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DISTEFANO, Stefania, M. José PALMA, Manuel GÓMEZ i A. Luis del RÍO. "Characterization of endoproteases from plant peroxisomes". Biochemical Journal 327, nr 2 (15.10.1997): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3270399.
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In this work, the characterization of endoprotease (EP) isoenzymes in peroxisomes is reported for the first time in cell organelles purified from pea leaves (Pisum sativum L.). A comparative analysis of the endo-proteolytic activity in peroxisomes purified from young (15-day-old) and senescent (50-day-old) leaves was carried out. Peroxisomes purified from senescent leaves showed a much higher endo-proteolytic activity than organelles from young plants. A 16 h incubation with exogenous substrates was the threshold time for the detection of a linear increase in the endo-proteolytic activity of peroxisomes from senescent leaves. Three EP isoenzymes (EP2, EP4 and EP5), having molecular masses of 88, 64 and 50 kDa respectively, were found in young plants by using SDS/polyacrylamide-gradient gels co-polymerized with gelatin. However, four additional isoenzymes (EP1, EP3, EP6 and EP7), with molecular masses of 220, 76, 46 and 34 kDa respectively, were detected in senescent plants. All the isoenzymes detected in peroxisomes from both young and senescent leaves were neutral proteases. By using different class-specific inhibitors, the electrophoretically separated EP isoenzymes were characterized as three serine-proteinases (EP1, EP3 and EP4), two cysteine-proteinases (EP2 and EP6) and a metallo-proteinase (EP7), and EP5 might be a metal-dependent serine-proteinase. Moreover, a peroxisomal polypeptide of 64 kDa was recognized by an antibody against a thiol-protease. The serine-proteinase isoenzymes (EP1, EP3 and EP4), which represent approx. 70% of the total EP activity of peroxisomes, showed a notable thermal stability, not being inhibited by incubation at 50 °C for 1 h.
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Landau, Idan. "EPP Extensions". Linguistic Inquiry 38, nr 3 (lipiec 2007): 485–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2007.38.3.485.
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The fact that the specifier of T0 is subject both to the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) and to the Empty Category Principle (ECP) has remained an unexplained accident within Government-Binding Theory. I propose a principled account of this correlation. The EPP is a selectional requirement of functional heads (e.g., T, Top, C) that applies at PF—an instance of p-selection for an overt element. Like all selectional requirements, it applies to the head of the selected phrase, explaining why null heads cannot appear in EPP positions (thus deriving certain representational ECP effects). A wide range of empirical results follow, all unified by the exclusion of null-headed phrases from EPP positions: subject-object asymmetries in the distribution of bare nouns in Romance and sentential complements; failure of certain adjuncts to occur in clause-initial position; resistance of indirect objects to Ā-movement; and phonological doubling of heads of fronted categories. I argue against the agreement/checking view of the EPP and show that only the selectional construal allows a natural explanation of its puzzling properties.
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Schweda, Frank, Jürgen Klar, Shuh Narumiya, Rolf M. Nüsing i Armin Kurtz. "Stimulation of renin release by prostaglandin E2 is mediated by EP2 and EP4 receptors in mouse kidneys". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 287, nr 3 (wrzesień 2004): F427—F433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00072.2004.
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PGE2 is a potent stimulator of renin release. So far, the contribution of each of the four PGE2 receptor subtypes (EP1–EP4) in the regulation of renin release has not been characterized. Therefore, we investigated the effects PGE2 on renin secretion rates (RSR) from isolated, perfused kidneys of EP1−/−, EP2−/−, EP3−/−, EP4−/−, and wild-type mice. PGE2 concentration dependently stimulated RSR from kidneys of all four knockout strains with a threshold concentration of 1 nM in EP1−/−, EP2−/−, EP3−/−, and wild-type mice, whereas the threshold concentration was shifted to 10 nM in EP4−/− mice. Moreover, the maximum stimulation of RSR by PGE2 at 1 μM was significantly reduced in EP4−/− (12.8-fold of control) and EP2−/− (15.9-fold) compared with wild-type (20.7-fold), EP1−/− (23.8-fold), and EP3−/− (20.1-fold). In contrast, stimulation of RSR by either the loop diuretic bumetanide or the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol was similar in all strains. PGE2 exerted a dual effect on renal vascular tone, inducing vasodilatation at low concentrations (1 nmol/) and vasoconstriction at higher concentrations (100 nmol/) in kidneys of wild-type mice. In kidneys of EP2−/− as well as EP4−/− mice, vasodilatation at low PGE2 concentrations was prevented, whereas vasoconstriction at higher concentrations was augmented. In contrast, the vasodilatatory component was pronounced in kidneys of EP1 and EP3 knockout mice, whereas in both genotypes the vasoconstriction at higher PGE2 concentrations was markedly blunted. Our data provide evidence that PGE2 stimulates renin release via activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors, whereas EP1 and EP3 receptors appear to be without functional relevance in juxtaglomerular cells. In contrast, all four receptor subtypes are involved in the control of renal vascular tone, EP1 and EP3 receptors increasing, and EP2 as well as EP4 receptors, decreasing it.
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Touma, Zahi, Arane Thavaneswaran, Vinod Chandran, Fawnda Pellett, Richard J. Cook i Dafna D. Gladman. "Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Erosion-free and Erosion-present Status in Psoriatic Arthritis in a Cohort Study". Journal of Rheumatology 43, nr 6 (1.04.2016): 1057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150466.
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Objective.Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has been recognized as a severe erosive disease. However, some patients do not develop erosions. We aimed to determine the prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of erosion-free patients (EFP) as compared with erosion-present patients (EPP) among patients with PsA followed prospectively.Methods.This is a retrospective analysis conducted on patients from the Toronto PsA cohort. Patients with at least 10 years of followup and radiographs were analyzed. Radiographs were scored with the modified Steinbrocker method. Baseline (first visit to clinic) characteristics were used to predict the development of erosions with logistic regression models. To examine the effect of time-varying covariates, Cox regression models were fit for the time to development of erosions from baseline.Results.Among 290 patients, 12.4% were EFP and 87.6% were EPP over the study period. The mean time to development of erosion in the EPP over the course of followup was 6.8 ± 6.1 years. EFP were diagnosed with psoriasis at a younger age compared with EPP. In both models, actively inflamed joints and clinically damaged joints were predictive of the development of erosion, whereas a longer duration of psoriasis at baseline decreased the odds of developing erosion. EPP had a higher percentage of unemployment as compared with EFP at baseline and followup visits.Conclusion.Among patients with PsA followed for at least 10 years, 12.4% never develop erosions. The clinical and radiographic findings can ultimately assist in the stratification of a patient’s prognosis regarding the development of erosions.
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Breyer, Matthew D., i Richard M. Breyer. "Prostaglandin E receptors and the kidney". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 279, nr 1 (1.07.2000): F12—F23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.1.f12.
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Prostaglandin E2 is a major renal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonate and interacts with four G protein-coupled E-prostanoid receptors designated EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. Through these receptors, PGE2modulates renal hemodynamics and salt and water excretion. The intrarenal distribution and function of EP receptors have been partially characterized, and each receptor has a distinct role. EP1 expression predominates in the collecting duct where it inhibits Na+ absorption, contributing to natriuresis. The EP2 receptor regulates vascular reactivity, and EP2 receptor-knockout mice have salt-sensitive hypertension. The EP3 receptor is also expressed in vessels as well as in the thick ascending limb and collecting duct, where it antagonizes vasopressin-stimulated salt and water transport. EP4 mRNA is expressed in the glomerulus and collecting duct and may regulate glomerular tone and renal renin release. The capacity of PGE2 to bidirectionally modulate vascular tone and epithelial transport via constrictor EP1 and EP3 receptors vs. dilator EP2 and EP4 receptors allows PGE2 to serve as a buffer, preventing excessive responses to physiological perturbations.
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Ono, K., T. Akatsu, T. Murakami, M. Nishikawa, M. Yamamoto, N. Kugai, K. Motoyoshi i N. Nagata. "Important role of EP4, a subtype of prostaglandin (PG) E receptor, in osteoclast-like cell formation from mouse bone marrow cells induced by PGE2". Journal of Endocrinology 158, nr 3 (1.09.1998): R1—R5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.158r001.
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Of various PGs, PGE1 and PGE2 are shown to be the most potent stimulators of osteoclastogenesis in vitro. PGE receptors have been classified into four subtypes, EP1-EP4. Little is known about PGE receptors functioning in bone cells. In this study, using mouse marrow culture, we investigated which PGE receptors are important in osteoclast-like cell (OCL) formation induced by PGE. 11-deoxy-PGE1 (EP2, EP3 and EP4 agonist) stimulated OCL formation potently. Butaprost (EP2 agonist) stimulated it slightly, while sulprostone (EP1 and EP3 agonist) and ONO-AP-324-01 (EP3 agonist) did not. AH23848B (EP4 antagonist) inhibited PGE2-induced OCL formation in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of EP4 mRNA in mouse bone marrow was confirmed by RT-PCR. The results indicate an important role of EP4 in PGE2-induced OCL formation in marrow cultures and suggest therapeutic potential of EP4 antagonists in some clinical conditions with accelerated bone resorption.
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Hattori, Youichiro, Takashi Ohno, Takako Ae, Takeo Saeki, Katsuharu Arai, Sumito Mizuguchi, Katsunori Saigenji i Masataka Majima. "Gastric mucosal protection against ethanol by EP2 and EP4 signaling through the inhibition of leukotriene C4 production". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 294, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): G80—G87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00292.2007.
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Prostaglandin (PG)E derivatives are widely used for treating gastric mucosal injury. PGE receptors are classified into four subtypes, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. We have tested which EP receptor subtypes participate in gastric mucosal protection against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury and clarified the mechanisms of such protection. The gastric mucosa of anesthetized rats was perfused at 2 ml/min with physiological saline, agonists for EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4, or 50% ethanol, using a constant-rate pump connected to a cannula placed in the esophagus. The gastric microcirculation of the mucosal base of anesthetized rats was observed by transillumination through a window made by removal of the adventitia and muscularis externa. PGE2 and subtype-specific EP agonists were applied to the muscularis mucosae at the window. Application of 50% ethanol dilated the mucosal arterioles and constricted the collecting venules. Collecting venule constriction by ethanol was completely inhibited by PGE2 and by EP2 and EP4 agonists (100 nM) but not by an EP1 or an EP3 agonist. Ethanol-induced mucosal injury was also inhibited by EP2 and EP4 agonists. When leukotriene (LT)C4 levels in the perfusate of the gastric mucosa were determined by ELISA, intragastric ethanol administration elevated the LTC4 levels sixfold from the basal levels. These elevated levels were significantly (60%) reduced by both EP2 and EP4 agonists but not by other EP agonists. Since LTC4 application at the window constricted collecting venules strongly, and an LTC antagonist reduced ethanol-induced mucosal injury, reductions in LTC4 generation in response to EP2 and EP4 receptor signaling may be relevant to the protective action of PGE2. The present results indicate that EP2 and EP4 receptor signaling inhibits ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury through cancellation of collecting venule constriction by reducing LTC4 production.
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Annemarie L. Horn i Marcia L. Rock. "Practice with Feedback Makes Permanent: eCoaching Through Online Bug-in-Ear During Clinical Experiences". Journal of Special Education Preparation 2, nr 1 (11.05.2022): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/josep.2.1.58-69.
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Federal mandates (e.g., Every Student Succeeds Act [ESSA], 2015) require special educators to use evidence-based practices (EBP) when working with K-12 students. However, for this expectation to become a reality, teacher educators must make changes in educator preparation program (EPP) curriculum, policy, coursework, and clinical experiences (Kolb et al., 2018). The need for changesin EPP clinical experiences has been underscored by the Council for Exceptional Children’s (CEC’s) shift from knowledge to practice-based standards for special educators (CEC, 2020). Real-time performance feedback (PF) delivered via online bug-in-ear (BIE) technology is an EBP (Sinclair, 2020) for coaching and supervising during early, mid, and late clinical experiences. In this article,we offer a rationale for making widespread, digital-age changes to coaching and supervising, through online BIE; provide an overview of relevant research; and offer guidance and recommendations for successful online BIE integration during EPP clinical experiences.
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Blikslager, Anthony T., Susan M. Pell i Karen M. Young. "PGE2 triggers recovery of transmucosal resistance via EP receptor cross talk in porcine ischemia-injured ileum". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 281, nr 2 (1.08.2001): G375—G381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.2.g375.
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16,16-Dimethyl-PGE2 (PGE2) may interact with one of four prostaglandin type E (EP) receptors, which signal via cAMP (via EP2 or EP4 receptors) or intracellular Ca2+ (via EP1 receptors). Furthermore, EP3 receptors have several splice variants, which may signal via cAMP or intracellular Ca2+. We sought to determine the PGE2 receptor interactions that mediate recovery of transmucosal resistance ( R) in ischemia-injured porcine ileum. Porcine ileum was subjected to 45 min of ischemia, after which the mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers. Tissues were pretreated with indomethacin (5 μM). Treatment with the EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 agonist PGE2 (1 μM) elevated R twofold and significantly increased tissue cAMP content, whereas the EP2 and EP4 agonist deoxy-PGE1 (1 μM) or the EP1 and EP3 agonist sulprostone (1 μM) had no effect. However, a combination of deoxy-PGE1 and sulprostone stimulated synergistic elevations in R and tissue cAMP content. Furthermore, treatment of tissues with deoxy-PGE1 and the Ca2+ ionophore A-23187 stimulated synergistic increases in R and cAMP, indicating that PGE2 triggers recovery of R via EP receptor cross talk mechanisms involving cAMP and intracellular Ca2+.
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Ali, Robert A., Yonette Paul, Robert Forestal McCauley, Miriam Yaniz, Martha Q. Gonzalez, Lawrence L. Horstman, Wenche Jy i Yeon S. Ahn. "Cell Derived Microparticles (MP) in Different Phases of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) and Effect of Exchange Plasmapheresis (EPP) on Their Profiles". Blood 132, Supplement 1 (29.11.2018): 3736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-115651.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Cell derived MPs are small membrane vesicles released during cell activation or apoptosis. They express an inside-out membrane, which exposes the negatively charged phospholipid layer outside, allowing clotting factors to be anchored and generate thrombin. Among various species of MPs, RMP (red cell MPs), PMP (platelet MPs), LMP (leukocytes), EMP (endothelial cells) are of special interest. They play an important role in hemostasis, thromboses, and inflammation. MPs mirror early injury of parent cells and are sensitive early biomarkers of underlying disorders. TTP is a microangiopathy mediated by antibody-induced depletion of ADAMTS13, a von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease. Endothelial injury promotes platelet clumping and formation of platelet rich microthrombi in the microcirculation. Subsequent platelet sequestration leads to impaired microcirculation, thrombocytopenia and red cell fragmentation with a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Exchange plasmapheresis (EPP) is the standard therapy. It removes antibodies to ADAMTS13, replacing it with ADAMTS13 rich plasma. It is possible that EPP removes thrombogenic MPs to improve the clinical course of TTP. In this study, we investigated MP profiles in active and remission phase of TTP and the effect of EPP on MP profiles. We also aimed to determine if MP profiles may be a useful measure for monitoring clinical course and tracking progress of therapy. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted evaluating MP assays in patients with TTP. MP profiles were reviewed in acute and remission phases of TTP. Acute phase was defined as thrombocytopenia, clinical evidence of microangiopathy and hemolytic anemia and low ADAMTS13 activity. Remission was defined as sustained normalization of laboratory parameters and no further microangiopathy for at least one month. Patients were studied longitudinally, with MP assays before and after EPP. EMP were measured by CD31+/CD42b− (EMP31), CD62E+ (EMP62); PMP by CD31+/CD42b+ (PMP42) and CD41+ (PMP41). All were measured in platelet-poor plasma by flow cytometry. All MP data are presented in units of x105/µL. The differences in MP patterns among TTP patients in active and remission phases of disease, as well as the effect of EPP on MP profiles were assessed. RESULTS: Among 20 patients with TTP, 8 (40%) were in acute phase and 12 (60%) in remission. An average of 10.7 EPP were performed. The average platelet count prior to EPP was 50.6x103/µL, which increased to 248 x103/µL following the last EPP. ADAMTS13 activity was generally <10% at the onset. For patients in the acute phase, PMPs were low: PMP41 0.32 (±0.11), PMP42 3.11 (±2.56), but consistently increased following EPP to the point of statistical significance at the last treatment: PMP41 1.26 (±0.71), p=0.005 and PMP42 7.65 (±5.03), p=0.039. Moreover, levels were higher in the remission phase for both PMPs, but only statistically significant for PMP41: 1.39, p=0.034. Conversely, EMP62E was initially elevated on presentation, but declined with successive EPP: 6.07 (±3.02) prior to initiation of EPP to 4.5 (±3.1) upon the last day of EPP. Furthermore, this pattern continued into remission, with EMP62E of 2.72 (±2.11), p=0.009. Similar to the trend in EMP62E, RMP was elevated in the acute phase (25.1 [±18.5]) before steadily declining with EPP (19.65 [±12.53]). This progressive drop in RMP persisted for those in remission phase of TTP 10 (±5.42), p=0.015. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Taken collectively, cell derived MP's were found to reflect disease activity and response to therapy. There was a linear correlation between PMP levels and platelet count. Low PMPs in the acute phase reflects the initial thrombocytopenia characteristic of TTP. When EPP was initiated, the disease improved and there was a rise in PMP which mirrored the rise in platelets. This rise was sustained in the remission phase. Conversely, EMP62E and RMP are increased in acute phase TTP due to endothelial activation, microthrombi deposition and red cell fragmentation. After EPP the disease is quiescent, hence the progressive decline of EMP62E and RMP. These results show promising utility of cell derived MP profiles as a clinical tool to surveil chronic TTP patients and to predict disease relapse at an early stage. After EPP is initiated, change in MP Profiles may be used to monitor response to therapy and determine the appropriate time to wean EPP. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Nadugala, Mahesha N., Prasad H. Premaratne i Charitha L. Goonasekara. "Systematic Bioinformatic Approach for Prediction of Linear B-Cell Epitopes on Dengue E and prM Protein". Advances in Bioinformatics 2016 (1.09.2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1373157.
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B-cell epitopes on the envelope (E) and premembrane (prM) proteins of dengue virus (DENV) were predicted using bioinformatics tools, BepiPred, Ellipro, and SVMTriP. Predicted epitopes, 32 and 17 for E and prM proteins, respectively, were then characterized for their level of conservations. The epitopes, EP4/E (48–55), epitope number 4 of E protein at amino acids 48–55, EP9/E (165–182), EP11/E (218–233), EP20/E (322–349), EP21/E (326–353), EP23/E (356–365), and EP25/E (380–386), showed a high intraserotype conservancy with very low pan-serotype conservancy, demonstrating a potential target as serotype specific diagnostic markers. EP3 (30–41) located in domain-I and EP26/E (393–409), EP27/E (416–435), EP28/E (417–430) located in the stem region of E protein, and EP8/prM (93–112) from the prM protein have a pan-serotype conservancy higher than 70%. These epitopes indicate a potential use as universal vaccine candidates, subjected to verification of their potential in viral neutralization. EP2/E (16–21), EP5/E (62–123), EP6/E (63–89), EP19/E (310–329), and EP24/E (371–402), which have more than 50% pan-serotype conservancies, were found on E protein regions that are important in host cell attachment. Previous studies further show evidence for some of these epitopes to generate cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, indicating their importance in antiviral strategies for DENV. This study suggests that bioinformatic approaches are attractive first line of screening for identification of linear B-cell epitopes.
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Bouayad, Asmàa, Hiroki Kajino, Nahid Waleh, Jean-Claude Fouron, Gregor Andelfinger, Daya R. Varma, Amanda Skoll i in. "Characterization of PGE2 receptors in fetal and newborn lamb ductus arteriosus". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, nr 5 (1.05.2001): H2342—H2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.5.h2342.
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Although the role of PGE2 in maintaining ductus arteriosus (DA) patency is well established, the specific PGE2 receptor subtype(s) (EP) involved have not been clearly identified. We used late gestation fetal and neonatal lambs to study developmental regulation of EP receptors. In the fetal DA, radioligand binding and RT-PCR assays virtually failed to detect EP1 but detected EP2, EP3D, and EP4 receptors in equivalent proportions. In the newborn lamb, DA total density was one-third of that found in the fetus and only EP2 was detected. Stimulation of EP2 and EP4 increased cAMP formation and was associated with DA relaxation. Though stimulation of EP3 inhibited cAMP formation, it surprisingly relaxed the fetal DA both in vitro and in vivo. This EP3-induced relaxation was specifically diminished by the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel blocker glibenclamide. In conclusion, PGE2 dilates the late gestation fetal DA through pathways that involve either cAMP (EP2 and EP4) or KATP channels (EP3). The loss of EP3 and EP4receptors in the newborn DA is consistent with its decreased responsiveness to PGE2.
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Mercuel, A. "EPP des EMPP ? Pratiques professionnelles en précarité…". European Psychiatry 29, S3 (listopad 2014): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.126.
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Les EMPP ont pour mission de faire accéder aux soins les personnes en situation de précarité qui sont en souffrance psychique ou qui présentent des troubles psychiatriques. Le public atypique, les lieux et les modalités d’interventions des équipes, la nature du contact visant à établir un lien et l’importance de la notion d’accompagnement relèvent de certaines spécificités de fonctionnement. La finalité des EMPP n’est pas d’instaurer un circuit de prise en charge pour précaires mais bien de conduire vers le dispositif de soins classique. L’organisation des hospitalisations lorsqu’elles sont nécessaires, ou le passage de relais vers des suivis sectoriels nécessite une coordination des acteurs sanitaires et sociaux, une complémentarité et une cohérence qui peuvent être améliorées tout au long du parcours de soins du patient grandement marginalisé. L’expérience montre que, pour beaucoup, l’inscription dans des soins au long cours reste difficile. Cela dépend en grande partie des particularités du public concerné mais parfois également d’un manque de souplesse dans les réponses proposées. Cela conduit à s’interroger sur la nécessité de poursuivre sur les EMPP certaines prises en charge dans la durée. Mais la réflexion doit également porter sur l’amélioration des pratiques en matière de coordination tant dans le cadre de l’exercice spécifique des EMPP que dans les complémentarités avec les secteurs.
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Xue, Rui, Zhankui Jia, Xiaomu Kong, Guofu Pi, Shengli Ma i Jinjian Yang. "Effects of PGE2 EP3/EP4 receptors on bladder dysfunction in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 305, nr 12 (15.12.2013): F1656—F1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00271.2013.
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To investigate the expression of four subtypes of PGE2 E-prostanoid (EP) receptors (EP1–EP4) and the effects of EP3/EP4 on bladder dysfunction in a new neurogenic bladder model induced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of EAE was induced using a previously established method, and bladder function in mice with different defined levels of neurological impairment was then examined, including micturition frequencies and voiding weight. Bladders were then harvested for analysis of EP receptor expression by Western blot. Activities of agonists/antagonists of EP3 and EP4 receptors as well as PGE2 were also evaluated at different stages of EAE. The results showed that EAE mice developed profound bladder dysfunction characterized by significantly increased micturition and significantly decreased urine output per micturition. EAE-induced upregulation of EP3 and EP4 receptors in the bladder was accompanied by bladder dysfunction. However, EAE had no significant effect on EP1 and EP2 receptors. Moreover, PGE2 and agonists/antagonists of EP3 and EP4 receptors significantly affected bladder dysfunction in EAE mice. Thus, we believe that EAE mice are useful for investigations of the neurogenic bladder. In addition, EP3 and EP4 receptors play a role in EAE-induced bladder dysfunction, providing us with a new target for the treatment of neurogenic bladders.
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Hayashi, Yoshinori, Saori Morinaga, Xia Liu, Jing Zhang, Zhou Wu, Takeshi Yokoyama i Hiroshi Nakanishi. "An EP2 Agonist Facilitates NMDA-Induced Outward Currents and Inhibits Dendritic Beading through Activation of BK Channels in Mouse Cortical Neurons". Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5079597.
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Prostaglandin E2(PGE2), a major metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by cyclooxygenase pathways, exerts its bioactive responses by activating four E-prostanoid receptor subtypes, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. PGE2enables modulatingN-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated responses. However, the effect of E-prostanoid receptor agonists on large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+(BK) channels, which are functionally coupled with NMDA receptors, remains unclear. Here, we showed that EP2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways increased NMDA-induced outward currents (INMDA-OUT), which are associated with the BK channel activation. Patch-clamp recordings from the acutely dissociated mouse cortical neurons revealed that an EP2 receptor agonist activatedINMDA-OUT, whereas an EP3 receptor agonist reduced it. Agonists of EP1 or EP4 receptors showed no significant effects onINMDA-OUT. A direct perfusion of 3,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) through the patch pipette facilitatedINMDA-OUT, which was abolished by the presence of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Furthermore, facilitation ofINMDA-OUTcaused by an EP2 receptor agonist was significantly suppressed by PKA inhibitor. Finally, the activation of BK channels through EP2 receptors facilitated the recovery phase of NMDA-induced dendritic beading in the primary cultured cortical neurons. These results suggest that a direct activation of BK channels by EP2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways plays neuroprotective roles in cortical neurons.
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Ruwanpura, S. M. P. M., K. Noguchi i I. Ishikawa. "Prostaglandin E2 Regulates Interleukin-1β-induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Production in Human Gingival Fibroblasts". Journal of Dental Research 83, nr 3 (marzec 2004): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300315.
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Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) exerts its biological actions via EP receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4). In the present study, we investigated whether PGE2 regulated interleukin (IL)-1β-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 production in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) derived from periodontally healthy subjects and diseased patients. In HGF from healthy gingiva, PGE2 down-regulated IL-1β-induced MMP-3 production, whereas in HGF from periodontitis patients, PGE2 enhanced it. Butaprost (an EP2 agonist) and ONO-AE1-329 (an EP4 agonist) suppressed IL-1β-induced MMP-3 production, and 17-phenyl-ω-trinor PGE2 (an EP1 agonist) mimicked the PGE2 effect in HGF from healthy and periodontally diseased tissues, respectively. Analysis of these data suggests that, in HGF from healthy tissue, IL-1β-induced MMP-3 production is down-regulated by PGE2 via EP2 and EP4 receptors, whereas in cells from periodontally diseased tissue, IL-1β-induced MMP-3 production is up-regulated via EP1 receptors. Different regulation of IL-1β-induced MMP-3 production by PGE2 between healthy and periodontally diseased tissues may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
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Kulikov, Dmitriy V., Andrey Y. Korolkov, Victor P. Morozov i Alexey A. Vaganov. "PATHOGENETIC TREATMENT OF ENZYMATIC PARAPANCREATITIS". Scientific Notes of the Pavlov University 26, nr 1 (23.08.2019): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1607-4181-2019-26-1-42-46.
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Relevance. The most severe component of acute destructive pancreatitis (ADP) is enzymatic parapancreatitis (EPP). Pathogenetic treatment methods are limited.The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatment methods.Material and methods. Group 1 included 86 patients with ADP, enzymatic peritonitis (EP), EPP; 44 patients with EPP of them were performed LD of the retroperitoneal tissue. Group 2 included 120 patients with EPP without EP, 48 – with PPD (percutaneous drainage of parapancreatic tissue).Results. Mortality rate in patients with hemorrhagic EPP with LD was 16 %, without LD – 37 %, in patients with serous EPP with LD – 15 %, without LD –15 %. Mortality rate in patients with EPP without EP and with PPD was 6.2 %, without PPD – 8.3 %Conclusion. LD and PPD should have been applied on the basis of the variant of EPP.
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Breyer, M. D., L. Davis, H. R. Jacobson i R. M. Breyer. "Differential localization of prostaglandin E receptor subtypes in human kidney". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 270, nr 5 (1.05.1996): F912—F918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1996.270.5.f912.
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Four prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors designated EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 have been pharmacologically identified, cloned, and sequenced. The present studies determined the intrarenal distribution of these EP-receptor subtypes in human kidney using in situ hybridization with riboprobes for the human EP receptors. mRNA for the phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis-coupled EP receptor was highly expressed in cortical, outer medullary, and inner medullary collecting duct. RNA for the Gi-coupled EP3 receptor was primarily expressed in the cortical and outer medullary collecting duct, as well as in the medullary thick ascending limb; however, it was absent from the inner medullary collecting duct. Expression of mRNA for EP1 and EP3 in connecting segment could not be excluded. There was no expression of the GS-coupled EP2 receptor mRNA detected in human kidney by in situ hybridization; however, mRNA for the GS-coupled EP4 receptor was highly expressed in the glomerulus. These studies demonstrate distinct regions of intrarenal expression for the different EP receptors and suggest that each receptor subtype may modulate different aspects of renal function in humans.
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Scelza, B. A., S. P. Prall, N. Swinford, S. Gopalan, E. G. Atkinson, R. McElreath, J. Sheehama i B. M. Henn. "High rate of extrapair paternity in a human population demonstrates diversity in human reproductive strategies". Science Advances 6, nr 8 (luty 2020): eaay6195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6195.
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Among nonhuman species, social monogamy is rarely accompanied by complete fidelity. Evolutionary theory predicts that the rate of extrapair paternity (EPP) should vary according to socioecological conditions. In humans, however, geneticists contend that EPP is negligible and relatively invariable. This conclusion is based on a limited set of studies, almost all of which describe European-descent groups. Using a novel, double-blind method designed in collaboration with a community of Himba pastoralists, we find that the rate of EPP in this population is 48%, with 70% of couples having at least one EPP child. Both men and women were very accurate at detecting cases of EPP. These data suggest that the range of variation in EPP across human populations is substantially greater than previously thought. We further show that a high rate of EPP can be accompanied by high paternity confidence, which highlights the importance of disaggregating EPP from the notion of “cuckoldry.”
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Wang, Pengcheng, Madhav Sachar, Jie Lu, Amina I. Shehu, Junjie Zhu, Jing Chen, Ke Liu i in. "The essential role of the transporter ABCG2 in the pathophysiology of erythropoietic protoporphyria". Science Advances 5, nr 9 (wrzesień 2019): eaaw6127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw6127.
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Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is an inherited disease caused by loss-of-function mutations of ferrochelatase, an enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway that converts protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) into heme. PPIX accumulation in patients with EPP leads to phototoxicity and hepatotoxicity, and there is no cure. Here, we demonstrated that the PPIX efflux transporter ABCG2 (also called BCRP) determines EPP-associated phototoxicity and hepatotoxicity. We found that ABCG2 deficiency decreases PPIX distribution to the skin and therefore prevents EPP-associated phototoxicity. We also found that ABCG2 deficiency protects against EPP-associated hepatotoxicity by modulating PPIX distribution, metabolism, and excretion. In summary, our work has uncovered an essential role of ABCG2 in the pathophysiology of EPP, which suggests the potential for novel strategies in the development of therapy for EPP.
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Mohd Kusaimi, Nurul Farhanah, Fazlena Hamzah, Junaidah Jai, Nurul Asyikin Md Zaki i Norliza Ibrahim. "Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Pavement Derived from Palm Oil Eco Processed Pozzolan (EPP) Material as Partial Cement Replacement". ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 20, nr 2 (31.12.2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.60230.
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Eco Processed Pozzolan (EPP) is derived from Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) by the calcination process via heat treatment in the palm oil refining industry. EPP can be used as a partial replacement of cement as it contains a high amount of silica and has pozzolanic properties. Besides its properties, the sustainable production of EPP in the palm oil industry, abundantly available, and cheaper raw material have opened an opportunity to explore it as a cement substitute in pavement industries. This research aimed to study the properties of pozzolanic EPP and discover its potential as a partial substitute of cement in the pavement block's development. The compressive strength and water absorption of the formulated pavement block using EPP were analyzed in this study. Two sets of paving blocks were developed, namely, Set A, EPP was added as a partial replacement of the cement in pavement formulation at 20% - 90%, while in Set B, integration of EPP and Fly Ash (FA) was used as a partial replacement of the cement. The results indicated that the maximum addition of EPP into pavement formulation was 20%. The increment of EPP as a cement substitute in a formulation of more than 20% has reduced the compressive strength and increased the water absorption of the pavement. Simultaneously, the addition of FA and EPP in the formulation of hybrid pavement in Set B shows that the addition of FA has improved the compressive strength of the pavement and less water absorption was detected. The pavement’s highest compressive strength by addition of FA was 36MPa at the EPP was added of 15 – 20%. The study indicated that EPP could be used as a partial substitute of the cement, but addition of FA might require to improve pavement compressive strength.
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Moyer, Michelle, i Erik van Lunteren. "Effect of Phasic Activation on Endplate Potential in Rat Diaphragm". Journal of Neurophysiology 82, nr 6 (1.12.1999): 3030–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3030.
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Neuromuscular junction endplate potentials (EPPs) decrease quickly and to a large extent during continuous stimulation. The present study examined the hypothesis that EPP rundown recovers rapidly, thereby substantially preserving neurotransmission during intermittent compared with continuous stimulation. Studies were performed in vitro on rat diaphragm, using μ-conotoxin to allow recording of normal-sized EPPs from intact fibers. During continuous 5- to 100-Hz stimulation, EPP amplitude declined with a biphasic time course. The initial fast rate of decline was modulated substantially by stimulation frequency, whereas the subsequent slow rate of decline was relatively frequency independent. During intermittent 5- to 100-Hz stimulation (duty cycle 0.33), EPP amplitude declined rapidly during each train, but recovered substantially by the onset of the following train. The intra-train declines were substantially greater than the inter-train declines in EPP amplitude. Intra-train reductions in EPP amplitude were stimulation frequency dependent, based on both the total decline and rate constant of EPP decline. In contrast, the degree of recovery from train to train was independent of stimulation frequency, indicating low frequency dependence of inter-train rundown. The substantial recovery of EPP amplitude in between trains resulted in greater cumulative EPP size during intermittent compared with continuous stimulation. During continuous stimulation, EPP drop-out was only seen during 100-Hz stimulation; this was completed mitigated during intermittent stimulation. Miniature EPP size was unaffected by either continuous or intermittent stimulation. The pattern of rapid intra-train rundown and slow inter-train rundown of EPP size during intermittent stimulation is therefore due to rapid changes in the magnitude of neurotransmitter release rather than to axonal block or postsynaptic receptor desensitization. These findings indicate considerable rundown of EPP amplitudes within a stimulus train, with near complete recovery by the onset of the next train. This substantially attenuates the decrement in EPP amplitude during intermittent compared with continuous stimulation, thereby preserving the integrity of neurotransmission during phasic activation.
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Najahi-Missaoui, Wided, i Harry A. Dailey. "Production and characterization of erythropoietic protoporphyric heterodimeric ferrochelatases". Blood 106, nr 3 (1.08.2005): 1098–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-12-4661.
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AbstractMutations resulting in diminished activity of the dimeric enzyme ferrochelatase are a prerequisite for the inherited disorder erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). Patients with clinical EPP have only 10% to 30% of normal levels of ferrochelatase activity, and although many patients with EPP have one mutant allele and one “low-expression” normal allele, the possibility remains that, for some, low ferrochelatase activity may result from an EPP mutation that has an impact on both subunits of the wild-type/mutant heterodimer. Here we present data for 12 ferrochelatase wild-type/EPP mutant heterodimers showing that some mutations result in heterodimers with the residual activity anticipated from individual constituents, whereas others result in heterodimers with significantly lower activity than would be predicted. Although the data do not allow an a priori prediction of heterodimeric residual activity based solely on the in vitro activity of EPP homodimers or the position of the mutated residue within ferrochelatase, mutations that affect the dimer interface or [2Fe-2S] cluster have a significantly greater impact on residual activity than would be predicted. These data suggest that some EPP mutations may result in clinically overt EPP in the absence of a low-expression, wild-type allele; this is of potential significance for genetic counseling of patients with EPP.
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Wang, Ji, Lai Chun Suo, Li Li Guan i Yi Li Fu. "Analytical Study on Mechanism of Electrolysis and Plasma Polishing". Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (luty 2012): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.350.
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Electrolysis and plasma polishing(EPP) is a new “green” technique that can efficiently polish metal workpieces and provide high-quality surface of the workpieces. In this paper, mechanism of EPP and why metal parts can be polished by EPP are expounded on by Streamer theory. EPP is a dynamic process consisting of oxidation and discharge. A precondition of EPP is that the removal rate of discharge is faster than oxidation. It is deduced from the mechanism and demonstrated experimentally that the material removal rate is direct proportion to the electric current density.
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Kim, Junghoon, i Donghwan Cho. "Effects of Waste Expanded Polypropylene as Recycled Matrix on the Flexural, Impact, and Heat Deflection Temperature Properties of Kenaf Fiber/Polypropylene Composites". Polymers 12, nr 11 (2.11.2020): 2578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112578.
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Waste Expanded polypropylene (EPP) was utilized as recycled matrix for kenaf fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites produced using chopped kenaf fibers and crushed EPP waste. The flexural properties, impact strength, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of kenaf fiber/PP composites were highly enhanced by using waste EPP, compared to those by using virgin PP. The flexural modulus and strength of the composites with waste EPP were 98% and 55% higher than those with virgin PP at the same kenaf contents, respectively. The Izod impact strength and HDT were 31% and 12% higher with waste EPP than with virgin PP, respectively. The present study indicates that waste EPP would be feasible as recycled matrix for replacing conventional PP matrix in natural fiber composites.
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Cheng, Fang, Wanyuan Gui i Junpin Lin. "Surface Modification of Q195 Structure Carbon Steel by Electrolytic Plasma Processing". Metals 8, nr 10 (16.10.2018): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8100831.
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In this study, we applied an emerging, environmentally friendly surface engineering technology, electrolytic plasma processing (EPP), for the surface modification of Q195 structure carbon steel surface pretreatment and further Zn coating. Treating the surfaces of Q195 structure carbon steel by EPP was a quite dynamic process, which was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results shown that surface scale can be effectively remove after 40 s EPP treatment, and the EPP-treated Q195 structure carbon steel revealed a slight decrease in elastic modulus and hardness, but a substantial improvement in tensile (especially plastic) mechanical properties. Moreover, the further EPP modification conducted on the pretreated Q195 structure carbon steel sample for production of a layer of compact zinc coating with 15 μm thickness under an optimization EPP process. We also identified the modification mechanism of EPP to Q195 structure carbon steel, which may provide theoretical and practical guidance for future researchers and developers.
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Ichiki, Yoshinobu, Hidenori Goto, Takashi Fukuyama i Kozo Nakanishi. "Should Lung-Sparing Surgery Be the Standard Procedure for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, nr 7 (8.07.2020): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072153.
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Background: Surgical procedures for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) include extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP), extended pleurectomy/decortication (P/D) and P/D. EPP has been applied to MPM for a long time, but the postoperative status is extremely poor due to the loss of one whole lung. We compared the mortality, morbidity and median survival time (MST) of lung-sparing surgery (extended P/D or P/D) and lung-sacrificing surgery (EPP) for MPM by performing a systematic review. Methods: We extracted the number of events and patients from the literature identified in electronic databases. Ultimately, 15 reports were selected, and 2674 MPM patients, including 1434 patients undergoing EPP and 1240 patients undergoing extended P/D or P/D, were analyzed. Results: Our systematic review showed that lung-sparing surgery was significantly superior to lung-sacrificing surgery in both the surgical-related mortality (extended P/D vs. EPP: 3.19% vs. 7.65%, p < 0.01; P/D vs. EPP: 1.85% vs. 7.34%, p < 0.01) and morbidity (extended P/D vs. EPP: 35.7% vs. 60.0%, p < 0.01; P/D vs. EPP: 9.52% vs. 20.89%, p < 0.01). Lung-sparing surgery was not inferior to EPP in terms of MST. Conclusion: Although no prospective randomized controlled trial has been conducted, it may be time to change the standard surgical method for MPM from lung-sacrificing surgery to lung-sparing surgery.
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Audoly, Laurent P., Stephen L. Tilley, Jennifer Goulet, Mikelle Key, Mytrang Nguyen, Jeffrey L. Stock, John D. McNeish, Beverly H. Koller i Thomas M. Coffman. "Identification of specific EP receptors responsible for the hemodynamic effects of PGE2". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 277, nr 3 (1.09.1999): H924—H930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.3.h924.
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To identify the E-prostanoid (EP) receptors that mediate the hemodynamic actions of PGE2, we studied acute vascular responses to infusions of PGE2using lines of mice in which each of four EP receptors (EP1 through EP4) have been disrupted by gene targeting. In mixed groups of males and females, vasodepressor responses after infusions of PGE2were significantly diminished in the EP2 −/− and EP4 −/− lines but not in the EP1 −/− or EP3 −/− lines. Because the actions of other hormonal systems that regulate blood pressure differ between sexes, we compared the roles of individual EP receptors in males and females. We found that the relative contribution of each EP-receptor subclass was strikingly different in males from that in females. In females, the EP2 and EP4 receptors, which signal by stimulating adenylate cyclase, mediate the major portion of the vasodepressor response to PGE2. In males, the EP2 receptor has a modest effect, but most of the vasodepressor effect is mediated by the phospholipase C-coupled EP1receptor. Finally, in male mice, the EP3 receptor actively opposes the vasodepressor actions of PGE2. Thus the hemodynamic actions of PGE2 are mediated through complex interactions of several EP-receptor subtypes, and the role of individual EP receptors differs dramatically in males from that in females. These differences may contribute to sexual dimorphism of blood pressure regulation.
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Zhang, Zhi-Hua, Yang Yu, Shun-Guang Wei, Yoshiko Nakamura, Kazuhiro Nakamura i Robert B. Felder. "EP3 receptors mediate PGE2-induced hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus excitation and sympathetic activation". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, nr 4 (październik 2011): H1559—H1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00262.2011.
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Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an important mediator of the inflammatory response, acts centrally to elicit sympathetic excitation. PGE2 acts on at least four E-class prostanoid (EP) receptors known as EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. Since PGE2 production within the brain is ubiquitous, the different functions of PGE2 depend on the expression of these prostanoid receptors in specific brain areas. The type(s) and location(s) of the EP receptors that mediate sympathetic responses to central PGE2 remain unknown. We examined this question using PGE2, the relatively selective EP receptor agonists misoprostol and sulprostone, and the available selective antagonists for EP1, EP3, and EP4. In urethane-anesthetized rats, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of PGE2, sulprostone or misoprostol increased renal sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, and heart rate. These responses were significantly reduced by ICV pretreatment with the EP3 receptor antagonist; the EP1 and EP4 receptor antagonists had little or no effect. ICV PGE2 or misoprostol increased the discharge of neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). ICV misoprostol increased the c-Fos immunoreactivity of PVN neurons, an effect that was substantially reduced by the EP3 receptor antagonist. Real-time PCR detected EP3 receptor mRNA in PVN, and immunohistochemical studies revealed sparsely distributed EP3 receptors localized in GABAergic terminals and on a few PVN neurons. Direct bilateral PVN microinjections of PGE2 or sulprostone elicited sympathoexcitatory responses that were significantly reduced by the EP3 receptor antagonist. These data suggest that EP3 receptors mediate the central excitatory effects of PGE2 on PVN neurons and sympathetic discharge.
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Lubjuhn, Thomas, Tim Schmoll, Wolfgang Winkel, Verena Dietrich i Jörg Epplen. "Pair identity — An important factor concerning variation in extra-pair paternity in the coal tit (Parus ater)". Behaviour 141, nr 7 (2004): 817–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539042265644.
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AbstractIn the majority of socially monogamous bird species, extra-pair paternity (EPP) has been shown to be common, while its frequency varies considerably among as well as within species. Our knowledge of factors affecting this variation, however, still remains comparatively poor. A thorough analysis of EPP patterns on an individual level may lead to a better understanding of the general diversity in EPP. Here, we analyse intra- and inter-annual as well as individual variation in the occurrence of EPP in first and second broods of coal tits (Parus ater) in three successive years. Based on a sample of 483 broods with 3559 offspring genotyped, we show that EPP was extraordinarily frequent in the study population, surpassing the values observed in other species of the genus Parus by far. On the population level, the rates of EPP were found to be remarkably similar between years, while there was pronounced intra-annual variation such that EPP rates increased significantly from first to second broods. Considering consecutive broods of individual females and males, the general occurrence of EPP was 'inconsistent' (i.e. EPP often affected only one of two broods), but the proportion of extra-pair young (EPY) per brood showed significant repeatability for both sexes in case of mate retention. When mate change occurred, repeatability collapsed, indicating that pair identity was more important in determining the repeatability of EPP than female or male identity alone. This was further supported by the fact that, besides female and male age, also their interaction (reflecting pair age combination) significantly predicted the proportion of EPY, though not in all breeding periods surveyed. Hence, the identity of the breeding pair (reflecting possible interactions of male and female characteristics) should be explicitly considered and accounted for in future studies investigating patterns of EPP on an individual level. Finally, we show that, depending on the boundary conditions, in principle, all coal tits experience EPP: When analysing three or more broods of the same individual, there were no completely 'faithful' females and also nearly no males, which were not cuckolded at least once.
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BEK, MARTIN, ROLF NÜSING, PASCAL KOWARK, ANNA HENGER, PETER MUNDEL i HERMANN PAVENSTÄDT. "Characterization of Prostanoid Receptors in Podocytes". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, nr 10 (październik 1999): 2084–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v10102084.
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Abstract. Prostaglandins participate in the regulation of important glomerular functions and are involved in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases. This study investigates the influence of prostaglandins on membrane voltage, ion conductances, cAMP accumulation, and cytosolic calcium activity ([Ca2+]i) in differentiated podocytes. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) caused a concentration-dependent depolarization and an increase of the whole cell conductance in podocytes (EC50 ≈ 50 nM). Compared with PGE2, the EP2/EP3/EP4 receptor agonist 11-deoxy-PGE1 caused an equipotent depolarization, whereas the DP receptor agonist BW 245 C, the EP1/EP3 receptor agonist sulprostone, and the IP receptor agonist iloprost were at least 100 to 1000 times less potent than PGE2. The EP2 receptor agonist butaprost did not change membrane voltage of podocytes. The depolarizing effect of PGE2 was increased in an extracellular solution with a reduced Cl- concentration (from 145 to 32 mM). PGE2 and the prostaglandin agonists, but not the IP receptor agonist iloprost and the EP2 receptor agonist butaprost, induced a time- and concentration-dependent cAMP accumulation in podocytes. In fura-2 fluorescence experiments, PGE2, sulprostone, PGF2α, fluprostenol (a potent FP agonist), and U-46619 (a selective thromboxane A2 agonist) induced a biphasic increase of [Ca2+]i in 60 to 80% of podocytes. In reverse transcription-PCR studies, podocyte mRNA for the EP1, EP4, FP, and TP receptor could be amplified. These data indicate that in podocytes, PGE2 regulates distinct cellular functions via the EP1 and EP4 receptor, thereby increasing [Ca2+]i and cAMP, respectively. Furthermore, PGF2α and U-46619 increase [Ca2+]i via their specific receptors.
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Scelza, Brooke A. "Female choice and extra-pair paternity in a traditional human population". Biology Letters 7, nr 6 (6.07.2011): 889–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0478.
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Seeking out extra-pair paternity (EPP) is a viable reproductive strategy for females in many pair-bonded species. Across human societies, women commonly engage in extra-marital affairs, suggesting this strategy may also be an important part of women's reproductive decision-making. Here, I show that among the Himba 17 per cent of all recorded marital births are attributed by women to EPP, and EPP is associated with significant increases in women's reproductive success. In contrast, there are no cases of EPP among children born into ‘love match’ marriages. This rate of EPP is higher than has been recorded in any other small-scale society. These results illustrate the importance of seeking EPP as a mechanism of female choice in humans, while simultaneously showing it to be highly variable and context-dependent.
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Park, Hyun-Ji, Jae-Hoon Jeong i Shin-Hyung Park. "The Root Extract of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn Exerts Anticancer Effects in Human Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells with Different EGFR Mutation Statuses by Suppressing MET Activity". Molecules 27, nr 7 (6.04.2022): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072360.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of the root extract of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn (EPP) in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and explore the mechanisms of action. We used four types of human lung cancer cell lines, including H1299 (epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type), PC9 (EGFR Glu746-Ala750 deletion mutation in exon 19; EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-sensitive), H1975 (EGFR L858R/T790M double-mutant; EGFR TKI-resistant), and PC9/ER (erlotinib-resistant) cells. EPP suppressed cell growth and the colony formation of NSCLC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. EPP stimulated chromatin condensation, increased the percentage of sub-G1 phase cells, and enhanced the proportion of annexin V-positive cells, demonstrating that EPP triggered apoptosis in NSCLC cells regardless of the EGFR mutation and EGFR TKI resistance status. The phosphorylation level of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and AKT was decreased by EPP. The expression of STAT3 target genes was also downregulated by EPP. EPP reversed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced MET phosphorylation and gefitinib resistance. Taken together, our results demonstrate that EPP exerted anticancer effects not only in EGFR TKI-sensitive NSCLC cells, but also in EGFR TKI-resistant NSCLC cells, by suppressing MET activity.
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Lagzdiņa, Ērika, i Raimonds Ernšteins. "MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY PLANNING: COMPLEMENTARITY OF DISCIPLINARY AND INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (3.08.2015): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol2.1026.
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Environment and its integration are recognized as priorities at all governance levels, however practice reveals gaps at the local (municipal) level. Municipal environmental policy planning (EPP), implementation and monitoring is not studied sufficiently and discussed. Without understanding of disciplinary planning there are risks of qualitative integrative planning. The article discusses EPP development in Latvian municipalities during last 18 years period starting from Local Agenda 21 initiatives to integrated urban environment planning. The article summarizes EPP experience based on document studies and survey. It includes overview of EPP driving forces, content and integration analysis, institutional and public participation issues, outlines needs for further studies. Taking into account that EPP exist in less than 5 % of local governments, what is contrasting to practice elsewhere in Europe, the intention of the article is to facilitate discussion about EPP necessity and opportunities in Latvia.
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Reitmeier, Shayne D., Brent Schacter i Marni C. Wiseman. "Case Report of Patient With Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and Basal Cell Carcinoma Diagnoses". Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 21, nr 3 (12.11.2016): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1203475416679825.
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Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common nonmelanoma skin cancer. There is a clear association between BCC development and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is an inherited porphyria disorder that is a result of protoporphyrin accumulation, typically manifesting with phototoxicity. Case Summary: We report a case of a 24 year-old man with both EPP and BCC diagnoses. At the age of 4 years, the patient was diagnosed with EPP. The patient presented with a BCC on his nose at age 24 years, despite sun avoidance as the primary treatment for his EPP diagnosis. Conclusion: Consider the diagnosis of BCC in a patient with EPP, despite sun avoidance.
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Castillo Badilla, Gloriana, Mauren Salazar Carranza, Jaime Murillo Herrera, Frank Hueckmann Voss i Juan José Romero Zúñiga. "Efecto de la edad al primer parto sobre parámetros reproductivos en la primera lactancia de vacas Holstein y Jersey de Costa Rica". Revista Ciencias Veterinarias 33, nr 1 (15.02.2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rcv.33-1.2.
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Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 28 367 animales raza Jersey puro y 46 029 Holstein puras, de lecherías especializadas de distintas zonas ecológicas de Costa Rica, en el periodo comprendido entre los años 2000 y 2010, con el fin de cuantificar el efecto provocado por la edad al primer parto (EPP) sobre los parámetros reproductivos durante la primera lactancia. Se incluyeron los datos de vacas, registrados en el programa VAMPP Bovino 3.0, en el Centro Regional de Informática para la Producción Animal Sostenible (CRIPAS), de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva y un modelo lineal mixto. Hubo efecto significativo de la EPP sobre el intervalo parto concepción (IPC) en la raza Holstein (P<0.0001), con -13 y -6 días para las hembras con EPP <26 meses y EPP 26-33meses, respectivamente. El IPC no se vio afectado, significativamente, por la EPP en la raza Jersey (P=0.25). Asimismo, los servicios por concepción (SPC) correspondieron a 1.44 (D.E. 0.83/IC95%: 1.44 – 1.44) para vacas Holstein y 1.48 (D.E. 0.93/IC95%: 1.46 – 1.49) para Jersey. Este parámetro se vio influenciado significativamente por la EPP en ambas razas (P<0.0001); en donde se presentaron 1.1 y 0.6menos SPC aquellos animales con EPP baja y media, en comparación a los de alta EPP, en la raza Holstein y Jersey respectivamente. De ese modo, el incremento en la EPP, ajustada por variables ambientales, de manejo e intrínsecas de la vaca, tuvo efecto negativo sobre el IPC de la primera lactancia de las vacas Holstein, pero no en Jersey; del mismo modo, hubo un efecto negativo de la EPP sobre los SPC en ambas razas.
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Wang, Ph.D., Ying, Chukwuma Ahanonu, Ph.D. i Kalanya Moore, Ph.D. "Understanding the Challenges of Graduation Rate Faced by Two Education Preparatory Programs in the State of Mississippi". World Journal of Educational Research 8, nr 4 (10.07.2021): p9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v8n4p9.
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In this study, the authors described the contribution of student’s academic performance indicators as predictors of graduation rate in two Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) Education Preparatory Program (EPP) in the State of Mississippi. The authors interviewed two EPP chairs in summer 2019 and used qualitative inquiry to code and look for themes to provide meaning and add additional explanation to the students’ graduation rate. The main findings of the study suggest that teacher candidates’ ACT/SAT scores are predictive of graduation rates. Similarly, socioeconomic status showed a positive relationship with admission to the EPP and graduation rate. Each EPP faces the challenge of graduating a sufficient number of certified teachers to ensure its continuity. The EPP needs to ensure that students are capable of passing the state certification exams and graduating to be successful. Graduation rate is an indicator of EPP performance and its likelihood of continuity and longevity.
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Rodrigues, Caroline, Hagit Peretz Soroka, Agostino Pierro, Reto M. Baertschiger, Marcelo Cypel, Laura Donahoe, Derek S. Tsang i in. "Extra-Pleural Pneumonectomy (EPP) in Children and Adults with Locally Advanced Sarcoma: A CanSaRCC Study". Current Oncology 29, nr 6 (15.06.2022): 4260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29060340.
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Sarcoma can present as locally advanced disease involving pleura for which extra-pleural pneumonectomy (EPP) may be the only surgical option to ensure adequate local control. Data were collected on patients who underwent EPP between January 2009 and August 2021 at Princess Margret Hospital and SickKids (Toronto) using the CanSaRCC (Canadian Sarcoma Research and Clinical Collaboration). Ten patients with locally advanced sarcoma involving the pleura, aged 4 to 59 years (median 19.5 years) underwent EPP. Nine (90%) received pre-operative chemotherapy and eight (80%) achieved an R0 resection. Hemithoracic radiation was administered preoperatively (n = 6, 60%) or postoperatively (n = 4, 40%). Five (50%) patients were alive without disease at last follow-up (median 34.2 months) and time from EPP to last FU was median 29.2 months (range 2.2–87.5). Two patients (20%) had local recurrence, 4.3 and 5.8 months from EPP, and both died from progressive disease, 13.1 and 8.2 months from EPP, respectively. One patient died from brain metastasis (17 months), one died from radiation associated osteosarcoma (66 months), and one died from surgical complications (heart failure from constrictive pericarditis). EPP offers a feasible and life-prolonging surgical consideration for patients with locally advanced sarcoma involving the pleura in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. Consequently, EPP should be considered during multi-disciplinary tumor board discussions at high-volume centers.
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Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio, Mauricio Vélez T. i Jannet Bentez M. "Efectos No Genéticos sobre la Reproducción en Vacas Mestizas con Predominio Bos indicus en el Municipio de Arauca, Colombia". Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 28, nr 1 (7.05.2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v28i1.11749.
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<p>Los factores no genéticos o ambientales son la principal causa de variación de los parámetros reproductivos en vacas mestizas en regiones tropicales. El objetivo fue determinar algunos factores no genéticos que afectan la edad al primer parto (EPP) y el intervalo entre partos (IEP) en vacas doble propósito en el municipio de Arauca, Colombia. Se analizó la información de 176 y 110 datos de EPP e IEP de vacas con predominio de razas <em>indicus</em>. Se consideró el efecto de los factores fijos para EPP: Finca (FIN: 1, 2, 3), época de primer parto (EPPP: seca, lluviosa), año de primer parto (APP: 1992….2011), sexo de la cría (SCR: M, H). Para IEP: finca (FIN), época de intervalo entre partos (EIP), año de intervalo entre partos (AIEP), sexo de la cría (SCR) y numero de parto (NP: 1…5). Los datos se analizaron utilizando los procedimientos GLM de SAS y para la comparación de medias se usó el test Duncan con un nivel de significancia 5%. La media estimada para la EPP fue de 1243,56±160,3 días y para el IEP fue de 608,03 ±165,4 días. La FIN y el APP fue un factor de variación significativo (p<0,05) para la EPP, mientras que El NP y el AIEP fue un factor de variación significativo (p<0,05) para el IEP. Los demás factores no fueron significativos (p>0,05) para los parámetros analizados. Se concluye que la influencia ambiental sobre los parámetros reproductivos depende de la región donde se localice el sistema de producción y se relaciona con el manejo técnico y productivo propio de cada finca. Los valores encontrados se consideran adecuados para el sistema de producción dada las condiciones de manejo en la sabana inundable y está dentro del rango establecido para los grupos raciales con predominio de las razas cebuinas.</p>
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Tarabla, H. D., A. C. Hernández, A. I. Molineri i M. L. Signorini. "Percepción y prevención de riesgos ocupacionales en veterinarios rurales". Revista Veterinaria 28, nr 2 (1.11.2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/vet.2822543.
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<p>El ejercicio de la profesión veterinaria está asociado a numerosos riesgos ocupacionales. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar la percepción de riesgos laborales (PRL), el uso de elementos de protección personal (EPP) y las asociaciones entre sí y con variables sociodemográficas en veterinarios rurales de la Provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina). Se desarrolló un estudio transversal encuestando a 562 veterinarios. Aunque las PRL tendieron a estar correlacionadas entre sí, los coeficientes fueron relativamente bajos. Los guantes fueron los EPP más utilizados, pero la frecuencia de uso de otros elementos y la utilización de más de un EPP para una misma actividad fueron bajas. El uso de EPP fue independiente de la PRL. Tanto PRL como uso de EPP estuvieron asociados al sexo y la edad de los encuestados. La falta de uso de distintos EPP en forma conjunta indica una real inconsistencia en el comportamiento profesional de autoprotección.</p>
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McGillivray, Kyle, Eryk Przysucha, Paolo Sanzo, Meilan Liu i Carlos Zerpa. "Comparison of Hockey Helmet Lining Technologies in Mitigating Concussion Risk During Simulated Horizontal Head Collisions". International Journal of Extreme Automation and Connectivity in Healthcare 4, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeach.316134.
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The risk of concussions in ice hockey is high despite use of vinyl-nitrile (VN) and expanded polypropylene (EPP) materials in helmet liners. Linings made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) seem to offer better mitigation of impact accelerations. The first purpose of this study was to compare the use of TPU linings to VN and EPP liners on measures of energy absorption capabilities during static loading. The second was to examine the effectiveness of TPU liners in reducing acceleration and risk of head injury when compared to VN and EPP liners during simulated dynamic head impact collisions. The static test indicated that TPU absorbed 38.6% of the loading energy compared to 15.8% for VN and 41.8% for EPP linings. The dynamic testing revealed that the TPU liners outperformed VN and EPP liners at the side, rear boss, and rear locations. Use of multi-material helmet liner made of TPU and EPP is suggested.
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MORATH, RUTA, THOMAS KLEIN, HANNSJÖRG W. SEYBERTH i ROLF M. NÜSING. "Immunolocalization of the Four Prostaglandin E2 Receptor Proteins EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 in Human Kidney". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, nr 9 (wrzesień 1999): 1851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v1091851.
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Abstract. Four prostaglandin E2 receptor subtypes designated EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 have been shown to mediate a variety of effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on glomerular hemodynamics, tubular salt and water reabsorption, and on blood vessels in the human kidney. Despite the important role of renal PGE2, the localization of PGE2 receptor proteins in the human kidney is unknown. The present study used antipeptide antibodies to the EP1 to EP4 receptor proteins for immunolocalization in human kidney tissue. Immunoblot studies using these antibodies demonstrated distinct bands in membrane fraction from human kidney. By means of immunohistochemistry, expression of the human EP1 receptor subtype protein in renal tissue was detected mainly in connecting segments, cortical and medullary collecting ducts, and in the media of arteries and afferent and efferent arterioles. The human EP2 receptor subtype protein was detectable only in the media of arteries and arterioles. The human EP3 receptor subtype protein was strongly expressed in glomeruli, Tamm-Horsfall negative late distal convoluted tubules, connecting segments, cortical and medullary collecting ducts, as well as in the media and the endothelial cells of arteries and arterioles. Staining of the human EP4 receptor subtype protein was observed in glomeruli and in the media of arteries. However, no signal of either receptor subtype was detected in the thick ascending limb, the macula densa, or in adjacent juxtaglomerular cells. These results support the concept that PGE2 modulates specific functions in different anatomical structures of the human kidney.
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Xie, Chuan Sheng, Peng Yuan Zhong, Chen Chen Zhao i Cheng Ying Zhou. "Power System Probabilistic Production Simulation Including Efficiency Power Plant". Advanced Materials Research 981 (lipiec 2014): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.695.
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As a measure of demand-side management, efficiency power plant (EPP) can save energy and bring economic and environmental benefits to the power system, although the widely used EPP technology may have negative effect on both power system stability and operation costs. The concept of EPP and its related characteristics such as capacity, output curve, and cost were introduced, and a probabilistic production simulation model based on the equivalent energy function (EEF) method was established to analysis the impact and benefits of EPP. With a numerical example, a result is found that EPP can not only improve the reliability and load rate of power system, thus reducing the social costs of power outage, but also reduce the total production and operating costs of power system.
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Maliniemi, Ville, Pavle Arsenovic, Annika Seppälä i Hilde Nesse Tyssøy. "The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, nr 12 (23.06.2022): 8137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8137-2022.
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Abstract. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions in the latter part of the 20th century reduced stratospheric ozone abundance substantially, especially in the Antarctic region. Simultaneously, polar stratospheric ozone is also destroyed catalytically by nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) descending from the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere during winter. These are produced by energetic particle precipitation (EPP) linked to solar activity and space weather. Active chlorine (ClOx = Cl + ClO) can also react mutually with EPP-produced NOx or hydrogen oxides (HOx) and transform both reactive agents into reservoir gases, chlorine nitrate or hydrogen chloride, which buffer ozone destruction by all these agents. We study the interaction between EPP-produced NOx, ClO and ozone over the 20th century by using free-running climate simulations of the chemistry–climate model SOCOL3-MPIOM. A substantial increase of NOx descending to the polar stratosphere is found during winter, which causes ozone depletion in the upper and mid-stratosphere. However, in the Antarctic mid-stratosphere, the EPP-induced ozone depletion became less efficient after the 1960s, especially during springtime. Simultaneously, a significant decrease in stratospheric ClO and an increase in hydrogen chloride – and partly chlorine nitrate between 10–30 hPa – can be ascribed to EPP forcing. Hence, the interaction between EPP-produced NOx/HOx and ClO likely suppressed the ozone depletion, due to both EPP and ClO at these altitudes. Furthermore, at the end of the century, a significant ClO increase and ozone decrease were obtained at 100 hPa altitude during winter and spring. This lower stratosphere response shows that EPP can influence the activation of chlorine from reservoir gases on polar stratospheric clouds, thus modulating chemical processes important for ozone hole formation. Our results show that EPP has been a significant modulator of reactive chlorine in the Antarctic stratosphere during the CFC era. With the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, stratospheric chlorine is estimated to return to pre-CFC era levels after 2050. Thus, we expect increased efficiency of chemical ozone destruction by EPP-NOx in the Antarctic upper and mid-stratosphere over coming decades. The future lower stratosphere ozone response by EPP is more uncertain.
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Patwardhan, A. M., J. Vela, J. Farugia, K. Vela i K. M. Hargreaves. "Trigeminal Nociceptors Express Prostaglandin Receptors". Journal of Dental Research 87, nr 3 (marzec 2008): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700306.
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Orofacial inflammation is associated with prostaglandin release and the sensitization of nociceptive receptors such as the transient receptor potential subtype V1 (TRPV1). We hypothesized that certain PGE2 receptor subtypes (EP1–EP4) are co-expressed with TRPV1 in trigeminal nociceptors and sensitize responses to a TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin. Accordingly, combined in situ hybridization was performed with immunohistochemistry on rat trigeminal ganglia. We next evaluated the effects of specific EP2 and EP3 agonists (butaprost and sulprostone) in cultured trigeminal ganglia neurons. The results showed that EP2 and EP3 are expressed in trigeminal neurons (58% and 53% of total neurons, respectively) and are co-expressed in TRPV1-positive neurons (64% and 67 % of TRPV1-positive neurons, respectively). Moreover, most of the cells expressing EP2 or EP3 mRNA were of small to medium diameter (< 30 μm). The application of butaprost and sulprostone triggered neuropeptide exocytosis, and butaprost sensitized capsaicin responses. Analysis of these data, collectively, supports the hypothesis that prostaglandins regulate trigeminal TRPV1 nociceptors via activation of the EP2 and EP3 receptors.
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Funke, Bernd, Manuel López-Puertas, Gabriele P. Stiller, Stefan Versick i Thomas von Clarmann. "A semi-empirical model for mesospheric and stratospheric NO<sub><i>y</i></sub> produced by energetic particle precipitation". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, nr 13 (15.07.2016): 8667–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8667-2016.
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Abstract. The MIPAS Fourier transform spectrometer on board Envisat has measured global distributions of the six principal reactive nitrogen (NOy) compounds (HNO3, NO2, NO, N2O5, ClONO2, and HNO4) during 2002–2012. These observations were used previously to detect regular polar winter descent of reactive nitrogen produced by energetic particle precipitation (EPP) down to the lower stratosphere, often called the EPP indirect effect. It has further been shown that the observed fraction of NOy produced by EPP (EPP-NOy) has a nearly linear relationship with the geomagnetic Ap index when taking into account the time lag introduced by transport. Here we exploit these results in a semi-empirical model for computation of EPP-modulated NOy densities and wintertime downward fluxes through stratospheric and mesospheric pressure levels. Since the Ap dependence of EPP-NOy is distorted during episodes of strong descent in Arctic winters associated with elevated stratopause events, a specific parameterization has been developed for these episodes. This model accurately reproduces the observations from MIPAS and is also consistent with estimates from other satellite instruments. Since stratospheric EPP-NOy depositions lead to changes in stratospheric ozone with possible implications for climate, the model presented here can be utilized in climate simulations without the need to incorporate many thermospheric and upper mesospheric processes. By employing historical geomagnetic indices, the model also allows for reconstruction of the EPP indirect effect since 1850. We found secular variations of solar cycle-averaged stratospheric EPP-NOy depositions on the order of 1 GM. In particular, we model a reduction of the EPP-NOy deposition rate during the last 3 decades, related to the coincident decline of geomagnetic activity that corresponds to 1.8 % of the NOy production rate by N2O oxidation. As the decline of the geomagnetic activity level is expected to continue in the coming decades, this is likely to affect the long-term NOy trend by counteracting the expected increase caused by growing N2O emissions.
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Sutarno, Mohd Syeddre, i Habib Musa Mohamad. "Peat Soil Compaction Characteristic and Physicochemical Changes Treated with Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP)". Civil Engineering Journal 9, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-01-07.
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Peat soil was defined as the highly organic surface layer derived primarily from plant remains. Peat, on the other hand, was the subsurface of wetland systems, consisting of unconsolidated superficial layers with a high non-crystalline colloid (humus) content. Peat soils have a low shear strength of 5 to 20 kPa, a high compressibility of 0.9 to 1.5, and a high moisture content of >100%. The purpose of the study was to prognosticate the potential of Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP) as peat soil stabilization material with improved technique and its consequence of the methods, which was the peat soils index properties and analyse the characteristics of the peat soil stabilization before and after treatment using Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP). The soil was mixed with 10, 20, and 30% Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP) and then compacted (compaction test) in a metal mould with an internal diameter of 105 mm using a 2.5 kg rammer of 50 mm diameter, freefalling from 300 mm above the top of the soil Three layers compaction of approximately equal depth and 27 blows spread evenly over the soil surface for each layer. The expected result to accomplish the main purpose was to prognosticate the potential Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP) as peat soil stabilization material with improved technique and its consequence of the methods. According to the findings, peat soil treated with EPP will transform its qualities from peat to usable soil. However, the presence of moisture will reduce the mixture's ability. According to the findings of this study, the optimum EPP for stabilizing peat soils was 30-40%. Correspondingly, the elemental composition of peat soil mixed with EPP improved regardless of Carbon, Ca composition. Comparatively, the amount of Silicon, Si increased from 6.5% (Peat + EPP 10%) to 12.9% (Peat + EPP 40%) due to the crystallization of EPP and peat. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-01-07 Full Text: PDF
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Lau, Kin-Chong, i Ching-Wan Lam. "Automated imaging of circulating fluorocytes for the diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria: a pilot study for population screening". Journal of Medical Screening 15, nr 4 (grudzień 2008): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jms.2008.008038.
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Objectives To improve the traditional fresh blood film method to a high-throughput analysis of the presence of circulating fluorescent red cells (fluorocytes) in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) using an automated imaging system. Methods Based on the autofluorescence of protoporphyrin, we used an automatic image acquisition platform for examining fluorocytes in peripheral blood with minimal sample preparation. The image acquisition is easy-to-use under automated operations of excitation, focusing, detection and data analysis. Quality image and semi-quantitative fluorescence measurement of fluorocytes can be generated in a single step. For high-throughput analysis, the platform can image more than 200 96-well micro-plates, i.e. 19200 samples, in approximately 10 hours. Importantly, the reagent cost of analysis is negligible. Results In this pilot study, three EPP patients were diagnosed and 4000 normal individuals were screened for EPP by this method. Our results showed that the method can distinguish the overt case and asymptomatic carriers. It gives reliable evidence for rapid EPP screening. Conclusion This automated imaging system provides multiple advantages that improve the traditional fresh blood film method as a more effective diagnostic tool and facilitates population screening for EPP. As fluorocytes are present in the umbilical cord blood of EPP patients, this high-throughput method can be potentially used for newborn screening of EPP.
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Johnson, William G., Michael S. Defelice i Cheryl S. Holman. "Application Timing Affects Weed Control with Metolachlor Plus Atrazine in No-Till Corn (Zea mays)". Weed Technology 11, nr 2 (czerwiec 1997): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00042858.
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Field trials were conducted in no-till field corn in northern Missouri to compare weed control and crop response of metolachlor plus atrazine applied under five preplant herbicide management practices. The practices consisted of (1) applying the entire dose of metolachlor plus atrazine 15, 30, or 45 d early preplant (EPP), (2) applying a split application of an EPP (67%) followed by (fb) a PRE (33%), (3) applying the entire dose PRE, (4) applying metolachlor PRE fb dicamba early post (EPOST), or (5) applying atrazine alone EPOST. Weed control at 7 wk after planting was more variable with EPP treatments than with EPP fb PRE or PRE treatments. Giant foxtail and fall panicum control was greatest with treatments that included metolachlor PRE. Velvetleaf and common cocklebur control was greatest with atrazine or dicamba EPOST and was generally unacceptable (< 80%) with any soil-applied herbicide treatment. Common lambsquarters control was greater than 90% with all treatments that included metolachlor, atrazine, or dicamba, regardless of timing. Corn yields were slightly higher with EPP fb PRE and PRE fb EPOST dicamba than with EPP alone. The results suggest that herbicide applications made nearer to the date of planting provide less variable weed control and corn yield than treatments made more than 15 d EPP.
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Wang, Jingmin, Yiping Zhu i Yakun Li. "EPP Energy Efficiency Calculation and Influencing Factor Analysis: Cases in China". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/986562.
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Efficiency power plant (EPP) promotes the use of energy efficiency power plant technology and energy efficient equipment, coupled with its low-input, zero pollution, zero emissions, and other advantages, having an important role in the control of energy consumption and energy saving. In order to carry out scientific EPP investment decisions, the level of energy efficiency is an important basis for investment decisions. This paper introduces total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) in energy efficiency calculation of EPP, constructs energy efficiency calculation model considering environmental benefits, and takes the micro and macro cases in China for analysis; the results show that the TFEE of both single energy efficiency project and EPP are at a relatively high level (above 0.7), and there is a huge gap between calculation results considering and without considering the environmental benefit. In order to discuss energy efficiency influencing factors, the paper analyzes generalized technological advances variation feature of China typical provinces implementing EPP based on generalized technological advances decomposition model by Malmquist index, finding that the steady growth ofMindex in these provinces is derived from the management level of implementation of EPP and the large-scale production capacity of formation and management. We hope the models and conclusions could provide some references on EPP energy efficiency calculation and decision.