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M, Hafez M., Osher Stanley i Langley Research Center, red. An entropy correction method for unsteady full potential flows with strong shocks. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1986.
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M, Hafez M., Osher Stanley J i Langley Research Center, red. An entropy correction method for unsteady full potential flows with strong shocks. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1986.
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Center, Langley Research, red. Application of a nonisentropic full potential method to AGARD standard airfoils. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Reserarch Center, 1988.
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Fiscaletti, Davide. Geometry of Quantum Potential: Entropic Information of the Vacuum. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2018.
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Kanduč, M., A. Schlaich, E. Schneck i R. R. Netz. Interactions between biological membranes: theoretical concepts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.003.0012.
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In this chapter we review the various types of generic (non-specific) forces acting between lipid membranes in an aqueous environment and discuss the underlying mechanisms, with particular focus on the competing roles of enthalpic and entropic contributions. The interaction free energy (or interaction potential) is typically the result of a subtle interplay of several, often antagonistic contributions with comparable magnitude. First, we will briefly introduce the underlying physics of various kinds of surface–surface interactions, starting with theories of van der Waals and undulation interactions, covering electrostatics, depletion, and order–parameter fluctuation effects as well. We then turn our attention to a strong and universal repulsive force at small membrane–membrane separations, namely the hydration interaction. It has been under debate and investigation for decades and is not well captured by continuum approximations, thus here we will mainly rely on atomistic simulation techniques.
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Entropy Demystified: Potential Order, Life and Money. Universal Publishers, 2000.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli i Rodolfo Rosa. Entropy and Surrogate Testing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0005.
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Reconstructing real-world system dynamics from time series data on a single variable is challenging because real-world data often exhibit a highly volatile and irregular appearance potentially driven by several diverse factors. NLTS methods help eliminate less likely drivers of dynamic irregularity. We set a benchmark for regular behavior by investigating how linear systems of ODEs are restricted to exponential and periodic dynamics, and illustrating how irregular behavior can arise if regular linear dynamics are corrupted with noise or shift over time (i.e., nonstationarity). We investigate how data can be pre-processed to control for the noise and nonstationarity potentially camouflaging nonlinear deterministic drivers of observed complexity. We can apply signal-detection methods, such as Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), to separate signal from noise in the data, and test the signal for nonstationarity potentially corrected with SSA. SSA measures signal strength which provides a useful initial indicator of whether we should continue searching for endogenous nonlinear drivers of complexity. We begin diagnosing deterministic structure in an isolated signal by attempting to reconstructed a shadow attractor. Finally, we use the classic Lorenz equations to illustrate how a deterministic nonlinear system of ODEs with at least three equations can generate observed irregular dynamics endogenously without aid of exogenous shocks or nonstationary dynamics.
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Minerals, The. Defining Pathways for Realizing the Revolutionary Potential of High Entropy Alloys: A TMS Accelerator Study. TMS, 2021.
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Liaw, Peter K., i Y. Y. Shang. Mechanical Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.mbheaktmse.9781627084185.
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Mechanical Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering provides an overview of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) and their distinguishing characteristics. It describes their composition and structure, strengthening mechanisms, deformation behaviors, and exceptional fatigue resistance. It discusses the role of alloying elements, the factors that influence microstructure evolution, and the properties that have been achieved with different alloy combinations and treatments. It also discusses fabrication processes and potential applications and includes an informative question-and-answer chapter.
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Sengupta, Ramprasad. Entropy Law, Sustainability, and Third Industrial Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190121143.001.0001.
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In mankind’s relentless quest for prosperity, Nature has suffered great damage. It has been treated as an inexhaustible reserve of resources. The indefinite scale of global expansion is still continuing and now the earth’s very survival is under threat. But against this exploitation of nature, there is the concept of entropy, which places a finite limit on the extent to which resources can be used in any closed system, such as our planet. Considering the impact of entropy, this book examines the key issues of sustainability—social, economic, and environmental. It discusses the social dimension of sustainability, showing how it is impacted by issues of economic inequality, poverty, and other socio-economic and infrastructural factors in the Indian context. It also highlights how Indian households suffer from clean energy poverty and points to the inequality in distribution of different fuels and of fuel cost among households. It assesses India’s power sector and its potential to be a significant player in bringing the Third Industrial Revolution to India by replacing fossil fuels with new renewables. It concludes by projecting power sector scenarios till 2041–42 achievable through alternative, realizable policy with respect to energy conservation and fuel substitution, and thus paves the way for the green power.
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Rau, Jochen. Constructing the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595068.003.0003.
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The limited data available about a macroscopic system may come in various forms: sharp constraints, expectation values, or control parameters. While these data impose constraints on the state, they do not specify it uniquely; a further principle—the maximum entropy principle—must be invoked to construct it. This chapter discusses basic notions of information theory and why entropy may be regarded as a measure of ignorance. It shows how the state—called a Gibbs state—is constructed using the maximum entropy principle, and elucidates its generic properties, which are conveniently summarized in a thermodynamic square. The chapter further discusses the second law and how it is linked to the reproducibility of macroscopic processes. It introduces the concepts of equilibrium and temperature, as well as pressure and chemical potential. Finally, this chapter considers statistical fluctuations of the energy and of other observables in case these are given as expectation values.
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Rau, Jochen. Processes and Responses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595068.003.0007.
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Thermodynamic processes involve energy exchanges in the forms of work, heat, or particles. Such exchanges might be reversible or irreversible, and they might be controlled by barriers or reservoirs. A cyclic process takes a system through several states and eventually back to its initial state; it may convert heat into work (engine) or vice versa (heat pump). This chapter defines work and heat mathematically and investigates their respective properties, in particular their impact on entropy. It discusses the roles of barriers and reservoirs and introduces cyclic processes. Basic constraints imposed by the laws of thermodynamics are considered, in particular on the efficiency of a heat engine. The chapter also introduces the thermodynamic potentials: free energy, enthalpy, free enthalpy, and grand potential. These are used to describe energy exchanges and equilibrium in the presence of reservoirs. Finally, this chapter considers thermodynamic coefficients which characterize the response of a system to heating, compression, and other external actions.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Quantum Mechanical Ensemble Averages and Statistical Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 introduces quantum-mechanical ensemble theory by proving the asymptotic equivalence of the quantum-mechanical, microcanonical ensemble average with the quantum grand canonical ensemble average for many-particle systems, based on the method of Darwin and Fowler. The procedures involved identify the grand partition function, entropy and other statistical thermodynamic variables, including the grand potential, Helmholtz free energy, thermodynamic potential, Gibbs free energy, Enthalpy and their relations in accordance with the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Accompanying saddle-point integrations define temperature (inverse thermal energy) and chemical potential (Fermi energy). The concomitant emergence of quantum statistical mechanics and Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac distribution functions are discussed in detail (including Bose condensation). The magnetic moment is derived from the Helmholtz free energy and is expressed in terms of a one-particle retarded Green’s function with an imaginary time argument related to inverse thermal energy. This is employed in a discussion of diamagnetism and the de Haas-van Alphen effect.
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Sherwood, Dennis, i Paul Dalby. Free energy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0013.
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A critical chapter, explaining how the principles of thermodynamics can be applied to real systems. The central concept is the Gibbs free energy, which is explored in depth, with many examples. Specific topics addressed are: Spontaneous changes in closed systems. Definitions and mathematical properties of Gibbs free energy and Helmholtz free energy. Enthalpy- and entropy-driven reactions. Maximum available work. Coupled reactions, and how to make non-spontaneous changes happen, with examples such as tidying a room, life, and global warming. Standard Gibbs free energies. Mixtures, partial molar quantities and the chemical potential.
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Doruff, Sher. She Stuttered. Redaktorzy Benjamin Piekut i George E. Lewis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199892921.013.18.
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This article traces the lived occurrence of a spontaneous, improvisatory event. Using choreographer Jeanine Durning’s performance ofingingas both a touchstone and a springboard, the affects of spontaneity are transversally mapped through a variety of generative operations. This diagrammatic approach reveals a topology of entangled concepts that convolve to abiogrammatichypothesis on thein situfielding of composition. Concepts such as the quasi-cause, counter-actualization, the concresence of prehensions, middling, stuttering, thermodynamic entropy, proprioception, far from equilibrium states, risk-taking, and machinic autopoiesis are folded into a speculative proposition on the forces that potentially excite an affective event through the practice of improvisational composing.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Elementary Principles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0002.
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The many-body theory combines ideas of thermodynamics with ideas of mechanics. In this introductory chapter, the symbiosis of these two different fields of physics is demonstrated on overly simplified models. We explore the principles of finite-range forces to show the twofold nature of virial corrections. Infrequent collisions with a large deflection angle lead to collision integrals and rather frequent encounters with deflections on small angles act as a mean field. The (mean-field) corrections to drift result in the internal pressure and the nonlocal correction to the collisions results in the effect of the molecular volumes. The concept of distribution functions is introduced and the measure of information as entropy. The binary correlation allows one to distinguish tails and cores of the interaction potential. The concept of binary correlation is thus behind the intuitive picture of the kinetic equation.
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Swendsen, Robert H. An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853237.001.0001.
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This is a textbook on statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. It begins with the molecular nature of matter and the fact that we want to describe systems containing many (1020) particles. The first part of the book derives the entropy of the classical ideal gas using only classical statistical mechanics and Boltzmann’s analysis of multiple systems. The properties of this entropy are then expressed as postulates of thermodynamics in the second part of the book. From these postulates, the structure of thermodynamics is developed. Special features are systematic methods for deriving thermodynamic identities using Jacobians, the use of Legendre transforms as a basis for thermodynamic potentials, the introduction of Massieu functions to investigate negative temperatures, and an analysis of the consequences of the Nernst postulate. The third part of the book introduces the canonical and grand canonical ensembles, which are shown to facilitate calculations for many models. An explanation of irreversible phenomena that is consistent with time-reversal invariance in a closed system is presented. The fourth part of the book is devoted to quantum statistical mechanics, including black-body radiation, the harmonic solid, Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac statistics, and an introduction to band theory, including metals, insulators, and semiconductors. The final chapter gives a brief introduction to the theory of phase transitions. Throughout the book, there is a strong emphasis on computational methods to make abstract concepts more concrete.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Classical Kinetic Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0003.
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The classical non-ideal gas shows that the two original concepts of the pressure based of the motion and the forces have eventually developed into drift and dissipation contributions. Collisions of realistic particles are nonlocal and non-instant. A collision delay characterizes the effective duration of collisions, and three displacements, describe its effective non-locality. Consequently, the scattering integral of kinetic equation is nonlocal and non-instant. The non-instant and nonlocal corrections to the scattering integral directly result in the virial corrections to the equation of state. The interaction of particles via long-range potential tails is approximated by a mean field which acts as an external field. The effect of the mean field on free particles is covered by the momentum drift. The effect of the mean field on the colliding pairs causes the momentum and the energy gains which enter the scattering integral and lead to an internal mechanism of energy conversion. The entropy production is shown and the nonequilibrium hydrodynamic equations are derived. Two concepts of quasiparticle, the spectral and the variational one, are explored with the help of the virial of forces.
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Magee, Patrick, i Mark Tooley. Intraoperative monitoring. Redaktor Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0043.
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Chapter 25 introduced some basic generic principles applicable to many measurement and monitoring techniques. Chapter 43 introduces those principles not covered in Chapter 25 and discusses in detail the clinical applications and limitations of the many monitoring techniques available to the modern clinical anaesthetist. It starts with non-invasive blood pressure measurement, including clinical and automated techniques. This is followed by techniques of direct blood pressure measurement, noting that transducers and calibration have been discussed in Chapter 25. This is followed by electrocardiography. There then follows a section on the different methods of measuring cardiac output, including the pulmonary artery catheter, the application of ultrasound in echocardiography, pulse contour analysis (LiDCO™ and PiCCO™), and transthoracic electrical impedance. Pulse oximetry is then discussed in some detail. Depth of anaesthesia monitoring is then described, starting with the electroencephalogram and its application in BIS™ monitors, the use of evoked potentials, and entropy. There then follow sections on gas pressure measurement in cylinders and in breathing systems, followed by gas volume and flow measurement, including the rotameter, spirometry, and the pneumotachograph, and the measurement of lung dead space and functional residual capacity using body plethysmography and dilution techniques. The final section is on respiratory gas analysis, starting with light refractometry as the standard against which other techniques are compared, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy (the principles of these techniques having been introduced in Chapter 25), piezoelectric and paramagnetic analysers, polarography and fuel cells, and blood gas analysis.
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A Willful Volunteer: Examining Conscience in an Unconscious World. Writers Club Press, 2002.
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