Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Equality of opportunity

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Equality of opportunity”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 11 marca 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Equality of opportunity"

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Ooghe, Erwin, Erik Schokkaert i Dirk Van de gaer. "Equality of Opportunity versus Equality of Opportunity Sets". Social Choice and Welfare 28, nr 2 (31.05.2006): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-006-0165-4.

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Bennett, Kim. "Equality and opportunity". Nursing Standard 4, nr 31 (25.04.1990): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.4.31.59.s51.

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Barrett, Richard. "Equality of Opportunity". Economic Journal 112, nr 480 (1.06.2002): F383—F384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.t01-15-00050.

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Kampe, Cornelius. "Equality of Opportunity". Social Philosophy Today 1 (1988): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/socphiltoday1988130.

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Young, Robert. "EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY". Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 70, nr 3 (wrzesień 1989): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0114.1989.tb00382.x.

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Sreenivasan, Gopal. "Equality, opportunity, ambiguity". Politics, Philosophy & Economics 13, nr 1 (22.07.2013): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594x13496071.

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Richards, Janet Radcliffe. "Equality of Opportunity". Ratio 10, nr 3 (grudzień 1997): 253–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9329.00044.

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Hild, Matthias, i Alex Voorhoeve. "EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND OPPORTUNITY DOMINANCE". Economics and Philosophy 20, nr 1 (kwiecień 2004): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267104001282.

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All conceptions of equal opportunity draw on some distinction between morally justified and unjustified inequalities. We discuss how this distinction varies across a range of philosophical positions. We find that these positions often advance equality of opportunity in tandem with distributive principles based on merit, desert, consequentialist criteria or individuals' responsibility for outcomes. The result of this amalgam of principles is a festering controversy that unnecessarily diminishes the widespread acceptability of opportunity concerns. We therefore propose to restore the conceptual separation of opportunity principles concerning unjustified inequalities from distributive principles concerning justifiable inequalities. On this view, equal opportunity implies that that morally irrelevant factors should engender no differences in individuals' attainment, while remaining silent on inequalities due to morally relevant factors. We examine this idea by introducing the principle of ‘opportunity dominance' and explore in a simple application to what extent this principle may help us arbitrate between opposing distributive principles. We also compare this principle to the selection rules developed by John Roemer and Dirk Van de Gaer.
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Kodelja, Zdenko. "Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Outcome". Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal 6, nr 2 (30.06.2016): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.85.

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The report on the findings of extensive empirical research on equality of educational opportunities carried out in the US on a very large sample of public schools by Coleman and his colleagues has had a major impact on education policy and has given rise to a large amount of research and various interpretations. However, as some interpreters have highlighted,even more important than the findings of the survey themselves has been Coleman’s redefinition of equality of opportunity, abandoning the then prevailing conception of equality of educational opportunities as equality of starting points and replacing it with the concept of equality of educational opportunities as equality of educational outcomes. The question is, therefore, whether equality of outcomes really is one of the two types of equality of opportunity. The purpose of the present article is to show that equality of opportunity and equality of outcomes are two different types of equality. If they are different, the interpretation that Coleman has redefined the concept of “equality of educational opportunity” turns out to be incorrect.
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Roemer, John E. "Defending Equality of Opportunity". Monist 86, nr 2 (2003): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/monist200386210.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Equality of opportunity"

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Cavanagh, Matthew. "Equality and opportunity". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324550.

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Cousin, Glynis. "Theorising equality of opportunity". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4330/.

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In this thesis I examine theoretical underpinnings to policies of equality of opportunity and in so doing, offer the case for: a) including classism within the realm of equality of opportunity policy; b) a re-evaluation of ethnic monitoring procedures to embrace contemporary concerns about the category construct of ethnic identity; c) the development of an ethics of sex relations to complement strategies to combat material sexism. In supporting my case I explore enlightenment conceptions of equality against contemporary late and postmodern debates about difference and otherness. This exploration includes an assessment of Italian and French theories of sex difference. I conclude with an assessment. of the tension between social and private determinants of disadvantage and inequality.
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Sapata, Christelle. "Essays on Equality of Opportunity". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/107956.

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La teoría de la igualdad de oportunidad permite justificar algunas desigualdades: las desigualdades generadas por factores por el cual el individuo es responsable (llamados esfuerzo) son justas y no dan lugar a redistribución. Al contrario, las desigualdades que son causadas por factores ajenos a la responsabilidad individual (llamados circunstancias) son injustas y por tanto deben ser corregidas. A pesar de que conste un consenso sobre la frontera entre desigualdades justas e injustas, distintas estrategias de medición existen que pueden conllevar a diferencias en las conclusiones. En esta tesis, estudiamos tres técnicas de medición de la desigualdad de oportunidad con el fin de evaluar el impacto de las técnicas usadas sobre las conclusiones en término de desigualdad de oportunidad. En el primer capitulo, investigamos hasta que punto la magnitud de la desigualdad de oportunidad varia cuando (1) incluimos una o varias variables de circunstancia, (2) tomamos o no en cuenta el efecto indirecto de las circunstancias, (3) cambiamos la frontera entre esfuerzo y circunstancia. Medimos la magnitud de la desigualdad de oportunidad en la adquisición de ingresos laborales en España y encontramos que ésta es sensible a la inclusión de varias circunstancias. En efecto, no solo la educación de los padres es une circunstancia relevante, pero otros factores generan desigualdad de oportunidad tal como el país de nacimiento ó el genero. El efecto indirecto es también importante dado que explica cerca de la mitad de la desigualdad de oportunidad total. Finalmente, cambiar la frontera entre circunstancias y esfuerzo no es de gran impacto en nuestro caso porque los factores, que son sin ambigüedad fuera de la responsabilidad individual, son los que mas impactan sobre la desigualdad de ingresos. El segundo capitulo analiza tos cuestiones: Es el esfuerzo premiado de la misma manera en todas las regiones de Francia? Son las regiones igualmente jerarquizadas en término de desigualdad de oportunidad y de desigualdad de ingresos? Para contestar a ello, primero estimamos una ecuación de ingresos en función de variables de esfuerzo y de circunstancias. Después, calculamos un ingreso justo que sólo depende de las variables de esfuerzo y obtenemos una medida de desigualdad de oportunidad basada en la distancia entre el ingreso observado y el ingreso justo. Encontramos desigualdades de oportunidad en todas las regiones de Francia y amplias diferencias en los premios al esfuerzo entre las regiones. Por otro lado, la jerarquía de las regiones en término de desigualdad de ingreso y de desigualdad de oportunidad es muy similar, lo cual es conforme a otros estudios que investigan la correlación entre desigualdad de ingreso y desigualdad de oportunidad. En el tercer capitulo, asumimos que los individuos tienen preferencias heterogéneas sobre el consumo y el ocio. En este caso, los criterios de igualdad de oportunidad deben ser adaptados lo cual ha sido formulado por Fleurbaey y Maniquet. Proponemos un método que permita aplicar estos criterios ordinales, y que sea aplicable a otros criterios. Con este fin, usamos un modelo econométrico que llega a identificar preferencias de grupo, y añadimos información sobre las decisiones de los individuos en término de consumo y ocio, para aproximar las preferencias individuales. También, proponemos dos métodos para comparar los criterios ordinales propuestos por Fleurbaey y Maniquet con los criterios cardinales propuestos por Roemer y Van de gaer. Encontramos muy poco apareamiento entre los criterios y concluimos que las diferencias en los resultados dados por cada criterio muestran que las estrategias de medición son tan importantes como los criterios usados.
The theory of equality of opportunity leads to legitimate some inequalities: inequalities due to factors for which the individual can be held responsible are fair. On the contrary, when inequalities are due to factors that are beyond individual's responsibility, these inequalities are unfair and should be removed. Even though a consensus emerges about the cut between fair and unfair inequalities, distinct measurement strategies have emerged and may lead to distinct conclusions. In this thesis, we study three aspects concerning the measurement of equality of opportunity to assess the impact of the techniques used on the conclusions about unfair inequalities. To measure inequality of opportunity, we can (1) measure the impact of one or several non-responsibility factors on individuals' outcomes, (2) account or not for the indirect impact of non-responsibility factors on responsibility factors and (3) move the cut that separates both types of factors. The first chapter investigates to which extent the magnitude of inequality of opportunity is sensitive to the change in one of these three decisions. We perform the analysis for Spain and find that the magnitude of ex-ante inequality of opportunity is sensitive to the inclusion of several non-responsibility factors. Family background is found to explain inequalities in income, but other non-responsibility variables such as country of birth are also found to be important determinants of inequalities. The indirect effect of non-responsibility factors is found to be of main importance as it explains around half the overall inequality of opportunity. Finally, the cut between responsibility and non-responsibility factors is not found to be of main impact as the variables that are obviously beyond individuals' responsibility are the ones that impact the most on inequality. The second chapter addresses two questions: Is effort equally rewarded across regions of France and is ex-post inequality of opportunity distributed in the same way as income? To this end, we estimate a wage equation as a function of circumstance and effort variables. We calculate the fair income which is the income that depends on effort only and we take the distance between the actual earnings and the fair income to obtain a measure of ex-post inequality of opportunity. We exhibit the presence of inequality of opportunity in all the regions of France and the way responsibility factors are rewarded differ across regions. On the other hand, the rankings of the regions in terms of equality of opportunity and inequality in income change slightly, which is consistent with other studies on the correlation between income inequality and inequality of opportunity. In the third chapter, we assume individuals have heterogeneous preferences on consumption and leisure. In this case, the criteria of equality of opportunity have to be adapted as proposed by Fleurbaey and Maniquet. Our aim is to propose a model to apply these criteria and make them comparable with cardinal criteria. To this end, we start from a model that identifies groups' preferences and we make use of information on individuals' choices to approximate individuals' preferences. We also propose two ways of cardinalizing our measure such as to compare our results with two cardinal criteria. We show very little matching among the criteria. The target of redistribution policy changes as we move from the egalitarian equivalence criterion to the conditional equality criterion. Then, we find strong similarities between Van de gaer's criterion and the conditional equality criterion. Roemer's criterion appears to give very distinct conclusions with respect to the other three criteria. To conclude, the difference in the results given by each criterion shows that the strategies of measurement are at least as important as the criterion used.
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Voorhoeve, Alexander Edmund. "Equal opportunity, equality, and responsibility". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446749/.

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This thesis argues that a particular version of equal opportunity for welfare is the best way of meeting the joint demands of three liberal egalitarian ideals: distributional equality, responsibility, and respect for individuals' differing reasonable judgements of their own good. It also examines which social choice rules best represent these demands. Finally, it defends the view that achieving equal opportunity for welfare should not only be a goal of formal public institutions, but that just citizens should also sometimes be guided by it in their everyday life. The version of equal opportunity for welfare it defends differs from some well-known contemporary versions in the following ways. First, it rejects a definition of welfare as the degree of satisfaction of a person's preferences, because, it argues, this conception of welfare cannot adequately deal with preference change. Instead, it suggests that we should adopt a conception of welfare based on a list of goods and conditions that are recognised as valuable from the perspective of a variety of different conceptions of the good. Second, it argues that individuals' prima facie claim to an equally valuable share of the world's resources-a claim which is based on their equal moral worth-is limited to situations in which giving one person a more valuable share means that someone else ends up with a less valuable share. It also argues that in situations where we can improve at least one person's situation without worsening anyone else's, we generally do not fail to respect each person's equal moral worth by doing so, even if this leads to inequalities. Third, it defends a distinct view of responsibility, which justifies social arrangements that give people certain options with reference to the value that individuals can achieve (but don't necessarily achieve) through their choices from these options.
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PIGNATARO, GIUSEPPE. "Essays on Equality of opportunity". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/363.

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La letteratura economica che affianca il principio di eguaglianza delle opportunità suggerisce l’introduzione dei valori libertari e di autonomia nella valutazione del benessere sociale. Questa teoria non si concentra sulla semplice eguaglianza tra i cittadini in termini di reddito, salute, utilità ma valuta l’eguaglianza delle loro opportunità affinché esiti plurimi possano essere raggiunti unicamente sulla base dell’impegno dei singoli individui. Nel primo capitolo ripercorriamo attraverso una breve carrellata le indicazioni provenienti da economisti e filosofi della politica che hanno trattato questo argomento nel corso degli ultimi decenni. Nel secondo capitolo ci occupiamo della misurazione della eguaglianza delle opportunità studiando differenti metodologie che coinvolgono l’indice di Atkinson e i suoi sviluppi in termini di eguaglianza. Il terzo capitolo prosegue invece attraverso una analisi empirica sulla salute. I risultati suggeriscono come le decisioni individuali riguardanti il fumo, considerato come un fattore di responsabilità, influenzino gravemente la salute degli individui rispetto alla loro condizione familiare. Il capitolo 4 studia invece l’interazione tra eguaglianza delle opportunità ed efficienza nel mercato del credito dimostrando come, oltre ad una palese violazione del principio egalitario, esistano anche problematiche di efficienza come surrogato delle dinamiche discriminatorie dovute alle asimmetrie informative.
The economic literature on equality of opportunity suggests non-welfarist foundations of social choice introducing the concepts of freedoms and liberties of individuals in the assessment of social welfare. The opportunity egalitarian principle does not focus on equality of outcomes but essentially on equality of means to realize those outcomes, i.e., it places some responsibilities on individuals to decide how much effort to pay in order to exploit the opportunity offered to them. This concept refers to be a part of conventional wisdom and has a long tradition and wide acceptance. On these grounds chapter 1 is devoted to a review of the most recent research on equality of opportunity. Some economists and political philosophers have argued that, in examining distributional questions, instead of focusing on differences in observed incomes or current levels of welfare, it is more appropriate to focus on the choice or opportunity sets that individuals face. Chapter 2 focus on the measurement of the degree of equality of opportunity based on alternative decompositions of the Atkinson index of equality according to welfare theory approach. In chapter 3 we address a measurement in health using data from the British Household Panel Survey (1996-2005). Our results suggest a great incidence of the direct effect of the individual behaviors in terms of lifestyles reducing the indirect contribution of social background. Public health programs are more likely to produce results if targeted on individual responsibility. A different point at issue is tackled in chapter 4 where we introduce the relationship between equality of opportunity and efficiency in the credit market. We show that richer individuals participate more in the credit market even when relatively more averse to effort violating the equality of opportunity principle. Moreover, we find that marginal richer borrowers exert less effort than poorer ones in equilibrium. Empirical evidence in Italy points to a limited impact of policy measures aimed at increasing credit opportunities without targeting accurately the beneficiaries.
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PIGNATARO, GIUSEPPE. "Essays on Equality of opportunity". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/363.

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La letteratura economica che affianca il principio di eguaglianza delle opportunità suggerisce l’introduzione dei valori libertari e di autonomia nella valutazione del benessere sociale. Questa teoria non si concentra sulla semplice eguaglianza tra i cittadini in termini di reddito, salute, utilità ma valuta l’eguaglianza delle loro opportunità affinché esiti plurimi possano essere raggiunti unicamente sulla base dell’impegno dei singoli individui. Nel primo capitolo ripercorriamo attraverso una breve carrellata le indicazioni provenienti da economisti e filosofi della politica che hanno trattato questo argomento nel corso degli ultimi decenni. Nel secondo capitolo ci occupiamo della misurazione della eguaglianza delle opportunità studiando differenti metodologie che coinvolgono l’indice di Atkinson e i suoi sviluppi in termini di eguaglianza. Il terzo capitolo prosegue invece attraverso una analisi empirica sulla salute. I risultati suggeriscono come le decisioni individuali riguardanti il fumo, considerato come un fattore di responsabilità, influenzino gravemente la salute degli individui rispetto alla loro condizione familiare. Il capitolo 4 studia invece l’interazione tra eguaglianza delle opportunità ed efficienza nel mercato del credito dimostrando come, oltre ad una palese violazione del principio egalitario, esistano anche problematiche di efficienza come surrogato delle dinamiche discriminatorie dovute alle asimmetrie informative.
The economic literature on equality of opportunity suggests non-welfarist foundations of social choice introducing the concepts of freedoms and liberties of individuals in the assessment of social welfare. The opportunity egalitarian principle does not focus on equality of outcomes but essentially on equality of means to realize those outcomes, i.e., it places some responsibilities on individuals to decide how much effort to pay in order to exploit the opportunity offered to them. This concept refers to be a part of conventional wisdom and has a long tradition and wide acceptance. On these grounds chapter 1 is devoted to a review of the most recent research on equality of opportunity. Some economists and political philosophers have argued that, in examining distributional questions, instead of focusing on differences in observed incomes or current levels of welfare, it is more appropriate to focus on the choice or opportunity sets that individuals face. Chapter 2 focus on the measurement of the degree of equality of opportunity based on alternative decompositions of the Atkinson index of equality according to welfare theory approach. In chapter 3 we address a measurement in health using data from the British Household Panel Survey (1996-2005). Our results suggest a great incidence of the direct effect of the individual behaviors in terms of lifestyles reducing the indirect contribution of social background. Public health programs are more likely to produce results if targeted on individual responsibility. A different point at issue is tackled in chapter 4 where we introduce the relationship between equality of opportunity and efficiency in the credit market. We show that richer individuals participate more in the credit market even when relatively more averse to effort violating the equality of opportunity principle. Moreover, we find that marginal richer borrowers exert less effort than poorer ones in equilibrium. Empirical evidence in Italy points to a limited impact of policy measures aimed at increasing credit opportunities without targeting accurately the beneficiaries.
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Nilsson, William. "Equality of opportunity, heterogeneity and poverty". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-518.

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Lazenby, Hugh T. C. "A conception of equality of opportunity". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9aa71505-3263-429d-bbb7-8f5bd5e06625.

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This thesis defends a conception of equality of opportunity. It comes in two parts. The first part elaborates the conception. It begins by clarifying the concept of equality of opportunity, showing it to be made up of four basic elements: a distributive pattern, a set of subjects, an opportunity obstacle and a distributive object. The conception I build from these elements explains the value of the distributive pattern, equality, in terms of a concern for fairness, takes persons as its subject and takes well-being as its object. The conception presented is partial, rather than comprehensive, in that it does not include a detailed account of an opportunity obstacle. The conception of equality of opportunity that I present can also be characterised as a luck egalitarian principle. My aim in elaborating the conception is to show that it has intuitive appeal; it constitutes a pro tanto moral principle. The second part of the thesis examines the implications of luck egalitarianism in two contexts. It begins by examining the context of gifts, arguing that although luck egalitarianism is highly restrictive with respect to the freedom to give this only confirms that it is a merely pro tanto moral principle. It continues by examining the context of markets, arguing that luck egalitarianism makes intuitively correct judgments in several specified cases. My aim in applying luck egalitarianism is to show that its implications do not give us reason to reject its initial intuitive appeal. I examine luck egalitarianism generally, rather then the partial conception I elaborate, to allow for the possibility that my earlier arguments are wrong in some respect. Overall, I hope the arguments presented provide reasons to accept the conception presented as morally valuable.
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Salas, Gonzalo. "Essays on equality of opportunity and public policy". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400568.

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Esta tesis se estructura en base a la noción de igualdad de oportunidades, concepto inicialmente propuesto por Arneson (1989), cuyas bases filosóficas se encuentran profundamente influidas por los planteos de Rawls (1971). Desde esta perspectiva no hay justificación alguna para la existencia de circunstancias diferenciadoras originadas por la suerte o la dotación natural, mientras que todo lo que se encuentre bajo control de la persona es responsabilidad del individuo y la sociedad no debería preocuparse por establecer mecanismos compensadores. En este sentido Roemer (1998) señala que la política pública debe encargarse de nivelar el campo de juego igualando oportunidades, equiparando las condiciones de partida de las personas para poder acceder a una ventaja. En los distintos capítulos de esta tesis se busca contribuir en distintas esferas de este campo, brindando evidencia empírica para el caso uruguayo. En la tesis se estudia el vínculo entre la igualdad de oportunidades y las políticas públicas. De forma más explícita en unos casos y de forma indirecta en otros, las políticas públicas que se analizan ponen foco en la educación. Se considera un programa de transferencia de ingresos, el Plan de Atención a la Emergencia Social (PANES, por sus siglas en español), y una política orientada a la primera infancia basada en el incremento de plazas educativas públicas. En la literatura revisada los estudios que vinculan de forma causal políticas públicas focalizadas con la desigualdad de oportunidades son escasos (Ham, 2010; Van der gaer, 2011), mayor es la literatura que se centra en el análisis de los impactos de las políticas orientadas a la primera infancia (por ejemplo, Baker et al, 2008; Urzúa & Veramendi, 2011; Conti & Heckman, 2012; Felfe & Lalive, 2014). En este último caso el énfasis en los efectos sobre la igualdad de oportunidades es menor, en tanto no es posible atribuir responsabilidades a los niños por sus desempeños. No obstante, en Andreoli, Havnes & Lefranc (2014) se realiza un esfuerzo por vincular la literatura basada en la igualdad de oportunidades y la expansión de centros educativos dirigidos a la primera infancia. El restante capítulo se centra en el estudios de las preferencias por políticas redistributivas considerando distintos enfoques normativos que se han utilizado para medir igualdad de oportunidades. También son varios los trabajos que intentan entender el papel que desempeñan en las mencionadas preferencias las percepciones de justicia de los individuos (Fong, 2001; Alesina y Angeletos, 2005; Alesina y Giuliano, 2009). Se intenta vincular con mayor precisión estas dos esferas, las cuales presentan un fuerte anclaje subjetivo. En concreto, se estudia en qué medida las preferencias por la redistribución pueden quedar determinadas por percepciones individuales heterogéneas de la igualdad de oportunidades. Se pone particular énfasis en los argumentos teóricos que sirve de base para que las percepciones de justicia influyan en la utilidad de los individuos, donde se ven reflejadas las preferencias por la redistribución. A diferencias de los trabajos que le anteceden, y que se centran en explicaciones basadas en el altruismo de las personas, en este capítulo el argumento se desplaza hacia la reciprocidad generada a partir de la interacción entre los individuos. Este último elemento asocia el papel jugado por el sentido de justicia a la identidad de las personas (Akerlof y Kranton, 2010), y por ende es formado a partir de la interacción con el grupo de pares.
This thesis is structured around the notion of equal opportunities, a concept first proposed by Arneson (1989), whose philosophical foundations are deeply influenced by the proposals of Rawls (1971). From this perspective there is no justification for the existence of differentiating circumstances arising from luck or natural endowment, while everything which is under the control of the person is the responsibility of the individual and society should not concern itself with establishing compensatory mechanisms. In this sense, Roemer (1998) notes that public policy should be responsible for leveling the playing field by equaling the opportunities and starting conditions of the people in order to be able to access an advantage. In the different chapters of this thesis I aim to contribute to different areas of this field by providing empirical evidence for the case of Uruguay. I focus on the link between equality of opportunities and public policy. The public policies that are analyzed put a focus on education, explicitly in some cases and indirectly in others. I consider an income transfer program, the Plan de Atención Nacional a la Emergencia Social (PANES), and a policy oriented to early childhood based on increasing places in public schools. In the literature reviewed the studies that casually link targeted public policies with inequality of opportunities are scarce (Ham, 2010; Van der gaer, 2011), with a greater number of studies focusing on analyzing the impact of policies oriented to early childhood (for example, Baker et al, 2008; Urzúa & Veramendi, 2011; Conti & Heckman, 2012; Felfe & Lalive, 2014). In the latter case there is less emphasis on the effects on equality of opportunities, so it is not possible to attribute responsibility to the children for their performance. However, in Andreoli, Havnes & Lefranc (2014) an effort was made to link the literature based on equality of opportunities and the expansion of public schools aimed at early childhood. The remaining chapter focuses on the study of preferences for redistributive policies considering different normative approaches that have been used to measure equality of opportunity. There are also several papers that have attempted to understand the role played by the perceptions of fairness of individuals in the aforementioned preferences (Fong, 2001; Alesina and Angeletos, 2005; Alesina and Giuliano, 2009). I attempt to link these two areas, which have a string subjective element, with greater precision. Specifically, I study the extent to which preferences for redistribution may be determined by heterogeneous individual perceptions about inequality of opportunity. Particular emphasis is placed on the theoretical arguments underlying the idea that perceptions of fairness influence the utility of individuals, where they see their preferences for redistribution reflected. Unlike the chapters which precede it, and which focus on explanations based on the altruism of people, in this chapter the argument shifts towards the reciprocity generated by the interaction among individuals. This last element associates the role played by the sense of fairness with the identity of the people (Akerlof and Kranton, 2010), and is therefore formed from the interaction with the peer group.
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Short, Myriah J. "Equality of Opportunity: Equal Access to Higher Education". Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1229624814.

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Książki na temat "Equality of opportunity"

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Equality of opportunity. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998.

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Roemer, John E. Equality of opportunity. Cambridge: Harvard university press, 1998.

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Business & Technology Education Council. Equality of opportunity. London: BTEC, 1992.

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Frankel, Paul Ellen, i Bowling Green State University. Social Philosophy and Policy Center., red. Equal opportunity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell for the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, Bowling Green State University, 1987.

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Cousin, Glynis. Theorising equality of opportunity. [s.l.]: typescript, 1995.

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Samuel, Coleman James. Equality of educational opportunity. Salem, N.H: Ayer Co., 1988.

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Dickson, Peter. Towards equality of opportunity. [Slough]: NFER, 1993.

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Sardoč, Mitja, red. Handbook of Equality of Opportunity. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52269-2.

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Business and Technician Education Council. Equality of opportunity for education. London: the Council, 1986.

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Schütz, Gabriela. Education policy and equality of opportunity. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Części książek na temat "Equality of opportunity"

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Siboni, Benedetta, i Giovanna Galizzi. "Equality of Opportunity". W Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_689-1.

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Reisman, David. "Equality of Opportunity". W Crosland's Future, 56–107. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376687_3.

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Roemer, John E. "Equality of Opportunity". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 3840–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2223.

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Roemer, John E. "Equality of Opportunity". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–8. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2223-1.

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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Equal Opportunity". W Handbook of Equality of Opportunity, 1–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52269-2_2-1.

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Armstrong, Chris. "Global Equality of Opportunity". W Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 410–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_277.

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Navin, Mark C. "Fair Equality of Opportunity". W Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 331–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_9.

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Spring, Joel. "Equality of Educational Opportunity". W American Education, 94–126. Wyd. 20. Twentieth edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003093251-5.

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Lægaard, Sune. "Equality of Opportunity and Religion". W Handbook of Equality of Opportunity, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52269-2_1-1.

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Stone, Peter. "Democracy and Equality of Opportunity". W Handbook of Equality of Opportunity, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52269-2_3-1.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Equality of opportunity"

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Liu, David, Zohair Shafi, William Fleisher, Tina Eliassi-Rad i Scott Alfeld. "RAWLSNET: Altering Bayesian Networks to Encode Rawlsian Fair Equality of Opportunity". W AIES '21: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462618.

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Heidari, Hoda, Michele Loi, Krishna P. Gummadi i Andreas Krause. "A Moral Framework for Understanding Fair ML through Economic Models of Equality of Opportunity". W FAT* '19: Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287584.

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Suwarno, Peter. "Equality in Education and Employment for Sustainable Development of Diverse Indonesia: Enhancing Equal Opportunity, Volunteerism, and Philanthropy". W Proceedings of the 1st Non Formal Education International Conference (NFEIC 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/nfeic-18.2019.1.

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Li, Henan. "Criminal Law Regulation of Legal Means to Defraud the National Welfare Behavior--from the Perspective of Equality of Opportunity Protection". W 2017 3rd International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering (ESSAEME 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-17.2017.244.

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Lučić, Sonja. "JAČANjE PRINCIPA NEUTRALNOSTI INTERNETA KROZ PRAKSU SUDA PRAVDE EU". W XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.505l.

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In Case C-807/18 the Court of Justice of the EU had the opportunity to interpret Regulation 2015/2120, which contains the principle of Internet Neutrality, for the first time. On this occasion, the Court took position that Internet providers must not favor certain applications and services for providing and using data on the Internet to the detriment of others. The principle of net neutrality existed even before the adoption of Regulation 2015/2120. This Regulation establishes measures concerning open access to the Internet. Namely, the Regulation sets rules aimed at ensuring equality and nondiscriminatory treatement of traffic, as well as protection of the rights of end users. The principle of net neutrality implies that all providers of internet access services will treat all traffic equally without discrimination, restriction or interference and regardless of the sender and recipient, the content accessed or distributed,
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Semiz, Marina. "Komparativni osvrt na visoko obrazovanje tokom pandemije kovid-19". W Nauka, nastava, učenje u izmenjenom društvenom kontekstu. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Education in Uzice, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/nnu21.055s.

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The 2020 crisis caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic brought the current and emerging weaknesses of the education system in both developed countries and countries in transition to the surface. This paper focuses on a comparative overview of the sector of higher education, especially in terms of the possibilities for achieving equality of educational opportunity, mobility, quality of scientific research, and education quality in general. We conducted an analysis of available theoretical papers, empirical studies, and reports that focus on the impact of the pandemic on institutions of higher education, the process itself, and the results of online teaching/learning, research and internationalization of education. The results of the analysis indicate differentiated responses of institutions of higher education to the new situation and the changed social context with regard to all observed aspects. Previous studies and analyses should indicate directions for post-pandemic reactions of institutions of higher education, so they could adequately and flexibly respond to global crises and changes in the future.
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Angelova-Igova, Boryana, i Ivan Slavchev. "SOME GENDER ISSUES AROUND SPORTS OFFICIALS IN THE CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN SOCIETY". W INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/73.

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ABSTRACT Sport is a mirror of the culture in which it develops, therefore analyzing the problems and trends in sport we have the opportunity to see a simplified model of society itself. The subject of our study is to understand how much our society is a subject of a gender stereotypes and to which extent contemporary women and men are free to express themselves in any public sphere of their choice. The case with sports officials sheds light on this problem. In the period May 2021 - January 2022, we conducted a study, within the international project Raising the growth and participation of female sports officials in Europe (WINS Project), supported by the Erasmus + Sport program, on the state and attitudes of Bulgarian sports officials, in all sports. We noticed several facts, typical for the modern Bulgarian society: Bulgarian women do not suffer from strong gender stereotypes regarding what is a “male” or a “female” occupation. However, we notice a low level of involvement of women as officials in “men’s sports”, such as football, boxing and taekwondo and very high in “women’s sports”: almost 99% in rhythmic gymnastics. Yet there is a positive trend in terms of women’s involvement in “men’s” sports. There has been an increase in recent years of women officials in sports such as taekwondo, boxing, football, weightlifting, but we are still very far from the desired equality. Bulgarian women occupy a large part of the low-level sport officials’ positions in athletics, but there are few women occupying higher positions and women also have lower salaries. In sports refereeing there are no legal differences that give privileges to one or the other sex, but this “equality” in some cases harms women who, due to motherhood or various ailments, have specific needs and requirements for working hours and work environment.
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Marinelli, Melissa Jane, Linley Lord i Sally Male. "Early career patterns, experiences, and influences: reflections from women engineers in senior roles". W SEFI 50th Annual conference of The European Society for Engineering Education. Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1361.

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Early career experiences provide the foundation for career progression and inform career choices and decisions. For women in the engineering profession, positive early career experiences have been linked to persistence and retention within the profession A recent focus on early careers within engineering has provided insight into early career role types and related competencies, competency and capability gaps experienced by novice engineers, and their perceptions of meaningful engineering work. There is opportunity to diversify and contextualise this understanding by exploring early career experiences of women working within the engineering profession, and by considering the influence of gender on early career experiences and decisions. This paper reports on an empirical investigation of the career experiences of 22 women engineers in senior roles within engineering organisations in the Australian context. Phenomenological and temporal analysis of their career reflections provides evidence of three early career patterns of varied sequence and focus. The influences shaping these career paths are described. By making explicit possible, diverse early career paths, determinants and outcomes, this paper aims to continue to bridge the engineering education-practice gap and to contribute to greater equality, diversity, and inclusion within the profession.
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Jumani, Nabi Bux, Fouzia Ajmal, Samina Malik i Fatima Maqsood. "Online Education as a Key to Bridge Gender Digital Divide in Pakistan". W Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.9275.

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Educational systems are progressively attempting to provide equitable, comprehensive, and high-quality digital skills education and training. Females lag substantially behind males in digital abilities, paving the need for more learning and skill development, especially in developing countries. Creating equal opportunity in higher education for all individuals including both genders is a social responsibility. Gender equality is a cornerstone of a healthy, modern economy, and women may make a significant contribution to society and the economy as a whole. The current study was taken to analyze the gender digital divide among youth in Pakistan. The relevant policy documents such as Digital Pakistan Policy and reports were analyzed. The main causes identified included barriers to access, affordability, lack of technology literacy, and sociocultural norms. Moreover, the role of online education as an effort to bridge the gender digital divide was analyzed through interviews with key stakeholders in higher education in Pakistan. Women's use of ICT and digital platforms, mobile phones, and digital payments are among the recommendations, as are skills development for the digital era and enabling for better knowledge and meaningful use of digital technology. Individuals, communities, and the commercial sector will all need to work together to bridge the digital gender gap in Pakistan.
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Bozkaya, Gülferah. "The Role of Social Protection Expenditure in the Fight against Poverty". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00990.

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The concept gradually accumulate wealth in the world and intensifies poverty and insecurity are increasing to the same extent. When we look at the past, present and edit the markets cannot self-cleaning, as they cannot, by themselves can be considered as social justice has been seen cannot produce. Social justice-seeking different genders, groups and generations ensures the promotion of equality between the values. The realization of social justice on a global scale before everything redistribution of income from the rich to the poor is mandatory. Redistributing income in various forms of social protection social justice, provide more in several sizes. Avoidance of poverty by helping individuals develop their individual autonomy, dignity, protects and supports integration with the community. Whatever the economic power and productivity of individuals worthy of human dignity to have a minimum standard of social life provides guaranteed by the state. Spread evenly across society for education and health facilities and offers high standards. Social protection expenditure used in the creation of the European Union using ESSPROS method a methodology that has been guiding international social protection expenditures to produce an international comparison also provides the opportunity to do. In the light of current international developments in the field of social policy, social protection expenditure in Turkey will be evaluated in a comparative perspective.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Equality of opportunity"

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Benabou, Roland, i Efe Ok. Mobility as Progressivity: Ranking Income Processes According to Equality of Opportunity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8431.

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Mott, Joanna, Heather Brown, Di Kilsby, Emily Eller i Tshering Choden. Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Self-Assessment Tool. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), kwiecień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.016.

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The facilitated self-assessment provides the opportunity to discuss and reflect on current strengths and how to improve processes that drive positive change in GESI through your projects and organisation. It also provides an opportunity for your project and organisation to measure progress towards transformative practice and outcomes. It enables participants to identify strategies to strengthen gender equality/diversity and social inclusion, consider strategies to make change, and highlight opportunities for improvement within their work.
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Sexton, Porter. A computer decision support system to assist in providing equality of educational opportunity. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.795.

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Andrews, Rodney, i Kevin Stange. Price Regulation, Price Discrimination, and Equality of Opportunity in Higher Education: Evidence from Texas. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22901.

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Cascio, Elizabeth, Nora Gordon i Sarah Reber. Federal Aid and Equality of Educational Opportunity: Evidence from the Introduction of Title I in the South. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, czerwiec 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17155.

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Sung, Seung Yong. Reproduction of 'Equality of opportunity and human capital accumulation: Motivational effect of a nationwide scholarship in Colombia'. Social Science Reproduction Platform, kwiecień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48152/ssrp-5t1m-4n04.

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss i Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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Smith, Mary. Equality of Educational Opportunity for Language Minority Students in Oregon: A Survey of ESL/Bilingual Education Policy in Local School Districts. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.382.

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Oloo, Ruth, i Amber Parkes. Addressing Unpaid Care and Domestic Work for a Gender-equal and Inclusive Kenya: WE-Care policy briefing. Oxfam, kwiecień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7314.

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Care work is the heartbeat of every society: it contributes to our wellbeing as a nation and is crucial for our social and economic development. Yet the disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care work results in time poverty and significant opportunity costs, particularly among the poorest and most marginalized women and girls. This policy brief outlines why unpaid care work is a critical development, economic and gender equality issue for Kenya. It draws on two sets of evidence from Oxfam’s Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) programme, which explore the impact of women and girls’ heavy and unequal unpaid care responsibilities both before and during COVID-19.
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Mwiine, Amon Ashaba, Josephine Ahikire, Jovah Katushabe, Harriet Pamara i Aklam Amanya. Unravelling Backlash in the Journey of Legislating Sexual Offences in Uganda. Institute of Development Studies, styczeń 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2023.007.

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This paper interrogates the reality of gender backlash in Uganda by tracing the process of legislating on the 2019 Sexual Offences Bill (SOB). We trace the early beginnings of the Bill by highlighting the motivation that guided the framing of the Bill, the role of individual actors and alliances in pushing for the gender equity reform, and the oppositional forces against the reform. Working with participatory forms of qualitative research methods, the focus on the legislative cycle of the SOB as a policy case aimed to enable us to understand what constitutes backlash, and its drivers and manifestations. While this approach is an opportunity to contribute to and broaden conceptual debates on gender backlash in Uganda and beyond, it is also aimed at working closely with women’s rights activists to identify forms of backlash and inform feminist voice and response to the opposition dynamics and the impact on the gender equality agenda – thereby contributing to creating capacity in voice to counter backlash against gender justice.
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