Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Epistolary formula”

AbstractThe concept of sincerity has links to honesty, openness, and authenticity, including of feelings. As expressions of sincerity become formalized in epistolary practice, however, a tension arises between sincerity and the articulation of it. An examination of a corpus of private family letters in French and Spanish from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries shows that use of the word ‘sincerity’ is much more common as an epistolary formula in French, where it had a broader semantic range, while authors writing in Spanish use other methods to index truth and emotional openness. The most frequent users of this formula are shown to be less skilled writers and bilinguals writing in their second language, suggesting a greater reliance on preconstructed formulae, especially in situations of increased linguistic and social distance. Finally, some bilingual authors transfer the pattern into Spanish, indicating that fixed phrases and formulae are available in a bilingual’s linguistic repertoire for pragmatic redeployment.

The letter, as the format of twenty-one of the twenty-seven documents in the canonical New Testament, is arguably the literary form which has played the most significant role in the history of Christianity. But scholars have often been troubled by how to treat the conventions framing Christian letters: since little of Christian literature from its earliest time to the medieval period escapes the influence of classical traditions of rhetoric, can constant epistolary formulas be taken as expressions of genuine sentiment? In fact, it is precisely because the lines between classical influence and Christian innovation are so difficult to make out that E. R. Curtius was able to argue that the humility formula of medieval charters, for so long assumed to have originated in Paul, was in fact a pagan Hellenistic prototype like scores of other rhetorical conventions. His study of the formula serves, Curtius writes, to ‘furnish a warning against making the Middle Ages more Christian or more pious than it was’, and to demonstrate that ‘a constant literary formula must not be regarded as the expression of spontaneous sentiment’. So the entrenchment of rhetoric in letter-writing is often set in opposition to genuine Christian feeling, commonplace utterance against living expression, empty verbiage against religious sincerity.

Abstract This article queries whether Paul wrote Galatians with reference to epistolary conventions for ironic letters. First, the author explores the use of the θαυµάζω + conjunction “epistolary formula” in the non-literary papyri to determine the relationship between this expression, irony, and Gal 1:6. Then, he weighs the evidence for an ironic reading of Gal 1:6 itself before turning to the extant ancient letter writing handbooks to assess the extent to which Gal 1:6 meaningfully parallels the ironic letters in the handbooks. The author argues that while an ironic reading of Gal 1:6 is plausible, there is no evidence that Paul has crafted Galatians with reference to epistolary conventions for ironic letters.

This article explores the history of yours sincerely and yours affectionately as closing formulas in letters. It focuses especially on the rise of the formulas in the eighteenth century, tracing their origin as positive politeness devices which took the place of the pragmatised standard epistolary formula Your most obedient humble servant. The article will also try to find evidence for John Gay (1685–1732), writer and poet, being a linguistic innovator in terms of the research model of social network analysis as developed by Leslie Milroy (1987). It will be argued that John Gay might have been responsible for the adoption and subsequent spread in usage of the formula within his own social network, comprising Pope, Swift and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.

The aim of the paper is to analyse two Spanish greeting formulas derivated from the atelic predicate besar las manos (y los pies) ‘to kiss the hands (and feet)’, which, despite their apparent formal resemblance, came to codify totally opposite socio-pragmatic values. Through the systematic search in epistolary texts until the beginnings of the 20th century we will try to find (i) the socio-pragmatic factors that play the most important role in each type of greeting; (ii) the paradigmatic origin of each formula, and (iii) their sociocultural distribution.

AbstractThis article is concerned with the history of yours sincerely, a popular closing formula in English epistolary discourse. The formula was already used sporadically in the seventeenth century, gradually increased in frequency in the Late Modern period, and was the preferred subscription in English business correspondence by the end of the 1950s. This study investigates patterns of usage of closing formulae in a bestselling business letter-writing manual William Anderson’s Practical Mercantile Correspondence, A Collection of Modern Letters of Business, etc., whose first edition was published by Effiingham Wilson in 1836 in London. The first half of the nineteenth century was a period during which sincerely appears to have been gaining in popularity. The analysis of the repertoire of the closing formulae in Anderson shows that sincerely was starting to compete with truly for the same slot within the matrix of the extended type of closing formulae. This competition of sincerely with truly can be read as an indicator of a larger social and cultural change, which saw the rise of sincerity, reinterpreted as genuineness of feeling, as the new cultural buzzword.

В статье на основе неопубликованных фронтовых писем и нескольких опубликованных сборников, содержащих около 500 текстов, рассматривается эпистолярий Великой Отечественной войны. Отмечается его неоднородность: существование в нем двух категорий писем в зависимости от социальной дифференциации адресантов и связей их с разными слоями национальной культуры. Основные различия при общей жанровой этикетности проявляются в степени использования готовых форм, стереотипности содержания и формы, а на речевом уровне - в степени формульности и клишированности. Различия касаются также круга используемых формул и характера их функционирования. Для писем людей книжной культуры характерен лаконизм в использовании клише; владея всем набором коллективно выработанных этикетных формул, адресант распоряжается ими свободно, выбирает одну в зависимости от контекста или не пользуется ею совсем. В корреспонденции солдат коллективно выработанные этикетные формы в структуре письма занимают бóльшее место. Расширение этикетной части происходит за счет приемов, характерных для коллективного творчества. Прозаический текст может дополняться эпистолярными стихами, распространенными в бытовой народной переписке. Выявлению стилевого разнообразия может способствовать изучение фронтовых писем в контексте всей массовой эпистолярной традиции, поскольку многие эпистолярные формулы сложились еще до войны или существовали уже в начале века. This article examines the epistolary heritage of the Great Patriotic War based on unpublished front-line letters and several published collections of them, in all about 500 texts. The letters are heterogeneous and may be divided into two categories, depending on the social status of the writers and their connections to different strata of national culture. The main differences in etiquette are manifested in the quantity of ready-made forms; stereotyped content; and at the speech level - in their degree of formality and use of clichés. The differences also relate to the range of formulas used and the way they function. In the letters by people of book culture, laconism in the use of clichés is characteristic; these writers are able to make use of the entire range of collectively developed etiquette formula and to dispose of them freely, depending on the context. In the correspondence of soldiers, collectively developed forms of etiquette occupy a larger place. Increased use of these forms is due to techniques characteristic of collective creativity. The prose text may be supplemented with epistolary verses common in everyday folk correspondence. Identifying stylistic diversity can aid the study of front-line letters in the context of the entire epistolary tradition insofar as many epistolary formulas were formed before the war or existed at the beginning of the century.

In the paper, a formal form of proposing services evidenced in Polish epistolography of the 17th and 18th cen-turies is described. The formal and semantic structure of the formula and its evolution has been presented to show, among other things, that in the 17th century the said formula was an integral whole with the formula of applying oneself to grace, e.g. oddawać (zalecać) usługi łasce (‘apply (propose) service to grace’) whereas in the 18th century it was associated with the category of responsibility, e.g. być w obowiązku usług (‘be obliged to serve’) and it assumed new forms such as czekać na rozkazy or czekać rozkazów (‘await orders’). Moreover, it has been indicated that the service formula was also related to other acts of Middle Polish epistolary eti-quette and the nobility politeness model at that time.

<p>The article makes the first ever attempt to carry out a systematic examination, based on the historical, publicistic, poetic and epistolary body of work of Tyutchev, of the interrelation of different levels and aspects of the concept of “Russophobia”, introduced by the poet. His fundamental concern with the hierarchic relation of Christian ontology and anthropology, with historical processes, with different results of dynamics of the theocentric and anthropocentric perception of existence and history in Russia and in the West is emphasized. It is shown in the article how the analysis of the religious, historical, cultural, anthropological mainstays leads Tyutchev, in his own way, to Pushkin’s conclusion that the history of Russia, as compared to the history of Europe, needs a “different thought, different formula”. It’s demonstrated how different interpretations of those mainstays cause issues, discords.</p>