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Demchuk, Andrea Madelaine Katherine. "The Stikine : Tahltans, environmentalists, and B.C. Hydro". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25379.
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The Stikine and Iskut Rivers in northwest British Columbia form one of the last pristine wilderness river systems in North America. B.C. Hydro and Power Authority has, as part of its longterm development strategy, plans to dam the rivers some time early in the next century. These plans are opposed by the Tahltan Indians for whom the Stikine-Iskut Basin is an ancestral home and by numerous environmental organizations. This thesis analyzes the interaction of these opposition groups in light of the general literature on the Indian land claims and environmental movements. This is accomplished in four chapters.
The first chapter analyses Indian response to internal colonialism through both the maintenance of the native economy and the land claims movement and examines the history of the North American environmental movement in terms of reformist and deep environmentalism. The two movements are found to differ substantially over issues such as land use control and resource development.
The second chapter traces Tahltan and environmentalist attachments to the Stikine, outlines B.C. Hydro's plans and describes how B.C. Hydro's planning activities would themselves generate controversy.
The third chapter discusses and compares Tahltan and environmentalist opposition to B.C. Hydro's plans. The Tahltan opposition is expressed in two forms, both through the persistence of the Tahltan economy, the adherents to which are not represented in a fully funded formal organization and the more predominant Association of United Tahltans. The environmentalist opposition is falls mainly in the reformist stream of environmentalism. The predominant form of Tahltan opposition and the environmentalists are shown to have markedly different objectives.
The thesis concludes that the case of the Stikine indicates that there are many obstacles to alliances between the formally defined land claims movement and environmentalists. The most prominent of these obstacles is federal comprehensive claims policy which encourages resource-extractive development by providing for resource royalties in claim settlements. However, the findings from the Stikine also indicate there are numerous points of common interest between Indians committed to the native economy and environmentalists.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
2
Fitzgerald, Lauren. "Greenies and glyphosate: the fight to control invasive species in Australia". Thesis, Boston University, 2003. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27648.
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Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-02
3
Marks, Sharon L. "The Obispeno Chumash indians: San Luis Obispo County's first environmentalists". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1973.
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The primary focus of this project is with the interaction between nature and people. How did the Obispeno Chumash affect their surroundings and what was the outcome? Did changes occur in the environment when other people took over the care of the land? Over the last 250 years, the Obispeno Chumash land has evolved from an ecologically green dominion under their stewardship to the present day where the area is noted for its mission, recreational value, wealth of opportunity, and a nuclear power plant located between Morro Bay and Point Buchon along the ocean.
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Kuan, Yu-kuen. "An assessment of the ways that local green groups can help kindergarten teachers to promote environmental education /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34737881.
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Chase, Steve. "Activist training in the academy : developing a master's program in Environmental Advocacy and Organizing at Antioch New England Graduate School /". Ann Arbor, Mich. : Pro-Quest, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1163790650.
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Astbury, Janice. "Cultural constructions of the environment among Mexican and Canadian environmentalists : comparison and implications for NGO partnerships". Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21191.
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As environmental issues and the communities that confront them increasingly transcend borders, environmentalists in the North (wealthier countries) and the South (poorer countries) face the challenges of effective communication and collaboration. Acknowledging differences in how environmentalists culturally construct the environment is an important starting point; particularly given the tendency on the part of Northern environmentalists to assume (a) that environmentalism is essentially the same in different cultures i.e., it is all like Northern environmentalism; and (b) that environmentalism is more developed in the North. This study examines and compares the constructed environments of a sample of Mexican and Canadian environmentalists. Some significant differences are identified. The environmentalists in the two countries constructed the environment differently as a result of their distinct histories, economies and use of technology. Cultural constructions of the physical environment overlap with and cannot be separated from constructions of the social, cultural, political and economic environment.
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Singer, Valerie LaVerne Burdick John. "From the mouth of the hummingbird: values of activism among popular environmentalists in Bahia, Brazil". Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Hein, Gregory Allan. "Social movements and the expansion of judicial power, feminists and environmentalists in Canada, 1970-1995". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ41550.pdf.
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Astbury, Janice. "Cultural constructions of the environment among Mexican and Canadian environmentalists, comparison and implications for NGO partnerships". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0028/MQ50494.pdf.
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Ritchie, Viola Patricia. "Wildlife-associated recreation and wildlife management: views of birders, hunters, environmentalists, wildlife professionals, and forestry professionals". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77900.
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Few wildlife-associated recreation models have examined the contributions of wildlife to recreation experiences. In this study, a mail questionnaire was used to examine the wildlife experiences enjoyed by hunters, birders, environmentalists, wildlife professionals, and forestry professionals. In addition, the study also compared the surveyed groups' socioeconomic characteristics, recreation activities, and organizational affiliations, as well as their perceptions concerning approaches to wildlife management, habitat issues, and the social values attributed to wildlife.
While responses often differed according to populations, the surveyed groups enjoyed many of the same wildlife watching experiences and, if they hunted, many of the same hunting experiences. The subjects' outdoor recreation activities and organizational affiliations suggested that the populations' interests in wildlife varied according to primary/secondary- and consumptive/nonconsumptive-orientation.
Groups sometimes viewed the social values attributed to wildlife differently, but ecological value of wildlife and the value of wildlife to the enjoyment of future generations were important to all groups surveyed. The social values important to subjects personally sometimes differed from the values they believed justified tax expenditures.
Generally, both professional groups agreed with use of five wildlife management approaches, but viewed forest habitat issues differently. The user groups were divided about the use of hunting and timber harvesting to help manage some wildlife species and about the adequacy of forest lands in the Southeast U.S. to meet the needs of some species.
The professional groups had similar socioeconomic backgrounds. User groups varied according to age, sex, community type, education, and occupation; however, the user groups had similar household incomes.Master of Science
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Liebman, Adam D. "Opposing hydropower development on China's Nu River a disconnect between urban activists and local residents /". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1935311811&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kuan, Yu-kuen, i 關宇權. "An assessment of the ways that local green groups can help kindergarten teachers to promote environmental education". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013068.
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Vranizan, Gregory Matthew. "Rhetoric and the restoration landscape forest restoration in environmental debate /". CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03022007-101332/.
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Fortino, Carol Ann. "Mentoring experiences as professional development for leaders in environmental education : the cascade of influence". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36513/2/36513_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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Environmental education is a field which has only come of age since the late nineteen sixties. While its content and practice have been widely debated and researched, its leadership has been minimally studied and, therefore, is only partially understood. The role of mentoring in the
development of leaders has been alluded to, but has attracted scant research. Therefore, this study explores the importance of mentoring during the personal and professional development of leaders in environmental education. Four major research questions were investigated. Firstly, have leaders been men to red during their
involvement with environmental education? Secondly, when and how has that mentoring taken place? Thirdly, what was the personal and professional effectiveness of the mentoring relationship? Fourthly, is there any continuation of the mentoring process which might be appropriate for professional development within the field of environmental education? Leaders were solicited from a broad field of environmental educators including teachers, administrators, academics, natural resource personnel, business and community persons. They had to be recognized as active leaders across several environmental education networks. The
research elicited qualitative and quantitative survey data from fifty seven persons in Queensland, Australia and Colorado, USA. Seventeen semi-structured interviews were subsequently conducted with selected leaders who had nominated their mentors. This led to a further thirteen 'linked interviews' with some of the mentors' mentors and new mentorees. The interview data is presented as four cases reflecting pairs, triads, chains and webs of relationships- a major finding of the research process. The analysis of the data from the interviews and the surveys
was conducted according to a grounded theory approach and was facilitated by NUD.IST, a computer program for non-numerical text analysis. The findings of the study revealed many variations on the classical mentoring patterns found in the literature. Gender and age were not seen as mportant factors, as there were examples of contemporaries in age,
older men to younger women, older women to younger men, and women to women. Personal compatibility, professional respect and philosophical congruence were critical. Mentoring was initiated from early, mid and late career stages with the average length of the relationship being fourteen years. There was seldom an example of the
mentoree using the mentor for hierarchical career climbing, although frequent career changes were made. However, leadership actions were found to increase after the intervention of a mentoring relationship.
Three major categories of informal mentoring were revealed - perceived,acknowledged and deliberate. Further analysis led to the evolution of the core concept, a 'cascade of influence'. The major finding of this study was that this sample of leaders, mentors and new mentorees moved from the perception of having been mentored to the acknowledgment of these relationships and an affirmation of their efficacy for both personal and professional growth. Hence, the
participants were more likely to continue future mentoring, not as a serendipitous happening, but through a deliberate choice. Heightened awareness and more frequent 'cascading' of mentoring have positive implications for the professional development of future leaders in
environmental education in both formal and informal settings. Effective mentoring in environmental education does not seek to create 'clones' of the mentors, but rather to foster the development of autonomous mentorees who share a philosophical grounding. It is a deliberate invitation to 'join the clan'.
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Edvinsson, Denny. "The Danger of Defending the Environment in Developing Countries : A structured focused comparison study of Honduras and El Salvador". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79929.
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The environment is taking a larger part of the debate resulting in the creation of UN declarations, domestic and regional laws, public pressure on companies and politicians to take responsibility, and a greater awareness on our increasingly exploited planet. However, the people who are affected the most, poor and often indigenous people, find themselves in an increasingly dangerous position when they try to defend the planet. Previous research lack understanding on which features that facilitates deadly violence against environmentalists. In contemporary time, three environmentalists per week die when they try to defend the planet from environmental harm, making it more than twice as dangerous as being a journalist. This thesis tries to answer - what explains deadly violence against environmentalists in developing countries by using the method of structured focused comparison (SFC). Honduras is the deadliest country per capita for environmentalists and they will be compared with El Salvador, which does not experience a high degree of deadly violence against environmentalists. The attributes tested are chosen in accordance with the analytical framework of Limited Access Orders (LAO). LAOs are controlled by elites who create rents to maintain their power, hence decreasing elites power by enforcing open access orders (OAO) in LAO can result in increased violence. Honduras and El Salvador’s differences suggest that environmentalists have been subjected to enhanced dangerous circumstances in Honduras than environmentalists in El Salvador and historical conditions have resulted in the protection of the environment in El Salvador by the wider social movement. Earlier research in Honduras has pointed at the importance to decrease corruption in order to decrease violence against environmentalists. However, the theory of LAO suggests that attempts to abolish corruption, increase access, institute democracy or increase rule of law surge violence. In order to limit deadly violence against environmentalists, this study suggests that Honduras focus should be at: prevent expropriation, limit international corporations access on natural resources, attain consent from the local communities before starting projects, require corporations and organizations to publish public environmental assessment reports before projects starts that can degrade the environment and increase focus on the manufacturing sector instead of extraction of natural resources.
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Norton, Paul C. R., i n/a. "Accord, Discord, Discourse and Dialogue in the Search for Sustainable Development: Labour-Environmentalist Cooperation and Conflict in Australian Debates on Ecologically Sustainable Development and Economic Restructuring in the Period of the Federal Labor Government, 1983-96". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040924.093047.
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The thesis seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics of interaction between the environmental and labour movements, and the conditions under which they can cooperate and form alliances in pursuit of a sustainable development agenda which simultaneously promotes ecological and social justice goals. After developing an explanatory model of the labour-environmentalist relationship (LER) on the basis of a survey of theoretical and case-study literature, the thesis applies this model to three significant cases of labour-environmental interaction in Australia, each representing a different point on the spectrum from LER conflict to LER cooperation, during the period from 1983 to 1996. Commonly held views that there are inevitable tendencies to LER conflict, whether due to an irreconcilable "jobs versus environment" contradiction or due to the different class bases of the respective movements, are analysed and rejected. A model of the LER implicit in Siegmann (1985) is interrogated against more recent LER studies from six countries, and reworked into a new model (the Siegmann-Norton model) which explains tendencies to conflict and cooperation in the LER in terms of the respective ideologies of labour and environmentalism, their organisational forms and cultures, the national political-institutional framework and the respective places of labour and environmentalism therein, the political economy of specific sectors and regions in which LER interaction occurs, and sui generis sociological and demographic characteristics of labour and environmental actors. The thesis then discusses the major changes in the ideologies, organisational forms and political-institutional roles of the Australian labour movement which occurred during the period of the study, and their likely influence on the LER. The two processes of most importance in driving such changes were the corporatist Accord relationship between the trade union movement and Labor Party government from 1983 to 1996, and the strategic reorganisation of the trade union movement between 1988 and 1996 in response to challenges and opportunities in the wider political-economic environment. The research hypothesis is that the net effect of these changes would have been to foster tendencies towards LER conflict. The hypothesis is tested in three significant case studies, namely: (a) the interaction, often conflictual, between the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the environmental movement in debates around macroeconomic policy, economic restructuring and sustainable development from the mid-1980s onwards; (b) the complex interaction, involving elements of cooperation, disagreement and dialogue, between the environmental movement and the unions representing coal mining and energy workers in the formulation of Australia's climate change policies; and (c) the environmental policy and campaign initiatives of the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union to improve workplace environmental performance and promote worker environmental education. The case studies confirmed the research hypothesis in the sense that, whilst the LER tended overall towards greater cooperation in the period of the study, the Accord relationship and union restructuring process worked to slow the growth of cooperative tendencies and sustain conflict over particular issues beyond what might otherwise have been the case. The Accord relationship served to maintain conflict tendencies due to the dominance of productivist ideologies within the ACTU, and the union movement's perseverance with this relationship after the vitiation of its progressive potential by neo-liberal trends in public policy. The tripartite Accord processes institutionalised a "growth coalition" of labour, business and the state in opposition to excluded constituencies such as the environmental movement. This was partially overcome during the period of the Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) process, which temporarily included the environmental movement as an insider in the political-institutional framework. The long-run effects of union reorganisation on the LER are difficult to determine as the new organisational forms of unions were not in place until almost the end of the period of the study. However, in the short term the disruptive effects of the amalgamations process restricted unions' capacity to engage with environmental issues. Pro-environment initiatives by the AMWU, and cooperative aspects of the coal industry unions' relationship with environmentalists, reflected the social unionist ideology and internal democratic practices of those unions, and the influence of the ESD Working Group process, whilst LER conflict over greenhouse reflected the adverse political economy of the coal industry, but also the relevant unions' less developed capacity for independent research and membership education compared to the AMWU. The LER in all three cases can be satisfactorily explained, and important insights derived, through application of the Siegmann-Norton model. Conclusions drawn include suggestions for further research and proposals for steps to be taken by labour and environmental actors to improve cooperation.
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Norton, Paul C. R. "Accord, Discord, Discourse and Dialogue in the Search for Sustainable Development: Labour-Environmentalist Cooperation and Conflict in Australian Debates on Ecologically Sustainable Development and Economic Restructuring in the Period of the Federal Labor Government, 1983-96". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368094.
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The thesis seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics of interaction between the environmental and labour movements, and the conditions under which they can cooperate and form alliances in pursuit of a sustainable development agenda which simultaneously promotes ecological and social justice goals. After developing an explanatory model of the labour-environmentalist relationship (LER) on the basis of a survey of theoretical and case-study literature, the thesis applies this model to three significant cases of labour-environmental interaction in Australia, each representing a different point on the spectrum from LER conflict to LER cooperation, during the period from 1983 to 1996. Commonly held views that there are inevitable tendencies to LER conflict, whether due to an irreconcilable "jobs versus environment" contradiction or due to the different class bases of the respective movements, are analysed and rejected. A model of the LER implicit in Siegmann (1985) is interrogated against more recent LER studies from six countries, and reworked into a new model (the Siegmann-Norton model) which explains tendencies to conflict and cooperation in the LER in terms of the respective ideologies of labour and environmentalism, their organisational forms and cultures, the national political-institutional framework and the respective places of labour and environmentalism therein, the political economy of specific sectors and regions in which LER interaction occurs, and sui generis sociological and demographic characteristics of labour and environmental actors. The thesis then discusses the major changes in the ideologies, organisational forms and political-institutional roles of the Australian labour movement which occurred during the period of the study, and their likely influence on the LER. The two processes of most importance in driving such changes were the corporatist Accord relationship between the trade union movement and Labor Party government from 1983 to 1996, and the strategic reorganisation of the trade union movement between 1988 and 1996 in response to challenges and opportunities in the wider political-economic environment. The research hypothesis is that the net effect of these changes would have been to foster tendencies towards LER conflict. The hypothesis is tested in three significant case studies, namely: (a) the interaction, often conflictual, between the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the environmental movement in debates around macroeconomic policy, economic restructuring and sustainable development from the mid-1980s onwards; (b) the complex interaction, involving elements of cooperation, disagreement and dialogue, between the environmental movement and the unions representing coal mining and energy workers in the formulation of Australia's climate change policies; and (c) the environmental policy and campaign initiatives of the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union to improve workplace environmental performance and promote worker environmental education. The case studies confirmed the research hypothesis in the sense that, whilst the LER tended overall towards greater cooperation in the period of the study, the Accord relationship and union restructuring process worked to slow the growth of cooperative tendencies and sustain conflict over particular issues beyond what might otherwise have been the case. The Accord relationship served to maintain conflict tendencies due to the dominance of productivist ideologies within the ACTU, and the union movement's perseverance with this relationship after the vitiation of its progressive potential by neo-liberal trends in public policy. The tripartite Accord processes institutionalised a "growth coalition" of labour, business and the state in opposition to excluded constituencies such as the environmental movement. This was partially overcome during the period of the Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) process, which temporarily included the environmental movement as an insider in the political-institutional framework. The long-run effects of union reorganisation on the LER are difficult to determine as the new organisational forms of unions were not in place until almost the end of the period of the study. However, in the short term the disruptive effects of the amalgamations process restricted unions' capacity to engage with environmental issues. Pro-environment initiatives by the AMWU, and cooperative aspects of the coal industry unions' relationship with environmentalists, reflected the social unionist ideology and internal democratic practices of those unions, and the influence of the ESD Working Group process, whilst LER conflict over greenhouse reflected the adverse political economy of the coal industry, but also the relevant unions' less developed capacity for independent research and membership education compared to the AMWU. The LER in all three cases can be satisfactorily explained, and important insights derived, through application of the Siegmann-Norton model. Conclusions drawn include suggestions for further research and proposals for steps to be taken by labour and environmental actors to improve cooperation.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
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Mitchell, Kathleen Marie. "Significant life experiences of naturalists". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2808.
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This research study addressed a current topic of interest in the environmental education community: How can people of non-European origin be recruited into the field of outdoor and environmental education?
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Asproudis, Ilias. "Essays on environmental economics and the environmental movement". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8487.
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The aim of this thesis is to present and analyse the role of the environmental groups and the trade unions on the issue of the environmental protection through the economic methodology. The specific groups have strong connection with the environmental issue since the beginning of the environmental movement. However, the two groups stand on different positions in the market and in the society, therefore they have different objectives and different tools for the achievement of their targets. Following the groups' different characteristics, I analyse their targets and how these could influence the firms' technological choice, the level of the production, the profits and finally the level of the emissions released by the firms' production. In the second chapter, a deeper analysis on the behavior and the strategy of the environmental groups is provided in order to shed more light on their objectives from the beginning of the environmental movement. Following a review of the literature an analytical framework for studying targets or motivations of the environmental groups is analysed. Three interrelated factors which affect the strategy and the decisions of the group are identified; the group s size, their budget and the weight of impure altruism in their individual and collective objectives. A positive relation exists between the group s size and the financial contributions, and the interaction of the personal expectations with the collective objectives encourages and benefits the group s actions. In the third chapter following the experience from the real world, the participation of the environmental groups in the emissions trading system (ETS) is analysed. Concretely, a competition in an ETS as a game between two firms and environmental group is modelled. According to the results, there is a U-shape relationship between how polluting the chosen technology is and the degree of the environmentalists impure altruism. Firms choose a more polluting technology in the presence of the environmentalists than in their absence if they are characterised by a high enough degree of impure altruism. Finally, in the fourth chapter the influence of the trade unions on the firms' environmental technological choice is analysed. However, in addition to the literature and according to the real world experience the unions care for the environmental protection. Particularly, the decentralised structure is compared with the centralised structure under a Cournot duopoly. I conclude that the decentralised structure could always provide higher incentives to the firms for the adoption of a better (less polluting) technology. Furthermore, there is an inverse U-shape relation between the firm s emissions and the size of the market. Finally, the emissions could be less under the centralised case compared to the decentralised for relatively low market size.
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Nelson, Daniel. "Environmentalism emplaced : exploration of environmentalism in York". Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249356.
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Hattingh, Elize. "Career opportunities in sustainability-related fields". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86577.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The impact of the econom ic turndown in 2008, brought sustainability issues to the forefront of public debate as the realities of climate change, and society’s response to it, gain higher visibility. As a result, t he green economy is gaining global traction as it is evident i n South African policy frameworks and investment. In this new environment, human or social capital is fast becoming the foundation of sustainable businesses. The pursuit of green jobs is seen as a key economic driver in the 21st century, creating a green pathway out of poverty. Shifting the economy from business as usual to a low carbon, resource efficient, resilient and inclusive sustainable economy will involve large scale investment in new technologies, equipment, buildings, and infrastructure, research and development and skills training and could thus be a major stimulus for much-needed employment (UNEP, 2008:3). The focus of this to study is to investigate, career opportunities for graduates of the programme in Sustainable Development, offered by the School of Public Leadership (SPL) at Stellenbosch University. The question is asked if future careers in sustainability-related fields are secured for these graduates. The problem statement was formulated to determine possible challenges that graduates might face from advancing in their careers. I have aimed to address this problem by exploring the prospects for employment in various sustainability-related fields. The re search objectives are to: a) attain clarity regarding graduates` understanding and awareness of available careers in sustainability-related fields; b) to investigate attempts, tools and processes through which graduates could develop careers in the sustainability-related fields; and c) To confirm the graduates` employment status, pre-and post-graduation. My study will aim to demonstrate that more research needs to be conducted related to career guidance to prepare a new workforce, with skills and career knowledge to enter career opportunities in green economy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die impak van die wêreld ressessie in 2008 het volhoubare ontwikkelingskwessies skerper na vore gebring. Dit het die noodsaaklikheid van `n groen ekonomie verder beklemtoon. In hierdie omgewing word menslike kapitaal belangriker vir be sighede wat wil oorskakel na die groen ekonomie. Die soektog na groen werk word gesien as `n hoof ekonomiese aandrywer in the twintigste eeu, wat `n uitweg uit armoede kan bied. Die skuif van `n huidige besigheidsmodel na `n lae koolstof, effektiewe hulpbron gebruik, weerstandige en inklusiewe, volhoubare ekonomie vereis `n besondere gro ot investering in nuwe tegnologie, toerusing, geboue, infrastruktuur, navorsing en onwikkeling, en vaardigheidsopleiding. Hierdie beweging kan moontlik `n stimuli wees vir broodnodige werkskepping (UNEP, 2008:3). Hierdie studie ondersoek die onderlinge verband tussen die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van die groen ekonomie in Suid Afrika en werksgeleenthede wat moontlik daaruit mag voortvloei vir gegradueerdes van die program in volhoubare ontwikkeling by die Skool vir Publieke Leierskap by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Die vraag wat ek gestel het is of toekomstige beroepe in volhoubare ontwikkelingsgebiede bestendig is vir hierdie gegradueerdes. Die probleemstelling was geformuleer om die volgende navorsings doelstellings te ondersoek: a) gegradueerdes se huidige en toekomstige beroeps verwagtinge, begrip en bewustheid van beskikbare beroepe in volhoubare onwikkelings verbandte velde b) pogings, gereedskap, en metodes waarmee gegradueerdes hulle beroepe in volhoubare ontwikkelings velde sou kon ontwikkel; en c) om gegradueerdes se werksnemings status vas te stel voor en nadat gegraduering plaasgevind het. My studie poog om te demonstreer dat meer navorsing gedoen moet word rakende beroeps opleiding om so`n nuwe werksmag voor te berei met vaardighede en kennis wat hulle in staat stel om werksgeleenthede in die groen ekonomie te kan betree.
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Murray, Savannah Paige. "The Dam Fighters: Commons Environmental Rhetoric, Rhetorical Citizenship, and Local Ethos". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100838.
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In this dissertation project, I examine the ways in which a grassroots environmental organization, the Upper French Broad Defense Association (UFBDA), was able to contribute knowledge and voice concerns regarding a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) proposal between 1961 and 1972. The TVA proposal included a plan for comprehensive water resource development in western North Carolina which would have required in the implementation of 14 dams, flooding of more than 18,000 fertile agricultural acres and displacing 600 families from their ancestral homes. Employing archival research methods, in this dissertation I analyze the UFBDA's everyday rhetorical tactics which contributed to their overall success in preventing the implementation of the TVA project. I situate archival sources alongside contemporary scholarship in democratic practice, environmental rhetoric, rhetorical citizenship, and ethos, as discussed in rhetoric and writing studies. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates the ways in which the UFBDA case study offers a generative model for future environmental controversies, providing specific techniques which can contribute to the success of grassroots organizations mired in environmental controversies and contentious decisions.Doctor of Philosophy
In this dissertation project, I examine the ways in which a grassroots environmental organization, the Upper French Broad Defense Association (UFBDA), was able to contribute knowledge and voice concerns regarding a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) proposal between 1961 and 1972. The TVA proposal included a plan for comprehensive water resource development in western North Carolina which would have required in the implementation of 14 dams, flooding of more than 18,000 fertile agricultural acres and displacing 600 families from their ancestral homes. In order to complete this dissertation project, I explored two archival collections pertaining to the UFBDA. Based on my findings in the archives, I provide new understandings of how grassroots environmentalism works, particularly in terms of how environmentalists use language in order to participate in decisions about the environment. More specifically, this dissertation documents how members of the UFBDA were able to describe the western North Carolina landscape as a commons and not a wilderness, work together across counties to create new opportunities to share their concerns over the TVA project, and establish their own credibility as knowledgeable citizens about their local environment. By highlighting specific components of the UFBDA's work, this dissertation provides examples that can be used by future grassroots environmental organization facing similar challenges regarding environmental controversies.
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Singer, Kenneth William. "Rousseau and modern environmentalism". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31521.
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Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau has been analyzed and characterized in many ways, but the relationship between certain aspects of his thought and what can be called eco-philosophy has not been pursued. Rousseau's ideas of man's relationship with nature, his condemnation of bourgeios society, the scientific/mechanistic paradigm and the idea of progress have distinct parallels to the thought of traditional eco-philosophers such as Thoreau, Muir and Leopold. Though Rousseau's thought is decidedly anthropocentric and therefore utilitarian in its ethical content, he did favour a careful stewardship of nature which rejected treating it as a resource to be exploited. Instead, he saw God's handiwork in the natural world and felt a great reverence for it. To facilitate this understanding, he studied botany and took many solitary walks in the wilderness as a means of achieving a greater appreciation of its natural beauty and his place within it. In addition, Rousseau's advocacy of direct democracy and small self-sufficient agrarian communities also reflect modern positions, particularly those of Bookchin, Schumacher and the leaders of the various Green movements. Evidence from his work, thus, will be presented to support the contention that his philosophy has distinct parallels to these modern perspectives. While much of his thought seems hopelessly Utopian in the light of modern realities, there is a great deal that is relevant to the environmental problems modern society faces.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Bush, Evelyn Louise. "Radical Environmentalism and Religion". W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626083.
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Bernstein, Steven Franklin. "The compromise of liberal environmentalism". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27604.pdf.
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Mangoldt, Charlotte von. "Student environmentalism in Beijing, China". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ef524063-dda5-4cda-a73a-f0d56b95f527.
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This dissertation explores student environmentalism in Beijing, China. It traces students' political norms and values, explains their activism and experience of pollution, and investigates the role of environmental non-governmental organisation (ENGOs) in forming youth environmentalism. To serve these objectives, the work takes forward theories on youth activism and agency and recent debates on environmental health, environmentalism and ENGOs. This study was designed as a qualitative research project based primarily on interviews and complemented by ethnographic methods, content analysis, pictorial evidence and survey results provided by the Jane Goodall Institute China. Research findings and methodology are presented in four papers and a framing document. My work challenges labels of agency and activism as either protest and resistance or 'quiescence' and questions the influence of globalisation on activists' norms and values. I put forward 'fragmented activism' as a new concept to capture the nature of youth environmental activism in Beijing. I contribute to environmental health literature by tracing how young people develop discursive mechanisms to mitigate the fear of air pollution and argue that their response offers invaluable insights into the interplay between space and the body in polluted environments. This thesis further shows that the repertoire of student environmental associations in Beijing represents a type of 'place based environmentalism' (Smith, 2001) but argues that, whilst this may be a contradictory response to contemporary environmental issues, it is not usefully assessed against abstract and normative notions of what environmentalism should be. I also challenge scholarly assessments of ENGO action. By exploring ENGO strategies in China that rely on extant societal and governmental narratives about good citizenship and moral values - instead of radical alternatives to mainstream development models or political processes - I argue for new research paradigms guiding the study of environmental movements.
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Cain, Maria (Maria Jennifer) 1970 Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "Environmentalism: From concern to action". Ottawa.:, 1996.
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Kane, Virginia M. "Taoism and Contemporary Environmental Literature". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3047/.
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This thesis encompasses a survey of contemporary environmental literature (1970s to the present) as it relates to the tenets of Taoist literature, specifically the Chuang Tzu and the Tao te Ching. The thesis also presents and evaluates pertinent criticisms concerning the practice of relating modern environmental problems to ancient Chinese philosophy. The thesis contains a preface that describes the historic roots of Taoism as well as an explanation of the Chinese terminology in the paper. The environmental literature is divided into three major groups and discussed in the three chapters of the paper. The three groups include mainstream environmentalists, deep ecology, and ecofeminism.
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McCalman, Caroline. "Nuclear heresy : environmentalism as implicit religion". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2019. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22794/.
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This thesis is a discourse study of environmentalism in the UK. The research indicates how reframing environmental issues using religious concepts and language can deepen our understanding of people's relationship to the environment and environmentalism. The thesis suggests that this process of reframing may be important for the social sciences, by illuminating new ways to engage with and understand the controversies and debates at hand. The data supporting this reframing analysis was obtained through in-depth, semi-structured one-on-one interviews with individuals identified as being 'environmentally concerned' and was analysed first thematically, and then using the researcher's 'discourse toolkit'. Nuclear power is treated as an emblematic issue to provide a concrete focus for a topic prone to abstraction; viewing environmentalism as a form of religion encouraged interdisciplinary working. By developing ideas from Bailey's implicit religion (Bailey, 1997) I provide a language for environmentalism-as-religion, wherein pro-nuclear heretics challenge an anti-nuclear orthodoxy. Linking environmental discourses to enduring cosmologies shows that 'superficial' conflict over climate change mitigation is acrimonious precisely because it deals with manifestations of deeper convictions on the human-nature relationship. Updated versions of existing 'nuclear discourses' are analysed in combination with environmental-religious discourses, showing that ideas about public understanding and acceptance of nuclear power, even when rebranded as 'sustainable', are still best understood in terms of ancient cosmological ideas about the 'natural' or 'proper' way for humanity to approach and interact with the environment. Key environmental discourses were overtly religious and or even direct reformulations of Christian mythoi, with important implications for the movement's stagnation and inherent contradictions. This thesis argues for the social sciences to take religion seriously, as the religious impulse - both implicit and explicit - is an important social phenomenon which shows no sign of fading and remains an important factor in modern society.
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Ward, Nora Catherine. "Nature's Patrons: Private Sector Engagement and Powerful Environmentalisms". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157630/.
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In this dissertation, I examine the role of private sector engagement in environmental governance. The relationship between mainstream environmentalism and the private sector has moved from one of general hostility to one of constructive engagement in recent times. As a result, the traditional distinctions between environmental non-governmental organizations and private corporations have become blurred, making way for public-private hybrids, facilitated by frameworks of philanthropy, sponsorship, and corporate social responsibility. Connected to these broader reconfigurations in environmental governance are simultaneous alterations in the normative framework of mainstream environmentalism. Ideologically, environmental policy and neoliberalism are now intertwined, entangling assumptions about nature and culture, and reflected in the popularization of environmental protection mechanisms that are deeply embedded in the values of the market economy. Analyzing particular examples of such engagements, and informed by Gramscian theory, I analyze the connections between rising corporate presence in mainstream environmentalism and broader normative and practical change, focusing, in particular, on the frameworks of ecomodernism and the Green Economy. I argue that contemporary private sector engagement in environmentalism leads to the support, production and construction of powerful environmentalisms: environmental ideologies and practices that gain power from, not in spite of, prevailing dominant interests. As such, these powerful environmentalisms tend to produce and reproduce elite processes of capitalist production and prioritize instrumental norms of human-nature relations, while marginalizing others. I conclude by outlining suggestions in support of a democratic environmental politics that represents and recognizes a more diverse array of actors, human-nature relationships, and frameworks of environmental care.
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Holmes, Christina M. "Chicana Environmentalisms: Deterritorialization as a Practice of Decolonization". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1282104799.
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Hemsley, Frances Catherine. "Postcolonial environmentalisms and psychoanalysis : the ecologies of skin". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20097/.
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What have dams, toxic industries, oceans, and nature reserves got to do with psychic life? What are the psychic economies of colonial and postcolonial environmental relations? What, moreover, does psychoanalysis have to do with postcolonial environmentalisms? This thesis will advance a psychoanalysis that is materialist – attending to both the materiality of the body and the materiality of the environment. It is my contention that the usefulness of postcolonial “uses” of psychoanalysis lies in future engagements with critical medical theory and the biological sciences. Through these fields we are increasingly aware of the “environmental” constitution of the subject. I reach beyond the human-centered environment typical of psychoanalysis and conceptualise a material basis for psychic life. The chapters in this thesis reveal the subject as always-already immersed in and interpellated by ecological materialisms (pollution, disease, epigenetic acquisitions, extinction). In this thesis, I use the term “ecologies of skin” to allude to the material and psychic “skin” as an environmental category: a substrate for our environmental relations. I situate the skin of the subject within new biomedical ecologies (the microbiome) and the ecologies of the colonial environment (its nexus of forced labour migrations, its uneven distributions of disease and environmental “sanitation”, and its production of materially deprived environments). I work across a range of colonial and postcolonial contexts in which environmental relations are inflected by the politics of skin. These contexts include: rural and urban reserves and the politics of water reservoirs in Zimbabwe, immigrant labour and environmental sanitation in Canada, socio-spatial assignments in apartheid South Africa, and land rationalisation and the racial politics of the nature reserve in post-genocide Rwanda. I show how colonial environmental racism – which I further refine as epidemiological racism – forms a constitutive nexus for psychic life. Ultimately, I contend that the postcolonial co-implicates our psychic proclivities with our ecological situation and that this co-implication is the wider resonance and continuing lesson of the postcolonial beyond its initial purview.
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Steger, Tamara Shevaun Schwartz Richard. "Environmentalism and democracy in Hungary and Latvia". Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Guerra, Cepeda Paula X. "The emergence of environmentalism in Latin America". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0001/MQ36823.pdf.
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Lee, Sui-on Philip, i 李瑞安. "The implications of environmentalism on international business". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31268997.
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Hill, Brendan. "Attachment to nature : the roots of environmentalism". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25374.
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Attitudes to nature vary between individuals, between cultures and over history. Human behaviour towards nature varies similarly and crudely can be characterised as ‘abusive’, ‘indifferent’ or ‘caring’. Attitudes in western societies currently appear to be more proenvironmental, yet the actual collective behaviour of humanity is unsustainable, potentially threatening our survival. Investigations into the epigenesis of pro-environmental behaviours are few, qualitative, and mainly study environmental educators. Potential antecedents to such behaviour are suggested to include ‘experiences of nature’, adult instruction, and both formal and informal education. In comparison, the antecedents of interpersonal pro-social patterns are increasingly well understood as a result of systematic psychological research: the emotional and motivational qualities of an attachment with the ‘primary caregiver’ (principally parental ‘attachment status’) have been demonstrated to make enduring prototypes for the qualities of other, later, relationships. In this study, a comprehensive, retrospective questionnaire, covering the environment and behaviour of childhood, parent-child relations, and the behaviour of parents in relation to the environment, as well as the present attitudes and behaviour toward nature of the respondent, was completed by 294 adult subjects from a variety of ‘nature relevant’ occupations including Biotechnologists, Conservation Bureaucrats, ‘Ecoradicals’, Students, Farmers and Foresters. Factor analysis demonstrated a modest correspondence between attachment to parents and behaviour toward nature, and showed that people do replicate certain parental environmental behaviours. However, much more potent antecedents of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours emerged. These were: unconstrained childhood exploration of nature, and modelling of easy familiarity with nature by a ‘nature mentor’, usually a parent. Vicarious experiences of nature, as from broadcast media, also appeared positively to influence attitudes and behaviour, but they result in a more ‘objectified’, less motivated, relationship, and were not a substitute for direct experience. Vocational choice was influenced by childhood nature experience. It is concluded that environmentalism may usefully be considered as composed of dimensions or components of three kinds: emotional, behavioural and cognitive. An emotionally secure relationship with nature, here termed ‘Attachment to Nature’, is hypothesised to be the most significant factor in the generation of committed proenvironmentalism, and a comparison to parent-child attachment theory is made. Outdoor recreation behaviour may prove to be a measure of this nature attachment, comparable with the ‘strange situation’ test of infants for parental attachment. As poor interhuman attachment is implicated in chaotic and abusive relationships, wider emotional and behavioural effects of separation from nature are probable, and may prefigure behavioural pathologies analogous to dissociative disorders, depression and violence. This remains to be rigorously investigated, as do detailed pathways to particular environmental values and behaviours for different personality types. The loss of access to the non-human inherent in the global tide of urbanisation may have long-term psychological costs, implying psycho-social sequelae significant for health, architectural, town planning, transport and economic policies. An ‘ecopsychological’ model of the present erosion and potential restoration of individual and collective psychological health in relation to nature is presented.
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Gilmurray, Jonathan. "Ecology and environmentalism in contemporary sound art". Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2018. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/13705/.
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In recent years, ecological issues have grown to become some of the most significant sociopolitical concerns of our time - something which has been reflected by an explosion in engagement with such issues across every area of arts and culture. Across most major art forms, this trend has been identified, analysed and promoted both by critical studies in the growing field of ecocriticism, and by the curatorial recognition of new 'ecological' genres; however, to date there has been no equivalent ecologically-focused engagement within sound art. This can be recognised as the product of two significant gaps in sound art scholarship: the first critical in nature, regarding the lack of ecocritical engagement with sound art; and the second curatorial, regarding the failure to recognise the growing number of ecologically-engaged works of sound art as a distinct genre in their own right. The research detailed within this thesis will address each of these gaps by conducting a comprehensive investigation into ecology and environmentalism in contemporary sound art. The critical gap will be tackled by coupling a thorough analysis of the field of ecocriticism with an investigation into the ways in which ecological principles manifest within sound as a medium and listening as a means of engagement. This will then be used to develop a new ecocritical framework specifically designed for sound art, which will be employed to conduct ecocritical listenings to a selection of canonical and contemporary sound works. To address the curatorial gap, meanwhile, a new genre of 'ecological sound art' will be proposed, with a second set of ecocritical listenings focused upon a selection of ecological sound works in order to determine the precise nature of their ecological engagement, and to develop both a comprehensive definition and an initial catalogue of works for this important and timely contemporary movement.
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Sciberras, Colette. "Buddhist philosophy and the ideals of environmentalism". Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/535/.
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I examine the consistency between contemporary environmentalist ideals and Buddhist philosophy, focusing, first, on the problem of value in nature. I argue that the teachings found in the Pāli canon cannot easily be reconciled with a belief in the intrinsic value of life, whether human or otherwise. This is because all existence is regarded as inherently unsatisfactory, and all beings are seen as impermanent and insubstantial, while the ultimate spiritual goal is often viewed, in early Buddhism, as involving a deep renunciation of the world. Therefore, the discussion focuses mostly on the Mahāyāna vehicle, which, I suggest has better resources for environmentalism because enlightenment and the ordinary world are not conceived as antithetical. Still, many contemporary green ideas do not sit well with classical Mahāyāna doctrines. Mahāyāna philosophers coincide in equating ultimate reality with ‘emptiness,’ and propose knowledge of this reality as a final soteriological purpose. Emptiness is generally said to be ineffable, and to involve the negation of all views. An important question is how to reconcile environmentalism with the relinquishing of views. I consider several prevalent themes in environmentalism, including the philosophy of ‘Oneness,’ and other systems that are often compared with Buddhism, like process thought. Many of these turn out to have more in common with an extreme view that Buddhism seeks to avoid, namely, eternalism. I attempt to outline an environmental position that, like the doctrine of emptiness, traverses a Middle Path between eternalism and nihilism. I conclude by proposing that emptiness could be regarded as the source of value in nature, if it is seen in its more positive aspect, as ‘pliancy.’ This would imply that what Buddhist environmentalists should seek to protect is not any being in its current form, nor any static natural system, but the possibility of adaptation and further evolution.
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Ryan, Shane Gavin. "Nature and value of knowledge : epistemic environmentalism". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9736.
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My thesis examines the nature and value of knowledge and normative implications of its value. With this in mind I examine Greco’s account of knowledge in detail and consider whether it convinces. I argue against the account on a number of fronts; in particular I argue against Greco’s treatment of the Barney and Jenny cases. In doing so I draw on the dialectic in the literature and go beyond it by showing how his treatment of those cases is such as to raise problems for his treatment of other cases. More specifically I argue that Greco’s treatment of the Barney case is such as to threaten his treatment of standard Gettier cases and his treatment of the Jenny case threatens his treatment of the Careless Math Student case. I also consider an alternative virtue epistemic approach offered by Pritchard which I reject. In attempting to overcome the challenges that the Barney and Jenny cases pose I articulate an alternative account according to which what I call “epistemic grace” is a requirement of knowledge. It is via this epistemic grace requirement that I also account for the value of knowledge. Recognition of the value of knowledge serves as the basis for the articulation of the notion of epistemic environmentalism. With epistemic environmentalism in view, trust is analysed and its significance to the gaining of knowledge, albeit knowledge of a certain kind, is considered. Finally, the normative implications of epistemic environmentalism are laid out in a framework to show how findings in epistemic value theory relate to approaches that can provide a basis for justifying intervention or non-intervention in the assisting of the attaining or holding of epistemic goods of value.
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Lee, Sui-on Philip. "The implications of environmentalism on international business /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19872483.
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Veronese, Elisabetta <1989>. "The Lake District: the foundation of environmentalism". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15145.
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This dissertation will analyse Wordsworth’s A guide to the Lakes with an ecocritical approach; it will compare Wordsworth’s work with other writings about the Lake District. It will study, then, the environmental defence of the region, the preservation of it from modernity and the struggle to prevent this shrine of nature from being turned into a museum. It will also examine how the tourism in the area changed due to Wordsworth’s growing fame which attracted not only visitors but also new settlers, and how eventually his disciples, followers and admires contributed to the foundation of the Lake District National Park.
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Roberts, Stephen John. "Environmentalist views on science and technology : a materialist critique". Thesis, Keele University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409549.
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Lipson, Jacob. "Environmental politics in electoral campaigns lessons from two recent elections in Washington State /". Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1012.
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Chase, Steve. "Activist Training in the Academy: Developing a Master's Program in Environmental Advocacy and Organizing at Antioch New England Graduate School". [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1163790650.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2006.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Apr. 12, 2007). Advisor: Heidi Watts. "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy [in] Environmental Studies at Antioch New England Graduate School 2006"--The title page. Keywords: environmental advocacy, activist training, social movements, curriculum action research, master's curriculum, environmental studies, popular education, critical pedagogy, education for citizenship. Includes bibliographical references (p. 345-357).
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Steil, Kim Marie. "Social capital determinants of environmentalism in spatial context". Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11072008-131723.
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Temper, Leah. "Environmentalism of the dispossessed: Mapping ecologies of resistance". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285389.
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A lo largo y ancho del mundo, los conflictos ambientales invaden nuevas geografías y espacios simbólicos. Este proceso se ha llamado la “ambientalización” de las luchas sociales, y consiste en el uso de los problemas ecológicos para ganar legitimidad y así desafiar tanto a las estructuras como a prácticas políticas y científicas.
Esta tesis busca examinar los motivos, energías y estrategias de resistencia a la desposesión ambiental considerando sus propias formas de expresión, los valores expresados y el significado que yo otorgo. En este sentido, primero examino lugares específicos de resistencia y luego a través de análisis y comparaciones de múltiples casos amplío el alcance del estudio. Finalmente, presento un marco comparativo de la estadística en la ecología política que busca integrar el conocimiento activista con información social y biofísica.
La tesis comienza con algunas preguntas generales: (i) ¿Cómo se expresan estos conflictos?; (ii) ¿Cuáles políticas utilizan estos grupos? (iii) ¿Con qué finalidad?. Luego, refino estas preguntas en cinco sub-preguntas de investigación: (a) ¿bajo qué condiciones emerge una resistencia efectiva contra la frontera de las mercancías?; (b) ¿cuál es la política o políticas del conocimiento utilizadas por dichos movimientos?; (c) ¿cómo podemos entender el proceso por el cual estos movimientos escogen sus estrategias y tácticas para defender sus reivindicaciones?; (d) ¿cuales son las inter-relaciones de grupos movilizados a diferentes escalas?; (e) ¿como puede utilizarse un análisis desde la economía ecológica/ecología política para apoyar estas luchas?.
Para examinar estas preguntas me vuelco en concretos y teorías sobre: conflictos ambientales, formas de ambientalismo, acumulación por desposesión, metabolismo social, política de los conocimientos activistas y teoría de los movimientos sociales para analizar cómo los grupos en estos contextos tan diferentes desafían a los desbalances de poder, cómo consiguen ganar poder, y cómo estos grupos obtienen sus objetivos y resultan exitosos en su resistencia a proyectos impuestos. Finalmente, estoy interesada en el rol del activismo en la construcción de una agenda transformadora más amplia que se pregunte y desafíe las (super) estructuras políticas e institucionales.
Concluyo esta tesis iluminando las luchas por conflictos ambientales y sus análisis al enfocarme en las siguientes cinco lecciones:
1) Establecer precios de la naturaleza no contribuye a la conservacion ni a la justicia ambiental porque el proceso técnico y político para definir precios profundiza y reproduce las iniquidades estructurales con consecuencias negativas a nivel distributivo;
2) La prohibición a la participación de diferentes actores sociales puede catalizar nuevas formas de democracia participativa en el territorio y la coproduccion de conocimiento tecnico “situado”;
3) La reasignación de los derechos a la productividad biológica y la incorporación de actores en nuevas estructuras agrarias transforma no sólo las relaciones sociales y las estrategias de acumulación sino también reproduce a la naturaleza influyendo en gran medida en la energética de los ecosistemas y por ende en las estrategias de vida de las poblaciones;
4) Los movimientos locales han conseguido sus máximos logros al ser capaces de unir en amplias coaliciones a grupos con agendas complejas y multidimensionales. Los discursos ambientalistas son utilizados como estrategias “apolíticas” clave por grupos a diferentes escalas mientras que la política de identidad puede ser una herramienta poderosa para la movilización pero puede conducir a la atomización que puede confluir en conflictos locales étnicos.
5) Existe la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos métodos que analicen los aspectos globales e interconectados de los luchas ambientales locales, para así trascender de las escalas locales y conseguir entender los procesos y relaciones que generan las iniquidades ambientales a escalas más amplias como regional, nacional y globales. Ofrezco este esquema dentro de esta nueva praxis para la investigación en justicia ambiental.
Finalmente, en mi tesis presento el concepto del ambientalismo de los desposeídos para así explicar las motivaciones de los movimientos ambientales en el presente. Las características que definen al ambientalismo de los desposeídos incluyen un uso de la política como desafío al poder del estado basado en una crítica estructural a la acumulación capitalista. El ambiente se concibe como co-producido y dependiente más que como la “naturaleza” en singular. Asimismo, el ambientalismo de los desposeídos está informado por una conciencia planetaria que describe a los procesos locales como embuídos en flujos socio-metabólicos globales a través de las cadenas de mercancía, y finalmente, el
ambientalismo de los desposeídos utiliza de manera activa tácticas de disrupción muchas veces contenciosas para responder a esta desposesión ecológica.
Palabras clave: justicia ambiental, ecología política, metabolismo social, investigación colaborativo, contención, conocimiento activista, acumulación por despojo, política agraria, capitalismo, crisis, "commodity chains"Around the world environmental conflicts are invading new spatial and symbolic spaces. This process has been described as the “environmentalization” of social struggles, whereby ecological issues are increasingly used to both legitimate and contest political and scientific structures and practices. This dissertation responds to the need to examine the motives and strategies of resistance to environmental dispossession, considering the forms they take, the values they express and the meanings we can ascribe to them. I do so firstly by examining specific sites of resistance and then broadening out through multi-case analysis. Finally I introduce a framework for a cross-comparative “statistical political ecology” that aims to integrate activist knowledge with social and biophysical data. I start by asking the overarching questions: (i) How are such conflicts expressing themselves? (ii) What are the politics such groups are employing? (iii) and to what effect? I then refine these into five sub-research questions (a) under which conditions does effective resistance against a commodity resource frontier emerge? (b) What are the politics of knowledge employed by such movements? (c) How can we understand how they pick their strategies and tactics to stake their claims? (d) What are the inter-connections of groups mobilizing across scales? (e) And how can a political ecological/ecological economics analysis be put to use to support such struggles? To examine these questions, I engage with concepts from ecological conflicts, forms of environmentalism, accumulation by dispossession, social metabolism, politics of activist knowledge and social movement theory to analyze how groups in different contexts contest power imbalances, leverage power, and how they achieve their goals and become successful in both rolling back imposed projects. Finally I am interested in the role of such activism in wider transformative agendas that can challenge broader political and institutional structures. I conclude this dissertation by bringing light to environmental conflict struggles and analyses focusing on the following five lessons: 1. Setting prices for nature is neither conducive to conservation nor to environmental justice because the technical and political process of setting prices deepens and reproduces structural inequalities with negative distributive effects; 2. The foreclosing of participation for different social actors is catalyzing new forms of participatory democracy and the co-production of “situated” technical knowledge; 3. The re-assignation of rights to biological productivity and the incorporation of actors into new agrarian structures transforms not only social relations and accumulation strategies, but also reproduces nature with profound impacts on ecosystem energetics and corresponding livelihood strategies. 4. Local movements have achieved the most success when they have been able to unite broad coalitions of groups with complex and multidimensional agendas. Environmentalist discourses are deployed as a key “apolitical” strategy by groups across scales while identity politics are both a powerful tool for mobilization as well as a divisive force that can lead to local ethnic conflict. 5. There is a need to develop new methods for analyzing the global and inter-linked aspects of localized environmental struggles, that allows going beyond dynamics at local scales to understand crucial processes and relations generating environmental inequalities at broader regional, national, and global scales. I offer such a framework within a new praxis for environmental justice research. Finally, I offer the concept of the environmentalism of the dispossessed to explain the motivations of environmental movements today. It’s defining characteristics include: the use of politics to challenge state power based on a structural critique of capitalist accumulation; a conception of the environment as being co-produced and contingent rather than being conceived a singular “nature”; informed by a “global materialism” that considers how local processes are embedded with global social metabolic flows through commodity chains; and increasingly willing to use disruptive and contentious tactics to respond to ecological dispossession. Keywords: environmental justice, political ecology, ecological conflicts, social metabolism, collaborative research, contention, activist knowledge, accumulation by dispossession, agrarian politics, capitalism, crisis, commodity chains
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Wolf-Watz, Daniel. "Outdoor Recreation and Environmentalism : Social and Spatial Perspectives". Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för geografi och turism, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-7324.
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Outdoor recreation and environmentalism are interlinked phenomena. Historically, they have clear parallels; both emerged at the dawn of the last century, drew inspiration from the Romantic Movement, and were reactions against elements in the modern industrialized and urbanized society. The establishment of the national parks in Sweden (first in Europe) could be seen as one illustration of this linkage; the protected natural areas came to serve as landscapes for the practice of outdoor recreation. From this beginning, outdoor recreation has been a retreat for environmentalists and an expression of “close to nature” ideals but also a source of inspiration for critics of modern society. Within this context, this thesis explores the relationship between outdoor recreation and environmentalism of today. The study focuses on how people who express an environmental commitment relate to, and use, nature and the landscape as a recreational resource in contemporary Sweden and is empirically based upon quantitative and qualitative data, including a case study of the organization Nature and Youth Sweden (Fältbiologerna).Fel ordningsnummer (2010:26) är angivet på omslaget av fulltextfilen.
Friluftsliv i förändring (FIF-projektet)
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Snow, Mary. "Environmentalism in the United States: An Evolving Perspective". TopSCHOLAR®, 1996. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/818.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate environmentalism in the United States. The dimension of perspective receives considerable attention. The prevailing perspective by a society regarding the importance of the health of the natural world greatly influences the degree of support of environmental organizations, environmental policy, as well as the direction charted for the future of that society. The perspectives of the Native Americans and the dominant European cultures which arrived in North America are presented and contrasted. It is supposed that the perspective which prevails in the United States regarding the importance of the natural world is evolving. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Manifest Destiny and the American Industrial Revolution exacted a steep cost from the nation's natural resources. Previously perceived as "raw materials," today the unmanipulated environment is viewed in terms of its recreational, aesthetic, ecologic, and spiritual worth. This evolving perspective is demonstrated qualitativelythrough case studies featuring methods of sustainable agriculture, by an ecological restoration project, and by grassroots eco-poltical activism. The changing perspective is quantified by measuring the growth of some of the nation's leading environmental organizations. It is hypothesized that those organizations have experienced significant growth over the study period, or from 1980-1994. It is concluded that there has been phenomenal growth of the leading environmental organizations during the study period. The prevailing perspective by the citizens of the United States is indeed evolving toward a view that is more sustainable since the missions of the nation's leading environmental organizations are endorsed by the financiers of those organizations Environmentalists, now more than ever, must remain encouraged and vigilant in order to increase the chances that the newly evolved perspective will become policy. Increased participation in the political process is facilitated by the personal computer which allows both the monitoring of environmental voting records of the individual Members of Congress while making those legislators accessible by electronic mail systems. Finally, the optimal sustainable perspective is reflected in the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Each step toward the ultimate environmental perspective indicates genuine progress for America.
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Chisholm, Mariellen. "Nature and community: Toward a Marcusean-informed environmentalism". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6841.
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Concern for the environment is a theme which has gained much currency in popular and academic discourse. The normative assumptions, however, which underlie the field of environmental politics, are far from univocal. The exclusion of normative considerations from much environmental literature and many environmental projects, therefore, is an indication of our general failure to see environmental issues as ethical issues demanding resolution. This study aims at examining how the critical theory of Herbert Marcuse contributes to an ecological perspective that does treat the natural environment as a domain of ethical inquiry. Drawing from the Romantic tradition, Marcuse treats nature as sensuousness and spirituality with immanent value. His theory of nature is concerned with the reconciliation of human subjectivity as rational, moral will with external nature. What emerges is an ethics of aesthetic community in which nature is more than an object of contemplation, but the purveyor of immanent value, the grounds for ethical, creative and "playful" activity. This notion of aesthetic community does not emerge without its own internal tension and ambiguity which, we argue in this work, remain unresolved as a synthesis of subjective aesthetic judgment and collective reason. In spite of the tension, we conclude that the Marcusean spiritual sensitivity and rational interest could more fruitfully serve as a more solid foundation for contemporary environmentalism and ecological theory.
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Silvaggio, Anthony Vincent. "The forest defense movement, 1980-2005 : resistance at the point of extraction, consumption, and production /". view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3190548.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 290-302). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.