Artykuły w czasopismach: „Engine oil soot loading”

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Maithomklang, Somkiat, Ekarong Sukjit, Jiraphon Srisertpol, Niti Klinkaew i Khatha Wathakit. "Pyrolysis Oil Derived from Plastic Bottle Caps: Characterization of Combustion and Emissions in a Diesel Engine". Energies 16, nr 5 (6.03.2023): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052492.

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Recycling used plastic can help reduce the amount of plastic waste generated. Existing methods, namely the process of pyrolysis, are chemical heating processes that decompose plastics in the absence of oxygen. This decomposes the plastics in a controlled environment in order to produce fuel from waste. The present study consequently investigated the physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis oil derived from plastic bottle caps (WPBCO) and the effects on the engine performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on WPBCO. The experiments were conducted with a single-cylinder diesel engine operating at a constant 1500 rpm under various engine loading conditions. The experimental results of the chemical properties of test fuels indicated that WPBCO and diesel fuels have similar functional groups and chemical components. In comparison, WPBCO has a lower kinematic viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cetane index, and distillation behavior than diesel fuel. However, WPBCO has a high gross calorific value, which makes it a suitable replacement for fossil fuel. In comparison to diesel fuel, the use of WPBCO in diesel engines results in increased brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) under all load conditions. The combustion characteristics of the engine indicate that the use of WPBCO resulted in decreased in-cylinder pressure (ICP), rate of heat release (RoHR), and combustion stability compared to diesel fuel. In addition, the combustion of WPBCO advances the start of combustion more strongly than diesel fuel. The use of WPBCO increased emissions of NOX, CO, HC, and smoke. In addition, the particulate matter (PM) analysis showed that the combustion of WPBCO generated a higher PM concentration than diesel fuel. When WPBCO was combusted, the maximum rate of soot oxidation required a lower temperature, meaning that oxidizing the soot took less energy and that it was easier to break down the soot.

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Nguyen, Khai Le Duy, i Trai Quang Nguyen. "Evaluate the effect of mixing ratio biodiesel from rubber seed oil on the performance of the Kubota RT125 diesel engine by simulation". Science and Technology Development Journal 20, K6 (31.10.2017): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v20ik6.1178.

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This paper investigates the power and emissions of Kubota RT125 diesel engines using biodiesel. It derived from rubber seed oil with variable mixing ratios of B0, B5, B10 and B20, with loading modes of 50%, 80%, 100%. This research was studied at velocity of 1600 rpm, 2000 rpm and 2400 rpm (revolution per minute). Simulation results from KIVA-3V software show that when the change from diesel (B0) to biodiesel (B5, B10, B20) the engine power does not change much, the amount of soot emission decreases dramatically while NOx increase, overall B20 fuel has the most similar results to diesel.

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Hanafi, Mohd Hafidzal, Mohd Ramadan Ibrahim, Mohd Azman Abdullah, Nur Fathiah Mohd Nor, Shamsul Anuar Shamsudin, Ahmad Anas Yusuf i Mohd Noor Asril Saadun. "Analysis Opacity and Size of Soot Particles in Fuel of Diesel Engine". Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (listopad 2014): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.672.

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In a diesel engine the soot was produced due to the result of incomplete fuel combustion in the combustion chamber. Some of this soot moves down slowly to piston where the lubricant oil is located. This soot causes the lubricant oil to become contaminated thus increases its viscosity. As a result, frequent changing of lubricant oil is required in order to keep up the engine performance. This soot also has solid particles (Particulate Matter: PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) that are very harmful to the environment. The purpose of this study is to compare the opacity value of B20 (Jatropha) oil, Palm oil and diesel oil by using diesel engine. Besides that, this project also aims to compare the average of soot agglomeration size produces by using Jatropha oil, Palm oil and diesel oil in diesel engine. In this experiment, Jatropha and Palm oil was mixed with Diesel oil before being tested to diesel engine. A smoke tester was used to collect soot that came out from the exhaust of the diesel engine. The soot was observed by inverted microscope in order to investigate the soot agglomeration size. Result from this studies show that the value of opacity value of biodiesel Jatropha and Palm oil is lower compared to Diesel oil. Besides that, Diesel oil has the biggest soot agglomeration size compared to biodiesel.

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Pashukevich, S. V. "Soot formation and effect on engine oils". Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 20, nr 2 (18.05.2023): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2023-20-2-248-259.

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Introduction. During the combustion of diesel fuel in a diesel engine with an increased fuel supply, as a result of its incomplete combustion, soot particles are formed, which are either released into the atmosphere or inevitably enter the engine oil. Soot, polluting the engine oil, causes a change in its quality indicators. Soot is very small particles formed by a complex reaction mechanism in the flame of a fuel-rich region during the combustion of hydrocarbons in the absence of air, mainly consisting of a mixture of amorphous carbon and organic matter.Materials and methods. This paper presents the results of a literary review aimed at studying the ways of soot occurrence during the operation of diesel engines, its effect. The mechanical properties of diesel soot are also discussed on the surfaces of friction pairs and engine components.Conclusions. The soot content in engine oil will increase sharply in engines with exhaust gas recirculation, which leads to an increase in temperature in the friction zones and viscosity of the lubricant, as well as to the formation of deposits on hot parts. These processes occur due to the discharge in the crankcase space and the intensification of the intake of gases from the combustion chamber. Oil change intervals should be monitored at an increased rate of soot entering the engine oil.Scope of the study / opportunity. This type of study will help determine the causes of soot in a diesel engine, understand the consequences of using engine oil contaminated with soot particles.Originality / value. The conducted research can be the basis for the development of recommendations for improving the maintenance of internal combustion engines for enterprises that have cars with diesel engines at their disposal in order to increase the resource of power units and reduce operating costs.

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Rungsritanapaisan, Panyakorn, Preechar Karin, Dhritti Tanprayoon, Ruangdaj Tongsri i Katsunori Hanamura. "Impact of Oil Additive Characteristics on Biofuel Engine Wear Using Electron Microscopy and Confocal Microscopy". Key Engineering Materials 798 (kwiecień 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.113.

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Soot particles are produced during combustion process in the diesel engine. These particles will later exhaust into the thermosphere and part of them will contaminate the engine oil. When the lubricant is contaminated with soot, diesel engine abrasion or in a worst-case scenario lubricant starvation occurs. This situation will eventually lead into engine ware. High volume of soot also raises acid level of the area. If this state co-occurs with high temperature of the engine and volatile gases during operation, engine corrosion may also be produced. This research study the effect of additive volume on the dispersion of soot in engine oil and effect of additive on size and volume of soot which affect to mechanism of ware in metal by tribology four-ball tester, image analysis by scanning electron microscope and particle size analysis by laser diffraction technique.

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Kozak, Miłosław, i Piotr Siejka. "Soot contamination of engine oil – the case of a small turbocharged spark-ignition engine". Combustion Engines 182, nr 3 (30.09.2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-305.

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The paper presents the results of thermogravimetric tests of engine oil used in a small turbocharged spark-ignition engine. The main observation from the research was a significant soot contamination of engine oil, that appears even at its low mileage. This indicates that also in the case of port fuel injection spark-ignition engine, high particulate matter emissions may occur. It may therefore turn out that the small city car can be more harmful to the environment than much larger vehicles. A rapid soot contamination of the oil in this engine indicates as well that the oil change interval should be shortened.

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KOZAK, Miłosław. "A comparison of thermogravimetric characteristics of fresh and used engine oils". Combustion Engines 178, nr 3 (1.07.2019): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-350.

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The requirements set for engine oils are nowadays very high, varied, often contradictory and significantly go beyond the classic functions of engine oils. Also for the testing of engine oils, many different and advanced research methods are currently used. This arti-cle describes tests of fresh and used oil from a diesel engine using thermogravimetric analysis. This method was also used to determine the soot content of the used oil. The tests showed that the thermograms of fresh and used oil are similar, however in the oil used in the diesel engine the soot content increases.

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Tang, Zhongping, Zhengwen Feng, Peng Jin, Xisheng Fu i Hua Chen. "The soot handling ability requirements and how to solve soot related viscosity increases of heavy duty diesel engine oil". Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, nr 5 (4.09.2017): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-02-2015-0024.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the feature of soot in diesel engine oil and provide a method to stably disperse these soots using effect additives which is benefical for lubricants to pass related engine tests. Design/methodology/approach This paper designed experiments to investigate the dispersant type, treat level and different dispersant interactions which influence on lubricant soot-related viscosity increase. The research work developed an effective dispersant package which can well solve the soot-related viscosity increase, allowing pass Mack T-11 and Mack T-8 engine tests and demonstrated the helpfulness of using a quickly screening method developed by a steel piston diesel engine CA 6DL2-35. Findings The effect of dispersant treat level on the viscosity increase of the oil samples was negligible. Dispersant booster can effectively improve the soot handling ability of heavy-duty diesel engine oils (HDDEO), and the appropriate treat level of dispersant booster can help HDDEO pass Mack T-8 and Mack T-11 engine tests. Practical implications The test results are useful for formulators to select the appropriate dispersants or dispersant booster to develop the HDDEO packages which can meet the modern diesel engine lubrication requirements. Originality/value Most previous studies in this field were carried out on soot formation mechanism and soot-related wear rather than how to solve the soot-related viscosity increasing of HDDEO. This paper describes the soot dispersing requirements of different HDDEO specifications and developed an effective dispersant package which can well deal with Mack T-11 and Mack T-8E standard engine tests soot handling ability requirements.

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Wang, Chuanqi, Guotian Li, Enxing Zhang, Zenghui Yin i Jing Hao. "Correlation study of fuel injection strategies on engine emission and lubricating oil performance". E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801008.

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Based on different fuel injection strategies, this paper analyzes the factors such as engine original emission smoke, exhaust temperature, soot content, wear spot diameter and kinematic viscosity. The study found that delaying injection timing, increased afterburn, engine original soot emissions, exhaust gas temperature increase, but will increase the thermal load of the parts. At the same time, the growth rate of lubricant soot and kinematic viscosity increased; The wear spot diameter at the same soot content is reduced, and the wear is reduced. In the end, the paper finally selects 1°CA BTDC as the optimal fuel injection strategy to achieve rapid aging of engine lubricating oil in order to complete the assessment of the anti-wear performance of lubricating oil.

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Zając, Grzegorz, Wojciech Gołębiowski, Małgorzata Szczepanik, Artur Wolak i Marie Sejkorová. "Analysis of Changes in Soot Content in Engine Oils under Operating Conditions". Lubricants 11, nr 2 (18.02.2023): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020089.

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Oil has an enormous influence on the condition of the engine. Determining its degradation allows companies to maximize the availability of a specific vehicle and fleet of vehicles in general. In the evolution of engine oil degradation, one of the variables considered to be the most important is soot content. This article examines the direction and severity of soot content and dispersion changes in engine oil occurring during actual engine operation during four complete change intervals. The oil under study was operated in a city bus. It belonged to the fleet of vehicles of a transport company from new to the mileage of about 200,000 km. Soot content was determined in accordance with ASTM E2412-10, while dispersion size was determined using the dried drop test in accordance with ASTM D7899. The results obtained provide the basis for the conclusion that the direction of change in soot content in each interval is characterized by a high degree of homogeneity. With respect to the degree of soot build-up, a high level of similarity was observed between the intervals studied. The study of change in the degree of oil dispersion using the “drop on blotter” method made it possible to confirm the trend of decreasing dispersion as the run increases. The obtained results led to the development of a statistical model describing these relationships.

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Shahda, Mai Hanna, Mahmod Al Fattamah i Youssef Johar. "The Comparison of Dry And Wet Capture (Washing With Drinking Water) to The Soot Particles Emissions From The Diesel Engine". Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, nr 2 (30.06.2019): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.2.012.

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The aim of the research is to reduce the emission of the soot patticles from diesel power generators through the design of the After Treatment system and to compare the dry and wet filtering process within the proposed filtering system. The filtration process is based on a new design of HydroCyclonic, Each process has the efficiency of capturing the soot particles for the maximum loading rate of the diesel engine from soot (1200 mg / m3) , for dry filteration achieved the efficiency of the capture of soot particles by about 8% using cyclone while the efficiency of soot capture within the wet filteration process was increased by washing with drinking water (mist) between [35 - 90%] for a loading rate of [0.025 - 0.6 L / m3], respectively.

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Mohd Hanafi, Mohd Hafidzal, Faizal W. M. Wan Mohd, A. Roslizar, Mohamad Shukri Zakaria, Mohd Noor Asril Saadun i S. A. Rafeq. "Analysis of Soot Particle Movement in Diesel Engine under the Influence of Drag Force". Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (wrzesień 2013): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.275.

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The formation of soot is influenced by the composition of air entrainment and structure of hydrocarbon in the fuel. Soot will then form during combustion in a diesel engine. Some of the soot particles will be released from the engine through the exhaust nozzle and some will stick to the cylinder walls. The soot that sticks to the cylinder wall can affect the lifetime of the lubricant oil. Subsequently this will decrease the durability of the diesel engine. By understanding the movement of the soot particles, the effect to the engine can be decreased. Therefore, the initial position and last position of soot particle was recognized through this study. The data for the formation of soot particles in the diesel engine was obtained from previous investigation. The study of soot movement at 8° crankshaft angle under the influence of drag force with different radial, axial and angular settings were carried out using a MATLAB routine. The results showed that the movement of soot particle will change with different parameter settings. Besides that, comparison of the results of soot particle movement influenced by drag force and without drag force has been carried out. It was observed that drag force caused shorter soot particle movement path and moves them away from the cylinder wall.

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George, Sam, Santhosh Balla i Mridul Gautam. "Effect of diesel soot contaminated oil on engine wear". Wear 262, nr 9-10 (kwiecień 2007): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.11.002.

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Stotsky, A. A. "A soot prediction for a taxi cycle of a diesel engine". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, nr 10 (1.10.2008): 1879–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto862.

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The time and cost associated with running long-term tests to acquire data on the soot percentage in the oil of a diesel engine necessitate the development of a new method for a model-based prediction of the soot accumulation performance. A new method for a model-based prediction of the soot percentage for a vehicle that sequentially executes a number of taxi cycles is proposed. The method is based on the steady-state soot accumulation rate measurements that are made in the engine test cell, and is used for a relative soot percentage judgement and selection of the most suitable data set among several candidates. The method provides significant savings with respect to the direct long-term soot percentage measurements on a vehicle.

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Walter, Stefanie, Peter Schwanzer, Gunter Hagen, Gerhard Haft, Hans-Peter Rabl, Markus Dietrich i Ralf Moos. "Modelling the Influence of Different Soot Types on the Radio-Frequency-Based Load Detection of Gasoline Particulate Filters". Sensors 20, nr 9 (6.05.2020): 2659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092659.

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Gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) are an appropriate means to meet today’s emission standards. As for diesel applications, GPFs can be monitored via differential pressure sensors or using a radio-frequency approach (RF sensor). Due to largely differing soot properties and engine operating modes of gasoline compared to diesel engines (e.g., the possibility of incomplete regenerations), the behavior of both sensor systems must be investigated in detail. For this purpose, extensive measurements on engine test benches are usually required. To simplify the sensor development, a simulation model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics® that not only allowed for calculating the loading and regeneration process of GPFs under different engine operating conditions but also determined the impact on both sensor systems. To simulate the regeneration behavior of gasoline soot accurately, an oxidation model was developed. To identify the influence of different engine operating points on the sensor behavior, various samples generated at an engine test bench were examined regarding their kinetic parameters using thermogravimetric analysis. Thus, this compared the accuracy of soot mass determination using the RF sensor with the differential pressure method. By simulating a typical driving condition with incomplete regenerations, the effects of the soot kinetics on sensor accuracy was demonstrated exemplarily. Thereby, the RF sensor showed an overall smaller mass determination error, as well as a lower dependence on the soot kinetics.

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Whitacre, Shawn. "Low-metal Engine Oil Reduces Ash Loading". ATZheavy duty worldwide 14, nr 4 (listopad 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41321-021-0446-y.

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Efanova, O. Yu, A. B. Karpov i V. O. Rostovtsev. "Method of soot analysis in engine oil using TGA analysis". Proceedings of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, nr 2 (2022): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/2073-9028-2022-2(307)-81-91.

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SOEJIMA, Mitsuhiro, Yoshito EJIMA i Hiroshi TAKASAKI. "Studies on Tribology Characteristics of Engine Oil Contaminated with Soot". Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2002.7 (2002): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2002.7.0_83.

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YAMAMOTO, Hidetsugu, Syuji YAMAKAWA i Takanori KATO. "Research on hardness of soot contaminated in diesel engine oil". Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2003.3 (2003): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2003.3.0_137.

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Stratakis, G. A., G. S. Konstantas i A. M. Stamatelos. "Experimental investigation of the role of soot volatile organic fraction in the regeneration of diesel filters". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, nr 4 (1.04.2003): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070360613264.

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This paper involves an experimental investigation of the role of the volatile organic fraction (VOF) adsorbed on the diesel particulate, in the initiation of regeneration of a SiC diesel filters installed on a modern diesel engine, run on catalytic additive-doped fuel. VOF adsorption-desorption and oxidation behaviour is mainly determined by performing a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of samples collected directly from a SiC filters installed on the engine running under low- and medium-speed and low- and medium-load conditions, as more representative of city driving. Based on the TGA analysis results, the percentage VOF content in soot was calculated and mapped as a function of engine speed and load in the range of investigation. The effect of adsorbed hydrocarbons on the regeneration behaviour was assessed by comparing regeneration experiments with the stepwise load increase for a filter loaded with soot at different VOF concentration levels. The appearance of a number of incidents of stochastic regeneration behaviour during loading at low exhaust temperatures with a relative high VOF content was observed and discussed. An effort was made to correlate regeneration rate with the VOF content in soot and the prevailing engine operation point during loading. This work aims at better understanding of diesel filter behaviour with modern diesel engines and also aims to support improved modelling of fuel-additive assisted regeneration by use of fuel additives at low temperatures (150-400 °C).

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Yamaguchi, E. S., M. Untermann, S. H. Roby, P. R. Ryason i S. W. Yeh. "Soot Wear in Diesel Engines". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 220, nr 5 (1.05.2006): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501j00505.

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In response to regulatory requirements, lubricant manufacturers are seeking oils that minimize soot thickening and the accompanying soot wear. Formulation technology is being developed by additive manufacturers to satisfy these requirements. For example, such work is in progress at Chevron Oronite Company LLC, using the Cummins M-11 exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) engine test as a surrogate for the anticipated soot wear test for PC-10. Simultaneously, the authors developed bench tests to screen candidate formulations and reduce costs. A ball-on-disc sliding wear test, using a PCS Instruments MTM® tribometer, has been investigated. Sliding conditions at high pressure are required for soot polishing wear. Conditions that correlate tribometer test results with M-11 engine results at high soot concentrations (∼9 per cent) have been found. Both ball wear and Stribeck curves were determined in these tests. The high-wear oil progresses from mixed lubrication conditions to boundary lubrication at higher sliding speeds than the low-wear oil. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments were also conducted on the ball wear scars, revealing differences in the chemical constitution of the tribofilms from the two oils.

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HOSONUMA, Kunihiko, i Yoshihiro MAEDA. "The influence of diesel engine oil dispersancy on soot behaviours in the oil." Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute 28, nr 5 (1985): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi1958.28.385.

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Oyunsurtal, Erdenesaikhan, i Ulziibaatar Tserendorj. "Compared results of agricultural tractors and combine’s engine oil contamination". Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 31, nr 3 (15.02.2021): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v31i3.1550.

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Soot, silicon, and metals, which degrade rapidly in the main contact parts, were selected from the contaminants contained in the engine oil, and a study was conducted to determine the amount of contamination. As part of the research, oil samples were taken from the tractor engine and combine harvester during processing in the field and during harvest, and the amount of oil contamination was determined by laboratory analysis. Laboratory experiments revealed that soot in combine engine is 1.7...2.1 times greater than tractor engine whereas silicon was 3.0...3.3 times slighter and iron was 1.033...1.5 times slighter. Хөдөө аж ахуйн трактор, комбайны хөдөлгүүрийн тосны бохирдлыг харьцуулан судалсан дүн Хөдөлгүүрийн тосонд агуулагдах бохирдуулагч элементүүдээс үндсэн харьцлын эд ангиудыг түргэн элэгдүүлдэг хөө тортог, цахиур, төмөрлөгийг сонгон авч, бохирдлын хэмжээг тогтоох судалгааг гүйцэтгэсэн болно. Судалгааны ажлын хүрээнд тариалангийн талбайн уринш боловсруулах болон хаврын тариалалтанд ашиглагдаж буй трактор, үр тариа хураалтанд ашиглагдаж буй комбайны хөдөлгүүрээс санамсаргүй түүврийн аргаар тосны дээжийг цуглуулсан. Тосны дээжинд агуулагдах хөө тортог, цахиур, төмөрлөг элементийн хэмжээг “Текеномикс Монгол” ХХК-ий итгэмжлэгдсэн лабораторт автомат пепитка, Soot meter, Fluid scan-Q1000 багажуудыг ашиглан тодорхойлов. Лабораторийн шинжилгээний дүнд дээр дурьдсан бохирдуулагч элементүүд нь туршилтанд орсон трактор болон комбайны хөдөлгүүрт өөр өөр байгааг тогтоов. Комбайны хөдөлгүүрийн тосон дахь цахиур тракторын хөдөлгүүртэй харьцуулбал бага байна. Энэ нь комбайны хөдөлгүүрийг бодвол тракторын хөдөлгүүр хөрсний шороо, тоосжилт ихтэй нөхцөлд ажилладагтай холбоотой юм. Тракторын хөдөлгүүрийн тосонд агуулагдах цахиурын хэмжээ харьцангуй өндөр байгаа нь хөдөлгүүрийн үндсэн харьцлын эд ангийн абразив элэгдлийг эрчимжүүлэх хүчин зүйл болж байна. Харин комбайны хөдөлгүүрийн тосонд агуулагдах хөө тортог тракторын хөдөлгүүрийнхээс их байна. Түлхүүр үг: Хөдөлгүүрийн тос, тосны дээж, хөдөлгүүрийн тосны бохирдол, тосны шүүрний бохирдол

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Čedík, Jakub, Martin Pexa, Michal Holúbek, Jaroslav Mrázek, Hardikk Valera i Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Operational Parameters of a Diesel Engine Running on Diesel–Rapeseed Oil–Methanol–Iso-Butanol Blends". Energies 14, nr 19 (27.09.2021): 6173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196173.

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This contribution focuses on utilizing blended biofuels of rapeseed oil and methanol with diesel. Rapeseed is one of the most cultivated energy crops in Europe, and its purpose in the blends is to increase the bio-content in test fuels. The purpose of methanol in the blends is to increase bio-content and compensate for the higher viscosity of the rapeseed oil. As methanol is almost insoluble in diesel and rapeseed oil, iso-butanol is used as a co-solvent. The fuel blends were tested in volumetric concentrations of diesel/rapeseed oil/methanol/iso-butanol 60/30/5/5, 50/30/10/10, and 50/10/20/20. Diesel was used as a reference. The measurements were performed on a turbocharged diesel engine Zetor 1204, loaded using the power-takeoff shaft of the Zetor Forterra 8641 tractor. In this paper, the effect of the blended fuels on performance parameters, engine efficiency, production of soot particles, and regulated and unregulated emissions are monitored and analyzed. It was found that engine power decreased by up to 27%, efficiency decreased by up to 5.5% at full engine load, emissions of NOX increased by up to 21.9% at 50% engine load, and production of soot particles decreased; however, the mean size of the particles was smaller.

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Walter, Stefanie, Peter Schwanzer, Carsten Steiner, Gunter Hagen, Hans-Peter Rabl, Markus Dietrich i Ralf Moos. "Mixing Rules for an Exact Determination of the Dielectric Properties of Engine Soot Using the Microwave Cavity Perturbation Method and Its Application in Gasoline Particulate Filters". Sensors 22, nr 9 (26.04.2022): 3311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093311.

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In recent years, particulate filters have become mandatory in almost all gasoline-powered vehicles to comply with emission standards regarding particulate number. In contrast to diesel applications, monitoring gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) by differential pressure sensors is challenging due to lower soot masses to be deposited in the GPFs. A different approach to determine the soot loading of GPFs is a radio frequency-based sensor (RF sensor). To facilitate sensor development, in previous work, a simulation model was created to determine the RF signal at arbitrary engine operating points. To ensure accuracy, the exact dielectric properties of the soot need to be known. This work has shown how small samples of soot-loaded filter are sufficient to determine the dielectric properties of soot itself using the microwave cavity perturbation method. For this purpose, mixing rules were determined through simulation and measurement, allowing the air and substrate fraction of the sample to be considered. Due to the different geometry of filter substrates compared to crushed soot samples, a different mixing rule had to be derived to calculate the effective filter properties required for the simulation model. The accuracy of the determined mixing rules and the underlying simulation model could be verified by comparative measurements on an engine test bench.

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Vyavhare, Kimaya, Sujay Bagi, Mihir Patel i Pranesh B. Aswath. "Impact of Diesel Engine Oil Additives–Soot Interactions on Physiochemical, Oxidation, and Wear Characteristics of Soot". Energy & Fuels 33, nr 5 (4.04.2019): 4515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b03841.

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Green, D. A., i R. Lewis. "Effect of soot on oil properties and wear of engine components". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 40, nr 18 (30.08.2007): 5488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/18/s09.

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Esangbedo, Christine, André L. Boehman i Joseph M. Perez. "Characteristics of diesel engine soot that lead to excessive oil thickening". Tribology International 47 (marzec 2012): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.003.

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Azevedo, Kurt, i Daniel B. Olsen. "Construction equipment engine performance degradation due to environmental and operation factors in Latin America". Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 25, nr 3 (16.08.2019): 499–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-05-2018-0033.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the altitude at which construction equipment operates affects or contributes to increased engine wear. Design/methodology/approach The study includes the evaluation of two John Deere PowerTech Plus 6,068 Tier 3 diesel engines, the utilization of OSA3 oil analysis laboratory equipment to analyze oil samples, the employment of standard sampling scope and methods, and the analysis of key Engine Control Unit (ECU) data points (machine utilization, Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) and engine sensor data). Findings At 250 h of engine oil use, the engine operating at 3,657 meters above sea level (MASL) had considerably more wear than the engine operating at 416 MASL. The leading and earliest indicator of engine wear was a high level of iron particles in the engine oil, reaching abnormal levels at 218 h. The following engine oil contaminants were more prevalent in the engine operating at the higher altitude: potassium, glycol, water and soot. Furthermore, the engine operating at higher altitude also presented abnormal and critical levels of oil viscosity, Total Base Number and oxidation. When comparing the oil sample analysis with the engine ECU data, it was determined that engine idling is a contributor for soot accumulation in the engine operating at the higher altitude. The most prevalent DTCs were water in fuel, extreme low coolant levels and extreme high exhaust manifold temperature. The ECU operating data demonstrated that the higher altitude environment caused the engine to miss-fire and rail pressure was irregular. Practical implications Many of the mining operations and construction projects are accomplished at mid to high altitudes. This research provides a comparison of how construction equipment engines are affected by this type of environment (i.e. higher altitudes, cooler temperatures and lower atmospheric pressure). Consequently, service engineers can implement maintenance strategies to minimize internal engine wear for equipment operating at higher altitudes. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper will help construction equipment end-users, maintenance engineers and manufacturers to implement mitigation strategies to improve engine durability for countries with operating conditions similar to those described in this research.

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Gautam, Mridul, Karthik Chitoor, Murali Durbha i Jerry C. Summers. "Effect of diesel soot contaminated oil on engine wear — investigation of novel oil formulations". Tribology International 32, nr 12 (grudzień 1999): 687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-679x(99)00081-x.

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Yurlov, A. S., O. P. Lopatin, V. A. Likhanov, V. V. Belov i A. V. Stepanov. "Modeling of soot formation in a tractor diesel engine running on methanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, nr 3 (1.02.2022): 032051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032051.

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Abstract When studying the process of formation of soot nuclei in a flame, it is necessary to pay attention to the sequence of chemical transformations of fuel molecules in order to determine the concentration of dangerous toxic components in the exhaust gases (EG) of a diesel internal combustion engine (DICE). Today, numerous studies are being conducted to establish a detailed kinetic mechanism of the process of carbon condensation and gasification in a DICE. Despite significant progress in understanding the essence and some regularities of the processes occurring in a DICE, it is not yet possible to compile a numerical model that can predict the main indicators of soot content. A semi-empirical mathematical model of soot formation and burnout in a DICE is presented, compiled on the basis of a kinetic model that reliably predicts the dynamics of soot content in the cylinder and the concentration of soot in the EG in a wide range of operating modes of a DICE. The model makes it possible to facilitate the process of studying the factors of soot formation and reduce the cost of conducting experimental studies related to the search for alternative fuels and improving the design of a DICE, optimizing the operation of fuel supply and gas distribution systems.

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Zhang, Taiyu, Zhengjun Yang, Haiguang Zhao, Bing Li i Jing Qin. "Simulation study on the influence of fuel injection strategy on the soot emission of dual-injection engine". E3S Web of Conferences 360 (2022): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236001023.

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A 2.0T gasoline engine was modified to a dual-injection engine. Numerical simulation method is used to study the influence of fuel type and fuel injection strategy on the in-cylinder mixture formation process, combustion process and soot emission of dual-injection gasoline engine. The simulation results show that an appropriate increase in the intake port fuel injection ratio can improve the uniformity of the air-fuel mixture. Increasing the fuel injection ratio in the intake port of the dual-injection system, the proportion of fuel directly injected into the cylinder decreases and the oil film distribution in the cylinder is reduced. Among the three injection schemes, the flame front of the D85 injection scheme reaches the cylinder wall earliest, and the flame spreads faster; the soot mass fraction generation decreases with the decrease of the GDI injection ratio. In particular, the amount of soot generated under the D65GDI injection ratio is significantly reduced.

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Zvar-Baskovic, Urban, Rok Vihar, Samuel Rodman-Opresnik i Tomaz Katrasnik. "Simultaneous particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emission reduction through enhanced charge homogenization in diesel engines". Thermal Science 22, nr 5 (2018): 2039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180131259z.

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In the presented study, low temperature combustion was established with a direct injection of diesel fuel being a representative of high reactivity fuels and tire pyrolysis oil being a representative of low reactivity fuels. Tire pyrolysis oil was tested as a potential waste derived fuel for low temperature combustion, as it features diesel-like physical properties and lower cetane number compared to diesel fuel. The goal of this study was determination of suitable injection strategies and exhaust gas re-circulation rates to explore potentials of both fuels in reducing emissions in low temperature combustion modes. It was demonstrated that relatively small changes in the engine control strategy possess the potential to significantly improve NOx/particulate matter trade-off with minor effect on engine efficiency. In addition, low temperature combustion was for the first time successfully demonstrated with tire pyrolysis oil fuel, however, it was shown that lower re-activity of the fuel is by itself not sufficient to improve NOx /soot trade-off compared to the diesel fuel as entire spectra of fuel properties play an important role in improving NOx /soot trade-off. This study thus establishes relations between different engine control strategies, intake manifold pressure and exhaust gas recirculation rate on engine thermodynamic parameters and engine-out emissions while utilizing innovative waste derived fuel that have not yet been analysed in similar combustion concepts.

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Chiavola, Ornella, Giancarlo Chiatti i Nidal Sirhan. "Impact of Particulate Size During Deep Loading on DPF Management". Applied Sciences 9, nr 15 (30.07.2019): 3075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153075.

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Wall-flow particulate filters are a required emission control device to abate diesel emission in order to comply with current regulations. DPFs (diesel particulate filters) are characterized by high filtration efficiency—but in order to avoid deterioration of power and performance, they are required to cause low values of backpressure. The periodical oxidation of collected particle allows for the reestablishment of the ideal flow conditions. Studies highlighted that the regeneration event has an important impact on engine emission, since it is responsible for the emission of a large number of smaller particles. From these considerations, the importance of optimizing the DPF management for what concerns both filtration and regeneration mechanisms arises. The present paper focuses on the loading process of the filter. A filtration model was implemented, based on the ‘unit-collector’ and fluid-dynamic approaches, known as valid modelling techniques. The model was used to predict trapped mass and filter backpressure evolution with time during loading processes, in which soot particle sizes varied, with the aim to analyze how particulate size affects the filter pressure drop rise. A wall-flow filter was investigated, and the behavior of clean material was evaluated by a parametric analysis in which particle diameter varies in the filed 20–1000 nm, that is the typical range of soot sizes in diesel engine exhaust. The results demonstrate that soot size has a great influence on the initial deep bed loading process. Moreover, it defines the value from which the linear pressure drop shape during cake filtration starts, not only when the initial loaded is completed, but also each time the regeneration event is concluded. This outcome provides an important guideline to define the most appropriate strategy for the initial DPF loading in order to establish the regeneration event based on the estimation of trapped mass accounting for the filter backpressure and on the time interval between two successive regeneration.

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Mullins, G., i J. Truhan. "Measurement of semi-volatiles in used natural gas engine oil using thermogravimetric analysis". International Journal of Engine Research 8, nr 5 (1.10.2007): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14680874jer00907.

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Semi-volatile in internal combustion engine lubricating oil may be responsible for limiting service life and can lead to in-cylinder deposit formation. In order to measure semivolatile content, a new thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) procedure has been adapted from existing soot procedures to determine the levels of semi-volatile compounds in progressively aged lubricating oil samples from a natural gas engine dynamometer test cell run. The per cent weight remaining at 550 °C, while heated at a constant rate in an inert atmosphere, varied linearly with running time, viscosity, and oxidation and nitration. The method yielded reproducible run-to-run results and showed good agreement between helium and argon atmospheres. Mass spectroscopy data confirmed increased levels of high molecular weight species during engine operation. This method may be applicable to diesel engine oil samples.

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Tortora, Angela Maria, Gerrit Zijlstra i Deepak Halenahally Veeregowda. "Novel Insight into Tribology of Carbon Black Soot Particles in Engine Oil". Materials Performance and Characterization 9, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 20200001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20200001.

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Litchford, R. J., F. Sun, J. D. Few i J. W. L. Lewis. "Optical Measurement of Gas Turbine Engine Soot Particle Effluents". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, nr 1 (1.01.1998): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818089.

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This paper addresses optical-based techniques for measuring soot particulate loading in the exhaust stream of gas turbine engines. The multi-angle scattering and multi-wavelength extinction of light beams by ensembles of submicrometer soot particles was investigated as a diagnostic means of inferring particle field characteristics. This is, the particle size distribution function and particle number density were deduced using an innovative downhill simplex inversion algorithm for fitting the deconvolved Mie-based scattering/extinction integral to the measured scattering/extinction signals. In this work, the particle size distribution was characterized by the widely accepted two-parameter log-normal distribution function, which is fully defined with the specification of the mean particle diameter and the standard deviation of the distribution. The accuracy and precision of the algorithm were evaluated for soot particle applications by applying the technique to noise-perturbed synthetic data in which the signal noise component is obtained by Monte Carlo sampling of Gaussian distributed experimental errors of 4, 6, and 10 percent. The algorithm was shown to yield results having an inaccuracy of less than 10 percent for the highest noise levels and an imprecision equal to or less than the experimental error. Multi-wavelength extinction experiments with a laboratory bench-top burner yielded a mean particle diameter of 0.039 μm and indicated that molecular absorption by organic vapor-phase molecules in the ultraviolet region should not significantly influence the measurements. A field demonstration test was conducted on one of the JT-12D engines of a Sabre Liner jet aircraft. This experiment yielded mean diameters of 0.040 μm and 0.036 μm and standard deviations of 0.032 μm and 0.001 μm for scattering and extinction methods, respectively. The total particulate mass flow rate at idle was estimated to be 0.54 kg/h.

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Mohammed A. Fayad, Amera A. Radhi, Salman Hussien Omran i Farag Mahel Mohammed. "Influence of Environment-Friendly Fuel Additives and Fuel Injection Pressure on Soot Nanoparticles Characteristics and Engine Performance, and NOX Emissions in CI Diesel Engine". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 88, nr 1 (11.10.2021): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.88.1.5870.

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Next generation of fuels and injection technology system are growing attention in the transportation sector. The effects of castor oil of biodiesel (C30D) and two conditions (500 bar and 1000 bar) of fuel injection pressure (FIP) on soot nanoparticles characteristics and NOX emissions were performed in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The results showed that size distributions of soot particulate decreased from C30D combustion by 43.62% compared to the diesel combustion for different FIP. Furthermore, the soot particle number concentration decreased more with 1000 bar of FIP compared with 500 bar for both fuels tests. The combustion of C30D decreased the average number of primary particles (npo) by 44.35% compared with diesel. For an injection pressure, it was observed that high injection pressure (1000 bar) significantly decreased the npo by 11.6 nm and 25.4 nm compared to the 500 bar by 22.4 nm and 33.2 from C30D and diesel, respectively. In addition, the average diameter of soot primary particle (dpo) was smaller by 47.68% during C30D combustion than to the diesel combustion for all conditions of injection pressure. In case of engine performance, the BTE, BSFC increased from the C30D combustion compared with diesel under different FIP. It is indicated that increasing injection pressure improved the engine performance for C30D and diesel. In contrast, the high injection pressure and C30D increased the NOX emissions by 21.37% compared with diesel fuel.

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Distaso, Elia, Riccardo Amirante, Giuseppe Calò, Pietro De Palma i Paolo Tamburrano. "Evolution of Soot Particle Number, Mass and Size Distribution along the Exhaust Line of a Heavy-Duty Engine Fueled with Compressed Natural Gas". Energies 13, nr 15 (3.08.2020): 3993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153993.

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An experimental study has been conducted to provide a characterization of the transformations that particle size distributions and the number density of soot particles can encounter along the exhaust line of a modern EURO VI compliant heavy-duty engine, fueled with compressed natural gas. Being aware of the particles history in the exhausts can be of utmost importance to understand soot formation and oxidation dynamics, so that, new strategies for further reducing these emissions can be formulated and present and future regulations met. To this purpose, particle samples were collected from several points along the exhaust pipe, namely upstream and downstream of each device the exhaust gases interact with. The engine was turbocharged and equipped with a two-stage after-treatment system. The measurements were carried out in steady conditions while the engine operated in stoichiometric conditions. Particle emissions were measured using a fast-response particle size spectrometer (DMS500) so that size information was analyzed in the range between 5 and 1000 nm. Particle mass information was derived from size distribution data using a correlation available in the literature. The reported results provide more insight on the particle emission process related to natural gas engines and, in particular, point out the effects that the turbine and the after-treatment devices produce on soot particles. Furthermore, the reported observations suggest that soot particles might not derive only from the fuel, namely, external sources, such as lubricant oil, might have a relevant role in soot formation.

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Jaharudin, Nur Fauziah, Nur Atiqah Ramlan, Mohd Herzwan Hamzah, Abdul Adam Abdullah i Rizalman Mamat. "Study on Particulate Matter of Diesel Engine Using Waste Cooking Oil". Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (lipiec 2015): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.420.

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Particulate matter (PM) is one of the major pollutants emitted by diesel engine which have adverse effects on human health. Accordingly, many researches have been done to find alternative fuels that are clean and efficient. Biodiesel is preferred as an alternative source for diesel engine which produces lower PM than diesel fuel. However, the manufacturing cost of biodiesel from vegetable oil is expensive. Therefore, using waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel would be more economical and sustainable solution. The characteristics of direct injection diesel engine in term of the PM have been investigated experimentally in this study. The experiments were conducted using single cylinder diesel engine with different speed (1200 rpm, 1500 rpm, 1800 rpm, 2100 rpm, 2400 rpm) at constant load. PM emission of WCO B100 and diesel fuel was compared and the effect of PM components such as soluble organic fraction (SOF) and soot were studied. The result showed WCO B100 reduces the PM emission at all engine speed. Furthermore, both fuels showed highest reduction of PM concentration at moderate engine speed of 1500 rpm.

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Dorscheidt, Frank, Stefan Pischinger, Johannes Claßen, Stefan Sterlepper, Sascha Krysmon, Michael Görgen, Martin Nijs, Pawel Straszak i Abdelrahman Mahfouz Abdelkader. "Development of a Novel Gasoline Particulate Filter Loading Method Using a Burner Bench". Energies 14, nr 16 (11.08.2021): 4914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164914.

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In view of the deliberations on new Euro 7 emission standards to be introduced by 2025, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are already hard at work to further minimise the pollutant emissions of their vehicles. A particular challenge in this context will be compliance with new particulate number (PN) limits. It is expected that these will be tightened significantly, especially by including particulates down to 10 nm. This will lead to a substantially increased effort in the calibration of gasoline particulate filter (GPF) control systems. Therefore, it is of great interest to implement advanced methods that enable shortened and at the same time more accurate GPF calibration techniques. In this context, this study presents an innovative GPF calibration procedure that can enable a uniquely efficient development process. In doing so, some calibration work packages involving GPF soot loading and regeneration are transferred to a modern burner test bench. This approach can minimise the costly and time-consuming use of engine test benches for GPF calibration tasks. Accurate characterisation of the particulate emissions produced after a cold start by the target engine in terms of size distribution, morphology, and the following exhaust gas backpressure and burn-off rates of the soot inside the GPF provides the basis for a precise reproduction and validation process on the burner test bench. The burner test bench presented enables the generation of particulates with a geometric mean diameter (GMD) of 35 nm, exactly as they were measured in the exhaust gas of the engine. The elemental composition of the burner particulates also shows strong similarities to the particulates produced by the gasoline engine, which is further confirmed by matching burn-off rates. Furthermore, the exhaust backpressure behaviour can accurately be reproduced over the entire loading range of the GPF. By shifting GPF-related calibration tasks to the burner test bench, total filter loading times can be reduced by up to 93%.

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d’Ambrosio, Stefano, Alessandro Mancarella i Andrea Manelli. "Utilization of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) in a Euro 6 Dual-Loop EGR Diesel Engine: Behavior as a Drop-In Fuel and Potentialities along Calibration Parameter Sweeps". Energies 15, nr 19 (30.09.2022): 7202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197202.

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This study examines the effects on combustion, engine performance and exhaust pollutant emissions of a modern Euro 6, dual-loop EGR, compression ignition engine running on regular EN590-compliant diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). First, the potential of HVO as a “drop-in” fuel, i.e., without changes to the original, baseline diesel-oriented calibration, was highlighted and compared to regular diesel results. This showed how the use of HVO can reduce engine-out emissions of soot (by up to 67%), HC and CO (by up to 40%), while NOx levels remain relatively unchanged. Fuel consumption was also reduced, by about 3%, and slightly lower combustion noise levels were detected, too. HVO has a lower viscosity and a higher cetane number than diesel. Since these parameters have a significant impact on mixture formation and the subsequent combustion process, an engine pre-calibrated for regular diesel fuel could not fully exploit the potential of another sustainable fuel. Therefore, the effects of the most influential calibration parameters available on the tested engine platform, i.e., high-pressure and low-pressure EGR, fuel injection pressure, main injection timing, pilot quantity and dwell-time, were analyzed along single-parameter sweeps. The substantial reduction in engine-out soot, HC and CO levels brought about by HVO could give the possibility to implement additional measures to limit NOx emissions, combustion noise and/or fuel consumption compared to diesel. For example, higher proportion of LP EGR and/or smaller pilot quantity could be exploited with HVO, at low load, to reduce NOx emissions to a greater extent than diesel, without incurring penalties in terms of incomplete combustion species. Conversely, at higher load, delayed main injection timings and reduced rail pressure could reduce combustion noise without exceeding soot levels of the baseline diesel case.

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Azevedo, Kurt, i Daniel B. Olsen. "Engine oil degradation analysis of construction equipment in Latin America". Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 25, nr 2 (7.05.2019): 294–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-02-2018-0013.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine and describe the effect of oil degradation on the engine of a 20-ton class excavator operating in Latin America. Design/methodology/approach The research parameters include: a specific engine class and equipment, the John Deere PowerTech Plus 6068 Tier 3 diesel engine that powers the 20-ton class excavator; identical OSA3 oil analysis laboratory equipment in 11 target countries in Latin America was employed to analyze oil samples; and the same sampling scope and method were followed for each oil sample. Findings The research results indicated that at 500 h of use, 73.4 percent of the oil sample results indicated that soot accumulation was a significant problem. When associating the engine oil contamination with the environment risk drivers: altitude and diesel quality have the greatest impact on iron readings; bio-diesel impacts copper; and precipitation and poor diesel quality are associated with silicon levels. Practical implications Due to diverse machine operating conditions, research offers an accurate global representation. Because there is an exponential count of particles as oil use approaches 250 h, the interval of engine maintenance (oil change) for machinery operating under similar conditions should not exceed 250 h of use. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper will help machinery final users and manufacturers to implement mitigation strategies to improve engine durability in countries with similar operating conditions.

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Masuko, M., A. Suzuki i T. Ueno. "Influence of Chemical and Physical Contaminants on the Antiwear Performance of Model Automotive Engine Oil". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 220, nr 5 (1.05.2006): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065005x34053.

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The antiwear performance of simulated used-engine-oil that contained a chemical contaminant (degraded zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZnDTP)) was studied with and without physical contamination (carbon black) using a four-ball tribometer. By reacting with cumene hydroperoxide, sec-C6-ZnDTP was degraded and produced many compounds containing both phosphorous and sulphur. The simulated used-oils were found to promote wear. This wear was considered to be due to corrosive wear by the excess reaction of surfaces with the sulphur contained in the degraded compounds. Carbon black was used to model carbon soot, which is another key substance of degraded engine oils, especially in diesel engines, to study the synergism between chemical contamination (ZnDTP degradation) and physical contamination (carbon soot contamination). Carbon black increased wear irrespective of the level of ZnDTP degradation, and the acceleration was much greater in the degraded oils. The wear acceleration by carbon black was observed even when the antiwear film from ZnDTP was already present on the surface. It was suggested that the wear acceleration by carbon black was due to abrasion.

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45

Green, D. A., i R. Lewis. "The effects of soot-contaminated engine oil on wear and friction: A review". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, nr 9 (wrzesień 2008): 1669–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto468.

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Macián, Vicente, Bernardo Tormos, Santiago Ruiz i Antonio García-Barberá. "An Alternative Procedure to Quantify Soot in Engine Oil by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy". Tribology Transactions 62, nr 6 (1.10.2019): 1063–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2019.1645255.

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Zannis, Theodoros C., Roussos G. Papagiannakis, Efthimios G. Pariotis i Marios I. Kourampas. "Experimental Study of DI Diesel Engine Operational and Environmental Behavior Using Blends of City Diesel with Glycol Ethers and RME". Energies 12, nr 8 (24.04.2019): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081547.

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An experimental investigation is performed in a single-cylinder direct-injection (DI) diesel engine using city diesel oil called DI1 and two blends of DI1 with a mixture of glycol ethers. The addition of glycol ethers to fuel DI1 produced oxygenated fuels GLY10 (10.2 mass-% glycol ethers) and GLY30 (31.3 mass-% glycol ethers) with 3% and 9% oxygen content, respectively. The addition of biofuel rapeseed methyl ester (RME) to fuel DI1 produced oxygenated blend RME30 (31.2 mass-% RME) with 3% oxygen content. Engine tests were performed with the four fuels in the DI diesel engine at 2500 RPM and at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of full load. The experimental diesel engine was equipped with devices for recording cylinder pressure, injection pressure, and top dead center (TDC) position and also it was equipped with exhaust gas analyzers for measuring soot, NO, CO, and HC emissions. A MATLAB 2014 code was developed for analyzing recorded cylinder pressure, injection pressure, and TDC position data for all obtained engine cycles and for calculating the main engine performance parameters. The assessment of the experimental results showed that glycol ethers have more beneficial impact on soot and NO emissions compared to RME, whereas RME have less detrimental impact on engine performance parameters compared to glycol ethers.

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Nam, Cao Dao, i Van Vang Le. "The Strategies of NOx Emission Reduction for Diesel Engines". European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, nr 11 (21.11.2018): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.11.969.

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Diesel engines are more efficient than forced ignition engines but due to diffused combustion and work with high air residue levels, burning products contain soot and NOx, pollutants that work Handling it on the road today still has many technical problems. The technology of organizing the combustion of diesel engines directly affects the level of pollution generated. Direct injection diesel engines have a lower fuel consumption than a combustion engine with a separation of about 10% and a lower level of soot emissions when the engine is operating in local loading mode. However, direct injection engines work noisier and generate more pollutants (NOx, HC). Today, this type of combustion chamber is only used for heavy-duty truck engines. Limiting the optimal emission level for diesel engines needs to balance the concentration of the two main pollutants, NOx and soot. Low temperature combustion (LTC) engines need different enabling technologies depending on the fuel and strategy used to achieve combustion of the premixed fuel–air mixture. Controlling the combustion rate is one of the major challenges in LTC engines, particularly in PPCI combustion engine to achieve higher thermal efﬁciency, the desired phasing of combustion timings is essential even at moderate combustion rates. Present chapter describes the combustion control variables and control strategies used for LTC engines. Various methods demonstrated to control the LTC engines can be categorized in to two main strategies: (i) altering pressure–temperature and (ii) altering fuel reactivity of the charge.

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Nam, Cao Dao, i Van Vang Le. "Strategies of NOx Emission Reduction for Diesel Engines". European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, nr 11 (21.11.2018): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.11.969.

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Diesel engines are more efficient than forced ignition engines but due to diffused combustion and work with high air residue levels, burning products contain soot and NOx, pollutants that work Handling it on the road today still has many technical problems. The technology of organizing the combustion of diesel engines directly affects the level of pollution generated. Direct injection diesel engines have a lower fuel consumption than a combustion engine with a separation of about 10% and a lower level of soot emissions when the engine is operating in local loading mode. However, direct injection engines work noisier and generate more pollutants (NOx, HC). Today, this type of combustion chamber is only used for heavy-duty truck engines. Limiting the optimal emission level for diesel engines needs to balance the concentration of the two main pollutants, NOx and soot. Low temperature combustion (LTC) engines need different enabling technologies depending on the fuel and strategy used to achieve combustion of the premixed fuel–air mixture. Controlling the combustion rate is one of the major challenges in LTC engines, particularly in PPCI combustion engine to achieve higher thermal ef?ciency, the desired phasing of combustion timings is essential even at moderate combustion rates. Present chapter describes the combustion control variables and control strategies used for LTC engines. Various methods demonstrated to control the LTC engines can be categorized in to two main strategies: (i) altering pressure–temperature and (ii) altering fuel reactivity of the charge.

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Wan, Yanlei, Chengjian Xu, Qiuhong Zhou, Hao Chen i Qi Xu. "Synthesis of nanoporous acicular-mullite ceramic and electroless platinum coating for particulate matter entrapment and catalytic combustion". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 983, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 012107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/983/1/012107.

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Abstract Crystal-structured acicular-mullite ceramic with high porosity and interpenetrated networks was fabricated for diesel particulate filter (DPF), followed by electroless deposition of platinum (Pt) catalysis throughout ceramic surfaces from an aqueous Pt (IV) solution. The integrated material was characterized and compared with commercial cordierite particulate matter (PM) filter, exhibiting many excellent properties in surface area, porous ratio, and loading capacity for both soot and catalyst. The resulting surface density of Pt nanoparticles attained as high as 8.0 × 109/cm2 due to the 3-dimensional architecture, while maintaining a pore ratio, 63.72%, relative to 52.60% in its counterpart. Deposited Pt nanoparticles artfully serve as catalysis for combustion of carbon soot, potentially implemented for diesel engine filter, reducing the particulate matter emission for environmental protection. The catalytic performance was evaluated by a regular thermal gravity analysis (TGA) measurement, showing that the significant drop of soot conversion temperature, and soot convert rate could be further improved by co-precipitating CeO2 catalyst additive. This material, thereby, could readily adapt itself into large-scale production.

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