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Stankovic, Vasilisa, i Liqaa Mardini. "Environment Cost Index för Boeing 737". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-38909.
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Globally, aircraft emissions represent 2-3% of total CO2 emissions. Due to an increase in passenger and freight transport, the climate's impact is increasing. To solve that problem there are several different solutions, one of them is the use of an optimal cost index during flight. The purpose of this work is to analyze the cost index and its shortcomings and to develop solutions to create an Environment Cost Index. ECI contains strategies that make cost index more optimal with focus on environment, fuel consumption and emissions. However, this thesis only deals with the Boeing 737-800 (winglets) aircraft type. The work process began with a wide search of current climate problems and aviation emissions, with a deep search in cost index and previous studies on the subject. In order to link theory with reality, an interview was conducted with Lars Andersen Resare, SAS Sustainability Manager. The result showed that the theory is in line with Lars Andersen's answers. In addition to different strategies that can be followed during the flight to reduce fuel consumption, the ultimate solution is a dynamic module. A dynamic module has all sources packed in a system and updates the pilot with information during a flight, as the system is connected to the network. With an ECI, airlines can save 5-6% fuel during one flight. As an airplane is often in the air, the strategies give an environmental gain, as well as a saving up to 5 million dollars a year, without noticeable changes in the timetable. As the aircraft emissions increase every year, and the FN Climate Panel has set a goal to zero the growth of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, ECI is one of the solutions that reduces the climate impact. It would therefore be of great benefit to both environment and costs if the airlines used the tool.
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Borrás, Susana. "The right to defend the environment: The protection of the environmental defenders". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116404.
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The increasing degradation of the environment and competitiveness on the exploitation of the natural limited resources demonstrates not only serious impacts on the environment, but also it generates important social impacts. The defenselessness which the victims of the environmental degradation face, as victims also of violations of human rights, has given origin to a movement of resistance led by the so called «environmental defenders», who, beyond the activism, try to protect the environment and to defend the most vulnerable groups affected by this type of environmental aggressions. This has led to the recent and worrying proliferation of abuses against the human rights of these people. The frequency of murders and threats that the defenders suffer, the infringement of the rights of its peoples and the subsequent impunity of the authors of these serious violations generate the need to point out the existing problems in the identification of this reality, in its recognition and legal protection and of analyzing which is the protection and assistance, that from the international area, these persons are awarded in situation of high risk.La creciente degradación del medio ambiente y competitividad frente a la explotación de los recursos naturales limitados evidencia no solo graves impactos sobre el medio ambiente, sino también genera importantes impactos sociales. La indefensión a la que se enfrentan las víctimasde la degradación ambiental, como víctimas también de violaciones de derechos humanos, ha dado origen a un movimiento de resistencia liderado por los llamados «defensores ambientales», quienes, más allá del activismo, intentan proteger el medio ambiente y defender a los grupos más vulnerables frente a este tipo de agresiones ambientales. De ahí que hayan proliferado últimamente, y de forma muy preocupante, los abusos contra los derechos humanos de estas personas. La frecuencia de asesinatos y amenazas que sufren los defensores ambientales, la vulneración de los derechos de sus pueblos y la subsiguiente impunidad de los autores de estas graves violaciones genera la necesidad de señalar cuáles son los problemas existentes en la identificación de esta realidad, en su reconocimiento yprotección jurídica, y de analizar cuál es la protección y asistencia, que desde el ámbito internacional, se confiere a estas personas en situación de alto riesgo.Este artículo se ha realizado en el ámbito del proyecto financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Convocatoria de ayudas de proyectos de investigación fundamental no orientada titulado «La garantía jurídica de la vertiente intrageneracional de la justicia ambiental como aspecto social del desarrollo sostenible». DER2010-19529. Investigador principal:Dr. Antoni Pigrau Solé. Período 2011-2013.
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Akintoye, Sunday Akintola. "Construction tender price index : modelling and forecasting trends". Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14768/.
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The thesis considers the construction tender price index, an important area of construction economics, and models are developed to fit the trends in this index. Between 1980 and 1987, the UK Building Cost Index produced by the Building Cost Information Service increased at an annual rate of 6.3% compared with Tender Price Index 3.3% and Retail Price Index at 6.7% per annum. This significant disparity between Tender Price and Building Cost Index is unexpected in view of the attributed importance of input prices in the tender price formation. This suggests that other factors apart from input prices may be responsible for the trends in building prices generally. The thesis reviews the pricing strategies of construction contractors leading to the conclusion that macroeconomic factors are equally important. A univariate analysis of 24 potential indicators of tender price trends identified some variables of importance. An analysis is described of these variables using the OLS system of regression analysis. Single structural equation model of construction tender price level is developed which offer structural explanation of the movements in the index. Indicators of construction price (in real terms) produced by the structural equation were found to be unemployment level, real interest rate, manufacturing profitability, number of registered construction firms, oil crisis, building cost index, construction productivity and construction work stoppages. A Reduced-form model of construction price is developed that utilises simultaneous equation models comprising construction demand, supply and equilibrium models - the reduced-form models being generally regarded as having better predictive power than structural equations. The model is validated by comparing its accuracy with forecasts produced by two leading organisations in U.K. The out-of-sample forecast errors of the reduced-form model are 2.78, 3.58, 4.28 and 5.59 RMSE percent over 0, 1, 2 and 3 quarter forecast horizons respectively, which are better than the Building Cost Information Service (3.32, 5.29, 7.57 and 9.96 RMSE percent) and Davis, Langdon and Everest (3.21, 5.01, 7.16 and 10.41 RMSE percent).
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Jun, Feng, i Toyohide Watanabe. "Index structure for managing multi-levels of road networks on distributed environment". IEEE, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6921.
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Reid, Ian. "Symmetric level index arithmetic : towards its integration into the scientific computing environment". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334342.
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Scott, Andersson Åsa. "Development of an Environment-Accident Index : A planning tool to protect the environment in case of a chemical spill". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemi, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-178.
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The increasing mass and complexity of chemicals being produced and transported has resulted in more rigorous demands on both authorities as well as chemical-handling industries to assess the risks involved. The Environment-Accident Index (EAI), has been proposed as a planning tool created as an equation in which chemical properties (variables describing the chemical involved) are combined with site-specific properties (variables describing the accident site). The EAI is intended to facilitate assessment of the environmental effects related to chemical accident scenarios and hence assist the organisation of preventative programs. The main objective of the work described in this thesis was to evaluate, develop and improve the proposed EAI. The steps involved in the development process included I) evaluation of the feasibility of the EAI approach, II) selection of a representative and diverse set of chemical accidents to be used in the development III) the use of questionnaires and expert judgements to develop response values for environmental effects of a chemical accident, and IV) to create a new EAI model using multivariate modelling (PLS). The EAI approach proved to be useful in the work to protect the environment in case of a chemical accident. A representative set of accidents was selected by means of statistical multivariate design (PCA) based on assembled data related to a set of 55 chemical accidents. The selection generated a set of accidents representing a diverse spectrum of chemical accident scenarios. To develop a measure of environmental effects of the chemical accidents i.e. responses, an expert panel was asked to judge their environmental effects (such as effects on animal life in the aquatic or terrestrial environment). The results showed that the judgements give a rough estimate of environmental effects that could be used as responses in the development of the EAI. The developed responses were then related to the chemical and site-specific properties to create a new EAI model. This resulted in a PLS-based EAI connected to a new classification scale. The advantages of the new EAI are that it can be calculated without the use of tables; it can estimate the effects for all included responses, and make a rough classification of chemical accidents according to the new classification scale. Finally, the new EAI is a more stable model than the previously proposed EAI, and it is founded on a valid base of accident scenarios, making its use for a variety of chemicals and situations more reliable since it covers a broader spectrum of accident scenarios. The new EAI can be expressed as a regression model to facilitate calculation of the index for people that do not have access to PLS. The highest priorities for further refining the new EAI in the future are: external validation of the EAI; further refinement of the formula’s structure; adjustment of the new classification scale; and real-life evaluation of the EAI.
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Goluchowska, Katarzyna. "Environment and sustainable development: The Yurimaguas City case". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119650.
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Humanity is looking for solutions to the environmental degradation problem, which is generated by the economic and demographic growth, the indiscriminate use of resources, deforestation and pollution. The «sustainable development» concept, which considers social, economical and environmental aspects, was created twenty years ago, but it is still not producing the desired effects, and its application generates discussion, propositions and alternatives. As a geographer, I am interested especially in two aspects, which I consider, could lead the city development to sustainability: 1. adjust the development to the advantages and limitations of the natural media of the region where the city is located, and 2. that the urban activities do not transfer the costs and environmental problems to the surroundings of the city and to the future generations.In this paper I’ll try to put both postulations taking as an example the Yurimaguas city development. This city, located at a strategic point in the route between two oceans, has a past and a future linked to the conditions of the natural environment. The paper has an introduction where the theoretical aspects of both postulations are explained, then comes an analysis and discussion of the relationship between the natural environment and development of the Yurimaguas city, and finally some propositions are suggested to improve the quality of the city environment in order to lead it to a sustainable development.La humanidad entera busca una solución a los problemas de la degradación del ambiente, generada por el crecimiento económico y demográfico, el uso indiscriminado de los recursos, la deforestación y la contaminación. El concepto de desarrollo sostenible —que toma en cuenta, además de los aspectos sociales y económicos del desarrollo humano, los aspectos ambientales—surgió ya hace veinte años y todavía no produce los efectos deseados y su aplicación suscita discusión, propuestas y alternativas. Como geógrafa, me interesan especialmente dos aspectos que considero podrían encaminar el desarrollo de la ciudad hacia la sostenibilidad: 1. que el desarrollo se ajuste a las ventajas y limitaciones del medio natural de la zona en la cual se asienta la ciudad, y 2. que las actividades urbanas no transfieren los costos y problemas ambientales al entorno y a las futuras generaciones.En esta investigación trataré ambos postulados tomando como ejemplo el desarrollo de la ciudad de Yurimaguas. Dicha ciudad, ubicada en un punto estratégico en la ruta entre dos océanos, tiene una historia y futuro ligados estrechamente a las condiciones del medio natural. El artículo consiste de una introducción en la cual se resaltan los aspectos teóricos de ambos postulados, luego se analiza y discute la relación entre el medio natural y el desarrollo de la ciudad de Yurimaguas, y finalmente se sugieren algunas propuestas para mejorar la calidad ambiental de la ciudad a fin de encaminarla hacia el desarrollo sostenible.
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Monks, Franz J. "Heredity and environment: An interactionistic approach to giftedness". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1996. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100417.
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This arride presenrs a reflecrion abour the interactive relacion berween herediry and environmenr in the development of giftedness from the developmenral psychology poinr of view. First, there is a reflection about human development, to then formulare an inreractive model of gíftedness. Finally the social-emorional needs of the gifred are presenred as well as the possible difficulties that these may cause.El artículo presenta una reflexión crítica acerca de la relación interactiva entre la herencia y el ambiente en el desarrollo del talento desde la perspectiva de la psicología del desarrollo. En primer lugar se hace una reflexión respecto a aquello que constituye el desarrollo humano, para luego formular un modelo interactivo sobre el desarrollo del talentoso. Finalmente se plantean las necesidades socio/emocionales de los niños talentosos y los posibles problemas que estas pueden acarrear.
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Scott, Andersson Åsa. "Development of an environment-accident index : a planning tool to protect the environment in case of a chemical accident /". Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-178.
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Dillehay, Tom D., i Peter Kaulicke. "Early Andean Traditions. Culture, Technology, And Environment: An Introduction". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113467.
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As a way of introducing this issue, the current status of archaeological research on the earliest Andean cultures is discussed briefly, with major emphasis given to new trends and their implications, as well as future needs in this subdiscipline. The primary focus of each paper is also considered in terms of the wider technological, economic, demographic and ecological contexts, and its contribution to the early archaeology of the Andes from Colombia to Chile and Argentina.A manera de introducción a la temática de este número, se trata, de manera breve, el estado actual de la investigación arqueológica de las culturas andinas más antiguas, con un mayor énfasis en las nuevas tendencias y sus implicancias, así como en las necesidades futuras de esta subdisciplina. Asimismo, se considera el enfoque principal de cada artículo en términos de los más amplios contextos tecnológicos, económicos, demográficos y ecológicos, y su aporte a la arqueología temprana de los Andes, desde Colombia hasta Chile y Argentina.
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Zúñiga, Schroder Humberto. "The world trade organization and the environment: a brief insight". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123838.
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The environment preservation and protection is one of the objectives of the World Trade Organization, as stated in the Marrakech Agreement which set up such organization. Even though the WTO is not an environmental entity, environmental issues take part of its interests.In this article, the author analyzes the main rules and legal instruments generated within the World Trade Organization, including several multilateral agreements that impact and influence in the treatment of environmental issues.La protección y preservación del medio ambiente constituye uno de los objetivos que promueve la Organización Mundial del Comercio, tal como se encuentra evidenciado en el Acuerdo de Marrakech por el cual fue conformada dicha institución. Pese a que la OMC no es una entidad ambientalista, el tema ambiental forma parte de sus intereses. En el presente artículo, el autor analiza las principales normas e instrumentos legales generados al interior de la Organización Mundial del Comercio, entre los que destacan diversos acuerdos multilaterales que repercuten e influyen en el tratamiento de las cuestiones medioambientales.
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Pohl, Eva. "Towards Corporate Sustainable Development : The ITT Flygt Sustainability Index". Licentiate thesis, Mälardalen University, Department of Public Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-145.
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This thesis suggests a method for measurement of corporate contribution to sustainable development, looking at how well a company stands up to its policies and commitments regarding sustainable development.
A sustainability index is developed and calculated for ITT Flygt AB over a three years period (2002-2004). The index structure is based on scientific literature and interviews with ITT Flygt and four other engineering companies.
The purpose of the index is to support corporate sustainability-management.
The index is calculated by aggregating some forty sustainability-indicators. These indicators are individual to each company and are designed to measure the significant sustainability aspects of the company.
Besides from providing one aggregated sustainability-value of the company, the index also provides sub-indices, which support the interpretation of the index result.
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Davidson, Jaime. "A participatory approach to developing a holistic and interdisciplinary adaptive capacity index for urban livelihoods". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23025.
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Evaluating the success of the growing number of climate adaptation initiatives is challenging. Assessment of adaptive capacity has been used to focus, prioritise and track the progress of adaptation interventions as well as to identify key barriers to and opportunities for implementing adaptation. Many adaptive capacity assessments have relied on secondary data and expert judgement. Given the call in climate change research and practice for bottom-up approaches that value communities' insight, it is clear that more participatory approaches for the assessment of adaptive capacity need to be developed. This research aims to address this gap by developing an adaptive capacity index that adopts a mixed methods approach and prioritises input from local stakeholders. Many adaptive capacity assessments have focussed on rural areas where livelihoods are directly exposed to climate variability. There is growing recognition that increasing numbers of people are settling in urban areas and many of these livelihoods are often at the margin. This thesis focuses on urban livelihoods where a more holistic understanding of adaptive capacity is required which recognises that a community's capacity to adjust to climatic stressors is interlinked to its capacity to adjust to environmental, social, economic and political challenges. An adaptive capacity index is developed in this thesis that includes and characterises the more subjective determinants of adaptive capacity, rather than giving precedence to material resources as the key determinant of a community's adaptive capacity. To achieve this richer understanding, the index is informed by a framework that incorporates aspects of individuals' agency and social cohesion. Using a case study of four towns in the Bergrivier Municipality, South Africa, this research develops an index of adaptive capacity that is holistic, collaborative and interdisciplinary. The scores generated by the index are analysed using statistical and regression analyses that are contextualised by stakeholders' inputs to explore the variation in adaptive capacity across socially differentiated groups. Key insights from these analyses relate to the variation in adaptive capacity between the four towns and differences in the adaptive capacity of males and females. Interestingly, the analyses revealed the absence of a positive correlation between schooling level and both adaptive capacity and wellbeing variables which could be attributed to limited economic opportunities in the area, particularly for high-skilled workers. The analyses also highlighted the need to support initiatives that strengthen the social cohesion within the community to improve the inclusion of marginal demographic groups. The thesis reflects on the participatory and collaborative research process, finding that combining quantitative and qualitative data through an interdisciplinary process has the potential to provide an index that is more reflective of subjective capacity. This more holistic understanding of adaptive capacity can align with the field of wellbeing, to offer valuable insight into building adaptive capacity for urban livelihoods that is grounded in both academic and applied fields.
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Huerta, Guerrero Luis Alberto. "Constitutionalization of environmental law". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116115.
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This article analyzes how Environmental Law can take intoconsideration some of fundamental rights study categories, by a constitutional point of view, particularly the right to a balanced and appropriate environment recognized in article 2, paragraph 22 of the 1993 Peruvian Constitution in order to develop policies oriented to implementation of constitutional legal status for environment rights and property.El presente trabajo analiza la manera en que el derecho ambiental puede tomar en consideración categorías propias del estudio de los derechos fundamentales desde una perspectiva constitucional, en particular del derecho al medio ambiente equilibrado y adecuado reconocido en el artículo 2, inciso 22, de la Constitución de 1993, con miras al desarrollo de las políticas orientadas a la concretización de los derechos y bienes jurídico constitucionales relacionados con el medio ambiente.
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Carbajal, Alva Max Alberto. "Experiencias ecológicas del Colegio de la Inmaculada-Jesuitas". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117564.
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This article presents a brief systematization about a pioneer experience of Colegio de la Inmaculada-Jesuitas, a private catholic school located in Lima (Peru) in relation to its environmental projects developed as part of its institutional policy since several decades ago. This experience has deserved public acknowledgement by other Peruvian institutions.El presente artículo plantea una breve sistematización de la experiencia pionera del Colegio de la Inmaculada-Jesuitas, escuela privada religiosa ubicada en la ciudad de Lima (Perú), en relación con los diversos proyectos ecológicos desarrollados por dicha institución, así como sus proyectos productivos y de manejo de residuos sólidos, los cuales responden a su política institucional desde hace varias décadas atrás y que ha merecido el reconocimiento de otras instituciones.
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Jiménez, Félix. "Algunos comentarios al libro de Adolfo Figueroa, Growth, Employment, Inequality, and the Environment". Economía, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117424.
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Blumen, Sheyla. "Contributions to the development of programs for the gifted within the educacional environment". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100400.
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A number of students in our schools possess learning abilities and specialized talents to such degree that their educational needs cannot be met in a regular school program. Special educational programs for the gifted and talented are an essential part of any school program which recognizes and respects individual differences among its pupils. The philosophy which guides our proposal is based on the belief that: (1) each child is a unique human being who possesses individual educational needs and abilities; and (2) it is the responsibility of our schools, first to identify those needs and abilities and then, to provide the educational experiences for meeting individual needs and developing each child's abilities to the fullest degree.Un gran número de alumnos en nuestros centros educativos posee habilidades de aprendizaje extraordinarias y talentos especiales en tal grado que sus necesidades educativas no logran ser totalmente cubiertas en los programas escolares regulares. Los programas educativos para niños talentosos son una parte lógica y esencial de cualquier programa escolar que reconozca y respete las diferencias individuales entre sus alumnos. La filosofía que guía esta propuesta se basa en que: (1) el niño es un ser humano único que posee habilidades y necesidades educativas individualizadas y (2) es responsabilidad de nuestros centros educativos primero identificar estas necesidades y habilidades y luego proveer el tipo de experiencias educativas que tiendan a satisfacer las necesidades individuales y desarrollar las habilidades de cada niño al máximo de sus potencialidades.
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Sabogal, Dunin Borkowski Ana. "Environmental research Management in Peru". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119343.
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The article looks over the situation and management of the environmental research in Peru, with regard to the national politic to increase the budget for research. Moreover, the characteristics and methodology of the environmental sciences research are addressed and its difficulties are discussed. The national efforts and strategy to improve the management of environmental research are analyzed, establishing the need to emphasize efforts in the promotion of applied environmental research. Finally, the institutional roles and progress in the matter are described, and a proposal to improve the environmental research management is presented.El artículo revisa la situación de la investigación ambiental en el Perú a la luz del aumento nacional de presupuesto destinado a la investigación. Se resaltan las peculiaridades y metodología científica que utilizan las ciencias ambientales y se discuten sus dificultades. Se analiza la estrategia para mejorar la gestión de la investigación ambiental, sosteniendo la necesidad de poner mayor énfasis en la investigación ambiental aplicada. Finalmente, se describen los roles institucionales y avances en la materia y se plantean propuestas para la mejora de la gestión.
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García, Vélez Javier H. "La elección del consumidor a un ambiente adecuado Consumer choice of a suitable environment". Revista de Actualidad Mercantil, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/92382.
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Wernke, Steven A. "Production of power in a built environment through the spanish invation, Colca Valley (Peru)". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113386.
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The built environment played a central role in policies intended to build a new colonial Andean society. The Spanish approached urbanism as a precondition and generator of the civic community. From precedents in the Mediterranean world, the staging of spectacle was integral to the design and construction of Spanish urban space, especially through the forms of the plaza and the church. Such associations and forms have analogies in the late prehispanic Andes, and in the colonial policies of Tawantinsuyu in particular. This paper traces out how these spatial forms, ideologies, and practices articulated through the Spanish invasion, with a focus on the (re)construction and (re)use of ritual spaces in the context of the Colca Valley (southwestern highlands of Peru). Specifically, analysis of how the configuration of kallanka/pata translated to church/plaza since the first evangelization in Franciscan doctrinal settlements, through the general resettlement of Indians (reducción general de indios) under the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo. This exploration reveals a long and punctuated trajectory of centripetal processes and events from the Inka era through the reducción, and the centrality of these ritual spaces in them. What emerges is a picture of mutual appropriation more than domination through compulsory urbanism.El entorno construido desempeñó un rol central en las políticas dirigidas a construir una nueva sociedad andina colonial. Los españoles se acercaron al urbanismo como una precondición y el generador de la comunidad cívica. Desde precedentes en el mundo mediterráneo, la escenificación de lo espectacular fue esencial para el diseño y construcción del espacio urbano español, especialmente a través de las formas de la plaza y la iglesia. Tales asociaciones y formas tienen analogías en los Andes prehispánicos tardíos, y en la política colonial de Tawantinsuyu en particular. En este artículo, se reproduce cómo estas formas, ideologías y prácticas espaciales se ensamblaron a través de la invasión española, con un enfoque en la (re)construcción y (re)uso de espacios rituales en el contexto del valle del Colca (sierra suroeste del Perú). En particular, se analiza cómo la configuración de kallanka/pata se tradujo a iglesia/plaza desde la primera evangelización en doctrinas franciscanas hasta la reducción general de indios del virrey Toledo. Esta exploración demuestra una larga y marcada trayectoria de procesos y eventos centrípetos desde la época inkaica hasta la reducción, y la centralidad de tales espacios rituales. Lo que surge es una visión de apropiación mutua, más que de dominación a través de un urbanismo compulsivo.
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Prince, Stephanie. "Neighbourhood Built and Social Environments and Individual Physical Activity and Body Mass Index: A Multi-method Assessment". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22651.
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Background: Obesity and physical inactivity rates have reached epidemic levels in Canada, but differ based on whether they are self-reported or directly measured. Canadian research examining the combined and independent effects of social and built environments on adult physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) is limited. Furthermore there is a lack of Canadian studies to assess these relationships using directly measured PA and BMI.
Objectives: The objectives of this thesis were to systematically compare self-reported and directly measured PA and to examine associations between neighbourhood built and social environmental factors with both self-reported and directly measured PA and overweight/obesity in adults living in Ottawa, Canada.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify observational and experimental studies of adult populations that used both self-report and direct measures of PA and to assess the agreement between the measures. Associations between objectively measured neighbourhood-level built recreation and social environmental factors and self-reported individual-level data including total and leisure-time PA (LTPA) and overweight/obesity were examined in the adult population of Ottawa, Canada using multilevel models. Neighbourhood differences in directly measured BMI and PA (using accelerometry) were evaluated in a convenience sample of adults from four City of Ottawa neighbourhoods with contrasting socioeconomic (SES) and built recreation (REC) environments.
Results: Results from the review generally indicate a poor level of agreement between self-report and direct measures of PA, with trends differing based on the measures of PA, the level of PA examined and the sex of the participants. Results of the multilevel analyses identified that very few of the built and social environmental variables were
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significantly associated with PA or overweight/obesity. Greater park area was significantly associated with total PA in females. Greater green space was shown to be associated with lower odds of male LTPA. Factors from the social environment were generally more strongly related to male outcomes. Further to the recreation and social environment, factors in the food landscape were significantly associated with male and female PA and overweight/obesity. Results of the directly measured PA and BMI investigation showed significant neighbourhood-group effects for light intensity PA and sedentary time. Post-hoc tests identified that the low REC/high SES neighbourhood had significantly more minutes of light PA than the low REC/low SES. BMI differed between the four neighbourhoods, but the differences were not significant after controlling for age, sex and household income.
Conclusions: Results of this dissertation show that the quantity of PA can differ based on its method of measurement (i.e. between self-report and direct methods) with implications for the interpretation of study findings. It also identifies that PA and BMI can differ by neighbourhood and recognizes that the relationships between neighbourhood environments and PA and body composition are complex, may be differ between males and females, and may not always follow intuitive relationships. Furthermore it suggests that other factors in the environment not examined in this dissertation may influence adult PA and BMI and that longitudinal and intervention studies are needed.
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Goodloe, Robert James. "Gene by environment interaction in linkage analysis the effects of body mass index on systemic lupus erythematosus /". Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1207337790.
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Park, Yongseok. "Theory and Methodology for Forming Creative Design Teams in a Globally Distributed and Culturally Diverse Environment". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50512.
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With increased globalization, Internet connectivity, and competitive economic conditions, global organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of effective global collaborations. Hence, there is a need to extend the use of psychological teaming strategies for domestic team-formations to also accommodate teams that are globally distributed. Previous research efforts have investigated psychological factors for design creativity and effective global collaboration; however, few have addressed these factors concurrently. The focus of this dissertation is therefore on the formation of creative design teams in a globally distributed and culturally diverse environment.
This dissertation provides a theoretical foundation for teaming methodologies for globally distributed and culturally diverse teams. It also presents a new global collaborative and creative design team formation method: the Global Design Team Formation (GDTF) method. This is a novel computational method that uses potential team members' psychological and cultural traits, in an attempt to form effective teams that are psychologically and culturally cohesive. The method is based upon and merges Jung's theory with the theoretical frameworks of (a) Teamology and (b) Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE), and it provides a quantitative representation scheme combining scores from the Meyers-Briggs Test Indicator (MBTI) and the Kogut and Singh index (KS index) using the GLOBE dataset.
The GDTF method has been applied to three populations. The control group consisted of 42 three-person teams in a sophomore-level mechanical engineering design course at a US university, to validate the Teamology framework, which is based on Jung's and Belbin's theories. The GDTF method was then applied to two international teaming situations: a globally team-taught course on engineering design at the senior and graduate levels with 8 globally distributed teams across the US, Germany, Mexico, and China; and 23 dyadic teams of US undergraduate students performing automotive research with German graduate students in Germany.
Results of this research shows that psychologically balanced and cohesive teams provide improved design creativity, and that this performance difference can be predicted using the team members' psychological traits. Statistical analysis indicates that creativity in engineering design depends on the presence of Te, Fe, Fi, and Si psychological traits, in decreasing order of importance, within the teams. The importance of these traits remains dominant in global teams, though global diversity negatively impacts team cohesiveness and hence their effectiveness, though not their creativity.Ph. D.
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Stith, Dettrick Lamont. "Time Commitment, Self-Efficacy, Social Environment and the Physical Activity Participation of Selected Hypertensive African Americans". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26452.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate time commitment, self-efficacy and social environment as it relates to physical activity in a selected sample of hypertensive African Americans. In addition, this study focused on identifying additional research areas in regards to hypertensive African Americans. This study utilized a quantitative method for data collection. The survey instrument utilized contained the following subtopics: (1) demographics;(2)hypertension risk factors;(3) prevention and treatment;(4)hypertension knowledge, and (5)physical activity participation.
Data collected did not support the hypotheses or information contained in the review of literature. It was revealed from data collection that 69% of the respondents (n=90) disagreed with the survey statement that â exercise takes too much of my time (time commitment).â Fifty-two percent of the respondents (n=68) either disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement â exercise tires me (self-efficacy belief).â Forty-three percent of the respondents (n=56) disagreed with the statement â my spouse (or significant other) does not encourage exercise.â
There is a need for future investigation to examine how additional barriers to physical effect activity African Americans individually, and is there a culmination of specific barriers to physical activity that work in conjunction to inhibit African Americans to engage in physical activity.Ph. D.
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DiCarlo, Kristen Marie. "The School Health Environment and Student Outcomes Related to Childhood Overweight in Southwest Virginia". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76904.
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Objective: Measure the association between School Health Index (SHI) scores and student health outcomes related to physical activity (PA) and nutrition.
Design: Cross-sectional design utilized to collect SHI scores and administer questionnaires regarding nutrition and PA behaviors, knowledge and the home environment in 5 counties of southwest Virginia.
Participants: Staff, administrators and students (grades 4, 7, 10; n = 1094) in 27 schools in 5 school divisions.
Main Outcome Measures: SHI scores were obtained from school surveys while LWP score, student BMI percentile and fitness (mile run, PACER) measures were obtained from school data. The School Physical Activity and Nutrition questionnaire was used to measure student nutrition, PA behaviors and knowledge, and the home food environment was measured through a validated questionnaire.
Analysis: Two-sided Pearson's correlation (p<0.05) measuring associations between SHI score and student health outcomes of BMI percentile, one mile/PACER, nutrition and PA behaviors and health knowledge and beliefs.
Results: SHI was negatively correlated with BMI percentile for 4th grade students (-0.472, p<0.001) and positively correlated with BMI percentile for 8th grade students (0.679, p<0.001). SHI was positively correlated with 4th grade mile run (0.412, p<0.001), 8th grade mile run (0.218, p<0.001) and 4thgrade PACER (0.414, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Behavioral influences are multifactorial and factors outside the school environment may affect the correlations between these variables.
Application: Data concerning the influence of the school health environment can be used towards making evidence-based changes to school health programs.Master of Science
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Goodloe, Robert James Jr. "GENE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN LINKAGE ANALYSIS: THE EFFECTS OF BODY MASS INDEX ON SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1207337790.
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Sánchez, Miranda Martha Patricia, i González Arturo De la Garza. "Study of the impact of environmental pictures on emotional aspects". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100498.
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The present research examined emotions that automatically and implicitly trigger pictures of nature and the city, with the affective priming technique, and determined if the same phenomenon that has been studied in unimodal experiments was replicated in cross modality experiments. The sample included 57 psychology students from a Mexican public university who were exposed to images of natural and urban environments. They used words with positive and negative emotional connotations. The results are similar to other research studies, and indicate that there are two types of participants, and not all participants displayed positive emotions towards nature. The findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive mechanisms of the technique.La presente investigación examinó las emociones que desencadenan imágenes de naturaleza y ciudad de forma automática e implícita con la técnica de facilitación afectiva y determinar si el mismo fenómeno que se ha estudiado en experimentos unimodales se repite en la modalidad cruzada. Participaron un total de 57 estudiantes de una universidad pública mexicana, donde se les expuso a imágenes de ambientes naturales y urbanos como facilitadores. Como objetivos se utilizaron palabras con connotación emocional positiva y negativa. Los resultados indican que al igual que en otras investigaciones, existen dos grupos de participantes, en donde no todos poseen emociones positivas hacia la naturaleza. Se discuten los resultados en términos de los mecanismos cognitivos que existen dentro de la técnica.
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Cao, Chunxue. "Characterization of Management and Environment Effects on Cultivated Tomatoes". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1352998717.
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Marquez, Betz Gabriela Carolina. "Index selection in terminal sire sheep: implications for genetic improvement in a crossbreeding system". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/24774.
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Using terminal sires for crossbreeding is standard practice in the UK sheep industry, where over 70% of market lambs have terminal sire breeding. Thus, selection focusing on terminal sires will translate to changes in the entire industry. Consumers perceive lamb meat as fatty and demand for it has decreased. A lean growth index was developed for terminal sire breeds to increase carcass lean content while keeping fat constant at a constant age end point. The purposes of this study were: to evaluate the effects of index selection of terminal sires on their crossbred offspring up to harvest; to evaluate the effectiveness of the index within the terminal sire breeds; to evaluate the presence and consequences of heterogeneous environmental variances and genetics by environment interactions (GxE) on genetic evaluation. The most widely used breeds of terminal sires in the UK are Charollais, Suffolk, and Texel. These breeds participated in sire referencing schemes from the early 1990s by sharing rams selected on the lean growth index. From 1999 to 2002 approximately 15 high and 15 low lean growth index score rams per breed were selected from their sire referencing schemes and mated to Welsh and Scottish Mule ewes. Their crossbred offspring were reared on 3 farms in the UK under commercial conditions. In total, 6,515 lambs were born between 2000 and 2003. Lambs were weighed at birth (BWT), 5 weeks (5WT), and 10 weeks (10WT). The average daily gain (ADG) from birth to 10 weeks was calculated. Lambs were finished to an estimated 11% subcutaneous fat by visual examination. At harvest, they were weighed (HWT), ultrasonically scanned for muscle (UMD) and fat (UFD) depth, and assessed for condition score and conformation. Lambs sired by high index rams were on average, across breeds, heavier at all ages (P < 0.01) with 0.07 ± 0.03, 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.4 ± 0.1, and 1.2 ± 0.2 kg greater BWT, 5WT, 10WT, and HWT respectively. Their ADG was 5.1 ± 1.9 g/d greater than low index sired lambs. They had thicker UMD (0.7 ± 0.2 mm) and thinner UFD (0.08 ± 0.01 mm). High vs. low index sired lambs took the same amount of days to reach harvest fatness. Suffolk-sired lambs were on average heavier, with greater ADG, whereas Charollais-sired lambs were lightest with smallest ADG. Texel-sired lambs had thicker UMD than Charollais (0.7 ± 0.2 mm; P < 0.001) but were not different than Suffolk. Charollais-sired lambs had greater UFD than both Texel- (0.098 ± 0.016 mm) and Suffolk- (0.061 ± 0.017 mm) sired lambs (P < 0.001). Texel-sired lambs reached harvest condition faster than the other breeds (P < 0.01). Index selection produced heavier and leaner lambs at finishing. Producers have flexibility in choosing the terminal sire that best fits their production system. Heteroscedascity and GxE were found to be more important for ultrasonic traits than weight traits. Fitting a farm by sire random interaction component improved model fit, but only accounted for less than 2% of the variation in weight traits. For ultrasonic traits, it accounted for at least 10% of the variation. When fitting traits as separate but correlated by farm, genetic correlations among traits were mostly above 0.8, indicating no GxE. Reactions norms for sires were fitted. For weight traits and UMD, sires had positive slopes (were environmentally sensitive) that were similar in value, thus performance improved with improving environments. For UFD, reaction norm slopes varied form negative to positive, indicating GxE. Consequences of heteroscedasticity are not large for these data, and any consequence of GxE on breeding goals should be evaluated before explicitly modeling it in genetic evaluation. There was evidence of genetic variation in sensitivity of sires; therefore, they could be selected to be more or less sensitive depending on economic considerations.Ph. D.
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Davidson, Diedre P., i University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Sensitivity of ecosystem net primary productivity models to remotely sensed leaf area index in a montane forest environment". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2002, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/155.
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Net primary productivity (NPP) is a key ecological parameter that is important in estimating carbon stocks in large forested areas. NPP is estimated using models of which leaf area index (LAI) is a key input. This research computes a variety of ground-based and remote sensing LAI estimation approaches and examines the impact of these estimates on modeled NPP. A relative comparison of ground-based LAI estimates from optical and allometric techniques showed that the integrated LAI-2000 and TRAC method was preferred. Spectral mixture analysis (SMA), accounting for subpixel influences on reflectance, outperformed vegetation indices in LAI prediction from remote sensing. LAI was shown to be the most important variable in modeled NPP in the Kananaskis, Alberta region compared to soil water content (SWC) and climate inputs. The variability in LAI and NPP estimates were not proportional, from which a threshold was suggested where first LAI is limiting than water availability.xii, 181 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Orts-Cortés, María Isabel. "Validez de contenido del Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) en el ámbito europeo". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/21852.
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Yacobaccio, Hugo D., i Marcelo R. Morales. "Pleistocene Environments and Early Human Occupation in the Puna Of Argentina". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113540.
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In this paper we present paleoenvironmental evidence of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in order to understand the process of human settlement in the Puna region of Argentina. We will analyze chronological evidence and the archaeological record of early hunter-gatherer occupations dated between 10,500 to 9000 BP (12,500 to 10,000 cal BP). Finally, we discuss specific cultural and environmental aspects related to the human dispersion and colonization of the altiplano zone.En este trabajo se presentan las evidencias paleoambientales de finales del Pleistoceno y comienzos del Holoceno con el fin de entenderel proceso de poblamiento humano en la región de la Puna de Argentina. Se analizarán las evidencias relacionadas con lacronología y el registro arqueológico de las ocupaciones tempranas de cazadores-recolectores datadas entre 10.500 AP hasta 9000 AP (12.500-10.000 cal AP). Por último, discutiremos aspectos culturales y ambientales específicos vinculados con la dispersión y colonización humana del espacio altiplánico.
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Arbulú, Villanueva Italo. "Environmental ethics and natural resources’ management: understanding the basis of economic issues". Politai, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/92582.
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The discussion about this global framework of rights and duties, between humans and other living things and nonliving things, has given rise to a fascinating body of literature in the field of ethics that has been called environmental ethics. The aim of this paper is twofold, first it seeks to present the current elements in the field of environmental politics governing the definition of economic policies on the use of environment and natural resources. Second, it suggests the appearance of other thinking that can influence the way society evaluates the human-nature relationship.La discusión sobre este marco global de derechos y deberes, entre los seres humanos y otros seres vivos y seres no vivos, ha dado origen a un cuerpo fascinante de la literatura en el campo de la Ética que se ha denominado ética del medio ambiente. El objetivo de este documento es doble; por un lado, se busca presentar los elementos vigentes en el campo de la ética ambiental que rige la definición de las políticas económicas relativas al uso del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales. Por otro lado, se plantea la aparición de otras vertientes de pensamiento que pueden influir en la forma como la sociedad evalúe la relación humano-naturaleza.
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Breytenbach, Marissa Cornelia. "Die invloed van gemeentedemografie op die fisieke aktiwiteit- en stressimptoomindeks by N.G. predikante / Marissa Cornelia Breytenbach". Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/659.
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Research among ministers showed that they are experiencing high levels of stress
due to career demands and having to cope with problems on their own (Grosch &
Olsen, 2000:260). This has a detrimental effect on their health (Andrew, 1997:SO).
Participation in physical activity have positive effects on the physical and
psychological well being. Physical activity decrease work stress and increase
work satisfaction and -stamina (Dreyer & Strydom, 1992:28).
The objectives of this study was to determine the profiles of physical activity
participation and the incidence of stress symptoms in relation to congregation type
and congregation size in ministers, as well as the influence of physical activity on the
relationship between stress symptoms and congregation demography (type and size).
Congregation demography was divided into congregation type (location) as well as
congregation size (number of church members).
In this study a single cross sectional design that has been based on an availability
profile has been used. The subjects were 340 ministers of the Dutch Reformed
Church, who volunteered to participate in the study. The quality of participation in
physical activity was determined with Sharkey's (1997:432) physical activity index
The incidence of stress symptoms was determined with Burn's (1988) stress index and
the congregation demography was determined by a self-reported questionnaire.
The data was analysed by means of a one-way analysis of variance. From the data it is
clear that the majority of the respondents were physically inactive and have a low
incidence of stress symptoms in relation to congregation demography. The results of
the stress symptoms may be attributed to the fact that religion and belief in God may
play a vital role in the management of stress. Physical activity participation indicated
a statistical significant (p≤0.05) influence on the relationship between stress
symptoms and congregation demography. A highly practical significant difference
(ES≥0.8) existed between high active and low active ministers working in
congregations in rural areas. Physical activity participation also showed a moderate
practical significant influence (ES≥0.5) on the relationship between stress symptoms
and congregation demography (type and size).
It was concluded that physical activity presented a salutogenic effect on psychological
well-being among ministers and that congregation demography can influence physical
and psycho-emotional health threats of Dutch Reformed ministers.Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Chatterjee, Kasturi. "A generalized multidimensional index structure for multimedia data to support content-based similarity searches in a collaborative search environment". FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2114.
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Since multimedia data, such as images and videos, are way more expressive and informative than ordinary text-based data, people find it more attractive to communicate and express with them. Additionally, with the rising popularity of social networking tools such as Facebook and Twitter, multimedia information retrieval can no longer be considered a solitary task. Rather, people constantly collaborate with one another while searching and retrieving information. But the very cause of the popularity of multimedia data, the huge and different types of information a single data object can carry, makes their management a challenging task. Multimedia data is commonly represented as multidimensional feature vectors and carry high-level semantic information. These two characteristics make them very different from traditional alpha-numeric data. Thus, to try to manage them with frameworks and rationales designed for primitive alpha-numeric data, will be inefficient.
An index structure is the backbone of any database management system. It has been seen that index structures present in existing relational database management frameworks cannot handle multimedia data effectively. Thus, in this dissertation, a generalized multidimensional index structure is proposed which accommodates the atypical multidimensional representation and the semantic information carried by different multimedia data seamlessly from within one single framework. Additionally, the dissertation investigates the evolving relationships among multimedia data in a collaborative environment and how such information can help to customize the design of the proposed index structure, when it is used to manage multimedia data in a shared environment. Extensive experiments were conducted to present the usability and better performance of the proposed framework over current state-of-art approaches.
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Robison, Doracy McMurray Robert G. "The effect of school environment on the association between sweetened beverage consumption, physical activity levels, and body mass index". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1065.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Exercise and Sport Science." Discipline: Exercise and Sports Science; Department/School: Exercise and Sport Science.
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Hellmér, Elin. "Using eDNA to improve environmental monitoring for water bodies effected by hydropower in Sweden". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235981.
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The aim of this report is to contribute to the base of knowledge on environmental monitoring by increasing understanding of how eDNA, electrofishing and sampling fishing may be used to examine fish biodiversity. It also aims at understanding if fish indexes developed within the Water Framework Directive reflect biodiversity, as well as the potential of eDNA data to serve as input to these indexes. This was done by using three different approaches. Firstly, in order to establish which of the methods eDNA, electrofishing and sampling fishing is more suitable to measure the different dimensions of biodiversity (species richness, species evenness and genetic diversity), a literature review comparing the different methods was carried out. It was found that eDNA yields a more detailed results for species richness, electrofishing yields better results for species evenness and sampling fishing is outperformed by eDNA and electrofishing alike. Both electrofishing and sampling fishing may collect data for genetic diversity analysis, however electrofishing outperforms sampling fishing with regards to amount of species caught, making electrofishing a more suitable data collection method. Secondly, in order to gain insight on practical usage of eDNA, a case study of Spjutmo (Dalarna county) was reviewed. It was established that eDNA generated more detailed information of species richness in the case of Spjutmo (as compared to electrofishing). The relative abundance data generated by the eDNA study might be seen as a measure of species evenness. However, electrofishing yielded data which may serve as input to species evenness indices. To the best knowledge of the author, none of the methods generated data on genetic diversity in this specific case. Officials from the energy company Fortum and the county board of Dalarna were also interviewed in order to get insight on what potential they see for eDNA to contribute to environmental monitoring. Both officials point at the ability to estimate abundance as a desired feature, hence a better understanding of what the relative abundance results indicates is wanted. The two interviews indicate that this understanding is an important feature to develop in order to make metabarcoding studies effective in current environmental monitoring. Thirdly, in order to understand if fish indexes developed within the Water Framework Directive reflect biodiversity, a literature review was performed. It was found that, all but one of the compared indexes incorporates or somewhat incorporates species richness. However, only five indexes are indicative or somewhat indicative of species richness. Species evenness is incorporated or somewhat incorporated by two indexes, which are also indicative or somewhat indicative of species evenness. None of the indexes incorporate or indicate genetic diversity. Within the third literature review, the potential of eDNA data to serve as input to current fish-based indexes developed within the Water Framework Directive, was studied. It was found that eDNA data may serve as input to only one index in its present form. However, five indexes also use proportional information (e.g. proportion of tolerant species), which possibly could be provided by eDNA data. The index where usage of eDNA data is currently possible uses presence-absence information.Målet med denna rapport är att bidra till kunskapsläget kring miljöövervakning genom att öka förståelsen för hur eDNA, elfiske och provfiske kan användas för att undersöka fisk biodiversitet. Målet är också att förstå om fisk-index utvecklade inom ramen för det Europeiska vattendirektivet reflekterar biodiversitet samt om data från eDNA kan utgöra input till dessa index. För att uppfylla dessa mål användes tre metoder. För att etablera vilken av metoderna eDNA, elfiske och provfiske är mer lämpad att mäta de olika dimensionerna av biodiversitet (artrikedom, distribution av arter och genetisk diversitet), genomfördes en litteraturstudie. Slutsatsen kunde dras att eDNA mäter artrikedom med högst noggrannhet, elfiske mäter distribution av arter mer detaljerat och att provfiske överträffas av både eDNA och elfiske i alla dimensioner. Både elfiske och provfiske kan samla data för analys av genetisk diversitet, men elfiske överträffar provfiske gällande hur många arter som fångas, vilket gör elfiske mer lämpligt som metod att samla in data för genetisk analys. För att få praktisk insikt i ett fall där eDNA använts, granskades en fallstudie från Spjutmo (i Dalarnas län). eDNA genererade mer detaljerad information om artrikedom än elfiske i detta fall. Datan genererad av eDNA kring relativ abundans mellan arter skulle kunna tolkas som ett mått på distribution av arter. Data genererad av elfiske kan å andra sidan användas som input till olika index för distribution av arter. Författaren veterligen, genererade varken eDNA eller elfiske mått på genetisk diversitet i detta specifika fall. Två personer, en från Fortum och en från länsstyrelsen Dalarna intervjuades också för att få insikt i deras syn på potentialen av att använda eDNA som ett miljöövervakningsverktyg. Båda intervjupersonerna pekade på att en bättre förståelse av de relativa abundansvärdena indikerar är önskad. Båda intervjupersonerna pekade på att det är en viktig aspekt för att metabarcoding studier ska vara effektiva i nuvarande miljöövervakning. För att förstå om fisk-index utvecklade för EU’s vattendirektiv reflekterar biodiversitet, genomfördes en komparativ litteraturstudie av index. Alla index förutom ett inkorporerar eller delvis inkorporerar artrikedom. Bara fem indikerar eller delvis indikerar artrikedom. Distribution av arter inkorporeras eller delvis inkorporeras av två index som också indikerar eller delvis indikerar distribution av arter. Inom den komparativa litteraturstudien av index, studerades även potential att fungera som input av data genererad av eDNA till indexen. Data genererad av eDNA kan i dagsläget fungera som input till ett av indexen. Fem index använder någon form av proportionell data (t.ex. proportion av toleranta arter), som möjligen skulle kunna ges av eDNA. Indexet till vilket det är möjligt att använda eDNA data använder närvarande-ej närvarande information som input.
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Labin, Agustina, Paula Antonella Canizzo, Leandro Martin Casari i Valeria Estefania Moran. "Psychometric properties of the Belief about the Educational Process in the Rural Environment Scale (CAPE-R) in teachers from Mendoza, Argentina". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123829.
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This study analyzes the psychometric structure of the CAPE- R scale, which assesses the beliefs about the educational process in rural teachers; explores the teacher´s profile, and analyzes the significant differences between the beliefs according to sociodemographic variables. The sample included 150 rural teachers from Mendoza, Argentina. The exploratory factor analysis yielded a factorial structure made up of four factors that explained a 44.19% of the variance of responses to the test. Internal consistency coefficients ranged from .74 to .85. The data show a predominance of difficulties in the educational process dimension (M=2.83; DE=.69), the only dimension that reached a significant association with the educational level of the classes (F =4.77, p<.05).El artículo tuvo los siguientes objetivos, analizar la estructura psicométrica de la escala CAPE-R que evalúa las creencias acerca del proceso educativo en docentes rurales, conocer el perfil docente y analizar si existen diferencias significativas entre las creencias según variables sociodemográficas. Se trabajó con una muestra de 150 docentes rurales de Mendoza, Argentina. Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio arrojaron una estructura factorial conformada por cuatro factores que explicaron un 44.19 % de la varianza de respuestas al test. Con respecto a la consistencia interna, los coeficientes oscilaron entre .74 y .85. Los datos muestran un predominio de la dimensión dificultades en el proceso educativo (M=2.83; DE=.69). Además, es la única dimensión que alcanzó una asociación significativa con el nivel educativo en el que el docente imparte clases (F =4.77, p<.05).
Les objectifs de l’article étaient d’analyser la structure psychométrique de l’échelle des croyances sur le processus éducatif en milieu rural, de connaître le profil d’enseignement et d’analyser s’il existe des différences significatives entre les croyances sociodémographiques. Nous avons travaillé avec un échantillon de 150 enseignants ruraux de Mendoza, en Argentine. Les résultats de l’analyse factorielle exploratoire ont donné une structure factorielle composée de quatre facteurs expliquant 44,19% de la variance des réponses au test. En ce qui concerne la cohérence interne, les coefficients variaient entre .74 et .85. Les données montrent une prédominance de la dimension des difficultés dans le processus éducatif (M = 2.83, SD = .69). En outre, c’est la seule dimension qui a atteint une association significative avec le niveau d’éducation dans lequel l’enseignant enseigne (F = 4.77, p <.05).
O artigo teve os seguintes objetivos, analisar a estrutura psicométrica da escala CAPE-R que avalia as crenças sobre o processo educativo em professores rurais, conhecer o perfil docente y analisar se existem diferenças significativas entre as crenças a partir de variáveis sociodemograficas. Trabalhou-se com uma amostra de 150 professores rurais de Mendoza, Argentina. Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória rendeu uma estrutura fatorial composto por quatro fatores a 44.19% explicou que da variação de respostas para o teste. No que diz respeito à consistência interna, os coeficientes variou ,74-.85. Os dados mostram uma predominância de dificuldades na dimensão processo de ensino (H = 2.83; DP: .69). Além disso, é a única dimensão que atingiram uma associação significativa com o nível educacional em que o professor ensina (F = 4.77, p <.05).
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Connelly, Paige M. "ADOLESCENT FOOD PURCHASING PATTERNS AND THE ASSOCIATION WITH DIETARY INTAKE AND BODY MASS INDEX IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN KENTUCKY AND NORTH CAROLINA". UKnowledge, 2017. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/foodsci_etds/55.
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The local food environment plays an important role in the health of adolescents, especially in rural areas. Often, rural areas lack the accessibility and availability of healthy food choices, making a healthy lifestyle difficult to achieve. This study presents a cross-sectional survey of rural adolescents in 8 counties in Kentucky and North Carolina to determine the association between food store choice, body mass index (BMI), and key dietary outcomes. Although BMI had no association with food store choice, those who infrequently shopped at gas stations, convenience stores, and fast food restaurants consumed significantly less added sugar (p < 0.05) than those who shopped at those stores more regularly. Increasing the availability and accessibility of food venues with healthy food options such as supermarkets may decrease added sugar intake among rural adolescents.
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Seleman, Amour. "Assessing Sustainability of Sanitation Technologies Recommended for Rural Settings: A Case Study of Morogoro District, Tanzania". FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/690.
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The objectives of this study were to: assess the sanitation conditions and sustainability of sanitation technologies, using a comprehensive framework of sustainability indicators. A survey of 500 households and focus group discussions of 40 key informants were conducted in five villages. Ninety-six percent of the households had toilets, with only 9.4% having improved toilets. A strong relationship existed between the percent of sanitation coverage and the diarrhea incidence rates. Education and family wealth were the two significant determinants of sanitation coverage. On the basis of the sustainable development index, SanPlat and VIP latrine were the top two probable sustainable technologies. Variation did exist in the rankings of sanitation technologies across the study villages. Improvement in sanitation in rural Tanzania requires education of people about its health benefits, proper training, and extension of rural health workers
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Casado, Casado Lucía. "Access to environmental information in Spain: lights and shadows". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115857.
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This paper analyses the body of law governing the right to access environmental information in Spain, paying particular attention to law 27/2006, of July 18th, which regulates the right of access to information, public participation and access to justice on environmental issues. The analysis focuses on both the active aspects of access to environmental information (the obligation that the public authorities have to collect and communicate environmental information) and the passive aspects (the right to request access to environmental information). Particular attention is paid to the advances made by this legislation and its possible implications, but no attempt is made to conceal the problems of application that it still has to face and the pending challenges.Este trabajo analiza el régimen jurídico del derecho de acceso ala información ambiental en España, realizando un análisis minucioso de su regulación, actualmente contenida en la ley 27/2006, de 18 de julio, por la que se regulan los derechos de acceso a la información, de participaciónpública y de acceso a la justicia en materia de medio ambiente. Se analiza tanto la vertiente activa del acceso a la información ambiental (la obligación de recogida y difusión de información ambiental por parte de las autoridades públicas) como su vertiente pasiva (el derecho de acceso a la información ambiental previa solicitud), destacándose los avances que ha supuesto esta legislación y sus virtualidades, pero sin ocultar los problemas de aplicación a que todavía se enfrenta y los retos pendientes.Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación «Derecho ambiental y libertadde servicios en el mercado interior: nuevos retos, transformaciones y oportunidades» (DER2010-19343), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España.
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Castro, Salvador Sofía. "Desarrollo y medio ambiente. El rol de la bioética en un contexto de cambios ambientales globales". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115368.
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Development and environment. Bioethics role in a framework of global environmental changesThe article intends to demonstrate how the dominant development model drives the planet to environmental unsustainable limits. Since the 1950s the development model has been led by economic growth without considering other dimensions as social or environmental. Maddison (2005) explains both production and population have been significantly increased in the last century; however, at the same time regional blocs’ gaps have augmented, persisting poverty levels and malnutrition in some countries.However, production and consumption levels have risen triggering an energetic and environmental crisis. These levels have become unsustainable and are driven the world to catastrophic scenarios. In this context, bioethics rises to give people’s guidance concerning personal, social and naturebehavior. Anyway, behavior changes should happen in the shortest term since this will shape the future of the planet and humanityEl artículo tiene por objetivo mostrar cómo el modelo de desarrollo dominante ha llevado al planeta a límites insostenibles del medio ambiente. El modelo de desarrollo desde la década de los cincuenta ha estado conducido por el crecimiento económico, sin considerar otras dimensiones como las ambientales y/o sociales. Maddison muestra que tanto la producción, como la población han aumentado considerablemente en el último siglo, pero, a la vez, las brechas han aumentado cada vez más en los bloques regionales, persistiendo los niveles de pobreza y malnutrición en algunos países. Sin embargo, los niveles de producción y consumo han aumentado y ocasionado la crisis energética y ambiental. Estos niveles se han vuelto insostenibles y están llevando al mundo a escenarios catastróficos. Es en este contexto donde la bioética aparece para dar algunas orientaciones sobre cómo deben conducirse los individuos con relación a la vida personal, social y a la naturaleza. Pero estos cambios en la conducta deben ocurrir en el plazo más inmediato ya que ello determinará el futuro del planeta y de la humanidad
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Lewis, Denegri Francisco. "State-effects as state power: Expectation, anxiety and fear in the Inambari valley". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/80007.
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En esta etnografía se examina la (re)producción del poder del Estado peruano en el tejido de la vida cotidiana en la cuenca media del Inambari, Puno. Propongo que el enfoque en los llamados «efectos del Estado», tanto reales como imaginarios, permite localizar e identificar el poder del Estado peruano en este contexto. Por otro lado, se exploran los efectos sociales de la convergencia de dos proyectos de infraestructura que son a su vez producto de la integración del Perú en la economía global neoliberal, y planteo que dicha convergencia genera un entorno social plagado de expectativas, ansiedad, optimismo y miedoThis ethnography examines the (re)production of the Peruvian state’s power in the fabric of the everyday in the Inambari valley, located in Puno. I argue that focusing on both real and imaginary ‘State-effects’ provides us with a way of tracing the Peruvian state’s power in this context. Further, I examine the social effects of the convergence of two infrastructural projects, both geared towards global, neo-liberal integration, arguing that this convergence led to the creation of a social milieu fraught with feelings of expectation, anxiety, optimism and fear.
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Torres, Portilla Rocío del Pilar. "El Derecho de Acceso a la Información Pública Ambiental y el Rol que Desempeñan las Entidades Públicas con Competencia en Materia Ambiental". Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118405.
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The right to public information is a constitutional right that has support in many international instruments and legal systems. In that sense, the Right to Environmental Public Informationis presented in our system as a mechanism of control and supervision of many stakeholders,so it is highly important to know both rights and obligations.El derecho a la Información Pública es un derecho constitucional que tiene respaldo a nivel internacional en distintos instrumentos y ordenamientos jurídicos. En ese sentido, el Derecho a la Información Pública Ambiental se presenta dentro de nuestro ordenamiento como una herramienta de control y fiscalización de los distintos actores interesados, por locual resulta altamente importante conocer tanto los derechos como las obligaciones.
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Sundell, Jonas, i Dilber Dogan. "Finns det indikationer på samband mellan företags arbetsmiljöarbete och deras börsvärde? : En studie av arbetsmiljöarbetets-indikatorer och börsvärde hos ett urval svenska företag". Thesis, KTH, Ergonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-179643.
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Syftet med Magisteruppsatsen har varit att använda data över SAM-index och faktorer i Det goda arbetet från Arbetsmiljöverket för att kunna identifiera om det indikerar samband mellan börsnoterade företags börsvärden och deras systematiska arbetsmiljöarbete år 2012. Magisteruppsatsen har varit avgränsad till 47 företag på den svenska börsen som har svarat på Arbetsmiljöverkets undersökning NU2012. Företagens hållbarhetsredovisningar har gåtts igenom för att eftersöka hur hållbarhetsarbetet genomförs. Metoden i studien är en kvantitativ ansats där statistiska, kvantifierbara resultat eftersökts. Företagen har delats in i fyra grupper baserat på värdena de fått i undersökningarna: i) SAM-index och ii) faktorerna i Det goda arbetet. Resultaten för SAM-index indikerar samband mellan företagens systematiska arbetsmiljöarbete och börsvärde år 2012. Viss indikation på samband kan man se för Det goda arbetet dock inte lika starkt. Vidare kan man för åren 2008-2011 (där det inte finns data för SAM-index och faktorer i Det goda arbetet) se att det finns tendens indikation till samband mellan företagens aktiepris, omsättning, antal anställda och arbetsmiljöarbete. Huvudslutsats baserat på analyserna av de data om aktiepris och arbetsmiljöarbete i Sverige samt den litteraturstudie som ingått i studien, kan det konstateras att företag som har ett bra arbetsmiljöarbete tenderar att ha högre aktiepris och bättre börsutveckling än företag som har sämre arbetsmiljöarbete. Nyckelord: Arbetsmiljö, SAM-index, Aktiepris, Kvalité, Kompetens, Produktivitet.The aim of the study was to use SAM-index data and data on factors from the report Det Goda Arbetet from the Swedish Work Environment Authority and identify if there is any relation between listed companies' market values and their systematic work environment management. This master’s work is limited to Forty-seven companies on the Swedish stock market that responded to the Work Environment Authority survey NU2012. The method in this study is a quantitative approach in which statistical, quantifiable results were sought. The companies that participated in the NU2012 survey was divided into three groups based on their results from: i) Work Environment SAM index data and ii) data on factors from the report Det Goda Arbetet. Results from SAM- index data show a relation between companies’ systematic work environment management and market capitalization for the year 2012 while the results from Det Goda Arbetet show that scores for the highest average varies between the groups. Results for the years 2008-2011 (the year when we don`t have access to the baseline study) shows that there is a tendency for a relation between share price, turnover, number of employees and work environment for these years. The main conclusion based on the analyzes of the data on the share price and the work environment in Sweden as well as the literature review included in the study, it is found that companies that have a good work Environment tend to have higher stock price and better stock market performance than companies with poor work environment management. Keywords: Work environment, SAM index, Stock price, Quality, Skills, Productivity.
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Garra, Simone. "The awakening of Kumpanam: History and myth at an environmental conflict in the Amazonia". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/79445.
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Desde hace algunos años, en la cuenca del río Cenepa (departamento de Amazonas, Perú), los comuneros awajún están luchando en contra de la actividad minera en la Cordillera del Cóndor, territorio donde se encuentran las cabeceras de los ríos que atraviesan su territorio. En las comunidades se ha revitalizado el mito de Kumpanam, un antepasado asociado a un cerro ubicado en los alrededores de las instalaciones de la compañía minera. En este artículo, quiero mostrar cómo el mito de Kumpanam cobra un nuevo significado en la actual coyuntura social y ambiental de la zona. El nuevo discurso indígena sobre Kumpanam brinda elementos para conceptualizar las interrelaciones entre «historia» y «mito».In the last years the Awajún people, settled in the Río Cenepa watershed (Department of Amazonas, Peru) are struggling to defend their land from the impact of the mining activities in the Cordillera del Condor mountains. The myth of Kumpanan, an ancestor associated to the homonymous pick, located in the mining area, has been revitalized, with a new meaning, mirroring the current social and environmental contingency of the area. This contributes to rethink the linkages existing between «history» and «myth».
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Basurto, Gonzáles Daniel. "Mexican Environmental Legislation". Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118481.
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The evolution of environmental law in Mexico has developed efficient mechanisms for environmental protection. Mexico’s legal system stems from the civil law tradition and therefore is a system of positivelaw. Thus, the Mexican legal system is based in written laws, regulations and other legalprovisions, created by the legislature (Federal Congress) and applicable in the Mexicanterritory, without losing sight of Mexican Official Standards (NOM’s) and Mexican Standards (NMX).The present article will make and overview on the transformation of environmental law since 1987’s constitutional reforms, to the present day.El tiempo y la experiencia en la aplicación de la Legislación Ambiental Mexicana ha sido detonante para el desarrollo de mecanismos cada vez más eficientes para la protección al medio ambiente.El Sistema Legal Mexicano es un sistema de derecho positivo. Así, el Derecho mexicano se encuentra basado en leyes escritas, reglamentos y otras disposiciones legales, creadas por el Congreso de la Unión y el Ejecutivo Federal; todas, aplicables en el territorio mexicano; sin perder de vista el rol de las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NOM’s) y las Normas Mexicanas (NMX).El presente artículo hará un recorrido en la transformación de la legislación ambiental desde las reformas constitucionales de 1987, hasta el día de hoy.
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Goodwin, Stephanie Kay. "Development of the University Health Index to Examine the Interface between Campus Environment and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight in College Students". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28881.
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Since many adolescents experience the transition to young adulthood in
college, the university health environment could play a significant role in
addressing the current rise in chronic disease and obesity epidemic. The
University Health Index for Nutrition and Physical Activity (UHI) tool, guided by
the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) K-12 School Health Index,
was developed to evaluate the associations between the university health
environment and student health outcomes related to nutrition, physical activity, and
weight.
Several studies were conducted to examine what university characteristics
are most strongly associated with college student health habits related to weight,
nutrition, and physical activity behaviors. These studies culminated in a study to
develop and validate the UHI. A request soliciting participation in the completion
of the UHI was posted on the American College Health Association (ACHA)
listserve. The final dataset used for analysis included 13 universities (N = 19) with
a total of 9,460 National College Health Assessment (NCHA) student participants.
Data were analyzed using Mixed-effects REML regression model adjusting for
clustering effects, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05 and trends set a p <
0.10. Data were analyzed to determine associations between the total UHI score,
individual module scores, and individual components of each module with student
outcomes from the NCHA data (fruit/vegetable intake per day, days per week of
aerobic and strength physical activity, and body mass index: BMI; kg/m2
calculated from self-reported height and weight).
Total UHI score was not significantly associated with outcome variables
related to BMI, nutrition, or physical activity. The total health promotion module,
however, was associated with vigorous physical activity (coefficient = 0.095; SE =
0.048; p = 0.046) and the built environment was associated with moderate physical
activity (coefficient = 0.029; SE = 0.017; p = 0.096) and with high fruit and
vegetable intake (coefficient = 0.021; SE = 0.011; p = 0.061). Individual questions
related to recreational sports and fitness and nutrition and/or weight management
counseling were associated with outcome variables as well. Measures for physical activity are better developed than for nutrition as there was only one nutrition
question available with limited utility in terms of data analysis to test the UHI.
Studying the university health environment and college studentsâ health
habits related to weight, nutrition, and physical activity is multifaceted and
challenging. Unlike the K-12 school system, there is not a central university entity
with jurisdiction over health-related student issues. Instead, health-related student
issues and services are the responsibility of a variety of departments at a university
and it is difficult to realize the complete university health environment. Results of
this research can be used to refine future versions of the UHI and to continue to
investigate the university characteristics that are most strongly associated with
specific student health behaviors and outcomes related to nutrition, physical
activity, and weight.Ph. D.
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Orihuela, José Carlos. "The environmental rules of economic development: Governing air pollution from smelters in Chuquicamata and La Oroya". Economía, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117409.
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Why and how do societies transform the environmental rules of economic development, or fail to do so? This article compares the experiences of Chile and Peru in the regulation of smelting activities between 1990 and 2010. Air pollution from smelters in Chuquicamata and La Oroya, each emblematic of the two countries’ mining industries, did not give rise to nationally destabilising protest. Nevertheless, despite the absence of pressing discontent with pollution, the environmental rules for mining could still be improved as a result of policy network activism and through highly idiosyncratic institutional channels. The analysis shows that policy entrepreneurship for Chuquicamata was enhanced by a national institutional environment that favoured bureaucratic autonomy, while parallel action for La Oroya was constrained by a political economy of state weakness and elite disregard.¿Por qué y cómo las sociedades transforman las reglas ambientales del desarrollo económico, o fracasan en hacerlo? Este artículo compara las experiencias de Chile y Perú en la regulación de las actividades de las fundidoras de metales entre 1990 y 2010. La contaminación del aire por parte de las fundidoras en Chuquicamata y La Oroya, sitios mineros emblemáticos de ambos países, no generó protestas nacionales desestabilizadoras. Sin embargo, pese a la ausencia de un fuerte descontento debido a la contaminación, las reglas ambientales para la minería pudieron ser mejoradas como resultado del trabajo de redes de activistas (policy network activism) y a través de canales institucionales altamente idiosincráticos. El análisis muestra que los emprendedores de políticas públicas (policy entrepreneurs) para Chuquicamata se fortalecieron por un ambiente institucional nacional que favoreció la autonomía burocrática, mientras que una acción paralela en La Oroya fue frenada por una economía política enmarcada en la debilidad estatal y el poco interés de las élites.
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Gasparino, Renata Cristina 1981. "Adaptação cultural e validação do instrumento "Nursing Work Index - Revised" para a cultura brasileira". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308889.
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Orientador: Edineis de Brito GuirardelloDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T06:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gasparino_RenataCristina_M.pdf: 3151695 bytes, checksum: aa41cf80c6b9d81e7b23176333f73544 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: A prática profissional do enfermeiro é definida como um sistema que o apóia no controle sobre o cuidado prestado ao paciente e sobre o ambiente no qual esse cuidado é oferecido. As principais características de ambientes de trabalho que favorecem essa prática profissional são a autonomia, o controle sobre o ambiente e a relação colaborativa entre médicos e enfermeiros. A presença desses atributos no ambiente de trabalho contribuem para obtenção de resultados positivos para os enfermeiros: maior satisfação profissional e menor nível de exaustão emocional - "burnout"; para os pacientes: menor taxa de mortalidade e maior nível de satisfação com os cuidados recebidos e para a instituição: menores taxas de absenteísmo e rotatividade. O "Nursing Work Index - Revised" (NWI - R), é um instrumento que foi desenvolvido para avaliar a presença desses atributos no ambiente de trabalho do enfermeiro, porém não está disponível na cultura brasileira. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar a adaptação cultural do NWI - R e validação das suas subescalas, para a cultura brasileira. É um instrumento composto por 57 itens, dentre os quais 15 foram agrupados para derivar quatro subescalas: autonomia, controle sobre o ambiente, relações entre enfermeiros e médicos e suporte organizacional, que têm resultado em alta consistência interna. Para o procedimento metodológico de adaptação foram seguidas as etapas de: a) tradução; b) retrotradução; c) avaliação das equivalências semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual por um grupo de seis juízes que sugeriram alterações na maioria dos itens a fim de assegurar essas equivalências e d) pré-teste com 46 sujeitos. Participaram do estudo 278 enfermeiros de três instituições públicas. A validade das subescalas do NWI - R - Versão Brasileira foi avaliada por meio da validade relacionada com critério concorrente, em que as médias dos escores das subescalas foram comparadas com a variável satisfação com o trabalho e percepção da qualidade do cuidado oferecida ao paciente e correlacionadas com a variável intenção em deixar o emprego no próximo ano e pela validade de construto divergente, em que as médias dos itens das subescalas foram correlacionadas com as médias das subescalas do Inventário de "Burnout" de Maslach. Obtiveram-se correlações significantes tanto para a validade relacionada com critério como para a validade de construto. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach e resultou em uma consistência interna satisfatória para os 57 itens do instrumento (a:0,95) e para as subescalas autonomia (a:0,63), controle sobre o ambiente (a:0,75), relações entre médicos e enfermeiros (a:0,75) e suporte organizacional (a:0,75). Conclui-se que o processo de adaptação do NWI - R foi realizado com sucesso e a validade e confiabilidade das subescalas foram consideradas satisfatórias, demonstrando a viabilidade da utilização das mesmas para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas, na cultura brasileira.
Abstract: The professional practice of a nurse is defined as a system that supports nurse controle over the delivery of nursing care and the environment in which care is delivered. The characteristics of work environment that enhance this professional practice are: autonomy, control over the work environment and relationships with physicians. The presence of these attributes in the work environment may break out positive results to nurses (higher nurse satisfaction and lower emotional exhaustion level - burnout); for patients (decreased mortality and higher patient satisfaction regarding received care) and for institutions (lower rate of absenteeism and turnover). The Nursing Work Index - Revised (NWI - R) was developed to measure these attributes of the nurse's work setting, however they are not available in brazilian culture. This study had the objective to do the cultural adaptation of the NWI - R and validate the subscales. The instrument contains 57 items and 15 were used to develop four subescales: autonomy, control over the work environment, relationships with physicians and organizational support, showing results of high internal consistence. For the methodological procedure of adaptation, the followed stages were: a) translation; b) back translation; c) the valuation of semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalences, which was made by a group of six judges who suggested alterations in most of the items in order to assure these the equivalences and d) pre-test with 46 persons. The sample was comprised of 278 nurses of three public institutions. The validity of the subescales NWI - R - Brazilian Version was evaluated by the validity regarding criterion, where the means of the subescales were correlated with the variables job satisfaction, perception of care quality offered to patients and the intention of leave the job in the following year and validity of divergent construct, where the subscales means were correlated with Inventory Burnout of Maslach subescales averages. Significant correlations were obtained, no only for validity regarding concurrent criterion but also for validity type construct. The reliability was evaluated by used the alpha coefficient of Cronbach showing results of satisfactory internal consistence for the 57 itens of the instrument items (a:0.95) and for the autonomy subscales (a:0.63), control over the work environment (a:0.75), relationships between physicians and nurses (a:0.75) and organizational support (a:0.75). The conclusion is that the NWI - R process of adaptation was accomplished with success and its validty and reliability of subescales were considered satisfactory , showing the viability of the instrument subescales use for the development of new researches in brazilian culture.
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Enfermagem e Trabalho
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