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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Epistolary formula"
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Clarysse, Willy. "An Epistolary Formula". Chronique d'Egypte 65, nr 129 (styczeń 1990): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.cde.2.308828.
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Thomas, Jenelle. "Sincere or heart-felt?: Sincerity, convention, and bilingualism in French and Spanish letters". Multilingua 39, nr 1 (28.01.2020): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2018-0112.
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AbstractThe concept of sincerity has links to honesty, openness, and authenticity, including of feelings. As expressions of sincerity become formalized in epistolary practice, however, a tension arises between sincerity and the articulation of it. An examination of a corpus of private family letters in French and Spanish from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries shows that use of the word ‘sincerity’ is much more common as an epistolary formula in French, where it had a broader semantic range, while authors writing in Spanish use other methods to index truth and emotional openness. The most frequent users of this formula are shown to be less skilled writers and bilinguals writing in their second language, suggesting a greater reliance on preconstructed formulae, especially in situations of increased linguistic and social distance. Finally, some bilingual authors transfer the pattern into Spanish, indicating that fixed phrases and formulae are available in a bilingual’s linguistic repertoire for pragmatic redeployment.
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Choy, Renie. "Seeking Meaning Behind Epistolary Clichés: Intercessory Prayer Clauses in Christian Letters". Studies in Church History 48 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400001200.
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The letter, as the format of twenty-one of the twenty-seven documents in the canonical New Testament, is arguably the literary form which has played the most significant role in the history of Christianity. But scholars have often been troubled by how to treat the conventions framing Christian letters: since little of Christian literature from its earliest time to the medieval period escapes the influence of classical traditions of rhetoric, can constant epistolary formulas be taken as expressions of genuine sentiment? In fact, it is precisely because the lines between classical influence and Christian innovation are so difficult to make out that E. R. Curtius was able to argue that the humility formula of medieval charters, for so long assumed to have originated in Paul, was in fact a pagan Hellenistic prototype like scores of other rhetorical conventions. His study of the formula serves, Curtius writes, to ‘furnish a warning against making the Middle Ages more Christian or more pious than it was’, and to demonstrate that ‘a constant literary formula must not be regarded as the expression of spontaneous sentiment’. So the entrenchment of rhetoric in letter-writing is often set in opposition to genuine Christian feeling, commonplace utterance against living expression, empty verbiage against religious sincerity.
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Pawlak, Matthew. "Is Galatians an Ironic Letter?" Novum Testamentum 63, nr 2 (17.03.2021): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341694.
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Abstract This article queries whether Paul wrote Galatians with reference to epistolary conventions for ironic letters. First, the author explores the use of the θαυµάζω + conjunction “epistolary formula” in the non-literary papyri to determine the relationship between this expression, irony, and Gal 1:6. Then, he weighs the evidence for an ironic reading of Gal 1:6 itself before turning to the extant ancient letter writing handbooks to assess the extent to which Gal 1:6 meaningfully parallels the ironic letters in the handbooks. The author argues that while an ironic reading of Gal 1:6 is plausible, there is no evidence that Paul has crafted Galatians with reference to epistolary conventions for ironic letters.
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Bijkerk, Annemieke. "Yours sincerely and yours affectionately". Journal of Historical Pragmatics 5, nr 2 (10.06.2004): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.5.2.08bij.
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This article explores the history of yours sincerely and yours affectionately as closing formulas in letters. It focuses especially on the rise of the formulas in the eighteenth century, tracing their origin as positive politeness devices which took the place of the pragmatised standard epistolary formula Your most obedient humble servant. The article will also try to find evidence for John Gay (1685–1732), writer and poet, being a linguistic innovator in terms of the research model of social network analysis as developed by Leslie Milroy (1987). It will be argued that John Gay might have been responsible for the adoption and subsequent spread in usage of the formula within his own social network, comprising Pope, Swift and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.
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Zieliński, Andrzej. "Origen y evolución de las fórmulas de saludo con besar en español". Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 46, nr 4 (15.12.2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2019.464.002.
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The aim of the paper is to analyse two Spanish greeting formulas derivated from the atelic predicate besar las manos (y los pies) ‘to kiss the hands (and feet)’, which, despite their apparent formal resemblance, came to codify totally opposite socio-pragmatic values. Through the systematic search in epistolary texts until the beginnings of the 20th century we will try to find (i) the socio-pragmatic factors that play the most important role in each type of greeting; (ii) the paradigmatic origin of each formula, and (iii) their sociocultural distribution.
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Shvanyukova, Polina. "‘With the greatest sincerity’: expressing genuineness of feeling in nineteenth-century business correspondence in English". Multilingua 39, nr 1 (28.01.2020): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2018-0130.
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AbstractThis article is concerned with the history of yours sincerely, a popular closing formula in English epistolary discourse. The formula was already used sporadically in the seventeenth century, gradually increased in frequency in the Late Modern period, and was the preferred subscription in English business correspondence by the end of the 1950s. This study investigates patterns of usage of closing formulae in a bestselling business letter-writing manual William Anderson’s Practical Mercantile Correspondence, A Collection of Modern Letters of Business, etc., whose first edition was published by Effiingham Wilson in 1836 in London. The first half of the nineteenth century was a period during which sincerely appears to have been gaining in popularity. The analysis of the repertoire of the closing formulae in Anderson shows that sincerely was starting to compete with truly for the same slot within the matrix of the extended type of closing formulae. This competition of sincerely with truly can be read as an indicator of a larger social and cultural change, which saw the rise of sincerity, reinterpreted as genuineness of feeling, as the new cultural buzzword.
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Корепова, Клара Евгеньевна. "I Send You My Front-Line Greetings! The Speech Etiquette of Soldiers’ Letters". ТРАДИЦИОННАЯ КУЛЬТУРА, nr 2 (14.08.2021): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26158/tk.2021.22.2.001.
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В статье на основе неопубликованных фронтовых писем и нескольких опубликованных сборников, содержащих около 500 текстов, рассматривается эпистолярий Великой Отечественной войны. Отмечается его неоднородность: существование в нем двух категорий писем в зависимости от социальной дифференциации адресантов и связей их с разными слоями национальной культуры. Основные различия при общей жанровой этикетности проявляются в степени использования готовых форм, стереотипности содержания и формы, а на речевом уровне - в степени формульности и клишированности. Различия касаются также круга используемых формул и характера их функционирования. Для писем людей книжной культуры характерен лаконизм в использовании клише; владея всем набором коллективно выработанных этикетных формул, адресант распоряжается ими свободно, выбирает одну в зависимости от контекста или не пользуется ею совсем. В корреспонденции солдат коллективно выработанные этикетные формы в структуре письма занимают бóльшее место. Расширение этикетной части происходит за счет приемов, характерных для коллективного творчества. Прозаический текст может дополняться эпистолярными стихами, распространенными в бытовой народной переписке. Выявлению стилевого разнообразия может способствовать изучение фронтовых писем в контексте всей массовой эпистолярной традиции, поскольку многие эпистолярные формулы сложились еще до войны или существовали уже в начале века. This article examines the epistolary heritage of the Great Patriotic War based on unpublished front-line letters and several published collections of them, in all about 500 texts. The letters are heterogeneous and may be divided into two categories, depending on the social status of the writers and their connections to different strata of national culture. The main differences in etiquette are manifested in the quantity of ready-made forms; stereotyped content; and at the speech level - in their degree of formality and use of clichés. The differences also relate to the range of formulas used and the way they function. In the letters by people of book culture, laconism in the use of clichés is characteristic; these writers are able to make use of the entire range of collectively developed etiquette formula and to dispose of them freely, depending on the context. In the correspondence of soldiers, collectively developed forms of etiquette occupy a larger place. Increased use of these forms is due to techniques characteristic of collective creativity. The prose text may be supplemented with epistolary verses common in everyday folk correspondence. Identifying stylistic diversity can aid the study of front-line letters in the context of the entire epistolary tradition insofar as many epistolary formulas were formed before the war or existed at the beginning of the century.
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Sicińska, Katarzyna. "Formuła zalecenia służb jako wyraz grzeczności językowej w epistolografii polskiej XVII i XVIII wieku". Język Polski 101, nr 2 (wrzesień 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31286/jp.101.2.7.
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In the paper, a formal form of proposing services evidenced in Polish epistolography of the 17th and 18th cen-turies is described. The formal and semantic structure of the formula and its evolution has been presented to show, among other things, that in the 17th century the said formula was an integral whole with the formula of applying oneself to grace, e.g. oddawać (zalecać) usługi łasce (‘apply (propose) service to grace’) whereas in the 18th century it was associated with the category of responsibility, e.g. być w obowiązku usług (‘be obliged to serve’) and it assumed new forms such as czekać na rozkazy or czekać rozkazów (‘await orders’). Moreover, it has been indicated that the service formula was also related to other acts of Middle Polish epistolary eti-quette and the nobility politeness model at that time.
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Tarasov, Boris N. "The Problem of Russophobia in the Historiosophy of Fedor Tyutchev". Проблемы исторической поэтики 18, nr 2 (maj 2020): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j9.art.2020.7882.
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<p>The article makes the first ever attempt to carry out a systematic examination, based on the historical, publicistic, poetic and epistolary body of work of Tyutchev, of the interrelation of different levels and aspects of the concept of “Russophobia”, introduced by the poet. His fundamental concern with the hierarchic relation of Christian ontology and anthropology, with historical processes, with different results of dynamics of the theocentric and anthropocentric perception of existence and history in Russia and in the West is emphasized. It is shown in the article how the analysis of the religious, historical, cultural, anthropological mainstays leads Tyutchev, in his own way, to Pushkin’s conclusion that the history of Russia, as compared to the history of Europe, needs a “different thought, different formula”. It’s demonstrated how different interpretations of those mainstays cause issues, discords.</p>
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Epistolary formula"
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Morais, João Batista Martins de. "Estética da confissão em fanny hill e teresa filósofa: o papel da pornografia na ascensão do romance moderno". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9299.
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The licentious novel of the so-called "Century of Lights" was allied to the epistolary method of composition by which an atmosphere of intimacy is created and which favors the emergence of a discourse of secrecy; this atmosphere, a priori, is conducive to the individual exposure and confession of secrets. In this context, the ideas of the philosopher John Locke (2012) ― inserted in this study ― were influential in placing the sensorial experience in the first sphere of the means by which the individual is led to understanding, and thereby giving the body greater importance in the construction of the individual identity. Following Ian Watt's (2010 ) conclusion that the novel is consolidated when the narrative resources used in it become subordinated to a moral intention, and Foucault's (2006 ) assertion that the practice of religious confession gradually lifted sex to a privileged dimension of individual inner truth, our research aims to analyze the impact of writing of the self in the consolidation of the novelistic genre, taking as a corpus for this thesis two influential pornographic works of the period: Fanny Hill or Memoirs of a woman of pleasure (1749, John Cleland / England) and Theresa, Philosopher, or Memoirs to serve as the story of Father Dirrag and Miss Eradice (1748, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer , Marquis d' Argens / France). In these novels, the moral is problematized by an incursion into the obscene, and in confessions in which the characters recall learning processes from two relevant axes in the literature of the Enlightenment: pleasure (Fanny Hill is an apprentice prostitute) and philosophy (Theresa is an apprentice libertine). In this study, we have tried to show that the discourse on sex in the eighteenth century pornographic novel is endowed predominantly with what we have chosen to name aesthetics of confession, and that this resulted in important developments in the characteristics that the novel took in the eighteenth century.
O romance licencioso do chamado "Século das Luzes" foi aliado à composição epistolar a partir da qual é criado um espaço de intimidade que favorece o surgimento de um discurso de confidência; espaço, a priori, propício à exposição individual e à confissão de segredos. Naquele contexto, influiu o pensamento do filósofo John Locke (2012) ― presente neste estudo ― que colocara a experiência sensorial na primeira esfera dos meios que levam o indivíduo ao conhecimento e, assim, dando ao corpo maior importância na construção da identidade individual. À luz da conclusão de Ian Watt (2010) de que o romance moderno se consolidou quando os recursos narrativos nele utilizados se subordinaram a um propósito moral e da constatação de Foucault (2006) de que a prática da confissão religiosa gradativamente alçou o sexo a uma dimensão privilegiada da verdade íntima, tendo seu auge no século XVIII, nossa pesquisa busca analisar as consequências da valorização da escrita de si na consolidação do gênero romanesco, tomando como corpus duas obras pornográficas influentes no período: Fanny Hill ou Memórias de uma mulher de prazer (1749, John Cleland/Inglaterra) e Teresa filósofa ou Memórias para servir à história do Padre Dirrag e da Senhorita Éradice (1748, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquês d'Argens/França). Nesses romances, a moral é problematizada através do mergulho no obsceno, em confissões nas quais as personagens rememoram processos de aprendizagem a partir de dois eixos relevantes na literatura do Século das Luzes: o prazer (Fanny Hill é aprendiz da prostituição) e a filosofia (Teresa é aprendiz do libertinismo). Neste estudo, buscamos apontar que o discurso sobre o sexo no romance pornográfico setecentista se mostra dotado predominantemente do que optamos chamar de estética da confissão, que trouxe desdobramentos importantes para a configuração que o romance tomou no século XVIII.
Książki na temat "Epistolary formula"
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Dolfi, Anna, red. Non finito. Opera interrotta e modernità. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-729-6.
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Non finito, opera interrotta… difficile trovare una definizione, circoscrivere il tema, distinguere il caso dall’intenzionalità. Certo pochi ‘generi’ e/o declinazioni hanno come il non finito bisogno di ciò che è esterno all’opera e che in qualche modo la completa, collocandola in posizione privilegiata per la sintonia con la nostra inquieta modernità. Non stupisce che in letteratura siano naturaliter ‘sospesi’ – oltre a ciò che è stato brutalmente interrotto – gli epistolari, i diari, le cronache della malattia e della sofferenza; né che l’incompiutezza accompagni gli scritti che rinviano a grumi irrisolti, traumi nascosti, taciute malinconie. Dettata da scelta o da gradi distinti di incapacità, la tentazione del non finito, del non finire, insegue, incalza, illude… Ce ne parlano le scritture del privato, gli abbozzi, i progetti, le carte che testimoniano il cammino necessario all’opera per arrivare alla sua forma. Questo libro, ricco e suggestivo, ideato e curato da Anna Dolfi, inscritto – come il suo oggetto – all’insegna dell’incompiuto, del non finibile, si interroga su alcuni dei tanti esempi possibili, lungo un arco diacronico che va alla letteratura alle arti figurative, al teatro, al cinema: da Leonardo a Blake, da Ariosto a Stendhal, da Dossi a Gadda, da Kafka a Borges, dalla Sarraute alla Morante, dagli sconosciuti scriventi affetti da ‘cancroregina’ all’ultimo Pirandello messo in scena da Tiezzi, fino al Fellini dell’impossibile Mastorna ... Al centro del volume una sezione con le pagine del dattiloscritto ed i quaderni di appunti inediti di/per La scelta di Giuseppe Dessí conduce ai limiti dello spazio bianco, là dove la chambre claire fissa con pochi, rarefatti segni, quanto si cela oltre la scrittura.
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Bateman, Benjamin. Wilde’s Messy Messianism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676537.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that the formal inconsistency of Oscar Wilde’s epistolary prison autobiography, De Profundis, offers a precarious narrative form suited to the lived interdependency of queer and persecuted persons. Mixing a lofty celebration of Jesus Christ with personal invective against a sometimes hostile world and an ungrateful lover, Wilde imagines a messianic community inclusive of pain, suffering, and negativity. The thought of contemporary psychoanalyst Michael Eigen is used to theorize Wilde’s project as an effort to enact a world that he can survive and that can survive his attacks against it.
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Britton, Jeanne M. Vicarious Narratives. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846697.001.0001.
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In 1759, Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments defines sympathy as a series of shifts in perspective by which one sees from a different point of view. British and French novels published over the following century redefine sympathy through narrative form—shifting perspectives or “stories within stories” in which one character adopts the voice and perspective of another. Fiction follows Smith’s emphasis on sympathy’s shifting perspectives, but this formal echo coincides with a challenge. For Smith and other Enlightenment philosophers, the experience of sympathy relies on human resemblance. In novels, by contrast, characters who are separated by nationality, race, or species experience a version of sympathy that struggles to accommodate such differences. Encounters between these characters produce shifts in perspective or framed tales as one character sympathizes with another and begins to tell his story, echoing Smith’s definition of sympathy in their form while challenging Enlightenment philosophy’s insistence on human resemblance. Works of sentimental and gothic fiction published between 1750 and 1850 generate a novelistic version of sympathy by manipulating traditional narrative forms (epistolary fiction, embedded tales) and new publication practices (the anthology, the novelistic extract). Second-hand stories transform the vocal mobility, emotional immediacy, and multiple perspectives associated with the declining genre of epistolary fiction into the narrative levels and shifting speakers of nineteenth-century frame tales. Vicarious Narratives argues that fiction redefines sympathy as the struggle to overcome difference through the active engagement with narrative—by listening to, retelling, and transcribing the stories of others.
Części książek na temat "Epistolary formula"
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Kardanova, Nataliya. "Сообщение о мирном договоре со Швецией в царских грамотах петра I (1721) и елизаветы I (1743) и традиции дипломатической переписки с венецианским адресатом". W Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici, 273–83. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-910-2.30.
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This article explores the diplomatic correspondence sent to the Doge of Venice by Peter I (1721) and by his daughter Empress Elizabeth I (1743), informing him of peace treaties that had recently been concluded between Russia and Sweden. Analyzing these letters in the context of Russia’s diplomatic and epistolary relations with Venice in the 17th and 18th centuries, we examine their structure and composition with particular attention to the presence of diplomatic and epistolary formulae to identify evolutionary changes in the diplomatic and epistolary etiquette employed by Peter I and his successors.
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Laitinen, Lea, i Taru Nordlund. "Performing identities and interaction through epistolary formulae". W Letter Writing in Late Modern Europe, 65–88. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.218.05lai.
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Rutten, Gijsbert, i Marijke J. van der Wal. "Epistolary formulae and writing experience in Dutch letters from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries". W Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics, 45–66. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ahs.1.03rut.
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Fendel, Victoria Beatrix Maria. "Formulaic Language". W Coptic Interference in the Syntax of Greek Letters from Egypt, 365—C8.P299. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869173.003.0008.
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Abstract Chapter 8 explores the 399 formulaic sections of our texts. The epistolary frame is a fixed set of formulae, the presence of which marks a text as a ‘letter’. The chapter is divided into five parts: Section 8.1 introduces the concept of a formula and highlights the differences between the Greek and Coptic epistolary frames. Section 8.2 describes the standard patterns and established variants and variations of each relevant formula. Section 8.3 contains the analysis of errors, both phraseological and grammatical. Section 8.4 evaluates the distribution of the observed errors against the predictor variables set out in Chapter 2. Section 8.5 presents errors regarding the syntax of personal names in formulaic contexts.
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"The Disclosure Formula in the Epistolary Papyri and in the New Testament: Development, Form, Function, and Syntax". W The Language of the New Testament, 421–38. BRILL, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004236400_018.
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"Epistolare Formeln". W Studien zum neutestamentlichen Briefformular, 168–81. BRILL, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004379800_008.
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Fantazzi, Charles, i R. A. B. Mynors. "A Formula for the Composition of Letters / Conficiendarum epistolarum formula". W Literary and Educational Writings, 3 and 4. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442676701-003.
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"Table of Contents of Conficiendarum epistolarum formula". W Literary and Educational Writings, 3 and 4. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442676701-011.
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"VI. Codices epistolarum collectiones ac formulas continentes". W Catalogue of the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish Manuscripts of the Upsala University Library, 39–42. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463215187-007.
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Karavashkin, Andrey V. "Letters of Ivan IV the Terrible (Architectonics and Suggestion Techniques)". W Hermeneutics of Old Russian Literature: Issue 20, 273–91. А.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/horl.1607-6192-2021-20-273-291.
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The epistolary traditions of medieval Russia had the most varied sources. In this article, we address the problem of the Genesis of the formative models that formed the basis of the architectonics of the most famous Epistles of medieval Russia. The polemical Epistles of Ivan the Terrible, which have long been included in the circle of classical texts of medieval Russia, should be considered in the context of the development of the Epistle genre as such. But its General theory, as well as a complete history over the course of seven centuries of the development of East Slavic literature has not yet been created. This is due to the objective difficulties associated with the nature of this genre. In medieval Russia, the message is changeable. It not only stands between everyday life and high book tradition, but is also prone to frequent transformations. It is sometimes rhetorical, sometimes ordinary, but at the same time both rhetoric and uncomplicated style do not exclude publicism and public sound. Nevertheless, within the boundaries of the creativity of individual authors, the epistle has completely separated itself as a very peculiar type of source, endowed with such formal and meaningful features that allow it to be distinguished from works of other genres. Comparing the polemical letters of Ivan the Terrible with each other and some other texts of the same author, which are adjacent to them, allows us to talk about a single architectonics and General methods of suggestion — persuasion of the addressee for such letters. The main compositional units of Ivan IV’s letters echo the structure of late Byzantine epistolography. But this coincidence is only external. The basic set of motifs and formulas of Byzantine writing was strikingly different from the epistolary manner that Ivan IV developed. His polemical texts go back to the polemical treatise, diplomatic letters, and private writing.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Epistolary formula"
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Hotsur, Oksana, i Anastasiia Bila. Епістолярна спадщина Олени Теліги як виразник творчої особистості. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11723.
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The scientific research considers and analyzes the epistolary heritage of Olena Teliha. Excerpts from her correspondence are presented, which testify to the formation of a brilliant woman, a creative personality who played an extremely important role in the struggle for the formation of Ukrainian statehood. It is from the letters that we learn that for her letters are almost an ideal way of communication. The epistolary heritage of Olena Teliha allows us to reveal the vision of the main processes in her personal life against the background of the general historical discourse. In addition, the main communicative visions that determine her creative personality are highlighted: communicative vision of friendship, love, creation of literary talent, perseverance and strength, resistance to rejection. Attention is focused on the importance of studying and researching the epistolary heritage of creative personalities in the context of social communications. From the quoted letters, which are distinguished by their sincerity and accuracy of expression, it is possible to determine and formulate what positions and ideas the civic activist, poet and publicist adhered to. In addition, we can see the line of consistency in the formation of a creative personality who not only lives and writes, but acts – creates history, its moment, the value of which is felt and understood by future generations. It is found that the life path in its interconnection with historical circumstances and social environment influenced the formation of the creative personality of the genius poet and publicist. The peculiarities of the epistolary of Olena Teliha are determined by the circumstances, people and personalities that she had to face in life. The promising areas of research are the letters of Olena Teliha, which are in the archives of other countries and the allocation of journalistic and documentary aspects of her epistolary heritage. Keywords: epistolary heritage, letters, public figure, journalism, creative personality.