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1
Eliasson, Gunnar. Deregulation, innovative entry and rapid structural diversity as a source of stable and rapid economic growth. Stockholm: Industriens Utredningsinstitut, 1991.
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R, Carr David, i Wiltshire Record Society, red. The first general entry book of the City of Salisbury, 1387-1452. Trowbridge: Wiltshire Record Society, 2001.
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R, Carr David, i Wiltshire Record Society, red. The first general entry book of the City of Salisbury, 1387-1452. Trowbridge: Wiltshire Record Society, 2001.
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Jin dai Zhejiang dui wai mao yi ji she hui bian qian: Ningbo, Wenzhou, Hangzhou hai guan mao yi bao gao yi bian. Ningbo Shi: Ningbo chu ban she, 2003.
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G, Wilson David, i SpringerLink (Online service), red. Nonlinear Power Flow Control Design: Utilizing Exergy, Entropy, Static and Dynamic Stability, and Lyapunov Analysis. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2011.
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Vergara, Walter. Wind energy in Colombia: A framework for market entry. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2010.
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Wu shi nian ge bu hai guan bao gao 1882-1931. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo hai guan chu ban she, 2009.
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O'Neill, Con. Britain's entry into the European Community: Report by Sir Con O'Neill on the negotiations 1970-1972. London: Whitehall History Pub. in association with F. Cass, 2000.
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Jonathan, Edwards. The " miscellanies" (entry nos. 833-1152). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
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Kenneth, Hawkins, i United States. National Archives and Records Administration, red. Research in the land entry files of the General Land Office: Record Group 49. [Washington, D.C.]: National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.
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United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Research in the land entry files of the General Land Office: Record Group 49. Wyd. 2. Washington, D.C: National Archives and Records Administration, 2009.
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Kenneth, Hawkins, i United States. National Archives and Records Administration, red. Research in the land entry files of the General Land Office: Record Group 49. [Washington, D.C.]: National Archives and Records Administration, 1997.
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United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Research in the land entry files of the General Land Office: Record Group 49. Wyd. 2. Washington, D.C: National Archives and Records Administration, 2007.
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Academy of Producer Insurance Studies (Austin, Tex.), red. Consumer perceptions regarding purchase sources, service capabilities, and entry of banks into the insurance marketplace: An independent research project of the Academy of Producer Insurance Studies. [Austin, Tex.]: The Academy, 1985.
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Baltimore Job Source: The Only Source You Need to Land the Internship, Entry-Level or Middle Management Job of Your Choice (Job Source Series). Benjamin Scott Publishing, 1997.
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Renewable Energy Sources in Poland: A Strategic Entry Report, 2000. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.
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Samuelsson, Christer. Statistical Methods. Redaktor Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0019.
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Statistical methods now belong to mainstream natural language processing. They have been successfully applied to virtually all tasks within language processing and neighbouring fields, including part-of-speech tagging, syntactic parsing, semantic interpretation, lexical acquisition, machine translation, information retrieval, and information extraction and language learning. This article reviews mathematical statistics and applies it to language modelling problems, leading up to the hidden Markov model and maximum entropy model. The real strength of maximum-entropy modelling lies in combining evidence from several rules, each one of which alone might not be conclusive, but which taken together dramatically affect the probability. Maximum-entropy modelling allows combining heterogeneous information sources to produce a uniform probabilistic model where each piece of information is formulated as a feature. The key ideas of mathematical statistics are simple and intuitive, but tend to be buried in a sea of mathematical technicalities. Finally, the article provides mathematical detail related to the topic of discussion.
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Miami Job Source: The Only Source You Need to Land the Internship, Entry-Level or Middle Management Job of Your Choice. Benjamin Scott Publishing, 1997.
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Pittsburgh Job Source: The Only Source You Need to Land the Internship, Entry-Level or Middle Management Job of Your Choice. Benjamin Scott Publishing, 1997.
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Sen, Amartya. Our Obligation to Future Generations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825067.003.0007.
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Our reasoned sense of obligations to others can arise from at least three possible sources: cooperation, having caused harm, and effective power to improve suffering. The last source, this chapter argues, is particularly important in considering our obligations to future generations. It draws on a line of reasoning that takes us well beyond contractarian motivations to the idea of the “impartial spectator” as developed by Adam Smith. The interests of future generations come into the story because they are important in our attempt to be impartial spectators. The obligation of power contrasts with the mutual obligations for cooperation at the basic plane of motivational justification. In the context of climate concerns and intergenerational justice, this asymmetry-embracing approach seems to allow an easier entry for understanding our obligations.
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Entry books of commissions, powers, instructions, leases, grants of land, etc. by the trustees, 1732-1738. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989.
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Morrison, James. The Elements of Bookkeeping, by Single & Double Entry ... to Which Is Annexed an Introduction on Merchants Accounts .. - Primary Source Edition. Nabu Press, 2013.
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Myrne, Pernilla. A Jariya’s Prospects in Abbasid Baghdad. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0004.
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The chapter takes up several related questions surrounding slave women in Abbasid culture. It considers the image of the jawari (slave women) in modern scholarship, arguing for a cautious approach to the Arabic sources. It also looks at elite women’s relations to slave women, and the manner in which the dichotomy of free/slave intersected with gender in shaping Abbasid social hierarchies. The career of the slave poet Inan al-Natifi illustrates both the vulnerabilities and possibilities inherent to the lives of jawari. Her main biographer is Abu al-Faraj al-Isbahani, who accords her the first and longest biographical entry in al-Ima al-Shawa’ir (The Female Slave Poets), and an entry in the Kitab al-Aghani (The Book of Songs).
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Michael, Krimminger. 13 Resolution in the UK and US: Variations to the Same Goals. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754411.003.0013.
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This chapter explores the US and UK’s response to the 2007–9 Global Financial Crisis. In both cases, funding for the resolution and restructuring of failing financial companies came from public sources-generally national governments and central banks funded by the private creditors or other private sources. In the UK, the resolution actions relied solely on taxpayer financing. In the US, the government’s actions relied on Federal Reserve funding, Treasury funding through the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) funding from the Deposit Insurance Fund. The chapter also assesses the role of bail-in under the Resolution Authorities and concludes with a brief summary of the UK and EU approach to single point of entry (SPOE) strategy.
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Gray, Kevin, i Susan Francis Gray. 6. Security interests in land. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199603794.003.0006.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. Land is a potential source for a number of important security interests. In particular, a ‘mortgage’ (or ‘charge’) of land initiates one of the most significant kinds of credit relationship in the modern world. This chapter discusses the following: the creation and termination of various kinds of mortgage or charge over land; the means by which the law affords protection to the borrower (or ‘mortgagor’); the means by which the law affords protection to the lender (or ‘mortgagee’); the remedies available to the mortgagee in the event of default by the mortgagor; the priority of mortgages inter se; and other forms of security interest in land such as rentcharges and rights of entry.
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Mukherjee, Debashree. Scandalous Evidence. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039683.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the status and work of women in the early Bombay film industry (1930s–1940s), using the historiographic productivity of actresses embroiled in scandals as an entry point. It reconstructs scandal narratives in a jigsaw fashion using a variety of sources, including film magazines, biographies, creative nonfiction writing, fan letters, and interviews conducted in Bombay from 2008 to 2013. The chapter considers how the film historian might use “illegitimate” sources of history to approach lived histories of Indian cinema's work culture. It approaches scandal as a discursive form that proliferates textually and orally rather than as a temporally contained mediatized event. Taking two Bombay actresses of the 1930s and 1940s, Devika Rani and Naseem Banu, as case studies, and moving outward from the initial scandal narratives, the chapter re-imagines the possibilities and pressures that stars like them encountered in the film studio as well as in the public eye. It argues that the early film actress should be seen as a manifestation of, and model for, the urban working woman in 1930s and 1940s Bombay.
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Taylor, Helena. The Exile Writes Back. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796770.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the historiographical difficulties entailed in telling Ovid’s story. It analyses the entry on Ovid in Pierre Bayle’s biographical encyclopaedia, Dictionnaire historique et critique. Bayle surveys the historiographical tradition of the Lives of Ovid and, in line with the intentions of the Dictionnaire, which was initially conceived to reveal errors in scholarship, identifies the limitations of many of the sources. Through close reading, this chapter examines how Bayle reads Ovid, situating this within the hermeneutical debates about reading Bayle. Bayle’s analysis of Ovid’s elusive explanations for why he was exiled allows for a paradoxical demonstration of both the need for, and the limitations of, historical enquiry, illustrating the scepticism towards knowledge and authority implicit in the Dictionnaire as a whole.
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Taylor, Helena. Ovid and Historiography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796770.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on the historiographical difficulties entailed in telling Ovid’s story. It analyses the entry on Ovid in Pierre Bayle’s biographical encyclopaedia, Dictionnaire historique et critique. Bayle surveys the historiographical tradition of the Lives of Ovid and, in line with the intentions of the Dictionnaire, which was initially conceived to reveal errors in scholarship, identifies the limitations of many of the sources. Through close reading, this chapter examines how Bayle reads Ovid, situating this within the hermeneutical debates about reading Bayle. Bayle’s analysis of Ovid’s elusive explanations for why he was exiled allows for a paradoxical demonstration of both the need for, and the limitations of, historical enquiry, illustrating the scepticism towards knowledge and authority implicit in the Dictionnaire as a whole.
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Murphy, Justin D., red. American Indian Wars. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400611087.
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Providing an indispensable overview of the American Indian Wars, this book focuses on Native American tribes and warriors and their varying responses to the onslaught of European colonists and American settlers in the centuries following contact. This work provides an overview of the Indian Wars from the arrival of Europeans until 1890. The work focuses primarily on Native American tribes and warriors and their role in battles and campaigns against other Native Americans and Europeans/Americans, while also including key European/American leaders and soldiers as well as treaties between Native Americans and Europeans/Americans. The introduction provides a broad overview of the Indian Wars and also considers whether the Indian Wars should be considered genocide. The bibliography focuses on the most important works published on the Indian Wars. Each entry also includes a list of references for readers to consult. The work also includes a collection of primary source documents that span the entire time period.
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III, Rush D. Robinett, i David G. Wilson. Nonlinear Power Flow Control Design. Springer, 2011.
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Wooldredge, John, i Paula Smith, red. The Oxford Handbook of Prisons and Imprisonment. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook on Prisons and Imprisonment provides a rich source of information on institutional corrections around the world, covering the most critical issues facing both inmates and prison staff. The contributors offer theoretically informed and critical discussions of these issues that facilitate more objective and realistic assessments of related problems and their possible solutions. The handbook is the first original volume on prisons and prisoners to cover topics relevant to both the social and behavioral sciences with equal depth paid to each area. Focusing on the impact of these issues on the philosophies of incarceration (retribution, general and specific deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation) is also unique to a single volume, providing a larger picture of their implications. Included are updated discussions of the always popular topics such as conditions of confinement and prisoner subcultures and topics that have taken or are destined to take greater priority in the field such as inmate victimization, special offender populations, prison programs, prisoner re-entry, and privatization. The handbook is divided into six sections corresponding to topic areas identified as major focal points of discussion and research in the field. As such, it provides a single source that bridges social and behavioral science perspectives, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of these topics while providing academics with a knowledge base that will more effectively inform their own research. For practitioners, particularly those in the treatment sector, the book provides an excellent overview of best program practices that are empirically based and research-driven.
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Filbeck, Aaron. Issues in Benchmarking Commodity Performance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0017.
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Commodity investments have continued to gain traction in diversified portfolios since the 1990s. Historically low correlations relative to traditional asset classes, different fundamental drivers, and investor demand for alternative sources of return have brought commodity investments forward as a solution that provides overall portfolio diversification while maintaining similar long-term return streams. A large inflow of institutional investors and noncommercial traders has increased demand and lowered barriers to entry. Many of these investors simply want exposure to commodities as an asset class, often investing in index funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs). In some cases, investors assume that the underlying commodity indexes that these investment vehicles track represent appropriate benchmarks asset class performance. In reality, the many different commodity indexes available make benchmarking asset class performance more difficult.
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Crace, Benjamin. The American Blockbuster. Greenwood Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216183709.
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Providing an indispensable resource for students and general readers, this book serves as an entry point for a conversation on America's favorite pastime, focusing in on generational differences and the evolution of American identity. In an age marked by tension and division, Americans of all ages and backgrounds have turned to film to escape the pressures of everyday life. Yet, beyond escapism, popular cinema is both a mirror and microscope for our collective psyche. Examining the films that have made billions of dollars through a new lens reveals that popular culture is a vital source for understanding what it means to be an American. This book is divided into four sections, each associated with a different generation. Featuring such era-defining hits as Jaws, Back to the Future, Avatar, and The Avengers, each section presents detailed film analyses that showcase the consistency of certain American values throughout generations as well as the constant renegotiation of others. Ideal for any cinephile, The American Blockbuster demonstrates how complex and meaningful even the summer blockbuster can be.
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Chignell, Andrew P., red. Evil. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199915453.001.0001.
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What, if anything, is evil? Is it just badness by another name? Is it the shadow side of good, or is it an active force opposed to the good in a Manichean/Star Wars kind of way? Does evil have its source in something personal—a malevolent, striving will that makes the universe tend not just to entropic winding-down but also to outbreaks of targeted hellishness? These are some of the main ontological questions that philosophers raise about evil. There are related epistemological questions: Can we really know evil? Does a victim know evil in a way that is entirely different from the way a perpetrator or witness knows it? Does a perpetrator know evil as evil at all? There are also psychological questions: what motivates people to perpetrate evil? Satan’s rebellion, Iago’s machinations, and Stalin’s gulags might be hard to grasp. But what about less remarkable evils: Can we make sense of how former vacuum oil salesman Adolf Eichmann could regard himself as an effective bureaucrat? And what about structural and symbolic evils—can they be explained in terms of actions on the part of individuals? In Evil: A History, 13original essays tell the story of the concept of evil in the west, starting with its origins in early Hebrew wisdom literature and ending with evolutionary theory and the Holocaust. 13 Reflections contextualize these developments by considering evil through the eyes of poets, mystics, witches, librettists, directors, livestock, and a Google product manager.
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Fellmeth, Aaron X., i Maurice Horwitz. Guide to Latin in International Law. Wyd. 2. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780197583104.001.0001.
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As knowledge of Latin continues to diminish, its frequent use in cases, textbooks, treaties, and scholarly works frequently baffles law students, practitioners, and scholars alike. The Guide to Latin in International Law seeks to fill the gaps left by the commonly used law dictionaries by taking a comprehensive approach to the subject which includes literal translations of Latin terms and phrases as well as definitions that take into account the common uses of the terms. It also includes examples that show the terms used in context by international law scholars, diplomats, or judges, wherever such examples would be helpful to readers. Furthermore, the guidebook also features the modern English pronunciation for each term as well as the classical or “restored” pronunciation. In addition, the entries frequently contain etymological information, and each entry is also cross-referenced to related terms for ease of use. The second edition adds approximately 60 (mostly less common) Latin terms and phrases used in international law writings that were absent from the first edition. It also contains additional examples of usage and etymological information as well as enhanced cross-references. Because the understanding of Latin is a critical skill for scholars and practitioners who hope to gain a better understanding of sources of law and each other, this book assists international lawyers and law students seeking to master, or at least to decipher, the Latin terminology that permeates scholarly writings in the field, treaties, judgments of international courts and tribunals, and other sources of international law.
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Duncan B, Hollis, red. The Oxford Guide to Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198848349.001.0001.
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From trade relations to greenhouse gases, from shipwrecks to cybercrime, treaties structure the rights and obligations of states, international organizations, and individuals. For centuries, treaties have regulated relations among nation states. Today, they are the dominant source of international law. Thus, being adept with treaties and international agreements is an indispensable skill for anyone engaged in international relations. This revised and updated edition provides a comprehensive guide to treaties, shedding light on the rules and practices surrounding the making, interpretation, and operation of these instruments. The chapters are designed to introduce the law of treaties and offer practical insights into how treaties actually work. Foundational issues are covered, including what treaties are and when they should be used, alongside detailed analyses of treaty formation, application, interpretation, and exit. Special issues associated with treaties involving the European Union and other international organizations are also addressed. These are complimented by a set of model treaty clauses. Real examples illustrate the approaches that treaty-makers can take on topics such as entry into force, languages, reservations, and amendments. The book thus provides an authoritative reference point for anyone studying or involved in the creation or interpretation of treaties or other forms of international agreement.
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Nick, Gallus. The Temporal Jurisdiction of International Tribunals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198791676.001.0001.
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The period of an international tribunal’s temporal jurisdiction is the span of time during which an act must have occurred before the tribunal may consider if the act breached an obligation. There are many questions concerning this particular aspect of an international tribunal’s jurisdiction. Does a tribunal have power over acts that occurred after the entry into force of the obligation allegedly breached but before the tribunal’s jurisdiction was accepted? What about acts that began before the tribunal’s jurisdiction was accepted but continued after? To what extent can acts before the period of the tribunal’s jurisdiction affect its decision on whether or not there is a breach through acts afterwards?This book examines these questions in depth. Despite its importance, the temporal jurisdiction of international tribunals is not well understood. Tribunals often confuse different aspects of their jurisdiction and refuse to hear cases they should have heard, or agree to hear cases they should not. This book reduces this confusion by clarifying the different limits on the temporal jurisdiction of international tribunals and the important distinctions between those limits. The book examines the temporal limits resulting from the entry into force of the obligation allegedly breached, from the acceptance of the tribunal's jurisdiction, and from the period of limitation, as well as the effect of acts that occurred before these limits. The book comprehensively compares decisions from a wide variety of sources including the International Court of Justice Human Rights Courts World Trade Organization panels and investment treaty tribunals. It comments on decisions that arose from some of the most notorious events of the twentieth century including the ‘Katyn Massacre’ of the Second World War the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the ‘forced disappearance’ of American political opponents. It reviews these decisions and identifies common principles that help define the temporal jurisdiction of tribunals to decide breaches of international law.
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Stapleton, Timothy J., red. Modern African Conflicts. ABC-CLIO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400686481.
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An essential resource for students or general readers interested in post-colonial Africa, this encyclopedia provides coverage of different regions, countries, wars, battles, factions, leaders, and foreign powers. Armed conflict represents a substantial part of African history since around 1960, yet this history is either insufficiently taught or overshadowed by negative stereotypes about African “tribal warfare.” In an effort to introduce this vital topic to students and general readers alike, this one-volume encyclopedia provides concise historical information on conflicts that occurred in postcolonial Africa. The entries cover all the regions of Africa (North, West, Central, East, and Southern); the Cold War and post–Cold War periods; a range of important leaders; various types of conflicts from civil wars and insurgencies to conventional military engagements; involvement of foreign powers; and such themes as airpower, women and war, and genocide. Features • Includes more than 150 entries on various individuals, events, movements, and organizations • Presents further reading sources at the end of each entry in order to further aid readers in their study of the topic • Offers a chronology of the events discussed throughout the encyclopedia • Features contributions from key scholars in the fields of African history and military studies
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Ginor, Isabella, i Gideon Remez. The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967-1973. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693480.001.0001.
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Russia's forceful re-entry into the Middle Eastern arena, and the accentuated continuity of Soviet policy and methods of the 1960s and '70s, highlight the topicality of this groundbreaking study, which confirms the USSR's role in shaping Middle Eastern and global history. This book covers the peak of the USSR's direct military involvement in the Egyptian-Israeli conflict. The head-on clash between US-armed Israeli forces and up to 20,000 Soviet servicemen (at a time) with state-of-the-art weaponry turned the Middle East into the hottest front of the Cold War. The Soviets' success in this war of attrition paved the way for their planning and support of Egypt's cross-canal offensive in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Ginor and Remez challenge a series of long-accepted notions as to the scope, timeline and character of the Soviet intervention and overturn the conventional view that détente led to a curtailment of Egyptian ambitions to recapture the land it lost to Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967. Between this analytical rethink and the introduction of an entirely new genre of sources--memoirs and other publications by Soviet veterans themselves---The Soviet-Israeli War paves the way for scholars to revisit this pivotal moment in world history.
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Emmott, Bill. Japan's Far More Female Future. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865551.001.0001.
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The Japan that the world admired during the 2019 Rugby World Cup is a model of social stability, resilience, and efficiency. But it carries important vulnerabilities, rooted in its ageing demography and a population shrinking by 500,000 a year, made much worse by a declining marriage rate and low fertility, both of which have their source in a combination of growing financial insecurity, severe gender inequality, and poor use of human capital. Over the three decades since its 1990 financial crisis it has seen a deep divide emerge in labour markets both for men and for women between the 60 per cent of ‘regular’ workers who benefit from training and security, and the 40 per cent of ‘non-regular’ workers who have a precarious, untrained, lowly paid existence. To overcome its vulnerabilities will require reforms to improve the use of the country’s superbly educated human capital, by reducing insecurity for both men and women, and by greatly narrowing the gender gap. An opportunity is presenting itself thanks to a big rise in female entry to university education during the 1990s and 2000s and to the emergence of a wide range of role models able to give inspiration and confidence to the next generation. Japan is already becoming a place with more female leaders in politics and even business, but that rise is from a very low base. If that process can be accelerated by both public policy and private action, Japan could achieve much greater social justice and sustainable prosperity in the decades to come.
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Shew, Melissa, i Kimberly Garchar, red. Philosophy for Girls. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190072919.001.0001.
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Written by twenty expert women in philosophy and representing a diverse and pluralistic approach to philosophy as a discipline, this book engages girls and women ages sixteen to twenty-four, as well as university and high school educators and students who want a change from standard anthologies that include few or no women. The book is divided into four sections that correspond to major fields in philosophy—metaphysics, epistemology, social and political philosophy, and ethics—but the chapters within those sections provide fresh ways of understanding those fields.Every chapter begins with a lively anecdote about a girl or woman in literature, myth, history, science, or art. Chapters are dominated by women’s voices, with nearly all primary and secondary sources used coming from women in the history of philosophy and a diverse set of contemporary women philosophers. All chapters offer the authors’ distinct philosophical perspectives written in their own voices and styles, representing diverse training, backgrounds, and interests. The introduction and prologue explicitly invite the book’s readers to engage in philosophical conversation and reflection, thus setting the stage for continued contemplation and dialogue beyond the book itself. The result is a rigorous yet accessible entry point into serious philosophical contemplation designed to embolden and strengthen its readers’ own senses of philosophical inquiry and competence. The book’s readers will feel confident in knowing that expert women affirm an equitable and just intellectual landscape for all and thus have lovingly collaborated to write this book.
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Werth, Paul W. 1837. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826354.001.0001.
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Historians often think of Russia before the 1860s in terms of conservative stasis, when the ‘gendarme of Europe’ secured order beyond the country’s borders and entrenched the autocratic system at home. This book offers a profoundly different vision of Russia under Nicholas I. Drawing on an extensive array of sources, it reveals that many of modern Russia’s most distinctive and outstanding features can be traced back to an inconspicuous but exceptional year. Russia became what it did, in no small measure, because of 1837. The catalogue of the year’s noteworthy occurrences extends from the realms of culture, religion, and ideas to those of empire, politics, and industry. Exploring these diverse issues and connecting seemingly divergent historical actors, Paul W. Werth reveals that the 1830s in Russia were a period of striking dynamism and consequence, and that 1837 was pivotal for the country’s entry into the modern age. From the romantic death of Russia’s greatest poet, Alexander Pushkin, in January to a colossal fire at the Winter Palace in December, Russia experienced much that was astonishing in 1837: the railway and provincial press appeared, Russian opera made its debut, Orthodoxy pushed westward, the first Romanov visited Siberia—and much else besides. The cumulative effect was profound. The country’s integration accelerated, and a Russian nation began to emerge, embodied in new institutions and practices, within the larger empire. The result was a quiet revolution, after which Russia would never be the same.
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Steane, Andrew M. Relativity Made Relatively Easy Volume 2. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895646.001.0001.
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This is a textbook on general relativity and cosmology for a physics undergraduate or an entry-level graduate course. General relativity is the main subject; cosmology is also discussed in considerable detail (enough for a complete introductory course). Part 1 introduces concepts and deals with weak-field applications such as gravitation around ordinary stars, gravimagnetic effects and low-amplitude gravitational waves. The theory is derived in detail and the physical meaning explained. Sources, energy and detection of gravitational radiation are discussed. Part 2 develops the mathematics of differential geometry, along with physical applications, and discusses the exact treatment of curvature and the field equations. The electromagnetic field and fluid flow are treated, as well as geodesics, redshift, and so on. Part 3 then shows how the field equation is solved in standard cases such as Schwarzschild-Droste, Reissner-Nordstrom, Kerr, and internal stellar structure. Orbits and related phenomena are obtained. Black holes are described in detail, including horizons, wormholes, Penrose process and Hawking radiation. Part 4 covers cosmology, first in terms of metric, then dynamics, structure formation and observational methods. The meaning of cosmic expansion is explained at length. Recombination and last scattering are calculated, and the quantitative analysis of the CMB is sketched. Inflation is introduced briefly but quantitatively. Part 5 is a brief introduction to classical field theory, including spinors and the Dirac equation, proceeding as far as the Einstein-Hilbert action. Throughout the book the emphasis is on making the mathematics as clear as possible, and keeping in touch with physical observations.