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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Environmental costs"

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Bickel, Peter, Stephan Schmid i Rainer Friedrich. "Environmental Costs". Research in Transportation Economics 14 (styczeń 2005): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-8859(05)14007-4.

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Shifrin, Neil S., Bryan S. Pitts i Aaron C. Chow. "Estimating Environmental Costs". Environmental Claims Journal 27, nr 1 (2.01.2015): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2014.986404.

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Podolskaya, T., G. V. Kravchenko i Kh Shatila. "Environmental crisis effect on environmental costs". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, nr 2 (1.12.2021): 022036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/2/022036.

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Abstract Environmental management accounting is a mechanism for determining and evaluating, and incorporating these cost and benefit in the day-to-day business decision making, the full spectrum of environmental costs of current production processes and the economic benefits of contamination prevention, or cleaner processes. In practice, the past 10 years have acquired significance from corporate accounting, which is the most prominent part of cost accounting. Limits were widely acknowledged of conventional financial and cost accounting techniques reflecting companies’ sustainability efforts and providing management with necessary information for sustainable business choices. Information on companies’ environmental performance may be somewhat accessible, but both domestic decision makers and those at the level of public authorities are seldom able to connect environmental information with economic variables and are essentially deprived of environmental cost information. Decision makers do thus not recognize the economic worth of natural resources as asset and the commercial and financial benefit of excellent environmental performance. Beyond ‘goodwill’ efforts, there are a number of market-based incentives for integration with decision making of environmental issues. This article provides an outline of environmental management methods and we evaluate environmental costs in terms of current economic crisis.
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Hill, R., i A. E. Baumann. "Environmental costs of photovoltaics". IEE Proceedings A Science, Measurement and Technology 140, nr 1 (1993): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-a-3.1993.0013.

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Jasch, Christine. "What are environmental costs?" Social and Environmental Accountability Journal 20, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969160x.2000.9651624.

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Ahmed Hussein, Muawya. "Costs of environmental degradation". Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 19, nr 3 (18.04.2008): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830810866437.

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Oyewo, Toyese, Odunayo Magret Olarewaju, Melanie Bernice Cloete i Olukorede Tijani Adenuga. "Environmental costs estimation and mathematical model of marginal social cost: A case study of coal power plants". Environmental Economics 12, nr 1 (20.08.2021): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.12(1).2021.08.

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An increase in electricity production is proportional to environmental risks due to continuous energy production. The paper aims to quantitatively estimate the environmental costs and mathematically model the marginal social cost associated with the lifespan of the coal power plants. Results revealed South Africa Tier 1 company optimum level of electricity production per annum at around 2.15 gigawatts, considering the emission costs and reasonable profit. 85% of the total emissions during the combustion phase average cost of the C02 emission discharged by coal is calculated as 0.23c/KWh, 0.085c/kWh is calculated for NO2, while SO2 is 0.035c/KWh. Total emission cost represents 69.2% of the total cost of producing 1 MGW of electricity. The results confirmed the company losses to be insignificantly considerable to the evaluated environmental costs and capital investment. However, the use of this newly developed mathematical model depends on the source of energy production to confirm the feasibility and profitability of investment in coal-powered stations using environmental management accounting and marginal social cost approaches. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to acknowledge the National Research Foundation and Durban University of Technology for financial support.
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TUNCEZ, Hacı Arif, i Bilal ERDEM. "ENVIRONMENT ACCOUNTING AND ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS". INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ECONOMICS MANAGEMENT, nr 10 (30.12.2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17373/uheyad.20161024414.

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Bradbury, Jane. "Environmental Costs of Personal Computers". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, nr 3 (kwiecień 2004): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868227.

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Bowman, Carly. "The environmental costs of femininity". Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, nr 424-426 (1.06.2004): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426226.

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The author graduated in 2004 with an Honours Bachelor of Arts from the University of Toronto. Specializing in "Environment and Society" in the Division of the Environment, her senior thesis constituted the foundation for the present paper reflecting her interests in sustainability, feminism, history, politics and popular culture. She is currently preparing for graduate study in the field of urban planning. The text that follows is an edited and revised version of her paper presented at the international symposion on "The Natural City, " Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Environmental costs"

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Smith, Brittany L. "The Benefits and Costs of Environmental Enrichment". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479815083298321.

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Mahashabde, Anuja (Anuja Anil). "Assessing environmental benefits and economic costs of aviation environmental policy measures". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62967.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-169).
Despite the recent global economic downturn, longer term growth is anticipated for aviation with an increasing environmental impact, specifically in the areas of noise, air quality, and climate change. To ensure sustainable growth for aviation, decision-makers and stake-holders need to be armed with information on balancing environmental and economic interests. The main objective of this thesis is to address key shortcomings in current decision-making practices for aviation environmental policies. This work demonstrates how the inclusion of environmental impact assessment and quantification of modeling uncertainties can enable a more comprehensive evaluation of aviation environmental policy measures. A comparison is presented between the conventional cost-effectiveness analysis and an illustrative cost-benefit analysis focused on assessing a subset of the engine NO, emissions certification stringency options under consideration for the upcoming eighth meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization's Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection. The Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT) is employed to conduct the aforementioned policy assessments. Monte Carlo methods are adopted to explicitly quantify uncertainties in the modeling process. To enable the aviation climate impact assessment required by the policy analysis, a separate component of this work focuses on advancing the climate impact modeling capabilities within APMT. Major contributions towards assessing aviation climate impacts in APMT include: improved characterization of uncertainty for NO1-related effects and for aviation climate damages, introduction of a reduced-order methodology for assessing climate impacts of methane emissions from the processing of alternative jet fuels, and comparison and validation of APMT results with external sources. This work also discusses the importance of uncertainty assessment for understanding the sensitivity of policy analysis outcomes to input and model parameter variability and identifying areas of future work. An uncertainty analysis for the APMT Climate Module is presented. Radiative forcing from short-lived effects, climate sensitivity, damage function, and discount rate are identified to be the model parameters with the greatest contribution to output variability for the Climate Module for any given aviation scenario. Key contributors to uncertainty in the difference between policy and baseline scenarios are determined by the nature of the policy. For the NO, stringency analysis, the NO. radiative forcing and associated efficacies are significant contributors to uncertainty in analysis outcomes. Information based on model uncertainty assessment is also used for distilling and communicating key analysis results to the relevant stake-holders and policy-makers through the development of the lens concept. The lens, defined as a combination of inputs and model parameters representing a particular perspective for conducting policy analysis, is applied in conducting the engine NO, stringency policy assessment.
by Anuja Mahashabde.
Ph.D.
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Stech, Radoslaw. "Costs barriers to environmental judicial review : a study in environmental justice". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/47605/.

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The thesis analysed unique data collected in the Environmental Law Foundation (E.L.F.), a London-based charity with a network of legal advisers located throughout the UK. It had two main purposes: firstly, to prove that costs constitute a barrier to judicial review and; secondly, to understand better the concept of environmental justice in light of polycentricity. Environmental justice focuses on patterns of disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards and promotes increased access to information and participation in decision-making. Adjudication is said to have a limited role in achieving environmental equity as it rarely addresses issues of political and economic distribution. The thesis analysed the UNECE Aarhus Convention which is binding in the UK. It is alleged that the UK Government is in breach of the Convention’s third pillar which requires access to a review procedure not to be “prohibitively expensive” (art 9(4)). E.L.F. receives calls for support from primarily poor communities facing environmental problems and refers the viable ones to a legal adviser for free initial advice. The study reviewed 774 referrals focusing on 219 of these at various stages of judicial review. A half of these referrals received a negative opinion as to the prospects of success at judicial review and the remaining half were advised to proceed. In the latter pool there were 54 cases which were prevented by the cost barrier. A significant number concluded in out-of-court/in-court settlement. The latter sample consisted of planning law-based claims which are polycentric due to the variety of involved interests. The data was also matched with the Indices of Multiple Deprivation to show polycentricity. The findings were analysed through the participatory thesis of judicial review and the concept of limits of adjudication. Thus access to adjudication may create opportunities for engagement and contributes to achieving environmental justice.
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Morales, Sarriera Javier. "Productivity and costs in the transit sector : the impact of Baumol's cost disease". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104154.

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Thesis: S.M. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2016.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 143-146).
This thesis covers several topics related to transit costs, productivity, efficiency, and benefits. We first show that labor productivity growth among transit agencies in the United States is slow or stagnant, and it is significantly lower than productivity growth in most industries. According to Baumol's cost disease theory, this leads to a spiraling trend in cost escalation over time and it is a threat to long run financial sustainability. In fact, we find that transit costs increase not only above the inflation rate but above the rate predicted by Baumol's theory, which is evidence of additional compounding factors, such as the bargaining power of labor unions, and political or managerial issues. First, we extend the analysis to calculate total factor productivity, and the results validate the findings of sluggish labor productivity growth. The calculations also reveal that while productivity may grow with efficiency gains, these gain are bounded by a frontier, and, in the long run, the inherent nature of low productivity growth in the transit sector will continue to drive transit costs faster than other sectors. We also assess whether contracting out transit operations alleviates the implications of Baumol's cost disease, and the results show that in spite of lower average costs, contracted service also has significant cost escalation over the long run, evidence that the implications also apply to the private delivery of transit service. In addition, we also consider other sectors within the larger transportation industry and analyze whether productivity and costs follow the same pattern predicted by Baumol's cost disease. The results vary widely, from vehicle maintenance on the one hand (with low productivity growth and high cost increase) to automobile manufacturing on the other hand. The transit construction industry also shows signs of Baumol's cost disease, but not as severe as those for transit operations. Finally, despite the spiraling nature of transit costs, we also show that the internal and external benefits of transit tend to grow over time, which can justify higher fares and additional subsidy. Although there is no clear antidote to Baumol's cost disease, policymakers should recognize that as the economy becomes more productive and prosperous overall, it can continue to support growing levels of transit service in recognition of its growing external benefits, despite its inherent nature of stagnant productivity growth.
by Javier Morales Sarriera.
S.M. in Transportation
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Marion, Stephanie. "Environmental costs and environmental benefits analysis of packaging waste recovery and recycling targets". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2005. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3576/.

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Society is faced with the growing problem of waste associated with mass consumption. The treatment and final disposal of waste is linked to a wide range of environmental problems, including loss and wastage of resources, atmospheric, aquatic and land pollution, as well as public health concerns. For these reasons, since the early 1990s there has been an emphasis on waste minimisation and recycling initiatives. The European Commission decided that packaging waste would be its first target in an aim to reduce waste in general - to be followed by several other producer responsibility type legislations. The landfill Directive came into force in 2002 - It reduces the amount of bio-degradable waste that can be landfilled and bans hazardous waste from most landfill sites. The End of Life Vehicle Directive came into force in 2003 and put the responsibility on the producer to organize recovery and recycling of vehicles. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) came into force in 2004 and requires manufacturers of such products to finance their recovery and recycling. This study looks at the UK Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997 and the targets that have been chosen to enable the UK to fulfil the requirements of the European Directive (94/62/EC) on Packaging and Packaging Waste. The aim of the research focuses on establishing target levels with maximum environmental benefits, specifically for recovering and recycling cardboard packaging waste in the UK. The methodology used is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which considers the whole life cycle of cardboard packaging, including the manufacture of packaging from raw (or recycled) fibres, its transport and use and waste management options. A range of scenarios have been modelled to reflect present day achievements, the levels of recycling expected of Member States through the revised Directive targets, as well as extreme scenarios. The scenarios are: Base scenario: 53% recycling, 4.23% incineration and 42.77% landfill Scenario 2: 60% recycling with 37.2% landfill and 2.8% incineration Scenario 3: 70% recycling with 27.9% landfill and 2.1 % incineration Scenario 4: 80% recycling with 18.6% landfill and 1.4% incineration Scenario 5: 35% recycling with 60.45% landfill and 4.55% incineration Scenario 6: 100% landfill Scenario 8: 100% incineration. It was found that significant reductions in global warming and carcinogens are associated with increasing levels of recycling (the highest level assessed was 80% recycling), but this comes at a cost of a slight increase in energy usage impacts. Global warming impacts fall by 20% with an increase in recycling from 53% to 80%. However, some of these potential benefits are compromised if waste cardboard needs to be exported to Europe for recycling. This particular project is looking at waste related policy issues. However it needs to be acknowledged that the manufacturing of cardboard packaging accounts for a significant proportion of the total burdens associated with the cardboard-packaging life cycle. These burdens are not affected by waste management policies; instead they would require improvements in the manufacturing processes to be made.
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Bellows, Dustin Fredrick. "Examination of Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Full Costs Accounting Framework and Benefit Costs Analysis". Thesis, Prescott College, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10109468.

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Designers and builders focused on green innovations often struggle to know well the costs and benefits of their proposed projects. As such, some are reluctant to innovate beyond the well known, as even modest projects are costly in nearly all respects. This project is designed to provide data to promote actionable recommendations and strategic decision criteria for commercializing a model for exterior wall assemblies constructed with straw bales and earthen plasters. The wall assemblies are specific for houses built in hot arid climates using vernacular architecture and site-available earthen soils that take into account resiliency, environmental and social accountability, and affordability. These data derive from secondary research, four case studies, and two experimental build projects. A Full Costs Accounting (FCA) framework and Benefit Costs Analysis (BCA) assess costs, impacts, and benefits for the two experimental build projects that used the same amount of building material as measured in cubic feet (± 3%) but were constructed from different materials and design strategies for exterior wall assemblies. Results from the builds’ FCA indicate that imported materials needed for a conventional wood framed wall assembly used 204% more fuels in the production process (cradle-to-factory gate) and 733% more diesel fuels in the transportation process (factory gate-to-retail store) than a vernacular build’s wall assembly. Upfront labor costs were increased by 287% when using site-available soils for earthen plasters instead of imported lumber for a conventional wall assembly. Benefits (BCA) for the straw bale and earthen plaster construction include reduced impacts upon the extraction site, increased resiliency and social cohesion, and limited requirements for capital investments. This research contributes to the assessment tools available for stakeholders to make more informed decisions when investing in multi-faceted affordable housing projects in hot arid regions throughout the world.

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Mlangeni, Nkosana Samuel. "An evaluation of environmental costs of agricultural inputs : a survey on selected farms, South Africa". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2582.

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Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016
The objective of this study was to determine the environmental impact of agricultural inputs, to know if the environmental impacts of agricultural inputs have environmental costs, and to know who bears the environmental costs of agricultural inputs. Using a purposive sampling method, the researcher studied six farms from Chief Albert Luthuli Municipal area, Mpumalanga. The research design for the study was a mix of qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Data collection was from primary and secondary sources. Data was collected from the six farmers in Albert Lithulu, in addition secondary data was collected from the archives of Index Mundi, the University of Pretoria, the US EPA and the World Bank. Using a mix of correlation and regression analysis, findings from the study provided an answer to the three research objectives. Findings from the analysis of correlation and regression indicated that agricultural input (fertilizer, used in this study) does affect the environment; it causes an agricultural induced emission of greenhouse gases (nitrous oxide and methane). Furthermore, findings from analysis of potential environmental costs of environmental impacts (methane and nitrous oxide) showed that agricultural inputs have social costs for South Africa. Furthermore, the final findings in this study showed that the environmental costs from agricultural inputs are born by the victims. Consequently the study recommends additional environmental regulation to enable farmers internalise some of the environmental costs of agricultural inputs that are born by victims. Further research is suggested to determine the model that may be used to internalise environmental costs of agricultural inputs back to the farms. Key Words: farms, environmental costs, agricultural inputs, externalities
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Gudmundsson, Erik, i Niclas Forsberg. "Road Transportation : Environmental sustainability vs. lead time and costs". Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1220.

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The recession of the early 1990’s marked the starting point for a transformation of the Swedish transportation industry. Cost oriented production techniques by the industry’s customer increased demand on swiftness, reliability and flexibility in transportation services. This development has continued ever since which in turn has continuously increased the rates of harmful discharges of emissions. The research is performed on the Swedish plastic industry and examines the relationship between environmental sustainability, lead time and cost when selecting road carrier for transportations. The main purpose is to examine to what extent environmental concerns are taken into account when deciding over distribution and furthermore, whether there exist potential and ambitions for improvements. Out of theories concerning transportation modal choice, four points of interest constitutes the basis for the empirical gathering; prioritization of selection determinants, environmental requirements in procurement of transportation services, use of rail freight and acceptable cost levels for implementing environmental sustainability. The study shows that the market of the Swedish plastic industry is driven by price competition and constant pressure from international trade. Naturally, cost is considered to be the foremost selection determinant in terms of transportation modal choice, followed by reliability and lead time. Furthermore, the study shows that environment is of low priority in respect to the other selection determinants. Although the current market condition diminishes the possibilities for changes, there exists a general ambition to become more environmental within the distribution activities. A majority of the respondent firms could potentially accept levels of increased transportation costs which balance with the costs of guaranteeing environmental sustainability in road transportations.

In reference to increased environmental ambitions, three conclusions can be drawn. The relationship between environmental sustainability, lead time and cost allow for environmental improvements if lead time can be extended to the maximum conceivable limit of the market. Furthermore, the price competition of the market makes own initiatives impossible in terms of raising price for transportations; environmental sustainability in road transportation must therefore be preceded by demand for such. Finally, it can be concluded that environmental improvements cannot be achieved single handedly; costs must be evenly distributed among the suppliers, customers and haulers.

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Braun, Martin. "Environmental external costs from power generation by renewable energies". [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11312756.

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Savage, William. "The Full Cost of Renewables: Managing Wind Integration Costs in California". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/57.

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Wind power will be an important component of California's aggressive strategies to meet its greenhouse gas reduction targets by the year 2020. However, the costs of integrating wind power's variable and uncertain output are often ignored. I argue that California must take prudent action to understand, minimize, and allocate wind integration costs. A review of numerous studies suggests that for wind penetration levels below 20%, integration costs should remain modest. However, costs are heavily dependent on market structure, and I suggest numerous ways that California can optimize its market design to manage wind integration costs.
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Książki na temat "Environmental costs"

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Ottinger, Richard L. Environmental costs of electricity. New York, NY: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1990.

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Friedrich, Rainer, i Peter Bickel, red. Environmental External Costs of Transport. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04329-5.

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Friedrich, Rainer. Environmental External Costs of Transport. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.

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C, Nelson Arthur, red. Environmental regulations and housing costs. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2008.

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Rast, Richard R. Environmental remediation estimating methods. Kingston, MA: R.S. Means, 1997.

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Šauer, Petr. Environmental protection costs: Concepts, effectiveness & optimization. Prague: Nakladatelství Oeconomica, 2005.

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Markandya, Anil. Environmental costs and power systems planning. London: IIED/UCL London Environmental Economics Centre, 1990.

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Hohmeyer, Olav, i Richard L. Ottinger, red. External Environmental Costs of Electric Power. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76712-8.

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S, Greve Michael, i Smith Fred L. 1940-, red. Environmental politics: Public costs, private rewards. New York: Praeger, 1992.

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Moosa, Imad A. The costs and benefits of environmental regulation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2014.

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Części książek na temat "Environmental costs"

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Aberšek, Boris, i Andrej Flogie. "Environmental Costs Hierarchy". W Human Awareness, Energy and Environmental Attitudes, 51–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05871-4_3.

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Rao, P. K. "Environmental Economics". W The Economics of Transaction Costs, 152–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230597686_9.

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Friedrich, Rainer, i Peter Bickel. "Marginal Costs". W Environmental External Costs of Transport, 169–222. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04329-5_13.

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Friedrich, Rainer, i Peter Bickel. "Aggregated Costs". W Environmental External Costs of Transport, 223–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04329-5_14.

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Steinhurst, William. "Environmental Externalities: Analysis and Advocacy". W Social Costs and Sustainability, 324–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60365-5_20.

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Stahmer, Carsten. "Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting". W Social Costs and Sustainability, 100–118. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60365-5_7.

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Thampapillai, Dodo J., i Matthias Ruth. "Production, costs, supply, and environmental capital". W Environmental Economics, 105–24. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315163246-10.

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Baumann, Angelika E., i Robert Hill. "Environmental Impacts of Photovoltaics/Solar Energy". W Social Costs of Energy, 167–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85120-9_12.

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Tranen, Jeffrey D. "Perspectives on Incorporation of Environmental Externalities". W Social Costs of Energy, 38–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85120-9_3.

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Tol, Richard S. J. "Climate Change, Economic Costs of". W Extreme Environmental Events, 42–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7695-6_5.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Environmental costs"

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Yılmaz, Baki, Fatma Özlem Yılmaz i Naim Ata Atabey. "Environmental Accounting and Environmental Costs". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00828.

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The result of economic improvement and growth; rapidly population increase, technologic development, rapid industrialization, extreme water, air and soil pollution bring the enviromental problems. The increase lived in the environmental problems has caused an environmental conscious emerges, roots, and spills. With environmental conscious aganist the environmental problems; in the environmental costs and environmental accounting topics significant developments appear. Environmental Accounting aims at explaining the interaction between economy and environment by the information that it produces. The main approach in understanding of environmental accounting and environmental costs are to include changes in the natural environment into the national/regional accounts or corporate balance sheet. Our this Study serves the goal of the necessity of the subject of Environmental Accounting and Environmental Costs by aiming at providing for evaluating the damages in the natural environment in our world inside the process of globalization, in both a macro and micro level, and in a social, cultural, and economical structure.
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Jagger, Doug, i Dave Korpach. "Identifying and Accounting for Environmental Costs". W 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2115.

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Protection of the environment has been and will continue to be a major issue facing the pipeline business around the world. Many of the decisions companies make relating to future investments and ongoing operations have environmental implications. These decisions can have significant cost implications that impact the bottom line of oil and gas transportation companies. Most companies do not track their environmental costs rigorously and thus, do not have a good understanding of the magnitude of these costs. Recently, we have undertaken studies to define and identify the major environmental cost drivers in the industry. As part of these studies, we identified some potential measures of environmental performance and actually measured certain aspects of environmental performance in pipeline companies. This paper will provide insights into the major environmental cost drivers in the industry and will define these cost drivers. It will provide some ideas on “what to measure” relating to environmental costs. Implementing an environmental cost management system is not a trivial task. It is difficult to assess how much of the cost associated with a certain investment is related to the environment. This can only be determined on a project by project basis and will also be unique from company to company. Although there is no “cookbook” approach to implementing this system, this paper will provide some guidance for implementing such a system.
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Setiawan, Mia Angelina, i Fiola Finomia Honesty. "Environmental Performance, Environmental Costs and Financial Performance". W Sixth Padang International Conference On Economics Education, Economics, Business and Management, Accounting and Entrepreneurship (PICEEBA 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210616.012.

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Komatsu, T., H. Gotoh i M. Takezawa. "Environmental costs of hydropower plants". W ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND INVESTMENT ASSESSMENT 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eeia060161.

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Krumins, Valdis, Richard Strayer i Alan Drysdale. "Costs and Benefits of Bioreactors". W International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2523.

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Giammaria Praticò, Filippo, i Marinella Giunta. "An Integrative Approach RAMS-LCC to Support Decision on Design and Maintenance of Rail Track". W Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.144.

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In this paper a RAMS (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Safety) – LCCA (Life Cycle Cost Analysis) mixed approach is proposed in order to support decisions on design and maintenance strategies of rail tracks. RAMS management, usually applied in railway sector, lacks a life-cycle cost perspective and balance, while LCCA supports decisions on design options and maintenance strategies by means of an economic analysis in which costs and performance are assessed. Therefore, a Decision Support System, based on Life-Cycle Costing (LCC) analysis, should be developed, balancing short and long-term costs with performance (RAMS target). The model proposed accounts for a comprehensive life cycle cost analysis based not only on agency (e.g., construction, inspection, maintenance and renewal), and user costs (e.g., delay-related, etc.), but also on environmental costs (e.g., related to CO2e emissions). For RAMS analysis, a new method to measure the RAMS components and to define an overall indicator is proposed. Results show that the RAMS of a slab track is generally higher than the one of a ballasted track. In terms of present value of two solutions, the breakeven point between them is very far from the end of construction and this may impact public opinion and overall judgment.
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Parnell, J. A., i C. J. Herlugson. "Managing Corporate Environmental Costs and Liabilities". W SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/35761-ms.

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Ding, Ke, i Koji Okuhara. "Enterprise innovation model considering environmental costs". W 2012 Joint 6th Intl. Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS) and 13th Intl. Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (ISIS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scis-isis.2012.6505091.

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Catania, P. J. "Incorporating Environmental Costs Into Energy Planning". W Technical Meeting / Petroleum Conference of The South Saskatchewan Section. Petroleum Society of Canada, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/97-150.

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Bos, E. J., i J. M. Vleugel. "Infrastructure and ecology: ‘limited’ costs may hide substantial impacts". W ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eeia100021.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Environmental costs"

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Fitzgerald, Timothy. Environmental Costs of the Jones Act. Cato Institute, marzec 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36009/pa.886.

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Oladosu, Gbadebo A., Joseph M. Werble, William J. Tingen, Adam M. Witt, Miles H. Mobley i Patrick O'connor. An Assessment of Hydropower Environmental Mitigation Costs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1559644.

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Libecap, Gary. Addressing Global Environmental Externalities: Transaction Costs Considerations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, październik 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19501.

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Fullerton, Don, i Erich Muehlegger. Who Bears the Economic Costs of Environmental Regulations? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23677.

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Corbin, Michael A. Approaching Environmental Cleanup Costs Liability Through Insurance Principles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, kwiecień 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada456706.

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Levinson, Arik. An Industry-Adjusted Index of State Environmental Compliance Costs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7297.

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Bartik, Timothy J. Social Costs of Jobs Lost Due to Environmental Regulations. W.E. Upjohn Institute, marzec 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp13-193.

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Bovenberg, A. Lans, Lawrence Goulder i Mark Jacobsen. Industry Compensation and the Costs of Alternative Environmental Policy Instruments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13331.

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Simpson, G. S. Estimating the economic impact of environmental investments on retail costs and dealer strategies for offsetting these costs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/238515.

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Morris, G. The environmental costs and benefits of biomass energy use in California. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/481490.

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