Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Environmental policy making

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Environmental policy making”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Environmental policy making"

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Cohen, Steven, i Daniel J. Fiorino. "Making Environmental Policy". Political Science Quarterly 110, nr 4 (1995): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2151905.

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Osborn, Derek. "Making Environmental Policy". Political Quarterly 68, B (wrzesień 1997): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.00122.

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Dumonteil, Caroline. "Making environmental policy". Endeavour 19, nr 3 (styczeń 1995): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(95)90069-1.

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Löfstedt, Ragnar E. "Making Environmental Policy". Science and Engineering Ethics 1, nr 3 (wrzesień 1995): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02628807.

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Puntenney, P. J. "Informing environmental policy making". Futures 27, nr 6 (lipiec 1995): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(95)00033-s.

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Creed, John, i Salwa Sharawi Gomaa. "Environmental Policy Making in Egypt". International Journal of African Historical Studies 31, nr 2 (1998): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221092.

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Arnold, Gwen, i Le Anh Nguyen Long. "Policy Expansion in Local Government Environmental Policy Making". Public Administration Review 79, nr 4 (16.01.2018): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/puar.12905.

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Stephenson, Kurt. "Environmental Policy Analysis for Decision-Making". Agricultural Economics 32, nr 1 (14.01.2005): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0169-5150.2005.00008.x.

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Vlek, Charles. "Essential Psychology for Environmental Policy Making". International Journal of Psychology 35, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002075900399457.

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Russell, M., i M. Gruber. "Risk assessment in environmental policy-making". Science 236, nr 4799 (17.04.1987): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3563508.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Environmental policy making"

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Davidescu, E. S. "Environmental Policy-Making in Hungary and Romania". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517273.

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Janowitz, Martin W. "Environmental policy making in Nova Scotia, alternative approaches". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0025/MQ36475.pdf.

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Ghahreman, Javier. "Green Theory in Environmental Policy Making in China". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22763.

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Climate change has been a topic of discussion for quite some time now. International Relations Theory, which is widely used to study the politics of the world also has a subfield of Green Theory in IR which concerns itself with world politics in a combination of the environment.This study has been conducted as part of an investigation to study the effects of green theories on green policymaking, specifically in the case of China. For the study, a qualitative study was conducted where trends of environmental governance related results were examined to draw a conclusion to the research questions.This study is in hope to present the case of China which ranks among the most contaminated nation and is also a major contributor to the global environmental crisis of ecological damage. It presents how China has been able to turn the tables and has become a case exemplar instead for the world to follow in environment protection owing to strong laws and implementation by its government.
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Yang, Peifang. "Making tradeoffs for environmental protection and policy design". Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3610182.

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There are always painful tradeoffs in environmental problems. In the current period, the tradeoff. has to be made between consuming environmental goods and "dirty" goods. Since many pollutants accumulate in nature and cause long time problems, the current period's decision also has important impacts on future generations. This yields another tradeoff. between control of the pollution flow and cleanup of the pollution stock in the future. For a local government, tradeoffs between strict environmental policies and local economic prosperity are also concerns.

This thesis analyzes the tradeoffs made by households, firms and government under different policy regimes. Chapter 2 considers assigning tradable permits to households that are suffering from pollution generated by firms. The households can sell a limited number of permits to polluters according to personal preferences for environmental goods and "dirty" goods. It is shown that, the market transaction between households and polluters can achieve the efficient pollution level. Chapter 3 considers a case in which the stock pollution is reversible with capital investment. In a natural resource extraction model with externalities of heavy metal pollution in the surrounding farmland, the firms tradeoff. between controlling the pollution flow and abating the pollution stock, as well as the firms extraction decisions are analyzed. Chapter 4 derives the optimal environmental bond required by a local government as a financial assurance for inducing firms to do pollution abatement. A local government needs to make tradeoffs between charging a large amount of bond and encouraging local economic prosperity. For a local government, the optimal bond amount does not necessarily cover the worst-case scenario. This thesis contributes to environmental policy design by considering the interests of different parties.

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Robinson, Julie. "Policy-making in the European Union : the role of policy networks in EU environmental policy". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6976.

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Research into the European Union (EU) increasingly focuses on the policy-making processes which take place within the EU, as distinct from trying to explain or predict the broad phenomenon of European integration. This thesis adopts a similar focus on EU policy-making. Policy-making in the EU is examined using a policy network approach. The main aim of the thesis is to assess how useful the policy network approach is as a means of explaining EU policy processes and policy outputs. The policy network approach is therefore applied not simply as a mechanism for describing patterns of interest intermediation but, rather, as a tool for explaining a new form of network governance in the EU. The thesis therefore aims to test the claims of the policy network literature that it can better account for policy-making in the EU than can more traditional approaches derived either from international relations (IR) or comparative politics (CP). The thesis applies a policy network approach to the study of EU environmental policy-making. Three case studies - on air quality, landfill and drinking water legislation - are examined, in order to assess whether a policy network approach can help explain the development of EU policy in these areas. Overall the thesis finds a useful role for policy network analysis in helping to explain EU policymaking and policy outputs. At the same time, however, the thesis confirms the limitations of the policy network approach at EU-level. Policy network analysis must therefore be combined with both IR and CP approaches in order to gain a fuller understanding of how EU policy is made.
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Pulichino, Michael 1979. "Transit preferential treatment : a public policy-making perspective". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40869.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2003.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references.
Buses and in general at-grade public transportation remain the most important component of transit services in all the urban areas, whether they are feeder to a heavy rail system or an independent network. However, the steady increase in travel demand, essentially private automobile, has results in a growing level of congestion, affecting both cars and public transportation. In response, cities like Curitiba and Zurich moved in the late 70's towards the implementation of preferential treatment. To do that, they introduced innovative policies in order to give the full priority to transit. Preferential treatment is a broad definition that combines all the means to insure that priority is given to transit (queue jump, traffic signal priority, exclusive lane, tramways ...). The main concerns about Zurich and Curitiba are that they both achieved their implementation through particular policymaking processes; moreover the generalization of these types of policies has been very limited. The objectives of this thesis are to apply the three models from the agenda-building theory (Mobilization, Inside Access and Outside Initiative) to the context of public transportation to understand how innovative policy-making can be introduced and if the presence of a policy entrepreneur is necessary and sufficient. Using 11 cities in Europe and America that have implemented preferential treatment as case studies, the thesis identified elements necessary to address the public reaction, the institutional fragmentation and the decision-makers' positions. The research shows the necessity of public consultations and comprehensive planning exercises to convince the different stakeholders. Moreover, it points out the benefits of initiatives such as benchmarking or national legislation. Eventually, the thesis concludes that the policy-making theory can be expanded in acknowledging a combination of models to describe the preferential treatment's implementation process. On the other hand, the context of public transportation has evolved enough (concentration of decision powers and increasing public support) so that transit agencies can move towards implementation in focusing on stakeholder management strategies instead of relying on a policy entrepreneur.
by Michael Pulichino.
S.M.
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McIntyre, Emma. "Evaluating the use of GIS by public participants in environmental decision-making processes a case study approach /". Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20080616.132630/index.html.

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Cloutier, Michelle Anne. "Beyond intergovernmentalism, the Europeanization of European Union environmental policy making". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0018/NQ45772.pdf.

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Evangelinos, Konstantinos. "Environmental management systems standards in corporate decisions and policy making". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408378.

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Moosbrugger, Lorelei K. "Institutions with environmental consequences : the politics of agrochemical policy-making /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3027042.

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Książki na temat "Environmental policy making"

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Making environmental policy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.

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Fiorino, Daniel J. Making environmental policy. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1995.

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Jumʻah, Salwá Shaʻrāwī. Environmental policy making in Egypt. Gainesville, Fla: University Press of Florida, 1997.

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Gomaa, Salwa Sharawi. Environmental policy making in Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1999.

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Stahl, Cynthia H., i Alan J. Cimorelli. Environmental Public Policy Making Exposed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32130-7.

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R, Portney Paul, red. Making environmental policy: Two views. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 1998.

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E, Martin Wade, i McDonald Lisa A, red. Modeling environmental policy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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Nyborg, Karine. Information requirements for environmental policy making. Oslo: Sosialokonomisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 1996.

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E, Helfand Gloria, red. Environmental policy analysis for decision making. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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Doyle, Timothy. Environmental politics and policy making in Australia. South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1995.

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Części książek na temat "Environmental policy making"

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Grant, Wyn, Duncan Matthews i Peter Newell. "Making Environmental Policy". W The Effectiveness of European Union Environmental Policy, 7–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333981405_2.

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Kraft, Michael E. "Making Environmental Policy". W Environmental Policy and Politics, 79–116. Wyd. 8. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003106265-3.

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Kraft, Michael E. "Making Environmental Policy". W Environmental Policy and Politics, 77–111. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315437057-3.

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Deters, Henning. "Policy making". W Environmental Policy in the EU, 186–202. Wyd. 4. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429402333-14.

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Peterson, John, i Elizabeth Bomberg. "Environmental Policy". W Decision-Making in the European Union, 173–99. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27507-6_8.

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Delreux, Tom, i Sander Happaerts. "Policy-Making". W Environmental Policy and Politics in the European Union, 99–122. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-58182-2_5.

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Veld, Roeland J., i Dirk Jan Kraan. "Environmental Policy Making: An Introduction". W Economy & Environment, 1–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3560-3_1.

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Stahl, Cynthia H., i Alan J. Cimorelli. "Environmental Policy: The Current Paradigm". W Environmental Public Policy Making Exposed, 1–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32130-7_1.

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Garner, Robert. "Environmental Policy-Making at the National Level". W Environmental Politics, 124–41. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34403-7_8.

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Mulligan, Mark. "Models Supporting Decision-Making and Policy Evaluation". W Environmental Modelling, 333–48. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118351475.ch20.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Environmental policy making"

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Call, Jr., Charles H. "Framework for Effective Stakeholder Policy Making for Water Resources and Environmental Issues". W World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)333.

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Kurniawan, Badrudin, Meirinawati Meirinawati i Indah Prabawati. "Encouraging Data-driven Environmental Protection Policy Making on Risk-based Licensing". W Proceedings of the 1st Tidar International Conference on Advancing Local Wisdom Towards Global Megatrends, TIC 2020, 21-22 October 2020, Magelang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2020.2311897.

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Davenport, Franca. "Walking the Ethical Tightrope between Science and Policy". W 2016: Confronting the challenges of public participation in environmental, planning and health decision-making. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/sciencecommunication-180809-30.

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Zenker, Frank. "The Explanatory Value of Cognitive Asymmetries in Policy Controversies". W 2016: Confronting the challenges of public participation in environmental, planning and health decision-making. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/sciencecommunication-180809-91.

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Ludden, Jason. "Normalizing Nature: Construction and Defense of Authorized Rhetoric in Environmental Policy Debates". W 2016: Confronting the challenges of public participation in environmental, planning and health decision-making. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/sciencecommunication-180809-100.

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Niese, N. D., i D. J. Singer. "Lifecycle Decision-Making Under Uncertain Environmental Policy Using Nonstationary Markov Decision Processes". W ICCAS 2011: International Conference on Computer Applications in Shipbuilding. RINA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.iccas.2011.72.

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Wang, Yingruo. "Environmental NGOs participation in policy making: the case of the PM2.5 incident". W 2018 7th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-18.2018.98.

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Wicaksono, Muhammad Bagus Adi, I. Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani i Lego Karjoko. "Making the Administrative Law Enforcement in Indonesia Effective as an Effort to Prevent Violations Reclamation and Post-Mining Obligations (Study in East Kalimantan Province)". W International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.033.

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Graham, S. Scott, i Christa B. Teston. "From Stakeholders to Experts: A Careful Approach to Democratizing Pharmaceuticals Policy". W 2016: Confronting the challenges of public participation in environmental, planning and health decision-making. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/sciencecommunication-180809-31.

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Gershenson, J. K., B. D. Solomon, D. R. Shonnard, D. W. Watkins i J. W. Sutherland. "Production Decision Making in the Face of Uncertainty About Air Toxics Regulation and Global Climate Change Policy". W ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ts-23414.

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Abstract There is an urgent need to better understand and quantify firm-level decisions made in response to environmental policy. It is to be expected that in the face of new/stricter regulations (e.g., tightened regulations relating to airborne particulate emissions) that the desired intent of the regulation will be achieved (e.g., reduced large-plant emissions in the U.S.). However, the secondary environmental and economic impacts of these policies/regulations are poorly understood. These secondary effects, those beyond the primary environmental effects intended by the policy and what is normally addressed in regulatory impact analyses, are caused by companies’ decisions to pass problems down their supply chain or overseas. As problems are passed down the supply chain, the resources available to address them diminish and the more unrestrained the regulatory restrictions become. A governmental policy decision therefore has a range of potential industrial responses. Each of these responses in turn has their own environmental and economic consequences. Consequently, the ultimate effect of a regulatory policy may be very different from the original intent of the policy. The EPA would certainly not want to establish a new regulation that actually worsens the global environment. A prominent example of a secondary environmental effect caused by a firm-level reaction to environmental regulation is methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE was introduced as an automobile fuel additive to help solve urban air quality problems (CO and O3) only to discover that it adversely affects groundwater quality due to its mobility, odor, and persistence. Although this outcome was caused not only by the firm-level decision, it stands out as an example of why a better understanding of the secondary effects of environmental regulations is critically needed in order to protect the environment and to eliminate costly remediation measures. This paper is intended as a framework for future research that combines the elements of supply chain decision making, industrial ecology, and environmental policymaking to shed light on the effect of supply chain decisions on the impact of environmental regulation. The overall goal of our research is to develop a comprehensive framework to account for the interrelationships between competing policy pressures and to apply it to an important industrial sector, chemical manufacturing. This effort seeks to establish a procedure for characterizing the linkage between environmental regulations and their ultimate environmental and economic impacts. The effort will consider the probabilistic nature of industry decisions as well as a wide range of industry responses. With a linkage established that maps regulatory changes to their primary and secondary environmental effects, policy decisions may be made that achieve true environmental improvement. This paper is intended to be a starting point for conversations on how to proceed with this framework. We suggest and describe two major steps with two concomitant objectives. 1) Develop a complete framework for major decisions that industrial facilities can make in response to global climate change policies. The framework will take the form of a set of taxonomies. There will be one taxonomy for each link in the chain between the various policy options and the multitude of potential secondary impacts. This regulation-reaction-impact chain may include intermediate links such as firm size/type and incentives and disincentives. While this typology of responses may appear to be elementary, it can be much more complex given the often competing considerations of cost, profits, and regulatory compliance facing U.S. industry. 2) Identify the relationships among the before-mentioned taxonomies. These relationships will form the web that describes the regulation-reaction-impact process. We recognize that this web of taxonomies may well depend upon the specific industrial sector being considered.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Environmental policy making"

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West, Sarah, i Roberton Williams. Empirical Estimates for Environmental Policy Making in a Second-Best Setting. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzec 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10330.

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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez i Renato Vargas. Integrating the Value of Natural Capital in Evidence-Based Policy Making. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002900.

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This paper describes how Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) can be integrated into economy wide analytical frameworks to enhance evidence based decision making. Examples from applications of the Integrated Environmental Economic Modelling (IEEM) Platform show how explicitly accounting for the contributions of the environment to the economy in economic forecasting can lead to substantially different policy recommendations, overcoming some of the scope limitations of traditional economic performance analysis. Furthermore, the paper describes how NCA can be integrated into more traditional economic performance measurements, such as the System of National Accounts and their indicators such as adjusted Gross Domestic Product and Genuine Savings. Integration of natural capital into economy-wide analytical frameworks leads to better policy uptake of research findings and it empowers policymakers to avoid short-sighted decisions, which, although they can generate short-term economic gain, can have adverse consequences for economic, social, and environmental sustainability in the long run.
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Gagnon, Paul, Jeanette Gallihugh, Shawn Komlos, Susan Durden, E. Vaughan, Elizabeth Murray i Trudy Estes. Incorporating social and environmental outputs in decision-making : workshop outcomes. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45700.

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This document summarizes the notable outcomes of the workshop “Quantifying and Incorporating Social and Environmental Outputs in Decision-Making—Research and Development Needs and Strategy Workshop.” The workshop was held 24 and 25 July 2019 in Alexandria, Virginia, at the US Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Institute for Water Resources (IWR). The workshop sought to identify gaps in knowledge, methods, data, and tools and to identify types of subject matter experts who would be needed for the research team. A total of 22 participants attended the facilitated workshop, representing a broad array of expertise: economists, scientists, planners, social scientists, project managers, and researchers from a number of USACE organizations and partnering academics across the United States. Together, these attendees reviewed existing policy and research and prioritized future work to fill gaps in methods and procedures for incorporating social and environmental inputs across a broad range of USACE projects.
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Coulson, Saskia, Melanie Woods, Drew Hemment i Michelle Scott. Report and Assessment of Impact and Policy Outcomes Using Community Level Indicators: H2020 Making Sense Report. University of Dundee, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001192.

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Making Sense is a European Commission H2020 funded project which aims at supporting participatory sensing initiatives that address environmental challenges in areas such as noise and air pollution. The development of Making Sense was informed by previous research on a crowdfunded open source platform for environmental sensing, SmartCitizen.me, developed at the Fab Lab Barcelona. Insights from this research identified several deterrents for a wider uptake of participatory sensing initiatives due to social and technical matters. For example, the participants struggled with the lack of social interactions, a lack of consensus and shared purpose amongst the group, and a limited understanding of the relevance the data had in their daily lives (Balestrini et al., 2014; Balestrini et al., 2015). As such, Making Sense seeks to explore if open source hardware, open source software and and open design can be used to enhance data literacy and maker practices in participatory sensing. Further to this, Making Sense tests methodologies aimed at empowering individuals and communities through developing a greater understanding of their environments and by supporting a culture of grassroot initiatives for action and change. To do this, Making Sense identified a need to underpin sensing with community building activities and develop strategies to inform and enable those participating in data collection with appropriate tools and skills. As Fetterman, Kaftarian and Wanderman (1996) state, citizens are empowered when they understand evaluation and connect it in a way that it has relevance to their lives. Therefore, this report examines the role that these activities have in participatory sensing. Specifically, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in using the concept of Community Level Indicators (CLIs), which are measurable and objective sources of information gathered to complement sensor data. We describe how CLIs are used to develop a more indepth understanding of the environmental problem at hand, and to record, monitor and evaluate the progress of change during initiatives. We propose that CLIs provide one way to move participatory sensing beyond a primarily technological practice and towards a social and environmental practice. This is achieved through an increased focus in the participants’ interests and concerns, and with an emphasis on collective problem solving and action. We position our claims against the following four challenge areas in participatory sensing: 1) generating and communicating information and understanding (c.f. Loreto, 2017), 2) analysing and finding relevance in data (c.f. Becker et al., 2013), 3) building community around participatory sensing (c.f. Fraser et al., 2005), and 4) achieving or monitoring change and impact (c.f. Cheadle et al., 2000). We discuss how the use of CLIs can tend to these challenges. Furthermore, we report and assess six ways in which CLIs can address these challenges and thereby support participatory sensing initiatives: i. Accountability ii. Community assessment iii. Short-term evaluation iv. Long-term evaluation v. Policy change vi. Capability The report then returns to the challenge areas and reflects on the learnings and recommendations that are gleaned from three Making Sense case studies. Afterwhich, there is an exposition of approaches and tools developed by Making Sense for the purposes of advancing participatory sensing in this way. Lastly, the authors speak to some of the policy outcomes that have been realised as a result of this research.
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Nishiura, Sadatsugu. Working Paper PUEAA No. 4. Tama New Town Revitalization Policy and its Major Projects. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.002r.2022.

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In the period after the Second World War, the phenomenon of migration from rural to urban areas increased dramatically, this posed a new series of challenges for cities that saw their infrastructure and their space taken to the limit. But now the new Japanese urban developments seek to reverse this by making cities more friendly places for both the individual and the environment. Taking into consideration both socioeconomic and environmental factors, these new projects seek to create coexistence and co-development that improves the quality of life in cities from their very design, as a way to help combat social inequalities, but also to help the cities’ sustainability.
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Seginer, Ido, James Jones, Per-Olof Gutman i Eduardo Vallejos. Optimal Environmental Control for Indeterminate Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, sierpień 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1997.7613034.bard.

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Increased world competition, as well as increased concern for the environment, drive all manufacturing systems, including greenhouses, towards high-precision operation. Optimal control is an important tool to achieve this goal, since it finds the best compromise between conflicting demands, such as higher profits and environmental concerns. The report, which is a collection of papers, each with its own abstract, outlines an approach for optimal, model-based control of the greenhouse environment. A reliable crop model is essential for this approach and a significant portion of the effort went in this direction, resulting in a radically new version of the tomato model TOMGRO, which can be used as a prototype model for other greenhouse crops. Truly optimal control of a very complex system requires prohibitively large computer resources. Two routes to model simplification have, therefore, been tried: Model reduction (to fewer state variables) and simplified decision making. Crop model reduction from nearly 70 state variables to about 5, was accomplished by either selecting a subset of the original variables or by forming combinations of them. Model dynamics were then fitted either with mechanistic relationships or with neural networks. To simplify the decision making process, the number of costate variables (control policy parametrs) was recuced to one or two. The dry-matter state variable was transformed in such a way that its costate became essentially constant throughout the season. A quasi-steady-state control algorithm was implemented in an experimental greenhouse. A constant value for the dry-matter costate was able to control simultaneously ventilation and CO2 enrichment by continuously producing weather-dependent optimal setpoints and then maintaining them closely.
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Khan, Mahreen. The Environmental Impacts of War and Conflict. Institute of Development Studies, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.060.

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In modern warfare, the first widely acknowledged scientific study and documented case of environmental damage during conflict was the (direct and deliberate) use of Agent Orange and other toxic chemicals by US forces, from 1961-1971, during the Vietnam War in a policy known as herbicide. The Vietnam War has been relatively well documented for the sheer horror and magnitude of the devastation to natural habitats and because it was the first war where television and global media brought vivid images and accounts into people’s homes, making the war a matter of political and public conscience This helped stir academic and scientific interest and facilitated evidence collection and documentation of environmental damages. This helpdesk report is a rapid literature review on the main environmental impacts of war and conflict, drawing primarily on academic, and peer reviewed literature and only some policy and practitioner sources, as per the request. Where current situations are discussed, such as the ongoing Ukraine war, a few blogs are referred to. Within the literature focused on the environmental impacts of conflict, common case studies include: the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) bombing of Kosovo (1999), and the conflict in the Donbas region of Ukraine (2014). Interestingly there is comparatively less literature on the conflicts in Afghanistan (2001-2021), the Iraq-Iran War (1980-1988), the Gulf Wars (1991 and 2003), the Yemeni civil war (2014 – present) and the ongoing war in Syria (since 2011) despite their relatively greater severity, intensity and duration.
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Rau, Stefan. Bridge to Future Livable Cities and City Clusters in the People’s Republic of China: Policy Opportunities for High-Quality Urban Development. Asian Development Bank, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210372-2.

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The achievements in rapid urbanization and industrialization of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) over the past 40 years were historic. But they came at high environmental and social costs. By 2050, the country will be a high-income, four-generation urban society. Yet, according to the United Nations, the PRC’s population will have halved by 2100. Many cities will lose population and businesses. This will be equally historic and requires urgent action. The author recommends focusing on urban rehabilitation and retrofitting to make cities more livable—with a green circular zero-waste economy, aiming at low-carbon, climate-resilient cities—and making cities healthy and friendly for people of all ages.
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Adlakha, Deepi, Jane Clarke, Perla Mansour i Mark Tully. Walk-along and cycle-along: Assessing the benefits of the Connswater Community Greenway in Belfast, UK. Property Research Trust, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/ghcj1777.

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Physical inactivity is a risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, and a mounting global health problem. It is likely that the outdoor physical environment, together with social environmental factors, has a tendency to either promote or discourage physical activity, not least in cities and other urban areas. However, the evidence base on this is sparse, making it hard to identify the best policy interventions to make, at the local or city level. This study seeks to assess the impact of one such intervention, the Connswater Community Greenway CCG), in Belfast, in Northern Ireland, UK. To do that it uses innovative methodologies, ‘Walk-along’ and ‘Cycle-along’ that involve wearable sensors and video footages, to improve our understanding of the impact of the CCG on local residents. The findings suggest that four characteristics of the CCG affect people’s activity and the benefits that the CCG created. These are physical factors, social factors, policy factors and individual factors. Each of these has many elements, with different impacts on different people using the greenway.
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Unal, Beyza, Julia Cournoyer, Calum Inverarity i Yasmin Afina. Uncertainty and complexity in nuclear decision-making. Royal Institute of International Affairs, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135157.

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Complex systems modelling is already implemented in critical policy areas such as climate change and health. It could also play an important role in the nuclear weapons sphere – by opening alternative pathways that may help mitigate risks of confrontation and escalation – but such modelling has yet to be fully embraced by policymakers in this community. By applying a complexity lens, policy- and decision-makers at all stages along the nuclear chain of command might better understand how their actions could have significant consequences for international security and peace. Nuclear decision-making is shaped by, and interacts with, the ever-changing international security environment and nuclear weapons policy. Tackling problems in the nuclear weapons policy field requires the implementation of ‘system of systems’ design principles, mathematical modelling approaches and multidisciplinary analysis. This research paper presents nuclear weapons decision-making as a complex endeavour, with individual decisions being influenced by multiple factors such as reasoning, intuition (gut feeling), biases and system-level noise. At a time of crisis, these factors may combine to cause risks of escalation. The authors draw on past examples of near nuclear use to examine decision-making in the nuclear context as a ‘wicked problem’, with multi-layered, interacting and constantly fluctuating elements.
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