlation function from which one can evaluate any single-particle observable. Complete interpretations of the selfenergy are as rich as the properties of the many-body systems. It will be shown that classical features are helpful to understand the selfenergy, but in many cases we have to include additional aspects describing the internal dynamics of the interaction. The inductive presentation introduces the concept of Ludwig Boltzmann to describe correlations by the scattering of many particles from elementary principles up to refined approximations of many-body quantum systems. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the understanding of the time-dependent formation of correlations. Within this book an up-to-date most simple formalism of nonequilibrium Green’s functions is presented to cover different applications ranging from solid state physics (impurity scattering, semiconductor, superconductivity, Bose–Einstein condensation, spin-orbit coupled systems), plasma physics (screening, transport in magnetic fields), cold atoms in optical lattices up to nuclear reactions (heavy-ion collisions). Both possibilities are provided, to learn the quantum kinetic theory in terms of Green’s functions from the basics using experiences with phenomena, and experienced researchers can find a framework to develop and to apply the quantum many-body theory straight to versatile phenomena.
Części książek na temat "Equivalence Transport"
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Górny, Wojciech, i José M. Mazón. "Equivalence with an Optimal Transport Problem in Two Dimensions". W Functions of Least Gradient, 241–61. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51881-2_9.
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Faithfull, N. Simon. "The Concept of Hemoglobin Equivalency of Perfluorochemical Emulsions". W Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXIV, 271–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_26.
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Kappelmann, Kevin. "Transport via Partial Galois Connections and Equivalences". W Programming Languages and Systems, 225–45. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8311-7_11.
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Capasso, Federico, Fabio Beltram, Deborah L. Sivco, Albert L. Hutchinson, Sung-Nee G. Chu i Alfred Y. Cho. "Transport in Superlattices: Observation of Negative Differential Conductance by Field Induced Localization and Its Equivalence with the Esaki-Tsu Mechanism; Scattering Controlled Resonances in Superlattices". W Resonant Tunneling in Semiconductors, 377–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3846-2_35.
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Macioszek, Elżbieta. "Geometrical Determinants of Car Equivalents for Heavy Vehicles Crossing Circular Intersections". W Telematics in the Transport Environment, 221–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34050-5_25.
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Schubert, Roy W., i Xuejun Zhang. "The Equivalent Krogh Cylinder and Axial Oxygen Transport". W Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 191–202. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5865-1_23.
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Bouhouras, Efstathios, Konstantina Kikeni, Athanasios Siginos, Apostolos Vouitsis, Konstantina Voulgari i Socrates Basbas. "Is It Necessary to Calculate Passenger Car Equivalent Value for Commercial Vehicles in Urban Areas?" W Smart Energy for Smart Transport, 1266–77. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23721-8_102.
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Jones-Lee, Michael W., Graham Loomes i Angela Robinson. "Why Did Two Theoretically Equivalent Methods Produce Two Very Different Values?" W Contingent Valuation, Transport Safety and the Value of Life, 113–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0665-8_6.
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Willemson, Jan, i Kristjan Krips. "Estimating Carbon Footprint of Paper and Internet Voting". W Electronic Voting, 140–55. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43756-4_9.
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AbstractThis paper compares the carbon footprint of paper voting in polling stations with the emissions of remote vote casting via the Internet. We identify the process steps with the most significant emissions in terms of $$\textrm{CO}_2$$ CO 2 equivalent, design a methodology to quantify these emissions and give a comparative analysis based on the example of the Estonian parliamentary elections of 2023. Our results show that paper voting has about 180 times higher carbon footprint, owing largely to the need to transport the voters to the polling stations and back.
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Bell, Eugene, Roger Gay, Mark Swiderek, Tom Class, Paul Kemp, Graham Green, Howard Haimes i Patrick Bilbo. "Use of Fabricated Living Tissue and Organ Equivalents as Defined Higher Order Systems for the Study of Pharmacologic Responses to Test Substances". W Pharmaceutical Applications of Cell and Tissue Culture to Drug Transport, 51–65. Boston, MA: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0286-6_5.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Equivalence Transport"
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Lampezhev, Abas H., Dmitry V. Polezhaev i Maxim S. Mikhailov. "Evaluation of Information Technology Equivalence in Telemedicine". W 2023 International Conference on Quality Management, Transport and Information Security, Information Technologies (IT&QM&IS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itqmtis58985.2023.10346484.
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Li, Xiao, Xiaoli Jiang i Hans Hopman. "A Strain Energy-Based Equivalent Layer Method for the Prediction of Critical Collapse Pressure of Flexible Risers". W ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78266.
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Flexible risers are one kind of flexible pipes that transport fluid between subsea facilities and topside structures. This pipe-like structure consists of multiple layers and its innermost carcass layer is designed for external hydrostatic pressure resistance. For the flexible risers used in ultra-deep water fields, the critical collapse pressure of the carcass layers is one of the dominant factors in their safety design. However, the complexity of the interlocked carcass design introduces significant difficulties and constraints into the engineering analysis. To facilitate the anti-collapse analysis, equivalent layer methods are demanded to help construct an equivalent pipe that performs a similar collapse behavior of the carcass. This paper proposes a strain energy based equivalent layer method which trying to bridge the equivalence between those two structures by considering equivalent geometric and material properties for the equivalent layer. Those properties are determined through strain energy equivalence and membrane stiffness equivalence. The strain energy of the carcass is obtained through numerical models and is then used in a derived equation set to calculate the equivalent properties for the equivalent layer. After all the equivalent properties have been determined, an equivalent layer FE model is built and used to predict the critical pressure of the carcass. The prediction result is compared to that of the full 3D carcass model as well as the equivalent models that built based on other existing equivalent methods, which shows that the proposed equivalent layer method gives a better performance on predicting the critical pressure of the carcass.
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Kaiser, Thomas Ludwig, i Kilian Oberleithner. "Modeling the Transport of Fuel Mixture Perturbations and Entropy Waves in the Linearized Framework". W ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14715.
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Abstract In this paper a new method is introduced to model the transport of entropy waves and equivalence ratio fluctuations in turbulent flows. The model is based on the Navier-Stokes equations and includes a transport equation for a passive scalar, which may stand for entropy or equivalence ratio fluctuations. The equations are linearized around the mean turbulent fields, which serve as the input to the model in addition to a turbulent eddy viscosity, which accounts for turbulent diffusion of the perturbations. Based on these inputs, the framework is able to predict the linear response of the flow velocity and passive scalar to harmonic perturbations that are imposed at the boundaries of the computational domain. These in this study are fluctuations in the passive scalar and/or velocities at the inlet of a channel flow. The code is first validated against analytic results, showing very good agreement. Then the method is applied to predict the convection, mean flow dispersion and turbulent mixing of passive scalar fluctuations in a turbulent channel flow, which has been studied in previous work with Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS). Results show that our code reproduces the dynamics of coherent passive scalar transport in the DNS with very high accuracy and low numerical costs, when the DNS mean flow and Reynolds stresses are provided. Furthermore, we demonstrate that turbulent mixing has a significant effect on the transport of the passive scalar fluctuations. Finally, we apply the method to explain experimental observations of transport of equivalence ratio fluctuations in the mixing duct of a model burner.
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Vogel, Manuel, Jan Kaufmann, Vinzenz Völkl, Christoph Hirsch i Thomas Sattelmayer. "Comparison of Equivalence Ratio Fluctuations in a Lean Premixed Combustor for Kerosene and Natural Gas". W ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2023-101091.
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Abstract Equivalence ratio fluctuations have been identified as a major driving mechanism for thermoacoustic instabilities in lean premixed combustion. In the present study, equivalence ratio fluctuations are determined experimentally from flame chemiluminescence in a lean premixed combustor at atmospheric conditions for kerosene and natural gas combustion. The phase-resolved CH* and CO2* chemiluminescence signals of acoustically excited flames are acquired with an intensified camera equipped with an image doubler and bandpass filters. A calibration chart derived from stationary operation provides the correlation between the global CH*/CO2* ratio and the equivalence ratio for both fuels. Equivalence ratio fluctuations are found to be particularly dominant as long as the convective wavelength of the equivalence ratio wave exceeds the distance between fuel injection and flame. The fluctuations decrease significantly with increasing frequencies and finally become almost negligible. The more complex mixture preparation for liquid fuels compared to gaseous fuels is shown to significantly influence the generation and propagation of equivalence ratio fluctuations. The applied measurement method is validated by investigating externally premixed natural gas combustion, where no equivalence ratio fluctuations are detected. A one-dimensional transport model is employed to analyze the generation and propagation of the equivalence ratio wave. A comparison with the experimental results reveals that the propagation of the equivalence ratio wave can be approximated quite accurately by the model. However, the model fails to predict important features attributed to an interaction of the equivalence ratio wave with swirl fluctuations.
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Katayama, Makito, Naoya Fukushima, Masayasu Shimura, Mamoru Tanahashi i Toshio Miyauchi. "DNS on Autoignition and Flame Propagation of Inhomogeneous Methane–Air Mixtures in a Closed Vessel". W ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44476.
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Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) on autoignition and flame propagation of inhomogeneous methane–air mixtures in a closed vessel are conducted with considering detailed kinetic mechanism and temperature dependence of transport and thermal properties. The mixtures with spatial inhomogeneity of temperature or equivalence ratio are investigated. Periodic condition for non-heatloss cases or isothermal wall condition for heatloss cases is imposed on the boundaries. From the DNS results without heatloss, effects of spatial inhomogeneity of temperature and equivalence ratio on mean heat release rate are clarified. Increase of spatial variations of temperature or equivalence ratio suppresses drastic rise of mean heat release rate and reduces its maximum value. Autoignition process is affected by temperature more strongly than equivalence ratio. In the cases with heatloss, ignition delay increases and the maximum mean heat release rate decreases. After autoignition process, propagating flame is formed along walls. Heat transfer characteristics in a closed vessel are also discussed with combustion mechanisms.
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Zhao, Jing, Zhihong Liu, Chunlin Wei i Yongming Hu. "Analysis of Heterogeneous Cores Using SN Code With Discontinuity Factor". W 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30165.
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Solving diffusion equations with the equivalence homogenization theory is the common method in reactor neutronics. But for some case, as for stronger absorbers, the diffusion equations will bring great errors and the transport method will be more suitable. The discontinuity factor theory has been successfully used in core diffusion computation programs and effectively reduced the homogenization error. The method of using the discontinuity factor in the transport method were studied. The result shows that higher accuracy was obtained from the discrete ordinates core transport computation program with discontinued factor.
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Katta, Viswanath R., i W. M. Roquemore. "Studies on Lean-Blowout Characteristics of a Premixed Jet Flame". W ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-115.
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The stability characteristics of a fuel-lean premixed jet flame are investigated using a time-dependent, axisymmetric numerical model with a detailed-chemical-kinetics mechanism for H2-O2-N2 combustion. Temperature- and species-dependent transport properties are incorporated. The mathematical model is validated by computing the burning velocities for different equivalence ratios and comparing them with experimentally measured values. Premixed flames that are stably attached to the fuel tube are obtained over a wide range of equivalence ratios. The lower limit for equivalence ratio at which the flame lifts-off from the fuel tube is found to be 0.4. Calculations have also correctly predicted the following scenario: when a premixed flame lifts-off at the base, it becomes unstable and is eventually blown out of the computational domain. The blow-out process is studied by analyzing the stable flame at Φ = 0.4 and the unstable flame at Φ = 0.395. Entrainment of ambient air by the fuel jet upstream of the lifted-flame base reduces the local equivalence ratio which, in turn, is found to be responsible for the blow-out of the flame.
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Yadav, Priyanka, i Nagendra P. Yadav. "Prediction of Combustion Performance of Biodiesel in Gas Turbine Combustor". W ASME 2021 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2021-66282.
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Abstract This paper focuses the computational fluid dynamics analysis inside the gas turbine combustor for the combustion of biodiesel and air mixture. The biodiesel (methyl soyate) is made from the vegetable oil (soybean oil). ANSYS fluent is used for Numerical simulation and model adapted Eddy dissipation concept for turbulence, discrete model, k-epsilon (standard), and the species transport. The model was validated and the combustion performance of biodiesel is predicted with an air-assist injector. The fuel spray is created by commercially available airblast atomizer in this study. The strength of recirculation increases with increased in equivalence ratio. The strong corner recirculation was observed at 0.75 equivalence ratio. The higher turbulence kinetic energy is found at the middle of the combustor. The temperature increases with the increase in the equivalence ratio in the flame stable region while it decreases with increases in the equivalence ratio. It was observed that an increase in the equivalence ratio, flame length increases. The profiles of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxides (NOx) emissions can be obtained at 15% atomizing airflow rates, while the total airflow rate kept constant. The NOx and CO emissions are effected mainly by the fuel-air mixing process that the fuel-air mixing process and atomization have the great impact on CO and NOx emissions.
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Simon, B. R., S. K. Williams, J. Liu, J. W. Nichol, P. H. Rigby i M. V. Kaufmann. "Equivalent Mixed “PHETS” and “MPHETS” Poroelasttc-Transport-Swelling Finite Element Models for Soft Biological Tissues". W ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0459.
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Abstract A soft hydrated tissue structure can be viewed as a “PETS” (poroelastic-transport-swelling) model, i.e., as a continuum composed of an incompressible porous solid (fibrous matrix with fixed charge density, FCD) that is saturated by a mobile incompressible fluid (water) containing mobile positively (p) and negatively (m) charged species. Previously, we described two PETS models — a “semi-mixed” porohyperelastic PHETS model (Simon et al. 1998) and a “fully mixed” MPHETS model (Simon et al. 1999) using FEMs (finite element models) that included geometric and material nonlinearity and coupled electrical/chemical/mechanical transport of the fluid and charged species. Here, we demonstrate the equivalence of the PHETS and MPHETS formulations that are useful when the solid and fluid materials are incompressible and the electrical-chemical potential and mechanical-osmotic pressure fields are discontinuous at material interfaces.
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Mauri Fortes i Wanyr Romero Ferreira. "Equivalence of finite element, volume and difference methods used to solve one-dimensional convectiondiffusion problems - Application to a solute transport process". W 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.10566.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Equivalence Transport"
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Kent, Jonathan, i Caroline Wallbank. The use of hypothesis testing in transport research. TRL, luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/rrzh8247.
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Hypothesis testing is a well-used statistical method to evaluate whether a proposition is true or false. A fundamental part of the testing procedure is the calculation and interpretation of a p-value, which represents the probability of a set of data being observed, under the assumption that the proposition is true. This null hypothesis is then rejected if the p-value is less than a certain threshold, usually 0.05. In recent years, some members of the scientific community have called into question the validity of the hypothesis testing approach, because it places so much emphasis on whether or not a value is above or below an arbitrary threshold. We think that hypothesis testing is still a valid method, but it is important that, as well as the p-value additional information such as effect sizes is taken into account when interpreting results. In addition, there are alternative approaches, such as equivalence testing or Bayesian hypothesis testing, which should be considered in certain circumstances.
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Atal, Juan Pablo, Pedro Zitko, Catalina Gutiérrez i Úrsula Giedon. ¿Cuánto podrían ahorrar y qué ganarían los hogares Chilenos usando medicamentos genéricos en vez de sus equivalentes del marca? Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, wrzesień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005158.
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En Chile, el gasto en salud pagado directamente por los hogares el gasto de bolsillo en salud es de 32 por ciento del total, uno de los más altos entre los países de la OCDE. De este gasto, 40 por ciento corresponde a la adquisición de medicamentos. 40 por ciento de los medicamentos ambulatorios a los que accede la población chilena son adquiridos de forma particular en el mercado del retail a través de farmacias privadas. Este trabajo cuantifica cuánto podrían ahorrar los hogares si compraran medicamentos genéricos sin marca en vez de sus equivalentes de marca. Adicionalmente, estima cómo se distribuiría este ahorro por nivel socioeconómico y calcula su costo de oportunidad en términos de gasto de bolsillo y consumo de otros bienes en el hogar. Los resultados indican que existe la posibilidad de sustitución para 29 por ciento del valor del mercado y que el ahorro potencial alcanzaría los 315 millones de dólares anuales. Esto corresponde a un ahorro potencial de 48 por ciento en este segmento. Adicionalmente, para 51 por ciento del mercado no hay sustitutos genéricos disponibles a pesar de que los medicamentos de este segmento perdieron la patente y existen alternativas genéricas con registro sanitario en Chile u otros países. El ahorro potencial de sustituir productos de marca por productos genéricos reduciría 4 por ciento el gasto total en salud de los hogares y 10 por ciento el gasto en medicamentos. Los ahorros son más importantes para hogares con menor nivel educativo entre 12 y 17 por ciento del gasto en medicamentos. Para ilustrar la importancia en términos de otros gastos del hogar, este ahorro permitiría a los hogares con menor nivel educativo pagar cerca de 50 días de transporte por año o más de 2 meses de transporte de días laborales.
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Oakil, Abu Toasin, Ahm Mehbub Anwar, Alma Alhussaini, Nourah Al Hosain, Abdelrahman Muhsen i Anvita Arora. Urban Transport Energy Demand Model for Riyadh: Methodology and Preliminary Analysis. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-mp03.
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Saudi Arabia intends to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 278 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent annually by 2030, according to its Nationally Determined Contribution to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Among many policies it is introducing, a mass transit system and transit-oriented development are being advanced with the expectation of reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions in Riyadh. To what extent such an initiative can reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions is an important question. In this paper, a methodology is developed to systematically measure the impact of mass transit and transit-oriented development in Riyadh on energy demand.
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Hummels, David. Time as a Trade Barrier. GTAP Working Paper, grudzień 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp18.
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International trade occurs in physical space and moving goods requires time. This paper examines the importance of time as a trade barrier, estimates the magnitude of time costs, and relates these to patterns of trade and the international organization of production. Estimates indicate that each additional day spent in transport reduces the probability that the US will source from that country by 1 – 1.5 percent. Conditional on exporting country, estimates directly identify a willingness-to-pay for time savings using variation across exporters and commodities in the relative price / speed tradeoff for air and ocean shipping. Each day saved in shipping time is worth 0.8 percent ad-valorem for manufactured goods. Relative declines over time in air shipping prices make time-savings less expensive, providing a compelling explanation for aggregate trade growth, compositional effects in trade growth, as well as growth in time-intensive forms of integration such as vertical specialization. Specifically, the advent of fast transport (air shipping and faster ocean vessels) is equivalent to reducing tariffs on manufactured goods from 32% to 9% between 1950-1998.
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Roa, Julia, i Joseph Oldham. Feasibility Study of Regional Air Mobility Services for High Priority Transportation in the San Joaquin Valley. Mineta Transportation Institute, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2129.
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Regional Air Mobility (RAM) focuses on building upon existing airport infrastructure to transport people and goods using innovative aircraft that offer a huge improvement in efficiency, affordability, and community-friendly integration over existing regional transportation options. These aircraft, which typically carry less than 20 passengers or an equivalent weight in cargo, are flexible in terms of where they can take off and land, even using existing runways and infrastructure to maximize compatibility with today’s airports. This project examines the feasibility of RAM supporting high-speed transportation for high-priority passenger and cargo movement within Fresno County and connection to coastal urban centers. Some examples of high-priority passengers and cargo could include, but would not be limited to, medical patients needing specialized and/or emergency treatment, organ transport, and critical medical supply deliveries. Electrification of aviation is happening, and Fresno County has the potential to combine our existing closely spaced underutilized airport infrastructure, early demonstration, and experience with electric aircraft, renewable energy opportunities, central location within the state, and the need to open the door for new industry opportunities for youth to take advantage of this “Third Revolution” in aviation.
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot i Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.
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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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Ahumada, Hildegart, Santos Espina-Mairal, Fernando Navajas i Alejandro Rasteletti. Effective Carbon Rates on Energy Use in Latin America and the Caribbean: Estimates and Directions of Reform. Inter-American Development Bank, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004778.
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This paper estimates effective carbon rates (ECRs) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy use for 18 Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. We follow a methodology developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as this allows us to compare ECR estimates for LAC countries with those for other countries in other regions. We also adapt the OECD methodology to assess the effect of energy subsidies on ECRs. The results obtained indicate that ECRs were low in LAC countries in 2018. On average, LAC countries priced carbon emissions from energy use at 24 euros per ton of CO2 equivalent (EUR/tCO2e) emissions, while the average pricing in OECD countries was 41 EUR/tCO2e. When considering energy subsidies, the average ECR in LAC falls to 17 EUR/tCO2e. The difference in average carbon pricing observed between LAC and the OECD is, for the most part, explained by lower excise taxes in LAC and, to a lesser extent, to few LAC countries having carbon taxes and the lack of tradable carbon emission permit mechanisms. We also find a large heterogeneity of ECRs across LAC countries as well as across sectors within countries. ECRs are the highest in Costa Rica and the lowest in Ecuador. At the sector level, ECRs are on average the highest in the road transport sector and the lowest in the electricity sector and in the residential and commercial energy use sector. These differences stem mostly from the different taxation of the different energy products. The ECR estimates suggest that countries willing to introduce carbon pricing reforms must pay particular attention to reducing fuel energy subsidies and to increasing ECRs in sectors other than road transport, as these sectors constitute a large share of carbon emissions and are virtually untaxed.
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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas i S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, kwiecień 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.
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Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.
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Kirchhoff, Helmut, i Ziv Reich. Protection of the photosynthetic apparatus during desiccation in resurrection plants. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699861.bard.
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In this project, we studied the photosynthetic apparatus during dehydration and rehydration of the homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plant Craterostigmapumilum (retains most of the photosynthetic components during desiccation). Resurrection plants have the remarkable capability to withstand desiccation, being able to revive after prolonged severe water deficit in a few days upon rehydration. Homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plants are very efficient in protecting the photosynthetic machinery against damage by reactive oxygen production under drought. The main purpose of this BARD project was to unravel these largely unknown protection strategies for C. pumilum. In detail, the specific objectives were: (1) To determine the distribution and local organization of photosynthetic protein complexes and formation of inverted hexagonal phases within the thylakoid membranes at different dehydration/rehydration states. (2) To determine the 3D structure and characterize the geometry, topology, and mechanics of the thylakoid network at the different states. (3) Generation of molecular models for thylakoids at the different states and study the implications for diffusion within the thylakoid lumen. (4) Characterization of inter-system electron transport, quantum efficiencies, photosystem antenna sizes and distribution, NPQ, and photoinhibition at different hydration states. (5) Measuring the partition of photosynthetic reducing equivalents between the Calvin cycle, photorespiration, and the water-water cycle. At the beginning of the project, we decided to use C. pumilum instead of C. wilmsii because the former species was available from our collaborator Dr. Farrant. In addition to the original two dehydration states (40 relative water content=RWC and 5% RWC), we characterized a third state (15-20%) because some interesting changes occurs at this RWC. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect D1 protein levels by Western blot analysis because antibodies against other higher plants failed to detect D1 in C. pumilum. We developed growth conditions that allow reproducible generation of different dehydration and rehydration states for C. pumilum. Furthermore, advanced spectroscopy and microscopy for C. pumilum were established to obtain a detailed picture of structural and functional changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in different hydrated states. Main findings of our study are: 1. Anthocyan accumulation during desiccation alleviates the light pressure within the leaves (Fig. 1). 2. During desiccation, stomatal closure leads to drastic reductions in CO2 fixation and photorespiration. We could not identify alternative electron sinks as a solution to reduce ROS production. 3. On the supramolecular level, semicrystalline protein arrays were identified in thylakoid membranes in the desiccated state (see Fig. 3). On the electron transport level, a specific series of shut downs occur (summarized in Fig. 2). The main events include: Early shutdown of the ATPase activity, cessation of electron transport between cyt. bf complex and PSI (can reduce ROS formation at PSI); at higher dehydration levels uncoupling of LHCII from PSII and cessation of electron flow from PSII accompanied by crystal formation. The later could severe as a swift PSII reservoir during rehydration. The specific order of events in the course of dehydration and rehydration discovered in this project is indicative for regulated structural transitions specifically realized in resurrection plants. This detailed knowledge can serve as an interesting starting point for rationale genetic engineering of drought-tolerant crops.
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Niles, John S., i J. M. Pogodzinski. Steps to Supplement Park-and-Ride Public Transit Access with Ride-and-Ride Shuttles. Mineta Transportation Institute, lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1950.
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Public transit ridership in California declined in the five years before the pandemic of 2020–21 and dropped significantly further after the pandemic began. A sharp downward step in the level of transit boarding occurred after February 2020, and continues to the date of this report as a result of the public-health guidance on social distancing, expanded work-at-home, and a travel mode shift from public transit to private cars. A critical issue has come to the foreground of public transportation policy, namely, how to increase the quality and geographic reach of transit service to better serve the essential trips of mobility disadvantaged citizens who do not have access to private vehicle travel. The research focus of this report is an examination of the circumstances where fixed route bus route service could cost-effectively be replaced by on-demand microtransit, with equivalent overall zone-level efficiency and a higher quality of complete trip service. Research methods were reviews of documented agency experience, execution of simple simulations, and sketch-level analysis of 2019 performance reported in the National Transit Database. Available evidence is encouraging and suggestive, but not conclusive. The research found that substitutions of flexible microtransit for fixed route buses are already being piloted across the U.S., with promising performance results. The findings imply that action steps could be taken in California to expand and refine an emphasis on general purpose microtransit in corridors and zones with a relatively high fraction of potential travelers who are mobility disadvantaged, and where traditional bus routes are capturing fewer than 15 boardings per vehicle hour. To be sufficiently productive as fixed route replacements, microtransit service technologies in the same or larger zones need to be capable of achieving vehicle boardings of five per hour, a challenge worth addressing with technology applications. Delivery of microtransit service can be undertaken through contracts with a growing set of private sector firms, which are developing processes to merge general purpose customers with those now assigned to ADA-required paratransit and Medi-Cal-supported non-emergency medical transport.