Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Energy intensive industries- India”

A fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) is on the horizon. It is enabled by advancements in information and communication technologies (i.e. digitalization) and concepts such as the Internet of Things and cyber-physical systems. Industry 4.0 is expected to have great impact on the manufacturing and process industries, changing how products are developed, produced and sold. However, Industry 4.0 is a novel concept and its impacts are still uncertain. An increasingly strict climate and energy agenda in Sweden is putting pressure on the industrial sector and it is, therefore, important that the sector exploits the full potential Industry 4.0 can provide for increased sustainability. This thesis examines the status of digitalization in the Swedish energy intensive industries (i.e. pulp and paper, steel, and chemical industries) and how it could impact energy efficiency in the sector. Qualitative research methods were used to carry out the study. A literature review and in-depth interviews with employees within the industries were conducted. The results show that, while digitalization is considered important for the future competitiveness of the Swedish energy intensive industries, the digital maturity of the sector is not considered high. Digital technologies can increase energy efficiency in a number of different ways (e.g. through better optimization tools, increased availability of processes and more efficient maintenance management). However, there is not a clear link between digital strategies and energy efficiency measures in the energy intensive industries in Sweden. Moreover, energy efficiency is not considered the main driver for implementing digital technologies, it is rather considered a positive side effect. To accelerate the implementation of digital technologies it is important to support further research in this area and encourage a closer cooperation between stakeholders as well as mitigating challenges such as uncertainty regarding return on investment and issues related to data security and ownership.
Industrin är på väg in i en fjärde industriell revolution (Industri 4.0). Revolutionen möjliggörs av framsteg inom informations- och kommunikationsteknologier (digitalisering) och koncept som internet av saker och cyberfysiska system. Industri 4.0 förväntas ha en stor påverkan på tillverknings- och processindustrin, vilket kommer att förändra hur produkter utvecklas, produceras och säljs. Industri 4.0 är dock ett nytt koncept och dess effekter är fortfarande osäkra. I samband med att en allt strängare klimat- och energiagenda i Sverige sätter press på industrisektorn, är det viktigt att sektorn utnyttjar den fulla potentialen som Industri 4.0 kan bidrag med för en ökad hållbarhet. Det här examensarbetet analyserar det nuvarande läget för digitalisering inom de svenska energiintensiva industrierna (dvs. massa och pappers-, stål- och kemisk industrin) och hur det kan påverka energieffektiviteten i sektorn. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativa forksningsmetoder. En litteraturstudie och fördjupade intervjuer med anställda inom branscherna genomfördes. Resultaten visar att trots att digitalisering anses vara viktig för de svenska energiintensiva industriernas framtida konkurrenskraft, anses sektorns digitala mognad inte vara hög. Digital teknik kan öka energieffektiviteten på ett antal olika sätt (t.ex. genom bättre optimeringsverktyg, ökad tillgänglighet av processer och effektivare underhållshantering). Det finns dock ingen tydlig koppling mellan digitala strategier och energieffektivitetsåtgärder i de energiintensiva industrierna i Sverige. Dessutom anses energieffektivitet inte vara den främsta drivkraften för att implementera digitala teknologier, utan anses snarare vara en positiv bieffekt. För att påskynda implementeringen av digital teknik är det viktigt att fortsätta stötta forskningen inom området och uppmuntra till ett närmare samarbete mellan olika aktörer samt bemöta utmaningar som osäkerheten kring framtida avkastningar på investeringar och frågor relaterade till datasäkerhet och ägande.

S tím, jak se neustále vyvíjejí nové technologie pro energeticky náročná průmyslová odvětví, stávající zařízení postupně zaostávají v efektivitě a produktivitě. Tvrdá konkurence na trhu a legislativa v oblasti životního prostředí nutí tato tradiční zařízení k ukončení provozu a k odstavení. Zlepšování procesu a projekty modernizace jsou zásadní v udržování provozních výkonů těchto zařízení. Současné přístupy pro zlepšování procesů jsou hlavně: integrace procesů, optimalizace procesů a intenzifikace procesů. Obecně se v těchto oblastech využívá matematické optimalizace, zkušeností řešitele a provozní heuristiky. Tyto přístupy slouží jako základ pro zlepšování procesů. Avšak, jejich výkon lze dále zlepšit pomocí moderní výpočtové inteligence. Účelem této práce je tudíž aplikace pokročilých technik umělé inteligence a strojového učení za účelem zlepšování procesů v energeticky náročných průmyslových procesech. V této práci je využit přístup, který řeší tento problém simulací průmyslových systémů a přispívá následujícím: (i)Aplikace techniky strojového učení, která zahrnuje jednorázové učení a neuro-evoluci pro modelování a optimalizaci jednotlivých jednotek na základě dat. (ii) Aplikace redukce dimenze (např. Analýza hlavních komponent, autoendkodér) pro vícekriteriální optimalizaci procesu s více jednotkami. (iii) Návrh nového nástroje pro analýzu problematických částí systému za účelem jejich odstranění (bottleneck tree analysis – BOTA). Bylo také navrženo rozšíření nástroje, které umožňuje řešit vícerozměrné problémy pomocí přístupu založeného na datech. (iv) Prokázání účinnosti simulací Monte-Carlo, neuronové sítě a rozhodovacích stromů pro rozhodování při integraci nové technologie procesu do stávajících procesů. (v) Porovnání techniky HTM (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) a duální optimalizace s několika prediktivními nástroji pro podporu managementu provozu v reálném čase. (vi) Implementace umělé neuronové sítě v rámci rozhraní pro konvenční procesní graf (P-graf). (vii) Zdůraznění budoucnosti umělé inteligence a procesního inženýrství v biosystémech prostřednictvím komerčně založeného paradigmatu multi-omics.

To make a difference among the energy intensive process industries, this dissertation addresses production planning and supply chain planning problems related to industrial energy management issues. The energy issue is turning more and more important from different angles, involving price as well as environmental problems due to climate change leading to political pressure on all energy users. The process industry sector is one of the largest users of energy, and thus important to analyse. Process industries are also capital intensive and operate on large and expensive process equipment, making it imperative to plan their production well in order to reach preferable capacity utilisation. Therefore this dissertation strives to locate the most important energy management issues for the long term profitability of process industries, and investigates the  symbiotic effects of including energy issues in production and supply chain planning. Three different studies at three case companies are carried out, analysed, and presented in five papers. The cases represent the process industry sectors: chemicals, pulp, and steel. Both qualitative case study methodologies as well as quantitative mathematical modelling and optimisation approaches have been practiced. The research questions are analysed from both an energy system and from a production process point of view, separately as well as combined. Energy is somewhat considered to be the main workforce for process industries and this dissertation exemplifies some of its most important dimensions in this context. Several prerequisites for putting energy management on the strategic agenda are located in a specialty chemical industry where the importance of introducing a strategic perspective on energy, the way energy is used, and the possibilities of increasing alternative revenue from utilising by- and/or co-products differently are pinpointed. Approaches for including energy issues in planning processes are also suggested in terms of a MILP model for the entire supply chain of a pulp company, including decisions on purchase and transportation of raw maerials, production allocation, energy mix, and distribution. Another example is presented based on the perspectives of economics of scale and lot sizing through economic order quantity principles in a steel company. By using real company data, energy smart approaches in planning and scheduling are developed with respect to the most important intersections between the production processes and their supporting energy system. The accumulated resource intensity and embedded energy could, and probably should, hence be more fairly  reflected in the product price. The research finally shows some possible impact with including energy issues in a production and supply chain planning model. By planning differently, production prioritisations can be done, and it is not only possible without any large investments, but also prosperous with savings on both energy and money within reach. To conclude, planning of production and supply chain has either a direct or an indirect impact on the energy cost-effectiveness of a company. This dissertation argues that such impact also exists in its mutual form, and is very important when the energy issues are large enough, as they often are in the energy intensive process industry sector. Decision makers should thus beware of the short end of the stick that might be  devastating in the long run, but also aware of all the possibilities that can bring success and prosperity when the future begins.

Renewable energy (RE hereafter) has been observed as a potentially significant new source of jobs and rural growth in both OECD and BRICs countries, and a means of addressing environmental and energy security concerns. The global deployment of RE has been expanding rapidly. For instance, the RE electricity sector grew by 26% between 2005 and 2010 globally and currently provides about 20% of the world's total power (including hydro-power) (OECD, 2012). Rural areas attract a large part of investment related to renewable energy deployment, rending to be sparsely populated but with abundant sources of RE. Several case studies have found that RE deployment can provide hosting communities with some benefits including new revenue sources, new job and business opportunities, innovation in products/practices/policies in rural areas, capacity building and community empowerment, and affordable energy. There is a growing body of evidence on the instrumental role that entrepreneurs and small businesses play in driving local and national economies. The structure of rural economies is essentially composed of small enterprises, which are responsible for most of the job growth and the innovation. Rural development is a key element of strategies to reduce poverty and create income and employment opportunities (UNIDO, 2003). It is important to unleash and harness the creativity of grassroots entrepreneurs but they are posed with many challenges, the biggest being these grassroots inventions don't scale up. To overcome these challenges and promote rural entrepreneurship, support roles are required; this is also where the importance and role of institutions and their planned arrangements (for example, partnerships) are much debated in both domestic and international forums. This research investigates the current institutional arrangements that support solar entrepreneurship which creates solar energy based income-generating micro enterprises in rural India. In addition to that, it explores the wider implications on rural development that these entrepreneurships have while using these solar RETs. Institutions and individuals promoting rural development see entrepreneurship as a strategic development intervention that could accelerate the rural development process (Ezeibe, 2013). India, being the only country with a national ministry dedicated to RE initiatives (the MNRE, Government of India) and also ranking third on the renewable energy country attractiveness index (E&Y, 2013; 2016) makes an interesting country choice for investigation. The thesis applies a qualitative research method with an exploratory design to understand the interaction process between institutions and how different institutions support rural development to generate an in-depth analysis of existing institutions using a conceptual framework.

In order to keep a high level and to stay competitive in the world market in the future, it is important for the Swedish steel industry to improve their efficiencies continuously and to reduce the energy consumption. In order to realize these goals, the Swedish steel association Jernkotoret was found and by their initiative Triple Steelix was found in 2006 in Berglanden, a significant area for the steel industry. In 2009, the Clean Production Centre was found in Hofors in order to build a cluster of local steel manufacturers, factories and companies. One of those companies is Gästrike Härdverkstad, a small steal heat treatment industry with six employees and about 700.000 tons treated materials every year. The aim for this thesis is to suggest solutions for recovering waste heat and lowering the total energy consumption in furnaces for heat treatment in the case of Gästrike Härdverkstad. Some limitations were necessary to complete the analysis and to come to conclusions. The yearly treated material and energy prices were assumed to be constant and the yearly power consumption was estimated by an extrapolation of a one to five days measurement. Gästrike Härdverkstad is located in Uhrfors, the southern part of Åshammar, a village with 727 inhabitants. There are not any buildings with a possibility to supply heat and there is no district heating in the surroundings. The company has a power consumption of 1.40 GWh/year, of which 65.7% is consumed by the 12 main furnaces. The rest is used by eight seldom used furnaces, devices and auxiliary machines of the support process like fans, pumps, compressor, office heating, and some other. The efficiencies of the main furnaces are between 10% and 20%.The estimated energy consumption of the space heating is about 27 MWh/year, which completely can be covered by the material coolant and the combustion heat of the exhaust gases from the hardening furnaces. Since there are 10 different types of furnaces with different duties and efficiencies, the preheating furnace was taken as an example and compared with a new furnace. According to the needs of Gästrike Härdverkstad, the furnace VAW 60/100-650°C from the company Vötsch was chosen at the cost of 248,827 SEK. The payback time depends on the efficiency. With an efficiency of 40% the payback time would be about 13 years, see Figure 20. After the annealing and ageing, the finished products are cooled down in the building hall by the ambient air. In future, the possibility of preheating the material with the heat of the finished products should be considered. With an efficiency of 30.87%, one preheating furnace could bereplaced, and taken a payback time of 5 years into account; the price of the construction would be allowed to be up to 253,200 SEK.

Cette thèse vise à analyser les enjeux et les conséquences la consommation énergétique dans les pays anciennement communistes d’Europe et d’Asie Centrale (EAC). Plus particulièrement, nous soulevons la question des politiques économiques à mettre en place afin d’améliorer l’efficacité énergétique dans cette région et analysons les conséquences en termes de pollution et de croissance de la spécialisation intensive en énergie de leurs économies.Le système d’économie planifié a profondément altéré les structures économiques et la trajectoire de consommation énergétique de ces pays. En effet, une des empreintes restantes de l’économie de type soviétique réside dans l’importante intensité énergétique et la forte spécialisation des pays EAC dans les industries intensives en énergie. Les récentes crises géopolitiques vis-à-vis de la Russie, l’épuisement des ressources énergétiques fossiles ainsi que la problématique environnementale mettent en exergue l’importance de la question énergétique dans ces pays.La présente thèse s’intéresse plus spécifiquement à deux problèmes fondamentaux. Comment améliorer les performances énergétiques des pays Est-Européens ? Et quel est l’impact de la spécialisation dans les industries structurellement intensives en énergie sur la croissance des pays EAC ?Dans le premier chapitre, nous analysons les fondations microéconomiques de la demande énergétique en se focalisant sur les déficiences de marché qui peuvent contraindre l’efficacité énergétique des firmes. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à l’effet relié au développement financier. L’inefficience des marchés financiers est une des principales explications du « paradoxe d’efficience énergétique », mais n’a pour l’instant pas été empiriquement démontré. Les résultats empiriques de ce chapitre montrent que les marchés financiers locaux jouent un rôle important dans la consommation énergétique des firmes.Le chapitre 2 examine dans quelle mesure la réglementation environnementale de l’Union Européenne (UE) impacte la spécialisation des pays est-européens dans les industries polluantes. En ce sens, ce chapitre traite de la question centrale du développement de havres de pollution en Europe de l’Est. Nos résultats indiquent que les exportations des pays EAC vers un pays de l’UE sont relativement plus importantes dans des secteurs polluants lorsque ce pays a dû mettre en place des mesures environnementales. Cet effet est rendu robuste au biais de variables omises grâce à l’inclusion d’un ensemble d’effets fixes. De plus, le problème potentiel de causalité inverse est traité grâce à l’utilisation d’un instrument exogène de politique environnementale basé sur les conditions climatiques des pays.Au-delà des problèmes liés à l’environnement, le chapitre 3 analyse les conséquences économiques de la spécialisation dans des industries énergivores dans la région EAC. En effet, cette spécialisation est un héritage direct de l’ancien système d’économie planifiée. L’économie planifiée de type soviétique a façonné une spécialisation dans des secteurs industriels très énergivores, et ce indépendamment des caractéristiques structurelles spécifiques des différents pays de l’ancien bloc de l’Est. La volonté idéologique et les distorsions de marché dans ces économies ont été les principaux moteurs d’un surdéveloppement des industries extrêmement énergivores. L’effet de la sur-spécialisation dans les industries intensives en énergie est strictement négatif et significatif dans toutes nos estimations. Ce résultat est robuste et met en exergue des symptômes de « maladie soviétique ». Les pays anciennement communistes qui maintiennent des distorsions de spécialisation dans les secteurs industriels développés sous le système d’économie planifiée font face à de moins bonnes performances économiques. Ainsi, maintenir une spécialisation industrielle intensive en énergie est inefficace aussi bien d’un point de vue environnemental que d’un point de vue économique
The current thesis raises important issues about the drivers able to improve energy intensity of the Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region from both an efficiency point of view and in terms of structural specialization in energy-intensive sectors. In particular, we question about the rationale of keeping a high degree of specialization in energy-intensive sectors, given that this specialization was primarily based on the mechanisms of the former planned economy system. This dissertation consists of three empirical essays studying these issues.We focus on two main questions. How to improve energy and pollution performances of the ECA countries? And how the over-specialization in energy-intensive sectors affects their economic growth? The first question is examined in Chapters 1 and 2, whereas the second question is discussed in Chapter 3.To address these issues there is a need to analyze the two components of the energy intensity, namely the energy efficiency and the structural specialization in energy intensive sectors, with the adequate levels of investigation. To cover the scope of the different problems raised by the legacy of high energy intensity in the ECA countries, I thus rely on micro-, sector- and macro-level analysis. Chapter 1 considers the market constraints to firm-level energy efficiency and examines whether the financial development explains the firm-level energy efficiency. Then, using bilateral export flows at the industry-level, Chapter 2 studies how environmental policy inside the EU influences the energy- and pollution- intensive specialization in ECA countries that are not EU members. More specifically, this chapter aims to exhibit to what extent the EU environmental stringency fosters the pollution havens in the ECA region by stimulating exports in energy-intensive sectors. And finally, Chapter 3 seeks to provide macroeconomic evidence about the growth consequences of the maintaining of a specialization highly oriented towards energy-intensive sectors. This ultimate chapter tries to identify whether over-specialization in energy-intensive sectors is negative for growth performances in this region

Sweden aims to become one of the first fossil-free welfare countries in the world. In 2009, specific energy and climate policy targets were announced for 2020, which exceed the ambition of respective EU targets in some areas. The overarching objective of the thesis is to understand the role of energy efficiency in Swedish energy and climate policy frameworks, and identify the gaps that need to be addressed. In this context, energy efficiency is recognized as a challenge to address. Yet, there are reasons to believe that it is not being pursued with the same dedication as other energy and climate-related targets. This hypothesis is tested using Mixed Methods research, with cases on different sectors of the Swedish economy, namely energy intensive industry and public bus transport, as well as comparisons with energy efficiency within the EU-28. With the help of abductive reasoning, the observations are inferred to an explanation, and common themes for Swedish energy efficiency policies emerge. The evidence indicates that energy efficiency has received lower priority than other energy and climate policies. This is demonstrated by the conflict between energy efficiency, emission reduction and renewable energy targets, for example in the case of public transport. There is generally a mismatch between targets and the instruments in place. Thus more attention should be given to energy efficiency and its potential benefits for the Swedish energy system. Opportunities for energy efficiency improvements are not being fully realized, but new policy initiatives could provide the necessary support to harness the potential. In-depth evaluation of new policy instruments should be integrated in the policy-making process, in order to provide a clear picture of costs versus benefits. An example is given with a Cost-Benefit Analysis for energy efficiency obligations targeting the Swedish energy intensive industry. Simplicity and transparency in the introduction and monitoring of new instruments need to be sought for. Energy efficiency should be given first priority in relation to other energy and climate targets. The basis for future policies should be grounded now in order for energy efficiency to become the key for successful Swedish energy policy.

QC 20160914

The greatest political, scientific, and engineering challenge of the 21st century is finding a viable solution to limit anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) to curb the effects of global climate change. All sectors of society need to contribute to alleviate this problem, but industrial operations must play a significant leadership role. Some of these industries include: metallurgy, cement, power, agriculture and forestry. In particular, the iron/steel, cement, and power generation industries use coal on account of its high energy density among solid fuels. Coal combustion yields 720 tonne CO2/GWh, and produces fine particulates, sulphur and nitrous oxides, along with excess CO2 contributing to climate change. In comparison, biomass (such as agricultural and forestry residues) has a solid fuel rating of 25-100 tonne CO2/GWh; therefore, biomass fuels are considered more sustainable since the living biomass consumed CO2 in the early part of its life cycle. However, biomass has significant industrial shortcomings for its use as fuel at large scale, including low energy content, density, and hydrophobicity relative to coal. In short, biomass fuels cannot be substituted without major infrastructure changes which add economic penalties that industry is currently unwilling to absorb. Biomass upgrading routes were considered in this thesis. These include densification, torrefaction, and integrated torrefaction and densification (ITD). The first half of the methodology involved converting woody biomass (willow residue and poplar bark), agricultural residue (switchgrass plants), and pulp mill waste via a single pellet/briquette press at different densification temperatures and pressures. The second half of the methodology involved product characterization of each batch of pellets and briquettes. In this work, pellets and briquettes were tested for physical characteristics (density and durability), chemical differences (energy content and hydrophobicity), and transport phenomena characteristics (drying profiles). First, results showed that extrusion of torrefied biomass at 300°C with an estimated pressure of 10 MPa creates partially formed pellets from agricultural residues. Using the concept of ITD (temperature range 220-325°C and pressure range 40 and 215 MPa), the density was found to be 1000-1250 kg/m3 for pellets and briquettes. The degree of compression from the loose biomass was on the order of 3-10 which corresponds with theoretical expectations. Material density increased with increasing pressure. The solid yield of pellets and briquettes decreased with increasing temperature, and results aligned with micro-scale thermogravimetric analysis. The larger ITD briquettes (produced at T = 325°C, P = 40 MPa) were evaluated for calorific value and found to fall in the lignite classification (O/C < 0.4 and H/C < 1.2) on a van Krevelen diagram. The resulting ITD pellets and briquettes were found to have a durability similar to commercial materials (durability > 97%), and to be more hydrophobic (8 wt% moisture absorption compared to 35 wt%). The drying time of ITD materials was faster than commercial torrefied briquettes, with an effective diffusivity of 1.5×10-6 m2/s compared to 7.3×10-9 m2/s likely because of a smaller pore volume in ITD briquettes. Further pilot scale studies would help improve the ITD methodology and make the process more appealing for the replacement of coal fuels.

L'augmentation des prix de l'énergie due à la raréfaction des énergies fossiles et la prise en compte des impacts environnementaux rend inéluctable l'engagement des industriels dans une démarche de maitrise de leurs consommations énergétiques et leurs émissions. L'Industrie Diffuse (ID), par opposition aux IGCE, est de plus en plus importante sur le plan économique, énergétique et environnemental. Elle devient ainsi une cible prioritaire d'autant plus que l'on constate qu'elle a été peu traitée dans les analyses énergétiques malgré l'intérêt des politiques en matière d'efficacité énergétique et le nombre considérable d'articles et de livres sur l'énergie. Comment quantifier alors l'implication de l'ID dans la contrainte réglementaire liée au changement climatique ? Quelles technologies et politiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux objectifs fixés par les plans d'actions pour l'efficacité énergétique ?Le travail de cette thèse repose ainsi sur une optimisation technico-économique de la chaine énergétique, à partir du modèle « bottom-up » de TIMES, dans une approche prospective pertinente des conséquences énergétique et environnementale de politiques MDE dans l'ID. Ce modèle s'appuie notamment sur une représentation par usages à l'inverse des IGCE du fait de l'inadaptabilité de l'approche produit/procédé. Dans ce cadre, l'analyse de la valorisation de la chaleur perdue en sortie des procédés à travers le déploiement de PAC dans l'agroalimentaire a été réalisée.Le recours à la modélisation prospective permet notamment d'observer le profil technologique et le timing des investissements des PAC en réponse à des contraintes énergétiques ou de mesures incitatives dans le cadre de Certificat d'Économie d'Énergie ou de valorisation des émissions de CO2. Il peut mettre aussi en lumière, d'une part, une possibilité d'étude sur un ajustement incrémentiel d'une taxe sur les émissions par les autorités de régulation pour atteindre leurs objectifs environnemental et énergétique sur le court, moyen et long-terme. D'autre part, il constitue un bon outil d'aide à la décision en déterminant des coûts différenciés d'économies d'énergie dans le cadre d'investissements de technologies MDE pour un meilleur criblage sectoriel
The growing energy prices due to the rarefaction of the fossil fuels and the consideration of the environmental impacts makes inevitable the involvement of industrials to promote energy efficiency policy and emissions reductions. We notice that the Non-energy intensive industry (NEI), by opposition to the energy intensive industry (EI), is expected to play an important role because of their economic and energy importance and its relatively high growth rate. It becomes then a priority target especially since it has been neglected in energy analysis despite the continuing policy interest in energy efficiency and the many reports and book written on the topic. How can NEI contribute effectively to the reduction of the energy consumptions and the CO2 emissions? Which technologies and/or policies should be implemented to reach these objectives?This PhD work is then based on a technical economic optimization of the sectoral energy system, by using a “bottom-up” model with TIMES framework, in a relevant prospective approach of the energy and environmental consequences of MDE policies in NEI. This model relies on a representation by energy end-uses contrary to the EI because of the unsuitability of the approach product/process. As part of this, we analyzed the industrial heat recovery on processes through the deployment of HP in Food & Drink industry, the most important NEI's sector.Then, this prospective modelling allows observing the shape of investments of HP in response to energy constraints or incentive policies within the mechanism of Energy Savings Certificate or valuation of CO2 emissions. It can give, on one hand, a possibility of study which giving the different adjustment of a tax on gas emissions by the authorities of regulation to reach their environmental and energy objectives in NEI over a medium or long-term horizon. On the other hand, it is very useful as a good decision-making tool by determining differentiated costs for energy savings within the investments of efficient technologies at the highest level of disaggregation for a better sectoral screening

碩士
國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所
96
Facing both of highly energy price and stringently greenhouse gas emission control situation in the world in the near future, that will impact the supply chain of the energy intensive industries in Taiwan, and increase business administration risk, then limiting its ability to achieve the purpose of sustainable development. This research use a risk assessment soft wave (@Risk) to evaluate net cash flow present value risk from 2008 to 2020 of seven energy intensive firms which each one was selected from major energy intensive industries respectively. Analytical results are as follows: (1) The Taiwan plastic Company has the biggest cash flow value at risk among the seven companies since it’s the highest share of energy cost; (2) Because the biggest amount of GHG emissions level of the China Steel Company will result in the highest value at risk of domestic carbon abatement activities; (3) If Taiwan energy intensive company can joint to Kyoto Mechanism (i.e. International Emission Trading and Clean Development Mechanism ) which can significantly reduce value at risk of carbon abatement activities.

碩士
國立成功大學
資源工程學系碩博士班
95
This research is for the purpose of understanding the influence of energy tax on High Energy-consuming Industry, and taking integrated steel plant for instance. Using scenario simulate method to discuss whether the tax can achieve its goal. In order to be more real, this research also consults the expert in the case company. Finally through the simulate consequences discuss the effect degree. This research using: changes of energy price、energy taxation and the benefits of CO2 reduction to do cross simulates. Establishing four kind of situations includes: 1.energy price change slightly; 2.energy price change slightly and it has to levy energy tax;3. energy price change slightly and it has to levy energy tax including coal for material use.4. energy price change strong. Then they add the benefits of CO2 reduction separately. The overall scenarios are eight. In thesis final, this research discuss if techniques can be used by company or not and analyze the reasons. This research finds the main cause of using new techniques or not is energy price varying, Depending on energy tax only can not prompt company to use new techniques. It needs other measures to co-operate.

Energy cost savings are key for South African industry to remain competitive in an international market. The South African gold-, platinum, and cement industries are three such examples. Recent electricity price increases have forced these industries to focus on reducing operational costs. Various methods of energy cost reduction are utilised in modern industry, usually with extended payback periods. Efficient operation planning and optimisation can however reduce energy costs with instant payback. Operations modelling and computer-assisted optimisation allow plant personnel to schedule plant activities more effectively. Most literature steers research towards the modelling of specific applications, instead of widening the analysis for application on various systems. As a result, and due to the complexity of these modelling techniques, modelling and operations interventions are costly, as they are mostly implemented by expert personnel and consultants. This thesis presents the compilation of integrated modelling techniques that simplifies modern methods. The simplification makes widespread implementation by less knowledgeable personnel possible. Unique component descriptions are developed that reduce the complexity of the mathematical representation of the real-world plants. New process- and link component descriptions are generated. These describe real-world components accurately which are flexible to characterise a multitude of plant designs. As part of the study, a new continuous-time modelling approach was generated that reduces processing time. This time modelling approach is flexible to optimise any extent of time, using a continuous-time approach. This new optimisation and scheduling algorithm calculates lowest cost operations while considering continuously variable plant settings and interlinked component response, such as buffer levels. The modelling techniques are implemented using an automated energy management system. The new techniques are compared to existing linear optimisers and show a reduction in processing time and complexity. The thesis describes the application of the modelling techniques on four cement production plants and generated energy cost savings of more than 10%, or R8.5 million p.a.. Further benefits include higher production outputs, improved product quality and the reduction of operational risks. The application on gold mining, platinum concentration and ore distribution logistics are also investigated. Industrial processes are simulated to determine the savings potential of the new modelling techniques and the effectiveness of managing operations by integrated modelling of a system of components. The modelling technique is simple enough for plant personnel to compile. Conclusively, the new modelling techniques showed general energy savings of up to 6% and large potential for industry-wide cost savings, accounting for up R100-million p.a. in the considered South African businesses.
PhD (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

碩士
國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所
100
These years,the greenhouse effect and extreme climate’s phenomenon appear persistently. The greenhouse gases emission problem is being viewed as a big problem continuously, therefore, based on Cap-and-trade as perspective’s policy and measures’ protrusion continually, every countries in the world are starting to limit the industry’s greenhouse emission amounts strictly. Energy intensive industries face carbon’s prime cost and carbon risk that are being raised, it even affects carbon leakage phenomenon. Especially, the per capita emissions in Taiwan that are the top ones in this world. And most emissions will be concentrated on energy intensive industries specially, hence, how to lower down Taiwan’s carbon emission and the value of carbon risk in the matter of energy intensive industries, how to upgrade the sense of competitiveness of industries, how to get rid and overcome the problem of carbon leakage, have become the world’s matter that need immediate action to be solved.Therefore,this research wants to analyze different industries face different dangerous forms of carbon risk, and we will do research in deciding whole different kinds of subjects regarding on how to face different dangerous forms of carbon risk. Moreover, we will get through factory owners doing questionnaires in order to understand Taiwan energy intensive industries, how will they overcome a situation when they face the dangerous things of carbon risk and the main motivation of emission reduction. From this thing, we can understand the factory owners will choose what investment in reduction technology research or develop reward measure and prefer what allocation method. Even, counting out the value of carbon risk of Taiwan’s seven largest energy intensive industries in these years. Finally, we estimate these emission allocation schemes and what kind of challenges that energy intensive industries are facing on the effect of dangerous things that exist on carbon risk. In addition, we also doing out and helping another measures and methods of reducing the impacts. From this on, we will provide some low carbon transition strategies.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in Finance & Investment in the Faculty of Commerce Law and Management Wits Business School, Johannesburg 2016
This thesis reviewed research papers, reports, conference documents and policy documents that looked at financial models used to finance RE projects in Brazil, China, India and South Africa.The comparison between the financing models revealed the following; Both Brazil and China’s financing model is a centralised government led model which might not necessarily work in the South African context. The India decentralised model is similar to the South African model, with the exception that corporate finance is widely used in India and Project Finance in South Africa. Thus there are lessons to be learnt from each country, however no single country financing model was found to be suitable for South Africa. Accordingly, this paper therefore recommends that South Africa’s model be altered to incorporate project bonds. The use of these bonds in the current financial model will ensure that banks are able to lend to projects on short term basis; thus, managing their liquidity and their asset--liability effectively. Further, some institutional investors have shown an interest in funding projects at the construction stage, and the inclusion of project bonds would ensure that more of these investors play a role in financing projects. Key Words GDP-Gross Domestic Product; GW- Gigawatts; DoE-Department of Energy; REIPPPP- Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme; BEE-Black Economic Empowerment; RE-Renewable Energy; SSA-Sub Saharan Africa; PPA-Power Purchase Agreement; FIT-Feed In Tariff; DFIDevelopment Finance Institution; MDB-Multilateral Development Bank
GR2018

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程研究所
83
This study uses input-output analysis, factor analysis and uncertainty decision making theory to analyze the interrelation ship between energy use and environmental quality of Taiwan''s cementindustry.The main focus is on CO2, SO2 andNOx emissions from energy inputs of the cement industry in Taiwan. Major findingsof this study are summarized in the following: The sensibilities of dispersion of the cement industry for years 1981, 1984, 1986, 1989 and 1991 in this study are all less than one, andoverall (compared to all industries) are even lower; while the powersof dispersion for these years are greater than one. The total energy multiplier of the cement industry has reduced 26.4% from 1981to 1991; therefore the efficiency of energy use for producing cement in Taiwan for these years has been improved.But the energy multipliers of the cement induystry in the whole industries for these years are all in the top 4. This means that the cement industry is among one of the high energy demand and high pollution industries. The pollution multipliers of the cement industry for these years, except for the SO2 multipliers are in the top six, while the CO2,NOx and TSP multipliers are ranked either first or second overall, indicating again that the cement industry is a high pollution industry.Results of this study suggest that if the importable cement substitute mildly for the domestic cement,the cement consumers can be protected from a few monopolies, inaddition,the energy consumption and pollution emissions will be reduced.On the whole, an average of 9.5×10^5 Kcals energy and 750Kg of CO2 emission can be reduced by importing 1000 Kg cement. Consequently,importing cement from other countries has the inherent uncertainty risk of source supply,but it still is a reasonable alternative for decision makers to consider.

博士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
107
The steel industry is the largest energy consuming manufacturing sector in the world as well as one of the most important sources of CO2 emissions. It accounts for 5% of the global CO2 emissions. In iron and steel production, energy costs, including heat and electricity, usually account for 20%~40% of the total production cost. If energy saving measures are implemented, it will be able to effectively save the cost of steel production process. Policy makers face to questions about the costs and effectiveness of assessing CO2 emission mitigation options. There is a growing number of studies worldwide aiming at investigating the broader economic implications of investing in clean energy technologies at a national or a regional level. This study establishes an bottom-up model, plans and predicts the carbon abatement cost curve of the Taiwanese steel industry, and screens the priorities for carbon abatement options that are suitable for short-term, immediate, and long-term development. According to the results of the carbon abatement cost curve, the technology with the highest carbon abatement potential and carbon abatement cost is selected, and the consideration of CO2 reduction in the macroeconomics analysis is included. The input-output analysis method is used to study the economic impact driven by the technology input. The results suggested that the lowest abatement cost of abatement lever are blast furnace top-pressure recovery turbine and hot charging, the highest abatement cost of abatement lever are CCS and smelt reduction. By 2020, the available abatement lever will increase significantly compared to 2015, and the abatement cost will increase significantly by 2030, mainly due to the adoption of CCS technology with high abatement cost. Because CCS is the most challenging and influential technology to the industry. Therefore, it is used as a representative technology for industrial economic driving and related influences, and plant to do input-output analysis of post-combustion capture systems. The results suggested that if the construction of post-combustion capture systems are developing, the changes in final demand will drive the supply of all industries to increase.

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
95
The shortage of energy supply against growing demand globally has caused seriously impact to all industries, dead or alive, especially for the energy intensified industries, like oil refinery (Petroleum) Iron and Steel making industries which has been confronting tremendously with pressing concern for survival. Even both industries are within traditional industrial factor, but represent as key and fundamental industries as relied on, by all industries of a Nation. Therefore, all the international enterprises dealing with high-temperature production have been striving for long-term supply & steady quality of raw material of energy. Under this circumstance, the enterprises shall be offering to find the measures for cost-down of energy consumed, and further utilize the waste gas and heat as generated out of the production, that would surely produce the efficiency of energy, and not only diminish the dependence on primary energy, it also can effectively reach the goal of “Independence of Energy” and optimization for the control of energy cost. This study is adopting the case study of Company “C”, with the analysis of SWOT, Five-force Analysis, and Diamond Model by Michael Porter, to further analyze the overall environment and circumstance of energy intensified industries. So that, it might help to understand further the strength and weakness of the energy intensified industries of our nation. First of all, to proceed the survey for the application of waste heat recovery system to energy intensified industries, and secondly, the application of waste heat recovery system to energy intensified industries in Taiwan, to generate direct and indirect efficiency whether or not to escalate the overall competitiveness to face the global competition. This research recognize the No. 1 pressure & bottle neck of the energy intensified industry lies mainly in the insufficiency of energy supply, and the upcoming environmental protection is getting more conscious & concerned. Therefore, all the industrialized countries have moved further forward to reinforce the energy saving technology, and increase the efficiency of energy using, developing new generation of energy with more efforts. Adoption of Company “C”, has recognized the following benefit, after the introduction of Waste Gas Heat Recovery System: 1. Recovery of Waste Gas of Hot Blast Stove, reduction of COG use, to transfer the saved COG to down-stream, to substitute the expensive natural gas, which is benefit to Company “C” in the respect of energy saving. 2. Increasing the operation efficiency of hot blast stove, to have operation technique more Sophisticated, in the meantime, to eradicate the moisture out of BFG/Air and further extend the life time of ceramic burner of hot blast stove. 3. The Waste Gas Heat Recovery System has been totally mature with good reference of operation in the world market, which has been used by most steel mills in the world. There is actually no risk to adopt and apply this technology, & further carve out the good image of company “C” in the respect of energy saving. 4. Reduction of SOx out of waste gas, and further diminish the temperature of waste gas released and can reduce the CO2 emission that is friendly to our environment. The research of this study recognized further, that energy intensified industry has been built up due to the scenario and situation of Taiwan in past few decades, in view of the development of economy, which is crucial industry & business sector. However, with the time running, the energy intensified industry requires to be adjusted for adaptation to the industrial environment of energy crisis and global warming. In this case, the largest potential worry for Taiwan is obviously insufficiency of energy supply. Furthermore, the technical level of energy saving of Taiwan is far more behind Japan, & many other European countries. General Speaking, the energy intensified industry of Taiwan is in weak situation at this moment. If Taiwan might introduce more advanced technology, and technical cooperation, technical research and development, or even training of qualified personnel enabling to upgrade the energy saving of Taiwan to be further upgraded for increasing the competitiveness of industries which is surely positive for a nation being more competitive. In view of energy intensified industry, shortage of energy supply and the price be kept high end, the recycling energy is not available within short time, for short and mid term, the best effective measures to solve the problem of energy is to reduce the amount of energy, for long run, it is great help to use the energy saving system to the energy intensified industry. For one hand, it might reduce the production cost; on the other hand, it can increase the energy operation efficiency. The heat pipe Waste Gas Heat Recovery System as described in this Study is well sound technology of energy saving.

Η διατριβή εξετάζει το ρόλο της παραγωγικής αποτελεσματικότητας ως μιας σύνθετης μεταβλητής (τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα και αποτελεσματικότητα κλίμακας) που αποτυπώνει τη συμπεριφορά των επιχειρήσεων ενός κλάδου.σε επίπεδο διακλαδικής ανάλυσης εξετάζεται ο ρόλος της παραγωγικής αποτελεσματικότητας ως μεταβλητή η οποία αποτυπώνει στρατηγικά διαμορφωμένα εμπόδια εισόδου στους ενεργειοβόρους κλάδους της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας. σε επίπεδο ενδοκλαδικής ανάλυσης εξετάζεται ρόλος της παραγωγικής αποτελεσματικότητας ως μεταβλητή η οποία επηρεάζει την πιθανότητα εισόδου νέων επιχειρήσεων σε ένα κλάδο και την πιθανότητα εξόδου υπαρχόντων επιχειρήσεων απο ένα κλάδο.
It analyses the role of multifaceted productive efficiency (technical and scale efficiency)as a variable that captures the conduct of firms in an industry. at the interindustry level of analysis productive efficiency is analysed as a variable that captures strategic entry barriers in the greek energy intensive manufacturing industries. at the intraindustry level of analysis productive efficiency is analysed as a variable that affects the probability of new firms entering an industry and the probability of existing firms exiting the industry.