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Mussen, Timothy D., Oliver Patton, Dennis Cocherell, Ali Ercan, Hossein Bandeh, M. Levent Kavvas, Joseph J. Cech i Nann A. Fangue. "Can behavioral fish-guidance devices protect juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from entrainment into unscreened water-diversion pipes?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, nr 8 (sierpień 2014): 1209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0601.
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Entrainment through water-diversion structures is a major passage challenge for fishes in watersheds worldwide. Behavioral guidance devices may be effective in passing fish by diversion inlets, thereby decreasing entrainment without reducing water-diversion rates, but data on their effectiveness is limited. In California’s central valley, out-migrating Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are a species at risk for entrainment through unscreened, small-scale water-diversion pipes. Therefore, we tested entrainment susceptibility and behavior of juvenile Chinook salmon in a large-river-simulation flume at a “river” velocity of 0.15 m·s–1 with a 0.46 m diameter pipe diverting water at 0.57 m3·s–1, during the day and night. Compared with control conditions (no fish deterrent devices present), mean fish entrainment increased by 61% (day) and 43% (night) when underwater strobe lights were active, decreased by 30% when using a metal vibrating (12 Hz) ring during the night, and was unaffected by velocity cap attachments. Fish entrainments started at water velocities of 0.8 m·s–1 and decreased by 54% from spring to summer, possibly resulting from decreased pipe-passage frequency and smaller fish-school sizes. Our findings suggest that substantial entrainment can occur if fish repeatedly pass within 1.5 m of active unscreened diversions, with an estimated 50% of fish lost after encountering 18 pipes in spring and 50 pipes in summer.
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MATSUO, HIROSHI. "Entrainment." Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 5, nr 1 (1985): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5105/jse.5.3.
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AlObaidi, Khaldoon, i Manousos Valyrakis. "Coherent Flow Structures Linked to the Impulse Criterion for Incipient Motion of Coarse Sediment". Applied Sciences 13, nr 19 (25.09.2023): 10656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910656.
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Incipient motion has been a topic of investigation by researchers, engineers and scientists for more than a century. The main approach for studying sediment entrainment has been the static approach that uses temporal and spatial averaged flow parameters like bed shear stress and stream power to link them indirectly to sediment entrainment. Recent research outputs have shed light on the important role of turbulent fluctuations in the sediment transport process. It is suggested that the approach of using temporal and spatial averaged parameters fails to account for the dynamic and probabilistic nature of the entrainment process, as inherited by flow turbulence. This has led to the introduction of the only dynamic criteria in the literature for studying sediment entrainment, namely the impulse and energy criteria. These criteria take into account both the magnitude and duration of the turbulent flow event used for assessing the conditions that can result in sediment entrainment. In light of this, this work aims to assess whether there is a trend in terms of the type of flow structures that occur in sequence before and after the occurrences of the flow impulses that have resulted in the coarse particle’s entrainment. To achieve this, we conducted a well-controlled laboratory experiment to investigate the incipient motion of a 7 cm diameter instrumented particle. Five runs of the experiment were performed at flowrates close to the threshold of motion. The instrumented particle was equipped with micro-electro-mechanical sensors (MEMS) to accurately measure its inertial dynamics and detect motion. The sensors recorded entrainment events, and these events were stochastically linked to the impulses occurring for the tested flow conditions. Quadrant analysis was used to investigate the type of flow structures that occurred before, during and after the occurrence of quadrant events with an impulse above the critical impulse. The findings herein associate coarse particle entrainments with energetic impulses linked primarily to sweep events (Q4) and secondarily, sequence of sweeps (Q4) and ejections (Q1).
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Campbell, J. "Entrainment defects". Materials Science and Technology 22, nr 2 (luty 2006): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328406x74248.
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Diekman, Casey O., i Amitabha Bose. "Entrainment Maps". Journal of Biological Rhythms 31, nr 6 (17.10.2016): 598–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730416662965.
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Circadian oscillators found across a variety of species are subject to periodic external light-dark forcing. Entrainment to light-dark cycles enables the circadian system to align biological functions with appropriate times of day or night. Phase response curves (PRCs) have been used for decades to gain valuable insights into entrainment; however, PRCs may not accurately describe entrainment to photoperiods with substantial amounts of both light and dark due to their reliance on a single limit cycle attractor. We have developed a new tool, called an entrainment map, that overcomes this limitation of PRCs and can assess whether, and at what phase, a circadian oscillator entrains to external forcing with any photoperiod. This is a 1-dimensional map that we construct for 3 different mathematical models of circadian clocks. Using the map, we are able to determine conditions for existence and stability of phase-locked solutions. In addition, we consider the dependence on various parameters such as the photoperiod and intensity of the external light as well as the mismatch in intrinsic oscillator frequency with the light-dark cycle. We show that the entrainment map yields more accurate predictions for phase locking than methods based on the PRC. The map is also ideally suited to calculate the amount of time required to achieve entrainment as a function of initial conditions and the bifurcations of stable and unstable periodic solutions that lead to loss of entrainment.
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Ray, L. B. "Variable Entrainment". Science Signaling 4, nr 189 (6.09.2011): ec248-ec248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.4189ec248.
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Dempsey, C. H. "Ichthyoplankton entrainment". Journal of Fish Biology 33, sa (grudzień 1988): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05563.x.
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Kumar, Saurabh, Usha B. Tedrow i William G. Stevenson. "Entrainment Mapping". Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 9, nr 1 (marzec 2017): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2016.10.004.
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Escobar, C., M. Angeles Castellanos, A. S. Blancas i R. M. Buijs. "Differential mechanisms underlying food-entrainment versus chocolate-entrainment". Appetite 54, nr 3 (czerwiec 2010): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.04.065.
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Conzemius, Robert J., i Evgeni Fedorovich. "Dynamics of Sheared Convective Boundary Layer Entrainment. Part II: Evaluation of Bulk Model Predictions of Entrainment Flux". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, nr 4 (1.04.2006): 1179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3696.1.
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Abstract Several bulk model–based entrainment parameterizations for the atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) with wind shear are reviewed and tested against large-eddy simulation (LES) data to evaluate their ability to model one of the basic integral parameters of convective entrainment—the entrainment flux ratio. Test results indicate that many of these parameterizations fail to correctly reproduce entrainment flux in the presence of strong shear because they underestimate the dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) produced by shear in the entrainment zone. It is also found that surface shear generation of TKE may be neglected in the entrainment parameterization because it is largely balanced by dissipation. However, the surface friction has an indirect effect on the entrainment through the modification of momentum distribution in the mixed layer and regulation of shear across the entrainment zone. Because of this effect, parameterizations that take into account the surface friction velocity but exclude entrainment zone shear may sufficiently describe entrainment when wind shear in the free atmosphere above the CBL is small. In this case, the surface shear acts as a proxy for the entrainment zone shear. Such parameterizations can be most useful if applied in situations where atmospheric data are insufficient for calculating entrainment zone shear. The importance of modeling a Richardson-number-limited, finite-depth entrainment zone is evidenced by the relatively accurate entrainment flux predictions by models that explicitly account for effects of entrainment zone shear, but predictions by these models are often adversely affected by the underestimation of TKE dissipation in the entrainment zone.
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Rahimi, Zahra, i Diane Litman. "Entrainment2Vec: Embedding Entrainment for Multi-Party Dialogues". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, nr 05 (3.04.2020): 8681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6393.
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Entrainment is the propensity of speakers to begin behaving like one another in conversation. While most entrainment studies have focused on dyadic interactions, researchers have also started to investigate multi-party conversations. In these studies, multi-party entrainment has typically been estimated by averaging the pairs' entrainment values or by averaging individuals' entrainment to the group. While such multi-party measures utilize the strength of dyadic entrainment, they have not yet exploited different aspects of the dynamics of entrainment relations in multi-party groups. In this paper, utilizing an existing pairwise asymmetric entrainment measure, we propose a novel graph-based vector representation of multi-party entrainment that incorporates both strength and dynamics of pairwise entrainment relations. The proposed kernel approach and weakly-supervised representation learning method show promising results at the downstream task of predicting team outcomes. Also, examining the embedding, we found interesting information about the dynamics of the entrainment relations. For example, teams with more influential members have more process conflict.
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Han, Huawei, i Kamiel Gabriel. "A Numerical Study of Entrainment Mechanism in Axisymmetric Annular Gas-Liquid Flow". Journal of Fluids Engineering 129, nr 3 (9.08.2006): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2427078.
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The main purpose of this study is to investigate liquid entrainment mechanisms of annular flow by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. In the modeling, a transient renormalization group (RNG) k-ε model in conjunction with an enhanced wall treatment method was employed. In order to reconstruct the two-phase interface, the volume of fluid (VOF) geometric reconstruction scheme was adopted. Simulation results indicated that disturbance waves were generated first on the two-phase interface and that their evolution eventually resulted in the liquid entrainment phenomena. The most significant accomplishment of this work is that details of the entrainment mechanism are well described by the numerical simulation work. In addition, two new entrainment phenomena were presented. One entrainment phenomenon demonstrated that the evolution of individual waves caused the onset of liquid entrainment; the other one showed that the “coalescence” of two adjacent waves (during the course of their evolution) played an important role in the progression of liquid entrainment. Further analysis indicated that the two entrainment phenomena are inherently the same entrainment mechanism. The newly developed entrainment mechanism is based on conservation laws.
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de Lozar, Alberto, i Juan Pedro Mellado. "Reduction of the Entrainment Velocity by Cloud Droplet Sedimentation in Stratocumulus". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, nr 3 (1.03.2017): 751–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0196.1.
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Abstract The effect of sedimentation on stratocumulus entrainment is investigated using direct numerical simulations of a cloud-top mixing layer driven by radiative and evaporative cooling. The simulations focus on the meter and submeter scales that are expected to be relevant for entrainment, and the finest grid spacing is Δx = 26 cm. The entrainment velocity is investigated from the analysis of the integrated-buoyancy evolution equation, which is exactly derived from the flow evolution equations. The analysis shows that sedimentation interacts with entrainment through two different mechanisms. As previously reported, sedimentation prevents droplets from evaporating in the entrainment zone, which in turn reduces the entrainment velocity. Here it is shown that sedimentation also promotes a positive buoyancy flux that directly opposes entrainment. The strengths of both mechanisms are characterized by two different settling numbers, which allow for predicting which meteorological conditions favor the reduction of entrainment by sedimentation. These new insights allow for including sedimentation in a parameterization of the entrainment velocity. The reduction of the entrainment velocity by sedimentation predicted by the parameterization and observed in the simulations is 3 times larger than previously reported in large-eddy simulations, which implies that meter- and submeter-scale turbulence plays an important role in the interaction of entrainment with sedimentation. On the whole, analysis and simulations indicate that stratocumulus entrainment is more sensitive to the cloud droplet number density due to sedimentation than previously thought.
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Xia, Zhihua. "A Study of Prosodic Entrainment and Social Factors in Mandarin Conversations". World Journal of Social Science Research 11, nr 1 (29.12.2023): p42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v11n1p42.
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In conversations, interlocutors usually adopt prosody to that of their partner, and they become similar in prosodic production for successful communication. This phenomenon of prosodic entrainment is related to complex factors. This study aims to explore the relationship between prosodic entrainment and social factors. Two analyses are accomplished: the analysis of prosodic entrainment and gender, and the analysis of prosodic entrainment and role. In terms of prosodic entrainment and gender, it is found that the most prosodic features are entrained in female-male conversations, and the least in male-male conversations. In terms of prosodic entrainment and roles, it is found that different roles have influence on the entrainment degree, and information givers entrain more to followers in conversation.
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Cross, Liam, Martine Turgeon i Gray Atherton. "How Moving Together Binds Us Together: The Social Consequences of Interpersonal Entrainment and Group Processes". Open Psychology 1, nr 1 (1.01.2019): 273–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0018.
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AbstractInterpersonal entrainment has been shown to have a wide variety of social consequences which span far beyond those that could be considered purely pro-social. This work reviews all of the social effects of entrainment and the various explanations for them. The group formation framework emerges as a parsimonious account claiming that as we entrain our sense of self is temporarily diluted as an interdependent identity becomes more salient, thus leading to a range of social and psychological consequences which are pro-group. The sense of belonging arising from moving together is conducive towards pro-social behaviours; yet, it also makes the individual more susceptible to adopting the ideology of the group without critical thinking. We argue that the wide landscape of interpersonal entrainment’s effects reflects its primary effect, de-individuation, and the formation of a common group identity amongst co-actors.
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Putra, Ryan Anugrah, i Dirk Lucas. "Modeling of the Free-Surface Vortex-Driven Bubble Entrainment into Water". Water 12, nr 3 (5.03.2020): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030709.
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The recently developed GENTOP (Generalized Two Phase Flow) concept, which is based on the multifield Euler‒Euler approach, was applied to model a free-surface vortex—a flow situation that is relevant for hydraulic intake. A new bubble entrainment model has been developed and implemented in the concept. In general, satisfactory agreement with the experimental data can be achieved. However, the gas entrainment can be significantly affected by several parameters or models used in the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. The scale of curvature correction C s c a l e in the turbulence model, the coefficient in the entrainment model C e n t , and the assigned bubble size to be entrained have a significant influence on the gas entrainment rate. The gas entrainment increases with higher C s c a l e values, which can be attributed to the stronger rotation captured by the simulation. A smaller bubble size gives higher gas entrainment, while a larger bubble size leads to a smaller entrainment. The results also show that the gas entrainment can be controlled by adjusting the entrainment coefficient C e n t . Based on the modeling framework presented in this paper, further improvement of the physical modeling of the entrainment process should be done.
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Kim, Jin Hyun, Andres Reifgerst i Marta Rizzonelli. "Musical Social Entrainment". Music & Science 2 (1.01.2019): 205920431984899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204319848991.
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Over the last decade, the concept of entrainment—emerging from the fields of physics and biology—has grown as a tool for investigating rhythmic adjustments among musicians, and between different groups of musicians. When combined with methods of audio data analysis, this approach has benefits for the assessment of musical behavior, previously limited to largely descriptive ethnomusicological research based on ethnographic data collected through field study. However, musical behavior is not only biophysically determined, but also a highly social activity. Therefore, this article focuses on “social entrainment”—a concept coined by the social scientists Joseph E. McGrath and Janice R. Kelly in 1986 which recently has been taken up in music research. Relating this concept to certain approaches in relevant current empirical studies on interpersonal coordination, the authors develop their own categories of social behavior, which are broader than those of social entrainment but can accordingly be applied to the social entrainment that may occur in musical practices. These categories range from basic behaviors that do not involve social cognition but are meaningful to interacting individuals and groups, to high-order social behaviors that require collective intentionality and can lead to sophisticated interaction involving music-specific phenomena such as a “groove.” Consequently, a concept of entrainment which goes beyond both an adaptation of the established concept of physical and biological entrainment and McGrath and Kelly’s original concept of social entrainment is proposed: “musical social entrainment.” The authors use this term to refer to intra-individual, inter-individual, intra-group, and inter-group entrainment to exogenous musical rhythms—including the rhythms of other musically acting individuals and groups—embedded in a social context and contributing to sociality. Finally, reviewing selected studies relevant to musical social entrainment, the authors discuss problems and open questions concerning music-related entrainment research, and potential contributions in the future of entrainment studies in general.
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Mandharam, Vadivelu R., i Yash Y. Lokhandwala. "Last Entrainment Sequence". JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 8, nr 10 (październik 2022): 1301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2022.08.020.
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Letiche, Hugo, i Rouven E. Hagemeijer. "Linkages and entrainment". Journal of Organizational Change Management 17, nr 4 (sierpień 2004): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810410545128.
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Roenneberg, Till, Roelof Hut, Serge Daan i Martha Merrow. "Entrainment Concepts Revisited". Journal of Biological Rhythms 25, nr 5 (28.09.2010): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730410379082.
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Dell’Anna, Alessandro, Carlotta Fossataro, Dalila Burin, Valentina Bruno, Adriana Salatino, Francesca Garbarini, Lorenzo Pia, Raffaella Ricci, Marc Leman i Annamaria Berti. "Entrainment beyond embodiment". Neuropsychologia 119 (październik 2018): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.017.
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Akhmet, M. U., i M. O. Fen. "Entrainment by Chaos". Journal of Nonlinear Science 24, nr 3 (26.02.2014): 411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00332-014-9194-9.
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Otero, Monica, Caroline Lea-Carnall, Felipe Torres, Alejandro Weinstein, Joana Cabral i Wael El-Deredy. "MODELLING NEURAL ENTRAINMENT". IBRO Neuroscience Reports 15 (październik 2023): S793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.08.1636.
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TAMAI, Nobuyuki. "UNIFICATION OF ENTRAINMENT CONCEPT AND FORMULAE OF THE ENTRAINMENT COEFFICIENT". Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, nr 381 (1987): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1987.381_1.
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Hannah, Walter M. "Entrainment versus Dilution in Tropical Deep Convection". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, nr 11 (1.11.2017): 3725–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0169.1.
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Abstract The distinction between entrainment and dilution is investigated with cloud-resolving simulations of deep convection in a tropical environment. A method for estimating the rate of dilution by entrainment and detrainment is presented and calculated for a series of bubble simulations with a range of initial radii. Entrainment generally corresponds to dilution of convection, but the two quantities are not well correlated. Core dilution by entrainment is significantly reduced by the presence of a shell of moist air around the core. Dilution by entrainment also increases with increasing updraft velocity but only for sufficiently strong updrafts. Entrainment contributes significantly to the total net dilution, but detrainment and the various source/sink terms play large roles depending on the variable in question. Detrainment has a concentrating effect on average that balances out the dilution by entrainment. The experiments are also used to examine whether entrainment or dilution scale with cloud radius. The results support a weak negative relationship for dilution but not for entrainment. The sensitivity to resolution is briefly discussed. A toy Lagrangian thermal model is used to demonstrate the importance of the cloud shell as a thermodynamic buffer to reduce the dilution of the core by entrainment. The results suggest that explicit cloud heterogeneity may be a useful consideration for future convective parameterization development.
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Wagner, Timothy J., David D. Turner, Larry K. Berg i Steven K. Krueger. "Ground-Based Remote Retrievals of Cumulus Entrainment Rates". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, nr 7 (1.07.2013): 1460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00187.1.
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Abstract While fractional entrainment rates for cumulus clouds have typically been derived from airborne observations, this limits the size and scope of available datasets. To increase the number of continental cumulus entrainment rate observations available for study, an algorithm for retrieving them from ground-based remote sensing observations has been developed. This algorithm, called the Entrainment Rate In Cumulus Algorithm (ERICA), uses the suite of instruments at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site of the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Climate Research Facility as inputs into a Gauss–Newton optimal estimation scheme, in which an assumed guess of the entrainment rate is iteratively adjusted through intercomparison of modeled cloud attributes to their observed counterparts. The forward model in this algorithm is the explicit mixing parcel model (EMPM), a cloud parcel model that treats entrainment as a series of discrete entrainment events. A quantified value for the uncertainty in the retrieved entrainment rate is also returned as part of the retrieval. Sensitivity testing and information content analysis demonstrate the robust nature of this method for retrieving accurate observations of the entrainment rate without the drawbacks of airborne sampling. Results from a test of ERICA on 3 months of shallow cumulus cloud events show significant variability of the entrainment rate of clouds in a single day and from one day to the next. The mean value of 1.06 km−1 for the entrainment rate in this dataset corresponds well with prior observations and simulations of the entrainment rate in cumulus clouds.
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Borrie, Stephanie A., Tyson S. Barrett, Julie M. Liss i Visar Berisha. "Sync Pending: Characterizing Conversational Entrainment in Dysarthria Using a Multidimensional, Clinically Informed Approach". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, nr 1 (22.01.2020): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00194.
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Purpose Despite the import of conversational entrainment to successful spoken dialogue, the systematic characterization of this behavioral syncing phenomenon represents a critical gap in the field of speech pathology. The goal of this study was to acoustically characterize conversational entrainment in the context of dysarthria using a multidimensional approach previously validated in healthy populations (healthy conversations; Borrie, Barrett, Willi, & Berisha, 2019 ). Method A large corpus of goal-oriented conversations between participants with dysarthria and healthy participants (disordered conversations) was elicited using a “spot the difference” task. Expert clinical assessment of entrainment and a measure of conversational success (communicative efficiency) was obtained for each of the audio-recorded conversations. Conversational entrainment of acoustic features representing rhythmic, articulatory, and phonatory dimensions of speech was identified using cross-recurrence quantification analysis with clinically informed model parameters and validated with a sham condition involving conversational participants who did not converse with one another. The relationship between conversational entrainment and communicative efficiency was examined. Results Acoustic evidence of entrainment was observed in phonatory, but not rhythmic and articulatory, behavior, a finding that differs from healthy conversations in which entrainment was observed in all speech signal dimensions. This result, that disordered conversations showed less acoustic entrainment than healthy conversations, is corroborated by clinical assessment of entrainment in which the disordered conversations were rated, overall, as being less in sync than healthy conversations. Furthermore, acoustic entrainment was predictive of communicative efficiency, corroborated by a relationship between clinical assessment and the same outcome measure. Conclusions The findings confirm our hypothesis that the pathological speech production parameters of dysarthria disrupt the seemingly ubiquitous phenomenon of conversational entrainment, thus advancing entrainment deficits as an important variable in dysarthria, one that may have causative effects on the success of everyday communication. Results further reveal that while this approach provides a broad overview, methodologies for characterizing conversational entrainment in dysarthria must continue to be developed and refined, with a focus on clinical utility. Supplemental Material https://osf.io/ktg5q
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Simon, Peggy M., Alfred M. Habel, J. Andrew Daubenspeck i J. C. Leiter. "Vagal feedback in the entrainment of respiration to mechanical ventilation in sleeping humans". Journal of Applied Physiology 89, nr 2 (1.08.2000): 760–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.760.
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We studied the capacity of four “normal” and six lung transplant subjects to entrain neural respiratory activity to mechanical ventilation. Two transplant subjects were studied during wakefulness and demonstrated entrainment indistinguishable from that of normal awake subjects. We studied four normal subjects and four lung transplant subjects during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Normal subjects entrained to mechanical ventilation over a range of ventilator frequencies that were within ±3–5 breaths of the spontaneous respiratory rate of each subject. After lung transplantation, during which the vagi were cut, subjects did demonstrate entrainment during NREM sleep; however, entrainment only occurred at ventilator frequencies at or above each subject's spontaneous respiratory rate, and entrainment was less effective. We conclude that there is no absolute requirement for vagal feedback to induce entrainment in subjects, which is in striking contrast to anesthetized animals in which vagotomy uniformly abolishes entrainment. On the other hand, vagal feedback clearly enhances the fidelity of entrainment and extends the range of mechanical frequencies over which entrainment can occur.
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Hasager, C. B., J. Carstensen, T. Ellermann, B. G. Gustafson, O. Hertel, M. Johnsson, S. Markager i C. Skjødth. "On extreme atmospheric and marine nitrogen fluxes and chlorophyll-a levels in the Kattegat Strait". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, nr 2 (27.03.2003): 1651–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-1651-2003.
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Abstract. A retrospective analysis is carried out to investigate the importance of the vertical fluxes of nitrogen to the marine sea surface layer in which high chlorophyll a levels may cause blooms of harmful algae and subsequent turn over and oxygen depletion at the bottom of the sea. Typically nitrogen is the limiting factor for phytoplankton in the Kattegat Strait during summer periods (May to August) and the major nitrogen inputs come from the atmosphere and deep-water entrainment. The extreme reoccurence values of nitrogen from atmospheric wet and dry deposition and deep-water flux entrainments are calculated by the periodic maximum method and the results are successfully compared to a map of chlorophyll return periods based on in-situ observations. The one-year return of extreme atmospheric wet deposition is around 70 mg N m−2 day−1 and 30 mg N m−2 day−1 for deep-water entrainment. Atmospheric nitrogen dry deposition is insignificant in the context of algal blooms. At longer time-scales e.g. at 10-year return, the nitrogen deep-water entrainment is larger than the extreme of atmospheric wet deposition. This indicates that the pool of nitrogen released from the sea bottom by deep-water entrainment forced by high winds greatly exceeds the atmospheric pool of nitrogen washed out by precipitation. At the frontal zone of the Kattegat Strait and Skagerrak, the nitrogen deep-water entrainment is very high and this explains the high 10-year return chlorophyll level at 8 mg m−3 in Kattegat. In the southern part, the extreme chlorophyll level is only 4 mg m−3 according to the statistics of a multi-year time-series of water samples. The chlorophyll level varies greatly in time and space as documented by a series of SeaWiFS satellite maps (OC4v4 algorithm) of chlorophyll, ScanFish and buoy observations from an experimental period in Kattegat and it is recommended to sample in-situ chlorophyll observation collocated in time to the satellite overpasses of e.g. SeaWiFS and ENVISAT MERIS to ensure improved mapping of the chlorophyll levels in the Danish waters.
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Hasager, C. B., J. Carstensen, T. Ellermann, B. G. Gustafson, O. Hertel, M. Johnsson, S. Markager i C. Ambelas Skjøth. "On extreme atmospheric and marine nitrogen fluxes and chlorophyll-a levels in the Kattegat Strait". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, nr 3 (19.06.2003): 797–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-797-2003.
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Abstract. A retrospective analysis is carried out to investigate the importance of the vertical fluxes of nitrogen to the marine sea surface layer in which high chlorophyll a levels may cause blooms of harmful algae and subsequent turn over and oxygen depletion at the bottom of the sea. Typically nitrogen is the limiting factor for phytoplankton in the Kattegat Strait during summer periods (May to August) and the major nitrogen inputs come from the atmosphere and deep-water entrainment. The extreme reoccurrence values of nitrogen from atmospheric wet and dry deposition and deep-water flux entrainments are calculated by the periodic maximum method and the results are successfully compared to a map of chlorophyll return periods based on in-situ observations. The one-year return of extreme atmospheric wet deposition is around 60 mg N m-2 day-1 and 30 mg N m-2 day-1 for deep-water entrainment. Atmospheric nitrogen dry deposition is insignificant in the context of algal blooms. At longer time-scales e.g. at 10-year return, the nitrogen deep-water entrainment is larger than the extreme of atmospheric wet deposition. This indicates that the pool of nitrogen released from the sea bottom by deep-water entrainment forced by high winds greatly exceeds the atmospheric pool of nitrogen washed out by precipitation. At the frontal zone of the Kattegat Strait and Skagerrak, the nitrogen deep-water entrainment is very high and this explains the high 10-year return chlorophyll level at 8 mg m-3 in the Kattegat Strait. In the southern part, the extreme chlorophyll level is only 4 mg m-3 according to the statistics of a multi-year time-series of water samples. The chlorophyll level varies greatly in time and space as documented by a series of SeaWiFS satellite maps (OC4v4 algorithm) of chlorophyll ScanFish and buoy observations from an experimental period in the Kattegat Strait. It is recommended to sample in-situ chlorophyll observation collocated in time to the satellite overpasses of e.g. SeaWiFS and ENVISAT MERIS to ensure improved mapping of the chlorophyll levels in the Danish waters.
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Bastic, Julijana. "Applying the concept of musical social entrainment in researching tambura practice in Serbia". Muzikologija, nr 32 (2022): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz2232245b.
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Entrainment in music refers to the interaction and synchronization of two or more rhythmic processes. The first part of this paper presents entrainment the?ory in ethnomusicology as a methodology for interdisciplinary research into musical, social, and cultural phenomena. The second part of the paper concerns the application of the concept of musical social entrainment in the example of tambura practice. Because tambura players display mutual entrainment through various behaviors during playing and social interaction, applying entrainment theory entails an analytical segmentation of the social and musical spheres in a specific musical performance.
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Incropera, F. P., C. E. Lents i R. Viskanta. "Gradient Layer Entrainment in a Thermohaline System With Mixed Layer Circulation". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108, nr 4 (1.11.1986): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268105.
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Entrainment of salt-stratified fluid into a bottom mixed layer is investigated under conditions for which mixing is driven by bottom heating and/or an imposed horizontal flow. Entrainment rate measurements and mixed layer flow visualization suggest that entrainment is strongly influenced by a shear mechanism involving both horizontal and vertical fluid velocity components. Under certain conditions, imposition of the horizontal flow inhibits the buoyancy flow and entrainment rates for combined mixing are less than those for pure buoyant mixing. Attempts to correlate entrainment rates in terms of conventional dimensionless parameters were unsuccessful.
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Khan, Emel, Soheil Saghafi, Casey O. Diekman i Horacio G. Rotstein. "The emergence of polyglot entrainment responses to periodic inputs in vicinities of Hopf bifurcations in slow-fast systems". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 32, nr 6 (czerwiec 2022): 063137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079198.
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Several distinct entrainment patterns can occur in the FitzHugh–Nagumo (FHN) model under external periodic forcing. Investigating the FHN model under different types of periodic forcing reveals the existence of multiple disconnected 1:1 entrainment segments for constant, low enough values of the input amplitude when the unforced system is in the vicinity of a Hopf bifurcation. This entrainment structure is termed polyglot to distinguish it from the single 1:1 entrainment region ( monoglot) structure typically observed in Arnold tongue diagrams. The emergence of polyglot entrainment is then explained using phase-plane analysis and other dynamical system tools. Entrainment results are investigated for other slow-fast systems of neuronal, circadian, and glycolytic oscillations. Exploring these models, we found that polyglot entrainment structure (multiple 1:1 regions) is observed when the unforced system is in the vicinity of a Hopf bifurcation and the Hopf point is located near a knee of a cubic-like nullcline.
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Borrie, Stephanie A., Tyson S. Barrett, Megan M. Willi i Visar Berisha. "Syncing Up for a Good Conversation: A Clinically Meaningful Methodology for Capturing Conversational Entrainment in the Speech Domain". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, nr 2 (26.02.2019): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-18-0210.
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Purpose Conversational entrainment, the phenomenon whereby communication partners synchronize their behavior, is considered essential for productive and fulfilling conversation. Lack of entrainment could, therefore, negatively impact conversational success. Although studied in many disciplines, entrainment has received limited attention in the field of speech-language pathology, where its implications may have direct clinical relevance. Method A novel computational methodology, informed by expert clinical assessment of conversation, was developed to investigate conversational entrainment across multiple speech dimensions in a corpus of experimentally elicited conversations involving healthy participants. The predictive relationship between the methodology output and an objective measure of conversational success, communicative efficiency, was then examined. Results Using a real versus sham validation procedure, we find evidence of sustained entrainment in rhythmic, articulatory, and phonatory dimensions of speech. We further validate the methodology, showing that models built on speech signal entrainment measures consistently outperform models built on nonentrained speech signal measures in predicting communicative efficiency of the conversations. Conclusions A multidimensional, clinically meaningful methodology for capturing conversational entrainment, validated in healthy populations, has implications for disciplines such as speech-language pathology where conversational entrainment represents a critical knowledge gap in the field, as well as a potential target for remediation.
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Baniamerian, Z., i C. Aghanajafi. "Simulation of Entrainment Mass Transfer in Annular Two-Phase Flow Using the Physical Concept". Journal of Mechanics 26, nr 3 (wrzesień 2010): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100003944.
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AbstractMost of two-phase heat transfer analysis involve estimation of dry-out phenomenon in order to find whether it takes place and if so, at what location in the tube it will happen. Dry-out phenomenon considerably reduces heat transfer rate and it should be avoided as far as possible. Entrainment highly affects dry-out occurrence chance and location. Therefore a great attention should be paid on simulation of entrainment in order to have a good estimation of heat transfer and to safely design thermal systems.Although there are many models available for simulation of entrainment phenomenon, few are instrumentally employed in heat and fluid flow analyses, since most of those are empirical and limitedly can be applied due to the restricted conditions of experiments. There also are few theoretical approaches in the literature for simulating entrainment phenomenon by applying the physical potential of entrainment but some of those have a considerable deviation from the available empirical models. In the present study a conceptual approach is employed to simulate entrainment. In this regard the most important potential of this phenomenon, known as interfacial waves, are studied and modeled to find how they will lead to entrainment and how much the amount of entrainment is in vertical annular two-phase flows. An entrainment correlation is proposed at the end and will be compared with the available empirical ones for the verification objectives.
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Magrini, K. L. L., C. Sarica, A. Al-Sarkhi i H. Q. Q. Zhang. "Liquid Entrainment in Annular Gas/Liquid Flow in Inclined Pipes". SPE Journal 17, nr 02 (1.06.2012): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/134765-pa.
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Summary Entrainment fraction is one of the key parameters in many applications, including wellbore and flowline design, separator design, wellbore loading, and corrosion inhibition. This study provides the first comprehensive entrainment data and their critical analysis for a full range of inclination angles ranging from horizontal to vertical in 76.2-mm-internal-diameter (ID) pipes. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of pipe inclination on entrainment fraction in air/water annular flow with inclination angles of 0, 10, 20, 45, 60, 75, and 90° from horizontal. Two techniques were used to measure the entrainment fraction: film removal and isokinetic sampling. The experimental results were compared with existing models and correlations, and the best predicting methods were determined for all flow orientations. An inclination effect on entrainment fraction was observed. This effect occurred at low superficial gas velocities and was more prominent for higher superficial liquid velocities. Using the present study data, the Paleev and Filipovich (1966) correlation was found to be the most accurate in predicting entrainment fraction. On the basis of all available data, the Pan and Hanratty (2002b) correlation performed the best in predicting entrainment fraction in all pipe orientations. For vertical annular flow, the Oliemans et al. (1986) correlation predicted entrainment fraction more accurately. The Pan and Hanratty (2002b) correlation was the most accurate in predicting entrainment fraction for horizontal annular flow. The Wallis (1969) correlation and the mechanistic model developed by Mantilla (2008) most accurately predicted the entrainment fraction for inclined annular flow.
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Albrecht, Bruce, Ming Fang i Virendra Ghate. "Exploring Stratocumulus Cloud-Top Entrainment Processes and Parameterizations by Using Doppler Cloud Radar Observations". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, nr 2 (1.02.2016): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0147.1.
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Abstract Observations made at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program’s Southern Great Plains (SGP) site during uniform nonprecipitating stratocumulus cloud conditions for a 14-h period are used to examine cloud-top entrainment processes and parameterizations. The observations from a vertically pointing Doppler cloud radar provide estimates of vertical velocity variance and energy dissipation rate (EDR) terms in the parameterized turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget of the entrainment zone. Hourly averages of the vertical velocity variance term in the TKE entrainment formulation correlated strongly (r = 0.72) with the dissipation rate term in the entrainment zone, with an increased correlation (r = 0.92) when accounting for the nighttime decoupling of the boundary layer. Independent estimates of entrainment rates were obtained from an inversion-height budget using the local time derivative and horizontal advection of cloud-top height together with large-scale vertical velocity at the boundary layer inversion from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis model. The mean entrainment rate from the inversion-height budget during the 14-h period was 0.74 ± 0.15 cm s−1 and was used to calculate bulk coefficients for entrainment parameterizations based on convective velocity scale w* and TKE budgets of the entrainment zone. The hourly values of entrainment rates calculated using these coefficients exhibited good agreement with those calculated from the inversion-height budget associated with substantial changes in surface buoyancy production and cloud-top radiative cooling. The results indicate a strong potential for making entrainment rate estimates directly from radar vertical velocity variance and the EDR measurements.
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Aleixo, Rui, Federica Antico, Ana M. Ricardo i Rui M. L. Ferreira. "Kinematics of Particles at Entrainment and Disentrainment". Water 12, nr 8 (25.07.2020): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082110.
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We address the issue of characterizing experimentally entrainment and disentrainment of sediment particles of cohesionless granular beds in turbulent open channel flows. Employing Particle Image Velocimetry, we identify episodes of entrainment and of disentrainment of bed particles by analysing the raw PIV images. We define a reference velocity for entrainment or disentrainment by space-averaging the flow field in the vicinity of the (entrained or disentrainned) particle and by time-averaging that space-average over a short duration encompassing the observed episode. All observations and measurements took place under generalized movement conditions and in non-controlled geometrical set-ups, resulting in unique databases of conditionally sampled turbulent flow kinematics associated with episodes of particle entrainment and of particle disentrainment. Exploring this database, the objective of this paper is to prove further insights on the dynamics of fluid-particle and particle-particle interactions at entrainment and disentrainment and to polemicize the use of a reference velocity to serve as a proxy for hydrodynamics actions responsible for entrainment or disentrainment. In particular, we quantify the reference velocity associated with entrainment and disentrainment episodes and discuss its potential to describe the observed motion vis-a-vis local bed micro-topography and the type of entrainment or disentrainment event. Entrainment may occur at a wide range of reference velocities, including smaller than mean (double-averaged) velocities. Anecdotal evidence was collected for some typologies of entrainment: (i) momentum transfer from flow to a single particle, (ii) momentum transfer from a perturbed local flow to a single particle, (iii) collective entrainment associated to momentum transfer between a moving and a resting particle and (iv) collective entrainment considered to be a dislodgment of several particles involving momentum transfer from other particles. In some of these cases, e.g., (ii) and (iii), the use of a reference velocity seems inadequate to characterize the entrainment episode. A word of caution about the use of entrainment models based on reference velocities is henceforth issued and contextualized. In the case of disentrainment, a reference velocity seems to constitute a better descriptor of the observed behaviour. The scatter in the observed values seems to express the contribution of bed micro-topography. All particles were found to experience frictional contacts with the resting bed surface particles, but some particles were stopped more abruptly due to the presence of an obstacle along their path. Most disentrainment of particles took place when the near-bed flow was featuring ejection events.
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Qiu, Yangshuai, Zhenfei Mao, Kangkang Sun, Lingyan Zhang, Yupeng Qian, Tao Lei, Wenbo Liang i Yaxin An. "Understanding the Entrainment Behavior of Gangue Minerals in Flake Graphite Flotation". Minerals 12, nr 9 (24.08.2022): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091068.
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Flotation is one of the most used methods to upgrade natural graphite resources. However, the efficiency is usually decreased due to the entrainment of undesirable fine gangue minerals. In this work, the impact of different factors such as particle size, pulp density, and flotation reagent on the entrainment of mica and quartz in a flake graphite flotation was studied. The single gangue mineral flotation results showed increased gangue entrainment when reducing the particle size of gangue minerals and increasing the pulp density. Moreover, the flotation of artificial mixtures indicated enhanced entrainment of mica and quartz in the presence of graphite particles. The collector and frother also strongly affect gangue entrainment by modifying the structure and stability of the froth. Kerosene, which has a prominent deforming feature, can reduce gangue entrainment more effectively than diesel.
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Conzemius, Robert J., i Evgeni Fedorovich. "Dynamics of Sheared Convective Boundary Layer Entrainment. Part I: Methodological Background and Large-Eddy Simulations". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, nr 4 (1.04.2006): 1151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3691.1.
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Abstract The reported study examines the dynamics of entrainment and its effects on the evolution of the dry atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) when wind shear is present. The sheared CBL can be studied by means of direct measurements in the atmosphere, laboratory studies, and numerical techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed in the present paper, which also describes the methodological background for studying the dynamics of entrainment in sheared CBLs. For the reported study, large-eddy simulation (LES) was chosen as the primary method of convective entrainment investigation. Twenty-four LES runs were conducted for CBLs growing under varying conditions of surface buoyancy flux, free-atmospheric stratification, and wind shear. The simulations were divided into three categories: CBL with no mean wind (NS), CBL with a height-constant geostrophic wind of 20 m s−1 (GC), and CBL with geostrophic wind shear (GS). In the simulated cases, the sheared CBLs grew fastest, relative to the NS CBLs, when the surface buoyancy flux was weak and the atmospheric stratification was moderate or weak. Three fundamental findings resulted from the investigated CBL cases: (i) the entrainment zone shear is much more important than the surface shear in enhancing CBL entrainment, although entrainment zone shear is indirectly affected by surface shear; (ii) the sheared entrainment zone features a sublayer of nearly constant flux Richardson number, which points to a balance between shear production and buoyancy consumption of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) that regulates entrainment; and (iii) the fraction of entrainment zone shear-generated TKE spent on the entrainment is lower than suggested by earlier studies.
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Lai, Yong G. "Flow Characteristics at a River Diversion Juncture and Implications for Juvenile Salmon Entrainment". Fluids 7, nr 3 (7.03.2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7030098.
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Flow structures at a river diversion juncture are complex and have been studied extensively. Their impact on the juvenile salmon entrainment into the side channel, however, is less investigated, and based mostly on empiricism. In this study, a Eulerian fish tracking model is developed and used in conjunction with a 3D flow solver to quantitatively evaluate the implications of complex flow characteristics at typical junctures on fish entrainment. First, the flow model is validated with the available experimental data, key flow structures are examined using the results, and their implications for fish entrainment are discussed. Next, the numerical fish tracking model is used to show that the cross-sectional fish distribution immediately upstream of a juncture is an important factor that controls fish entrainment efficiency. Fish entrainment efficiency curves are developed for different flow diversion ratios and fish distribution patterns and used to shed light on the reasons behind some field-observed fish entrainment patterns. Further, the model is used to show that the secondary flow in a river bend may have a significant impact on fish entrainment at flow junctures, in agreement with field observations. Finally, a submerged vane is demonstrated to be a potential management option to locally generate secondary flows upstream of a juncture to achieve the desired fish entrainment property.
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Wiesman, Alex I., Boman R. Groff i Tony W. Wilson. "Frontoparietal Networks Mediate the Behavioral Impact of Alpha Inhibition in Visual Cortex". Cerebral Cortex 29, nr 8 (12.09.2018): 3505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy220.
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Abstract Alpha oscillations are known to play a central role in the functional inhibition of visual cortices, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. One noninvasive method for modulating alpha activity experimentally is through the use of flickering visual stimuli that “entrain” visual cortices. Such alpha entrainment has been found to compromise visual perception and affect widespread cortical regions, but it remains unclear how the interference occurs and whether the widespread activity induced by alpha entrainment reflects a compensatory mechanism to mitigate the entrainment, or alternatively, a propagated interference signal that translates to impaired visual processing. Herein, we attempt to address these questions by integrating alpha entrainment into a modified Posner cueing paradigm, while measuring the underlying dynamics using magnetoencephalography. Our findings indicated that alpha entrainment is negatively related to task performance, such that as neural entrainment increases on the attended side (relative to the unattended side) accuracy decreases. Further, this attentional biasing is found to covary robustly with activity in the frontoparietal attention network. Critically, the observed negative entrainment effect on task accuracy was also fully mediated by activity in frontoparietal regions, signifying a propagation of the interfering alpha entrainment signal from bottom-up sensory to top-down regulatory networks.
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Frank, F., B. W. McArdell, C. Huggel i A. Vieli. "The importance of entrainment and bulking on debris flow runout modeling: examples from the Swiss Alps". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, nr 11 (30.11.2015): 2569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2569-2015.
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Abstract. This study describes an investigation of channel-bed entrainment of sediment by debris flows. An entrainment model, developed using field data from debris flows at the Illgraben catchment, Switzerland, was incorporated into the existing RAMMS debris-flow model, which solves the 2-D shallow-water equations for granular flows. In the entrainment model, an empirical relationship between maximum shear stress and measured erosion is used to determine the maximum potential erosion depth. Additionally, the average rate of erosion, measured at the same field site, is used to constrain the erosion rate. The model predicts plausible erosion values in comparison with field data from highly erosive debris flow events at the Spreitgraben torrent channel, Switzerland in 2010, without any adjustment to the coefficients in the entrainment model. We find that by including bulking due to entrainment (e.g., by channel erosion) in runout models a more realistic flow pattern is produced than in simulations where entrainment is not included. In detail, simulations without entrainment show more lateral outflow from the channel where it has not been observed in the field. Therefore the entrainment model may be especially useful for practical applications such as hazard analysis and mapping, as well as scientific case studies of erosive debris flows.
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Fan, Yun Yun, Li Liang, En Zhi Wang i Si Jing Wang. "Analysis on the Influence of Debris Flow Entrainment of Path Material". Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (maj 2011): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.1124.
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Debris flow has a very strong destructive power which can cause a great loss of human lives and belongings, so for the purpose of a better disaster prevention and reduction, it is necessary to strengthen the knowledge about the characteristics and regulations of the motion process of debris flow. In order to analyze debris flow entrainment of path material and the influence of the distribution of entrainment zone on the dynamic process of debris flow, the numerical simulation of debris flow dynamic process of different entrainment zones is achieved by combining the theory of SH granular flow and the method of finite volume discretization. The calculation results show that due to energy loss and momentum transfer, the overall speed of debris flow is decreased and the part flow depth increased, but when the entrainment zone is at high position, the entrainment happens early, and the after-entrainment acceleration is more significant, so the mass increased by the entrainment will cause a larger disaster zone and a stronger destruction.
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Carman, J. K., D. L. Rossiter, D. Khelif, H. H. Jonsson, I. C. Faloona i P. Y. Chuang. "Observational constraints on entrainment and the entrainment interface layer in stratocumulus". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, nr 1 (10.01.2012): 817–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-817-2012.
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Abstract. Aircraft sampling of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL) during the Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST) experiment was primarily achieved using sawtooth flight patterns, during which the atmospheric layer 100 m above and below cloud top was sampled at a frequency of once every 2 min. The large data set that resulted from each of the 16 flights document the complex structure and variability of this interfacial region in a variety of conditions. In this study, we first describe some properties of the entrainment interface layer (EIL), where strong gradients in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), potential temperature and moisture can be found. We find that defining the EIL by the first two properties tend to yield similar results, but that moisture can be a misleading tracer of the EIL. These results are consistent with studies using large-eddy simulations. We next utilize the POST data to shed light on and constrain processes relevant to entrainment, a key process in the evolution of the STBL that to-date is not well-represented even by high resolution models. We define "entrainment efficiency" as the ratio of the TKE consumed by entrainment to that generated within the STBL (primarily by cloud-top cooling). We find values for the entrainment efficiency that vary by 1.5 orders of magnitude, which is even greater than the one order magnitude that previous modeling results have suggested. Our analysis also demonstrate that the entrainment efficiency depends on the strength of the stratification of the EIL, but not on the TKE in the cloud top region. The relationships between entrainment efficiency and other STBL parameters serve as novel observational contraints for simulations of entrainment in such systems.
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Carman, J. K., D. L. Rossiter, D. Khelif, H. H. Jonsson, I. C. Faloona i P. Y. Chuang. "Observational constraints on entrainment and the entrainment interface layer in stratocumulus". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, nr 22 (23.11.2012): 11135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11135-2012.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. Aircraft sampling of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL) during the Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST) experiment was primarily achieved using sawtooth flight patterns, during which the atmospheric layer 100 m above and below cloud top was sampled at a frequency of once every 2 min. The large data set that resulted from each of the 16 flights document the complex structure and variability of this interfacial region in a variety of conditions. In this study, we first describe some properties of the entrainment interface layer (EIL), where strong gradients in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), potential temperature and moisture can be found. We find that defining the EIL by the first two properties tends to yield similar results, but that moisture can be a misleading tracer of the EIL. These results are consistent with studies using large-eddy simulations. We next utilize the POST data to shed light on and constrain processes relevant to entrainment, a key process in the evolution of the STBL that to-date is not well-represented even by high resolution models. We define "entrainment efficiency" as the ratio of the TKE consumed by entrainment to that generated within the STBL (primarily by cloud-top cooling). We find values for the entrainment efficiency that vary by 1.5 orders of magnitude, which is even greater than the one order magnitude that previous modeling results have suggested. Our analysis also demonstrates that the entrainment efficiency depends on the strength of the stratification of the EIL, but not on the TKE in the cloud top region. The relationships between entrainment efficiency and other STBL parameters serve as novel observational contraints for simulations of entrainment in such systems.
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Bonilha, Leonardo, Argye E. Hillis, Janina Wilmskoetter, Gregory Hickok, Alexandra Basilakos, Brent Munsell, Chris Rorden i Julius Fridriksson. "Neural structures supporting spontaneous and assisted (entrained) speech fluency". Brain 142, nr 12 (3.10.2019): 3951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz309.
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Abstract Non-fluent speech is one of the most common impairments in post-stroke aphasia. The rehabilitation of non-fluent speech in aphasia is particularly challenging as patients are rarely able to produce and practice fluent speech production. Speech entrainment is a behavioural technique that enables patients with non-fluent aphasia to speak fluently. However, its mechanisms are not well understood and the level of improved fluency with speech entrainment varies among individuals with non-fluent aphasia. In this study, we evaluated the behavioural and neuroanatomical factors associated with better speech fluency with the aid of speech entrainment during the training phase of speech entrainment. We used a lesion-symptom mapping approach to define the relationship between chronic stroke location on MRI and the number of different words per second produced during speech entrainment versus picture description spontaneous speech. The behavioural variable of interest was the speech entrainment/picture description ratio, which, if ≥1, indicated an increase in speech output during speech entrainment compared to picture description. We used machine learning (shallow neural network) to assess the statistical significance and out-of-sample predictive accuracy of the neuroanatomical model, and its regional contributors. We observed that better assisted speech (higher speech entrainment/picture description ratio) was achieved by individuals who had preservation of the posterior middle temporal gyrus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus, while exhibiting lesions in areas typically associated with non-fluent aphasia, such as the superior longitudinal fasciculus, precentral, inferior frontal, supramarginal and insular cortices. Our findings suggest that individuals with dorsal stream damage but preservation of ventral stream structures are more likely to achieve more fluent speech with the aid of speech entrainment compared to spontaneous speech. This observation provides insight into the mechanisms of non-fluent speech in aphasia and has potential implications for future research using speech entrainment for rehabilitation of non-fluent aphasia.
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Copeland, Jonathan, i Andrew Moiseff. "Flash Activity in Two Synchronic Firefly Species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Journal of Entomological Science 39, nr 2 (1.04.2004): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.2.151.
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Synchronic flashing in fireflies is a precisely timed behavior. This is a potentially useful tool to study sensory processing, the location and circuitry of the flash oscillator, and neuroeffector processing and coupling. Synchronic flashing, once thought to occur only in Southeast Asian fireflies, has recently been shown to be a prominent part of the behavior of a North American Photinus and Photuris species. To gain insights into the mechanisms of synchronic timing in fireflies, we compared spontaneous flashing and entrainment flashing in Photuris frontalis LeConte, a synchronic firefly found in Georgia's Coastal Plain, to analogous flashing in Pteroptyx malaccae Olivier, a synchronic firefly found in Malaysia. The timing of spontaneously produced flashes and entrainment flashes was recorded by photometry. Artificially produced, rhythmic stimulus flashes were used to induce a counterfeit synchrony (between subject fireflies and an LED), i.e., flash entrainment. We found that the spontaneously produced interflash intervals were repeated with a high degree of precision in P. frontalis and P. malaccae. However, the pattern of flashing was different during spontaneous flashing and flash entrainment. An isolated P. frontalis flashed intermittently during spontaneously flashing and entrainment flashing. Flash entrainment in P. frontalis started with an initial inhibition and then steady-state entrainment occurred with a fixed delay. In contrast, an isolated P. malaccae flashed continuously during spontaneous flashing and entrainment flashing. No initial inhibition occurred at the start of entrainment, and there was a gradual change in interflash interval until steady-state entrainment occurred at a fixed delay. We think that in-depth studies of the flash activities of different synchronic firefly species, including the locally available P. frontalis, could help our understanding of rhythmic temporal coordination of behavior by the nervous system.
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Labbé, Carolina, i Didier Grandjean. "Musical Emotions Predicted by Feelings of Entrainment". Music Perception 32, nr 2 (1.12.2014): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2014.32.2.170.
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In our study, two groups of participants (n = 61 and n = 58) listened to nine pieces for solo violin and rated how they felt along an affect dimension and along the nine Geneva Emotional Music Scale dimensions. After each piece, they completed a 12-item questionnaire corresponding to subjective entrainment reports. A factorial analysis of this Musical Entrainment Questionnaire revealed a two-factor solution, with Visceral Entrainment (VE) corresponding to sensations of internal bodily entrainment and Motor Entrainment (ME) reflecting participants’ inclination to move to the beat. These findings represent, to the best of our knowledge, the first empirical evidence for the existence of two components underlying entrainment capable of predicting specific emotional responses to music. Indeed, although both factors predicted Affect, Joyful activation, Transcendence, Wonder, Power, and Tenderness dimensions, only VE predicted Nostalgia and Sadness. Moreover, Peacefulness was mostly predicted by ME, whereas Tension was mostly predicted by VE.
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Sahany, Sandeep, J. David Neelin, Katrina Hales i Richard B. Neale. "Temperature–Moisture Dependence of the Deep Convective Transition as a Constraint on Entrainment in Climate Models". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, nr 4 (30.03.2012): 1340–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0164.1.
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Abstract Properties of the transition to strong deep convection, as previously observed in satellite precipitation statistics, are analyzed using parcel stability computations and a convective plume velocity equation. A set of alternative entrainment assumptions yields very different characteristics of the deep convection onset boundary (here measured by conditional instability and plume vertical velocity) in a bulk temperature–water vapor thermodynamic plane. In observations the threshold value of column water vapor above which there is a rapid increase in precipitation, referred to as the critical value, increases with temperature, but not as quickly as column saturation, and this can be matched only for cases with sufficiently strong entrainment. This corroborates the earlier hypothesis that entraining plumes can explain this feature seen in observations, and it places bounds on the lower-tropospheric entrainment. Examination of a simple interactive entrainment scheme in which a minimum turbulent entrainment is enhanced by a dynamic entrainment (associated with buoyancy-induced vertical acceleration) shows that the deep convection onset curve is governed by the prescribed minimum entrainment. Results from a 0.5° resolution version of the Community Climate System Model, whose convective parameterization includes substantial entrainment, yield a reasonable match to satellite observations in several respects. Temperature–water vapor dependence is seen to agree well with the plume calculations and with offline simulations performed using the convection scheme of the model. These findings suggest that the convective transition characteristics, including the onset curve in the temperature–water vapor plane, can provide a substantial constraint for entrainment assumptions used in climate model deep convective parameterizations.