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1
Stone, Michael H. "Strength Training and Endurance". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4576.
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Stone, Michael H., Margaret E. Stone i Kimitake Sato. "Endurance: Influence of Strength Training". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4572.
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Stone, Michael H. "Strength Training for Endurance Sports". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4499.
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Lee, Andrew George. "The effect of endurance training, weight training and a combination of endurance and weight training on blood lipid profiles". Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/546117.
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Cole, Andrew S. "Endurance training adaptations in high school runners". Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1294242.
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This study examined the effects of two distinct phases of endurance training (summer and in-season training) in previously well-trained male and female high school cross-country runners. Eleven males and 11 females from the same high school training program were recruited for the three testing sessions: post-track season (June), postsummer training (mid-August), and post-cross-country season (early-November). However, due to injury and other circumstances, only 10 males and 4 females completed all testing sessions. Thus, baseline characteristics were analyzed for both genders; however, longitudinal analysis was only conducted using the males. Submaximal measurements included running economy (RE), blood lactate concentration ([BLa]), and heart rate (HR) at three running speeds in females (6, 7, and 8 mph), and males (7, 8, and 9 mph). Maximal measurements of oxygen uptake (VO2max) and HR, neuromuscular characteristics of isokinetic knee extension strength and vertical jump height, and body composition were also measured. Baseline results showed that the males possessed a higher VO2max, greater neuromuscular characteristics, and lower submaximal [BLa] and HR values than the females. Longitudinal analysis of the males showed that there was an increased VO2max, decreased maximal HR, and decreased neuromuscular strength following summer training. In-season training precipitated further increases in VO2max, an increase in maximal and submaximal HR, and increased neuromuscular characteristics. RE and [BLa] did not significantly change (p<_ 0.05) throughout the course of the study. Likely, it is the subtle changes in these variables in previously welltrained runners which account for the slower performance times at the beginning of the cross-country season and the improvements thereafter.School of Physical Education
6
Shaw, BS, I. Shaw i GA Brown. "Self-reported dietary intake following endurance, resistance and concurrent endurance and resistance training". Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000761.
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With regards to obesity-related disease the impact of exercise
training on health depends on the ability of exercise to promote
a negative energy balance. Exercise’s effect on promoting a
negative energy balance is more likely to occur if exercise can
induce a favourable dietary intake such as a reduced relative fat
content in the diet. As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate
and compare the effectiveness of aerobic training, weight training
and concurrent aerobic and weight training on self-reported
dietary intake. The effects of 16 weeks of aerobic (n = 12),
weight (n = 13) and concurrent aerobic and weight training (n =
13) on self-reported dietary intakes were compared in previously
sedentary males using the computer-based Dietary Manager®
software programme. Only the concurrent aerobic and weight
training group showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in total
kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins and fats consumed while
the aerobic training group showed significant reductions in fat
intake at the completion of the experimental period (before: 91.0
± 42.1g versus after: 77.1 ± 62.1g). However, no changes were
observed in self-reported dietary intake in the weight training or
non-exercising control groups. It is concluded that concurrent
aerobic and weight training is the most effective mode of exercise
at promoting a favourable improvement in self-reported
dietary intake in the short term. This finding provides support
for efforts to promote increases in overall physical activity in an
attempt to modify the patterns of dietary intake.
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Creager, Leah C. "Effect of trunk endurance training on low back endurance & injury in collegiate gymnasts /". Connect to online version, 2009. http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/45122.
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Nikoletou, Dimitra. "Respiratory muscle endurance, fatigue and training in COPD". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2010. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20196/.
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Vollaard, N. B. J. "Oxidative stress in exercise, endurance training and tapering". Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397727.
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Brennan, James Henry. "The anaerobic threshold and endurance training in cycling". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302236.
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Ramsey, Michael W. "Cardiovascular Adaptation from Various Intensities of Endurance Training". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4080.
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Bazyler, Caleb D., Heather A. Abbott, Christopher R. Bellon, Christopher B. Taber i Michael H. Stone. "Strength Training for Endurance Athletes: Theory to Practice". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3781.
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The purpose of this review is twofold: to elucidate the utility of resistance training for endurance athletes, and provide the practitioner with evidenced-based periodization strategies for concurrent strength and endurance training in athletic populations. Both low-intensity exercise endurance (liee) and high-intensity exercise endurance (hiee) have been shown to improve as a result of maximal, high force, low velocity (hflv) and explosive, low-force, high-velocity strength training. Hflv strength training is recommended initially to develop a neuromuscular base for endurance athletes with limited strength training experience. A sequenced approach to strength training involving phases of strength-endurance, basic strength, strength, and power will provide further enhancements in liee and hiee for high-level endurance athletes.
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Jones, Thomas. "Concurrent training : neuroendocrine and molecular mechanisms of strength and endurance training incompatibility". Thesis, Northumbria University, 2014. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/21604/.
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Combining strength and endurance training within the same regimen is aptly referred to as “concurrent training”. Research conducted over the previous 3 decades has indicated concurrent training can result in attenuated development of strength, power and hypertrophy when compared to strength training in isolation. Despite extensive research the mechanisms contributing to this so called “interference effect” are yet to be fully elucidated, as is the influence of manipulating acute training programme variables within a concurrent regimen. As such, the purposes of this thesis were to investigate and draw conclusions regarding underlying physiological mechanisms relating to the interference effect. Additionally, this thesis sought to examine the effects of manipulating programme variables, including frequency and sequencing of exercise within concurrent training regimens on strength related adaptation. The findings of this thesis indicate overall training volume and frequency of endurance training within a concurrent intervention influences the presence and magnitude of the inhibition of strength development. Concurrent training volumes of 3 d·wk-1 elicited muted strength development, whereas lower frequencies did not. Whilst interference was not attributable to neuromuscular factors, it was reported that cortisol was only elevated following higher training frequencies, indicating training stress and catabolism may contribute to interference. Additionally, the sequencing of strength and endurance training can influence endocrine and signalling responses associated with strength adaptation, and it appears strength prior to endurance elicits greater increases in growth associated signalling. The findings of this thesis indicate that overall training stress influences the presence and magnitude of interference experienced, and is reflected in catabolic endocrine responses. Additionally, strength prior to endurance training promotes more favourable anabolic signalling than vice versa, which over time may contribute to greater strength type adaptations.
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Karlsen, Trine. "Training is Medicine; Endurance and Strength Training in Coronary Artery Disease and Health". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2250.
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High aerobic intensity interval training at 90-95% of maximal heart rate is more effective than continuous training with low to moderate intensity in improving maximal oxygen uptake in healthy young men. Maximal cardiac stroke volume was improved to a similar extent in high aerobic intensity interval training only. It is concluded that high aerobic intensity endurance training is significantly more effective than isocaloric training at lactate threshold (85% of maximal heart rate) or 70% of maximal heart rate, in improving maximal oxygen uptake and cardiac stroke volume. Improvements in maximal oxygen uptake corresponded with changes in stroke volume, indicating a close link between the two.
High aerobic intensity interval training at 85-95% of peak heart rate significantly improves peak cardiac stroke volume and resting left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary artery disease patients. High aerobic intensity interval training improves peak cardiac stroke volume and left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary artery disease patients due to increased myocardial contractility and enhanced left ventricular systolic performance.
Hyperoxic high aerobic intensity interval training at 85-95% of peak heart rate gave no additional effect over normoxic high aerobic intensity interval training in coronary artery disease patients. Hyperoxic training improves VO2peak and peak stroke volume to the same extent as ambient air training in stable coronary artery disease patients with mild to moderate coronary ischemia. As acute hyperoxia did not increase VO2peak it is concluded that the coronary artery disease patients showed peripheral oxygen limitations in VO2peak both before and after 10 weeks of hyperoxic training. Hyperoxic training may thereby represent no increase in cardiovascular shear stress.
Maximal leg press exercise focusing on few repetitions with heavy loads and maximal concentric contractions improves maximal strength, rate of force developments and walking mechanical efficiency in coronary artery disease patients through a minimal exercise effort. Improved muscular strength and rate of force development translates into improved walking mechanical efficiency returning the patients work efficiency to the levels of healthy age matched subjects.
15
Moss, Lovshin Shona Elise. "Immune status in male cyclists during heavy endurance training". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq22640.pdf.
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Loucaides, George C. "Comparison of training intensities for optimal endurance running performance". Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2010. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/1920/.
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Introduction: A cluster of studies in the sport science literature employ interval training (alternating bouts of recovery and rest periods) interventions for the purpose of identifying optimal training intensities for endurance performance. There has been evidence to support the likelihood that among the most optimal training stimuli are two specific intensities: the velocity associated with the maximal rate of oxygen uptake (v 2max); and the intermediate velocity between v 2max and the velocity associated with the lactate threshold (vΔ50). It has not been shown to date, which of the two interval training intensities (v 2max or vΔ50) enhances performance and laboratory determined performance-related parameters the most, when applied in a complete yearly training cycle of endurance runners. Most studies have been too short to provide definitive answers. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to compare the interval training intensities v 2max and vΔ50 in a complete yearly training cycle so as to generate evidence as to which of the two impacts performance and performance-related parameters the most, with the goal of providing new knowledge in sport science. Methods: 32 out of the 45 male runners recruited initially completed the whole duration of the study (mean ± SD: body mass 72.0±8.0 kg, body height 175±6 cm, body fat 9.9±3.9 %, 2max 53.6±6.2 ml/kg.min, age 34±12 years). Subjects underwent a 20-week aerobic base of preparatory training (at an intensity equivalent to a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of 10.4 to 11.0) and anaerobic threshold training (at an intensity equivalent to an RPE of 14.5 to 15.0). No high intensity training was included. At the end of the aerobic phase the runners underwent a pre-test phase for the determination of vΔ50, v 2max, 2max, vLT4 (speed associated with a lactate concentration of 4 mmol/L), ECR (Energy Cost of Running) and Tmax (maximum time at v 2max) in the laboratory and 1500-m and 5000-m time trial (TT) times on the track. The subjects were randomly assigned into one of two groups before entering the 16-week interval training intervention phase. The only difference between the two groups was the intensity of the interval training. Group A (n = 15) was trained at a heart rate associated with vΔ50 (mean RPE 16.8 to 17.0) and Group B (n = 17) was trained at a heart rate associated with v 2max (mean RPE 18.6 to 18.7). At the end of the interval training phase the subjects underwent the post-test phase involving the same tests as during pre-testing. A 2X2 (time VS. interval training intensity) mixed model analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences between and within groups and the level of significance was set at p< 0.05. Results: Group A improved significantly (mean difference and Confidence Interval (CI)) in 1500-m TT (10.1 s, CI 5.6 to 14.7 s), in 5000-m TT (22.9 s, CI 9.6 to 36.3 s), in vΔ50 (-0.4 km/h, CI -0.8 to -0.1 km/h), in Tmax (-71 s, CI -113 to -28 s) and vLT4 (-0.5 km/h, CI -0.8 to -0.1 km/h). Group B improved significantly (mean difference and CI) in 1500-m TT (11.7 s, CI 7.5 to 15.9 s), in 5000-m TT (29.0 s, CI 16.5 to 41.5 s), in vΔ50 (-0.4 km/h, CI -0.7 to -0.1 km/h), in v 2max (-0.4 km/h, -0.7 to -0.01 km/h) in Tmax (-78 s, CI -114 to -42 s) and in ECR (0.013 ml/m/kg, CI 0.005 to 0.021 ml/m/kg). Regression analyses showed that v 2max and vΔ50, individually, accounted for the highest degree of variance in 1500-m TT times (77% and 69%, respectively) and 5000-m TT times (79% and 78%, respectively). During multiple regression analyses v 2max was likely to be the most important predictor in the regression models predicting 1500-m TT times and vΔ50 was the most important predictor in the regression models predicting 5000-m TT times. Conclusions: The interval training intensities v 2max and vΔ50 were significant in leading to endurance performance improvement as well as to improvement in some associated physiological parameters. The novel findings were that, a) it was demonstrated that vΔ50 was significant in inducing improvements in the 1500-m TT, b) that both v 2max and vΔ50 may be the most important predictors of 1500-m and 5000-m performance in regression analyses and that, c) v 2max and vΔ50 may, with a high degree of probability, be the most important predictor of 1500-m and 5000-m times, respectively, during multiple regression analyses. The evidence seems to weigh towards v 2max to be a slightly more optimal training stimulus than vΔ50, which also constitutes an important training intensity. Considering injury potential, repetitive stress on the athletes and optimal training it may be that a combination may be sensible.
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Handermann, Rebecca [Verfasser]. "Improving Endurance Training in Neurorehabilitation through Competition / Rebecca Handermann". Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1180023587/34.
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Woodruff, Megan E. "Endurance training adaptations in adolescent female cross-country runners". Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1315178.
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This study evaluated the training adaptations in female adolescent cross-country runners over two training seasons. Although the effects of endurance training in this population are understood, the specific adaptations resulting from pre-season and in-season training are not clear. The physiological changes occurring over these two training seasons in 10 female runners (15.7 ± 0.8 yrs, 165.6 ± 5.6 cm, 53.8 ± 6.1 kg) were assessed. Maximal exercise responses were measured during a continuous graded exercise test and submaximal exercise responses were quantified at 7 and 8 mph. Isokinetic muscle strength was assessed at four movement speeds (60-240°/sec) and muscle power was calculated using vertical jump height. Body composition also was assessed. HR at maximal and submaximal exercise declined during pre-season training and then increased during in-season training. Blood lactate [BLa] measurements at 7 and 8 mph decreased following summer training. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density, and femoral head BMC increased. In conclusion, it appears that high volume, low intensity training lowers [BLa] with no corresponding change in oxygen utilization in highly trained female adolescents. Running also appears to have a positive impact on bone mass in female adolescents.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Stone, Michael H., Meg E. Stone, William A. Sands, Kyle C. Pierce, Robert U. Newton, G. Gregory Haff i Jon Carlock. "Maximum Strength and Strength Training---A Relationship to Endurance?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4615.
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Endurance can be defined as the ability to maintain or to repeat a given force or power output. The sport performance-endurance relationship is a multi-factorial concept. However, evidence indicates that maximum strength is a major component. Conceptually, endurance is a continuum. The literature indicates that (a) maximum strength is moderately to strongly related to endurance capabilities and associated factors, a relationship that is likely stronger for high intensity exercise endurance (HIEE) activities than for low intensity exercise endurance (LIEE); (b) strength training can increase both HIEE and LIEE, the effect being greater for HIEE; (c) the volume of strength training plays a role in endurance adaptation; and (d) mechanical specificity and training program variables also play a role in the degree of adaptation..
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Coffey, Vernon Glenn, i vernon coffey@rmit edu au. "The Molecular Bases of Training Adaptation". RMIT University. Medical Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070131.123552.
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The molecular events that promote or inhibit specific training adaptations (i.e. skeletal muscle hypertrophy or mitochondrial biogenesis) are not completely understood. Accordingly, there is a need to better define both the acute and chronic responses to divergent exercise stimuli in order to elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms that ultimately determine skeletal muscle phenotype. Therefore, the primary aims of the studies undertaken for this thesis were to examine the acute molecular adaptation responses in skeletal muscle following resistance and endurance training. In order to determine the acute molecular events following repeated bouts of exercise, the study described in Chapter Two compared a high-frequency stacked training regimen designed to generate a summation of transient exercise-induced signalling responses with a conventional-frequency resistance training protocol. Groups (n= 6) of Sprague-Dawley rats performed either high-frequency training (four exercise bouts consisting of 3 - 10 repetitions separated by 3 h) or conventional-frequency training (three exercise bouts consisting of 4 - 10 repetitions with 48 h between sessions). Protocols were matched for total work, and repetitions were performed at 75% one-repetition maximum with 3 min recovery between sets. White quadriceps muscle was extracted 3 h after every training bout, and 24 and 48 h following the final exercise session of each protocol. AKT phosphorylation was significantly decreased 3 h following the 2nd bout of high-frequency training, an effect that persisted until 48 h after the final exercise bout (P less than 0.05), while the phosphorylation state of this kinase was unchanged with conventional training. These results suggest that high-frequency training suppressed IGF-1 mediated signalling. Furthermore, high-frequency training generated sustained and coordinated increases in TNFá and IKK phosphorylation (P less than 0.05), indicating an extended response of inflammatory signalling pathways. Conversely, and irrespective of an initial increase after the first bout of exercise, TNFá signalling ultimately returned to control Abstract values by DAY 5 of conventional-frequency training, indicative of a rapid adaptation to the exercise stimulus. Notably, despite differential AKT activation there were similar increases in p70 S6K phosphorylation with both training protocols. These results indicate high-frequency resistance training extends the transient activation of inflammatory cytokine-mediated signalling and results in a persistent suppression of AKT phosphorylation, but these events do not appear to inhibit kinase activity proximal to translation initiation. The aim of the study described in Chapter Three was to determine the effect of prior training history on selected signalling responses after an acute bout of resistance and endurance exercise. Following 24 h diet / exercise control 13 male subjects (7 strength-trained and 6 endurance-trained) performed a random order of either resistance (8 x 5 maximal leg extensions) or endurance exercise (1 h cycling at 70% peak O2 uptake). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at rest, immediately and 3 h post-exercise. AMPK phosphorylation increased after cycling in strength-trained, but not endurance-trained subjects (P less than 0.05). Conversely, AMPK was elevated following resistance exercise in endurance-, but not strength-trained subjects (P less than 0.05). Thus, AMPK was elevated only when subjects undertook a bout of exercise in a mode of training to which they were unaccustomed. Surprisingly, there was no change in AKT phosphorylation following resistance exercise regardless of the training background of the subjects. In the absence of increased AKT phosphorylation, resistance exercise induced an increase in p70 S6K and ribosomal S6 protein phosphorylation in endurance-trained but not strength-trained subjects (Pless than 0.05). AKT phosphorylation was increased in endurance-trained, but not strength-trained subjects after cycling (P less than 0.05). These results show that a degree of signalling
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James, David V. B. "Assessment of the physiological response following training in endurance runners". Thesis, University of Brighton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361580.
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Johnson, Michael A. "The respiratory muscles : responses to training and heavy endurance exercise". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431898.
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Chesser, David G. "Effects of endurance training on the AMPK response to exercise /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2227.pdf.
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Chesser, David Gerald. "Effects of Endurance Training on the AMPK Response to Exercise". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1566.
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Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) results in the upregulation of several intracellular systems which help to prepare a cell for a high energy challenge. The magnitude of the AMPK response to a 10 min bout of exercise has been found to decrease in red quadriceps (RQ) following training, while putative AMPK roles seem to be maintained; specifically, the biogenesis of mitochondria and higher levels of hexokinase II and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). If the AMPK response to exercise is responsible in part for these adaptations, how can they be maintained if the AMPK response is attenuated? The purpose of this study was to determine whether phosphorylation of AMPK in RQ increases during 2-hr training bouts after rats have trained for 8 wks. Male Sprague-Dawley rats ran up to 30 m/min up a 15% grade, 2 hr/day for 8 wks. On the final bout of exercise, trained rats ran for 0 (TRC), 30 (TR1), or 120 min (TR2) up a 15% grade at 30 m/min. Red quadriceps (RQ), soleus, and white quadriceps (WQ) were immediately collected and frozen for analysis. Citrate synthase activity increased in RQ (79 ± 3 vs. 37 ± 4 µmol/g/min) and soleus (64 ± 4 vs. 35 ± 2 µmol/g/min) but not in WQ compared to non-trained controls. In trained rats, maximal increases in T-172 phosphorylation of AMPK occurred after 30 min of exercise (relative values = 1.29 ± 0.06 vs. 1.00 ± 0.06). AMPK phosphorylation did not change significantly in trained rats that ran for 2 hrs (1.31 ± 0.09) compared to rats that ran for 30 min. Similarly, maximal increases in AMPK activity in trained rats occurred after 30 min of exercise (pmoles/min/mg = 2.67 ± .05 vs. 1.09 ± .41) and AMPK activity did not change significantly in trained rats that ran for 2 hrs (2.79 ± .17) compared to rats that ran for 30 min. Previous studies demonstrated a 2−3 fold increase in AMPK activity in non-trained rats after 30 min of exercise at lower work rates. These results demonstrate that the AMPK response to exercise is attenuated even after two-hr bouts of exercise. This implies that the increase in mitochondrial oxidative enzymes, GLUT4, and hexokinase II may be maintained by signals other than the AMPK signaling system. The CREB signaling pathway is one such system. Western analysis of phospho-CREB (Ser133) showed a statistically significant increase in phospho-CREB content in trained rats relative to control. No change in phospho-CREB protein expression was observed between TRC, TR1, and TR2 rats. Significant increases of muscle phospho-CREB content in TRC relative to untrained rats suggest that CREB remains phosphorylated in trained rats even after 24 hrs of rest. Accordingly, chronically increased phospho-CREB in muscle of trained rats relative to controls may explain in part how increased levels of mitochondria are maintained in the face of reduced AMPK response. Alternatively, the attenuated AMPK response may still be above the threshold required for inducing adaptations to endurance training.
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Glaister, Mark, Michael H. Stone, Andrew M. Stewart, Michael G. Hughes i Gavin L. Moir. "The Influence of Endurance Training on Multiple Sprint Cycling Performance". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4608.
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The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of endurance training on multiple sprint cycling performance and to evaluate the influence of recovery duration on the magnitude of those effects. Twenty-one physically active male university students were randomly assigned to either an experimental (n = 12) or a control (n = 9) group. The experimental group cycled for 20 minutes each day, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks at 70% of the power output required to elicit maximal oxygen uptake (JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200705000-00055/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235331Z/r/image-pngO2max). Multiple sprint performance was assessed using 2 maximal (20 X 5 seconds) sprint cycling tests with contrasting recovery periods (10 or 30 seconds). All tests were conducted on a friction-braked cycle ergometer. Relative to controls, training resulted in a 0.2 L·min-1 increase in mean JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200705000-00055/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235331Z/r/image-pngO2max (95% likely range: −0.04 to 0.44 L·min-1). Changes in anaerobic capacity (determined by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) over the same period were trivial (p = 0.96). After training, the experimental group showed significant improvements (∼40 W), relative to controls, in multiple sprint measures of peak and mean power output. In contrast, training-induced reductions in fatigue were trivial (p = 0.63), and there were no significant between-protocol differences in the magnitude of any effects. In summary, 6 weeks of endurance training resulted in substantial improvements in multiple sprint cycling performance, the magnitude of the improvements being largely unaffected by the duration of the intervening recovery periods.
The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of endurance training on multiple sprint cycling performance and to evaluate the influence of recovery duration on the magnitude of those effects. Twenty-one physically active male university students were randomly assigned to either an experimental (n = 12) or a control (n = 9) group. The experimental group cycled for 20 minutes each day, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks at 70% of the power output required to elicit maximal oxygen uptake (JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200705000-00055/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235331Z/r/image-pngO2max). Multiple sprint performance was assessed using 2 maximal (20 X 5 seconds) sprint cycling tests with contrasting recovery periods (10 or 30 seconds). All tests were conducted on a friction-braked cycle ergometer. Relative to controls, training resulted in a 0.2 L·min-1 increase in mean JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200705000-00055/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235331Z/r/image-pngO2max (95% likely range: −0.04 to 0.44 L·min-1). Changes in anaerobic capacity (determined by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) over the same period were trivial (p = 0.96). After training, the experimental group showed significant improvements (∼40 W), relative to controls, in multiple sprint measures of peak and mean power output. In contrast, training-induced reductions in fatigue were trivial (p = 0.63), and there were no significant between-protocol differences in the magnitude of any effects. In summary, 6 weeks of endurance training resulted in substantial improvements in multiple sprint cycling performance, the magnitude of the improvements being largely unaffected by the duration of the intervening recovery periods.
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Mark, Christian C. Manio. "Studies on endurance exercise training adaptation and endurance performance in mice under different pharmacological, physiological, and dietary conditions". Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232334.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第21133号
農博第2259号
新制||農||1057(附属図書館)
学位論文||H30||N5107(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 保川 清, 教授 金本 龍平, 准教授 井上 和生
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Levin, Gregory T. "The effect of concurrent resistance and endurance training on physiological and performance parameters of well trained endurance cyclists". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/40.
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Purpose: To investigate the effect of concurrent resistance and cycle training on the physiological and performance characteristics of well trained cyclists. Secondly, this study aimed to investigate the reliability of a new cycling time-trial test that incorporated repeated high-intensity sprint segments, both prior to and after a training intervention, with well trained cyclists.
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Levin, Gregory T. "The effect of concurrent resistance and endurance training on physiological and performance parameters of well trained endurance cyclists". Connect to thesis, 2007. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2008.0005.html.
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Glowacki, Shawn Philip. "The effects of concurrent training on performance variables in previously untrained males". Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1607.
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Research has shown conflicting results involving interference of strength development with combined resistance and endurance training. Purpose: To examine if endurance training and resistance training performed concurrently would produce different performance and physiological results when compared to each type of training alone. Methods: Forty-five untrained males were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three 12 wk training groups. An endurance training (ET, N=12) group trained by running (2-3 days/week, 20-40 min, 65- 80% HRR), a resistance training (RT, N=13) group performed a resistance training program (2-3 days/week, 3 sets/8 exercises, 6-10 reps, 75-85% 1RM), and a concurrent training (CT, N=16) group performed both the endurance and resistance training programs (5 days/week, even # week 3 endurance/2 resistance workouts, odd # week 3 resistance/2 endurance workouts). All groups were tested for all the following variables prior to and following training: percent body fat, VO2max, isokinetic-maximal torque and avg. power at two speeds, 1RM leg press, 1 RM bench press, vertical jump, lower body power (as calculated by the Lewis formula) and 40-yard dash time. Results: Percent body fat was significantly (p≤.05) decreased in both the ET and CT groups. Only the ET group significantly improved VO2max (+8.24%). Minimal changes were found for any of the isokinetic measurements. The ET, RT, and CT groups demonstrated significant improvements in leg press (20.4, 40.8, and 39.4%) and bench press (7.5, 30.5 and 21.2%) 1 RM. RT and CT 1 RM improvements were similar and significantly greater than the ET group. Only the RT group significantly increased power. No group showed a significant change in vertical jump or 40-yard dash time. Conclusions: Findings indicate that endurance training does not interfere with strength development, but resistance training appears to hinder development of maximal aerobic capacity.
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Esch, Ben. "The effects of endurance training and age on left ventricular rotation". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12342.
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Recent advances in cardiac ultrasound allow for the effective assessment of left ventricular (LV) rotation. LV rotation makes systole more efficient, and significantly aids diastolic filling. To date little information exists on LV rotation in endurance-trained individuals across the lifespan. Therefore, the purpose of this series of investigations was to describe the effects of endurance training and age on LV rotation. In the first investigation, resting LV rotation was assessed with echocardiography and speckle-tracking analysis in 52 athletes ranging in age from 24-76. Athletes were divided into young (≤ 44 years) and older (> 45 years). Neither peak torsion (Old: 16.8±6.4°; Young: 15.0±4.4°) or peak recoil rate (Old: -127.8±48.2°/s; Young: -106.4±39.6°/s) were significantly different between young and old athletes, suggesting preservation of cardiac function with lifelong exercise training. In an attempt to discern the impact of aging on exercising LV rotation, speckle-tracking analysis was used to compare heart transplant recipients (HTR, age: 61 ± 9 years) with recipient (RM, age: 60 ± 12 years) and donor (DM, age: 35 ± 8 years) age-matched individuals. In response to exercise, DM significantly increased peak torsion and peak recoil rate, whereas RM could not. Despite having a heart 25 years younger, LV rotation in HTR was similar to RM, suggesting accelerated aging of the cardiac allograft. Considering pre-transplant etiology, surgery and medications, it is encouraging that HTR responded similarly to healthy RM. In the third experiment, the relationship between preload reduction with lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and LV recoil was compared in normally active and endurance-trained individuals. The major finding of this investigation was that in response to LBNP, normally active individuals were able to increase LV recoil rate; whereas LV recoil rate slowed in endurance athletes during preload reduction. This training mediated LV rotational difference may be an additional mechanism which can help explain the higher incidence of orthostatic intolerance in athletes. Together, these findings add significantly to the small number of investigations examining LV rotation in endurance-athletes and contribute to the foundation for future experiments in this emerging area of research.
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Fudge, Barry W. "Diet, hydration, lifestyle and training practices of elite Kenyan endurance runners". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/903/.
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Since the emergence of Kenyan endurance runners on the world stage at the 1968 Mexico Olympics, where they won 8 medals ranging from 400m relay to the 10 000m, Kenyan success has grown year on year. The staggering success of a country that compromises just 0.5 % of the world population has triggered a number of explanations. Heavily cited explanations are genetic superiority and environmental factors. Despite a number of investigations, genetic superiority remains to be determined, what is clear though is that the environmental factors that interact with each genetic element leading to world-class performance are particularly important. Aims and objectives: Given the importance environmental factors may have on the process leading to world class performance, the main aims of the following research were: 1) to determine the composition of elite Kenyan endurance runners diet and assess their energy balance status prior to major competition using "gold standard" methods; 2) to establish lifestyle practices of elite Kenyan endurance runners prior to major competition that will allow an insight in to the preparation of some of the best athletes in the world; 3) to ascertain the hydration status of elite Kenyan endurance runners during an important training period and directly compare these results to traditional paradigms and current thinking on optimal fluid intake for superior endurance running performance; 4) to investigate the training process leading to world class performance by quantifying training load in the lead up to major competition; 5) to determine the fluid intake behaviours of the world s best marathon runners during racing. This will allow an insight into current practices of elite runners that will act as a benchmark and comparison of current fluid intake guidelines; and 6) to validate and combine existing technologies of heart rate and accelerometry for quantifying energy expenditure during free living conditions. Methods: Chapters 2 and 3 detail extensively the diet, hydration, lifestyle and training practices of a group of highly successful elite Kenyan endurance runners during important training periods based at a high altitude camp in Kenya. Chapter 4 explores the significance of the hydration practices reported in Chapters 2 and 3 (i.e., ad libitum fluid intake) have on elite marathon running performance and the wider implications for fluid intake recommendations for elite marathon running. Chapter 5 investigates novel technology (i.e., the combined use of accelerometry and heart rate) that may further enhance our understanding of the physical activity patterns and training practices of elite Kenyan endurance runners on a day-to-day basis. Results and discussion: Chapter 2 reported elite Kenyan endurance runners are in negative energy balance prior to major competition as assessed by the gold standard doubly labeled water method (Energy intake: 13.2 +/- 1.3 MJ/d: vs. Energy expenditure: 14.6 +/- 1.0 MJ/d; p < 0.005). Considering the relatively high carbohydrate content of their diet (e.g., 67.3 +/- 7.8 %, 9.8 g/kg/bm) it is hypothesised the caloric deficit may not have a direct impact on their training performance. In fact the performance implications of reducing body mass as a result of energy deficiency is that the athletes will be lighter for competition and may thus be at an advantage as the energy cost per unit distance increases in direct proportion to the added load expressed as a percentage of body mass. Measured physical activity patterns (i.e., Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) and accelerometry) of elite Kenyan endurance runners strongly suggest rest between running training sessions is an important lifestyle factor as it was found time spent relaxing, in light activity, slow running (8.0-13.6 km/h), moderate running (13.7-17.3 km/h), and fast running (> 17.4 km/h) as estimated using the PAR method was 82 +/- 6 %, 8 +/- 6 %, 3 +/- 1 %, 5 +/- 1 %, 2 +/- 1 %, respectively. The reported time spent in light, moderate, hard and very hard activity as determined by accelerometry was 82 +/- 3 %, 11 +/- 2 %, 6 +/- 3 %, and 1 +/- 1 % respectively. A further striking finding in Chapter 2 was the relatively low daily fluid intake that consisted of primarily water (0.9 +/- 0.5 L/d) and milky tea (0.9 +/- 0.3 L/d). Chapter 3 found athletes remained hydrated day-to-day drinking ad libitum despite this relatively low daily fluid intake that corroborated prevailing fluid intake recommendations. This was evidenced by mean total body water and pre training body mass being maintained day-to-day throughout the recording period (p = 0.194 and p = 0.302, respectively). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the osmolality of the morning urine sample and the evening sample (p = 0.685). It was also found that athletes remained in electrolyte balance (Na+ intake: 3245 +/- 901 vs. Na+ loss: 3254 +/- 1070 mg/d; p = 0.975) day-to-day thus negating the need for further supplementation.
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Kaleth, Anthony Scott. "Effects of volume of resistance training on muscular strength and endurance". Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1074543.
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The American College of Sports Medicine recommends a resistance exercise routine that consists of a minimum of 1 set of 8-12 repetitions on 8-10 exercises, 2 times per week. These guidelines are less than traditional programs and are based on the premises that longer programs are associated with lower adherence and that additional sets and repetitions produce little, if any, additional increases in strength. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if greater gains in strength and endurance could be attained by doubling the recommended dose. Sixteen subjects were randomly assigned to one of two training groups that performed 1 or 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions for 10 weeks on 7 exercises (chest press, lat pull-down, leg ext., leg curl, shoulder press, triceps ext., biceps curl) and 8 subjects were assigned to a non-training group. Pre- and post-training 1repetition maximum (RM) and muscular endurance were measured. To assess endurance, subjects completed as many repetitions as possible at 75% of their pre-training 1-RM on all exercises except the shoulder press (60% of 1-RM). Both training groups showed a significant increase in 1-RM strength and endurance compared to controls (P < 0.05). Only the biceps curl exercise showed a significant difference in strength between the two training groups (P < 0.05). The 2 sets group increased post-training endurance to a greater degree than the 1 set group, but only the lat pull-down exercise was significant (P < 0.05).. Contrary to previous studies, these findings pertain to 8-10 exercises that use larger muscle groups. It was concluded that 1 set of 8-12 repetitions was as effective as 2 sets in increasing muscular strength and endurance.School of Physical Education
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Neal, Craig M. "Training intensity distribution, physiological adaptation and immune function in endurance athletes". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9299.
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Exercise intensity and its distribution is probably the most important and most heavily debated variable of endurance training. Training induces adaptation but also induces stress responses. Controlling the training-intensity distribution may provide a mechanism for balancing these two effects. It has been reported that elite endurance athletes train with a high volume and load, relative to the sport. These athletes spend the vast majority (>80%) of training time at relatively low intensities (lower than the lactate threshold, zone one), and therefore <20% of training time above the lactate threshold (zones two and three). Experimental studies support the beneficial effects of a high training volume in zone one, and show detrimental effects of replacing zone one training with training in zone two. This is likely due to enhanced recovery from training in zone one compared with training in zone two. The acute recovery following training sessions in zones two and three has been reported to not be different, but the recovery following training in zone one has been reported to be faster. Improvements in physiological adaptation and endurance performance have been reported to be greater following training programmes with higher exercise intensities. Therefore, it has been suggested that a polarised training model, which includes ~80% of training in zone one with ~20% of training in zone three is more beneficial than a threshold training model, with the majority of training in zone two. However, research into an optimal training-intensity distribution is limited. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were to assess the effectiveness of training-intensity distribution on the improvements in physiological adaptation, endurance performance and assess if manipulating training-intensity distribution had an effect on immune function. Study one revealed that the lactate threshold, the lactate turnpoint and maximal performance measures in swimming, cycling and running, assessed using the methods outlined in the study, are reproducible in trained endurance athletes. These tests can therefore be used by trained endurance athletes as part of a physiological testing programme to assess not only endurance performance, but also to demarcate training intensity zones for exercise intensity prescription and monitor moderate to large adaptations to training. Practitioners should take care when deciding on the duration between tests to test for adaptations from training, as adaptations need to be greater than these detected test-retest variations to be considered physiologically meaningful. To the best of the author’s knowledge, study two was the first study to have assessed training-intensity distribution in a group of multisport athletes. Training was monitored over a 6-month period, and testing took place every two months to assess the effect of the training on physiological adaptation. Although speculative due to the number of variables involved, the results suggest that a greater proportion of training time spent in zone one and a lower proportion of training time spent in zone two is beneficial to physiological adaptation. However, given the number of variables associated with assessing the training-intensity distribution in multisport athletes, it is not easy to draw conclusions as to the effectiveness of the training in the different disciplines on the key measures of adaptation in the different disciplines. Study two highlighted the need for future research to focus on experimental manipulation of training-intensity distribution and thus improve our understanding of its impact on the training-induced adaptations in endurance athletes. Study three manipulated the training-intensity distribution in trained endurance athletes in just one discipline, to reduce the number of variables involved. A polarised training model was compared to a threshold training model on the effectiveness to improve physiological adaptation and endurance performance. Results revealed that a polarised training model is recommended for trained cyclists wishing to maximally improve performance and physiological adaptation over a short-term (six week) training period. The first part of study four assessed the effect of a polarised and a threshold training model on immune function markers in trained cyclists. Both endurance training programmes had similar volume, and were sufficient to induce improvements in performance and physiological adaptation. However, despite likely differences in recovery, both training programmes had no effect on the proportion of low or high differentiated or senescent CD8+ or CD4+ T-cells in blood. Therefore, training adaptation was achieved at no cost to this particular aspect of immune function. From these results and evidence from previous studies, it seems likely that athletes need to be overreached to induce any change in immune function following a period of intensified training. The second part of study four assessed the impact of an ironman triathlon race on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) antibody titres and the frequency of low and high differentiated and senescent blood T-cells in trained endurance athletes. Previous work has revealed that an ironman triathlon race increases the proportion of senescent CD4+ T cells and decreases the proportion of naive CD4+ T cells, and thus induces changes the immune space which could leave an individual at a greater risk of infection. This study however, did not find any changes in the proportions of these T cell subsets following an ironman triathlon race. The mean results of this study suggest that there is no relationship between EBV and VZV-specific antibody concentrations and the proportion of senescent, low and highly differientiated T cells. However, on analysis of individual subject data, it seems possible that subjects with a high antibody titre for EBV or VZV 3 wks before a competition might be more at risk of infection post race. A greater subject number would be needed in order to make a more conclusive statement about this relationship. The results of this thesis suggest that future research is required in the area of training-intensity distribution. Firstly, our understanding of the physiological mechanisms responsible for the effectiveness of a polarised training model in trained endurance athletes is limited, and thus studies should attempt to address this issue. Our current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying a blunted T cell response following strenous exercise is also limited. A change in the immune space to a greater proportion of senescent T cells and a lower proportion of naive T cells might contribute to this blunted response. In the current thesis however, the proportions of these T cell markers were unchanged following the training/racing interventions. It is possible that with a higher training load, there could be changes in these markers, and thus this is an exciting area that could have potential implications on athlete health. Finally, testing for antibody titres in endurance athletes is possibly an avenue to detect individuals at the greatest risk of infection if subjected to a large physical and/or mental stress. This could have implications on maintaining athlete health and therefore, allowing athletes to train consistently.
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Turner, Gareth. "Hypoxic exposure to optimise altitude training adaptations in elite endurance athletes". Thesis, University of Brighton, 2016. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c252120d-e576-43d7-9627-214769c99ec1.
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The purpose of this thesis was to examine the physiological and haematological responses to altitude training and hypoxic exposures. Furthermore to investigate if additional hypoxic exposure around a “live high-train high” altitude training camp could maximise adaptations. Study one provided a detailed insight into the current practices and perceptions of elite British endurance athletes and coaches to altitude training. A survey found that the athletes and support staff’s concerns included maintaining training load at altitude, reducing the acclimatisation period, maximising haematological adaptations and when to compete on return to sea level. These challenges were prioritised and investigated further in the thesis. Confidence in the optimised carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing method (oCOR-method) is paramount when assessing haematological adaptations. Study two found that Radiometer ABL80 hemoximeter provided a more valid and reliable determination of percent carboxyhaemoglobin (%HbCO) with a minimum of three replicate blood samples to obtain an error of ≤1%. Study three found that administering different boluses of CO produced significantly different haemoglobin mass (tHbmass) results (0.6 mL·kg−1 = 791 ± 149 g; 1.0 mL·kg−1 = 788 ± 149 g; and 1.4 mL·kg−1 = 776 ± 148 g). A bolus of 0.6 to 1.0 mL·kg−1 provided sufficient precision and safety to determine %HbCO with the ABL80 hemoximeter. Additional hypoxic exposures have been identified as a strategy to maintain altitude haematological adaptations gained from altitude training camps. Study four investigated the time course of erythropoietin (EPO) and inflammatory markers after acute (2 h passive rest) hypoxic exposures (FiO2: 0.135, 0.125, 0.115, and 0.209). [EPO] increased in all hypoxic conditions 2 h post-exposure, being maintained until 4 h post-exposure, however, the largest increase came from the FiO2: 0.115 condition increasing by ~50% (P < 0.001). There were no differences found between hypoxic exposures in IL-6 or TNFα. Study five investigated the effect of acute hypoxia as a priming tool, by measuring the effect of increased circulating EPO on endurance performance. A 10 min pre-loaded treadmill running time trial (TT10) was preceded by 2 h normobaric hypoxia (HYPO; FiO2: 0.115), hyperoxia (HYPER; FiO2: 0.395) or normoxia (CON; FiO2: 0.209) 3.5 h prior to the TT10. No differences (P = 0.082) were found in distance covered during TT10 (HYPO: 2726 ± 277 vs. CON: 2724 ± 279 vs. HYPER: 2742 ± 281 m). Study six monitored physiological and haematological variables of elite endurance runners completing four weeks of live high-training high (LHTH; ~2,300 m) altitude training (ALT) compared to a control group (CON). A hypoxic sensitivity test (HST) was completed pre (PRE) and post-altitude (POST-2), alongside a treadmill test and oCOR-method. From PRE to POST-2 a difference in average lactate threshold (LT) (6.1 ± 4.6% vs. 1.8 ± 4.5%) and lactate turnpoint (LTP) (5.4 ± 3.8% vs. 1.1 ± 3.2%) was found within ALT, but not CON. Mean V̇O2max increased by 2.7 ± 3.5% in ALT, and decreased by 3.3 ± 6.3% in the CON group (P = 0.042). Total Hbmass increased by 1.9 ± 2.9% and 0.1 ± 3.3% (P > 0.05) from PRE to POST-2 in the ALT and CON group, respectively. No changes were found in mean tHbmass post-LHTH; however, EPO was lower at POST-1. The HST revealed desaturation at rest and hypoxic ventilatory response at exercise predicted individual changes in tHbmass and hypoxic cardiac response at rest predicted changes in V̇O2max. The evidence reported supports the notion that additional hypoxic exposures around an altitude training camp can maximise physiological and haematological adaptation via a prior understanding of an athlete’s response to hypoxia and therefore the optimisation the athlete’s altitude training needs.
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Sharwood, Karen Ann. "The effects of endurance training on neuromuscular characteristics in masters runners". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3200.
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Spilsbury, Kate L. "Tapering strategies for elite endurance running performance". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23316.
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It is common practice for endurance athletes to manipulate training load prior to an important competition, known as tapering. An effective strategy aims to alleviate accumulated fatigue, whilst maximising physiological adaptation and facilitating a peak performance. Improvements in performance of 0.5 to 6.0% have been reported after a successful taper, a margin that could potentially have a dramatic influence on performance outcome at the elite level. This thesis explored the strategies currently employed by elite endurance athletes and investigated novel training manipulations during the taper to further enhance performance, to gain a more thorough understanding of the physiological mechanisms, and to identify a minimally invasive physiological biomarker capable of monitoring recovery status during the taper. Tapering strategies in elite endurance athletes were shown to be individualised and influenced by the preceding training load. Algorithms were developed, capable of explaining a large proportion of the variance (53-95%) in tapering strategy training variables (with the exception of interval volume), for a given pre-taper training load (Chapter III). A tapering strategy implemented using the algorithms was most likely to improve 1,500 m treadmill performance (ES = 0.53). When the intensity of final interval session was increased from 100% to 115% race speed, the effect on treadmill performance was unclear (ES = 0.22) and perhaps due to insufficient recovery to respond positively to the increased intensity interval session (Chapter IV). When continuous volume was reduced further (by 60%), the novel high intensity strategy was very likely to improve 1,500 m track performance (ES = 0.74), compared to the algorithm-derived taper (ES = 0.40) (Chapter VI). In middle-distance runners, training above race speed in the final days of the taper might be more beneficial than current practice, although training volume must be further reduced to compensate. It was possible to measure plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor from capillary samples (Chapter II), although these markers in addition to C-reactive protein, testosterone and cortisol were not sensitive enough to detect changes in recovery status during tapering (Chapters IV and V). Measures of muscle maximum voluntary contraction force (algorithm-derived taper: 9%; ES = 0.39; novel taper: 6%; ES = 0.29), and rate of force development (algorithm-derived taper: ES = 0.53; novel taper: ES = 0.26) improved in response to tapering (Chapter IV), and could represent alternative non-invasive markers of recovery and taper effectiveness to facilitate peak performance.
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Brandauer, Josef. "Effect of endurance exercise training on fasting and postprandial plasma adiponectin levels". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2704.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Kinesiology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Warburton, Darren E. R. "The enhanced cardiovascular function with endurance training, the mechanisms of primary importance". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ59695.pdf.
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McPhee, Jamie Stewart. "Endurance training : central and peripheral adaptations in relation to inter-individual variability". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496616.
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Considerable variability exists between people in their health- and performance-related adaptations to training. The variability is usually ascribed 1 to genetic diversity, but there are also mechanistic explanations that are often overlooked. The work described in this thesis examined factors (non-genetic and genetic) that contribute to inter-individual variability in endurance-phenotypes and responses to endurance training.
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Salam, Hawbeer. "The role of perception of effort in endurance performance testing and training". Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/68560/.
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The role of endurance performance measurements have been an important theme, cycling time trials are main elements of Grand Tour cycling events, such as the Tour de France. Normally time trials within road cycling championships cover distances between 10 and 44 km over periods of 10 min to 60 min. afterward, success in these individual tests of human endurance is widely determined by the cyclist's level of aerobic fitness. Furthermore, focussing on all endurance performance methods to assess athlete's level, there is not only physiological assessment for endurance performance. Perceived exertion, defined as "the conscious sensation of hard, heavy and strenuous exercise", is identified to regulate human behaviour and endurance exercise performance, moreover, rating perceived exertion has been valid tool to demonstrated endurance performance as well as physiological parameters (heart rate and blood lactate concentration, and exercise economy) during submaximal exercise performance. As there are a numerous studies suggested that perception of effort can determine endurance exercise performance independently of alterations in cardiorespiratory, metabolic and neuromuscular parameters. Therefore, it is possible that perception of effort plays a major role in determining endurance performance. Therefore, from these perceptive the idea for first study has been developed However, to date, not only to clarify RPE's correlation to endurance performance but also how manipulations of perceived exertion might influence endurance performance remain not well understood. The secondary aim of this thesis was to examine how manipulations of perception of effort might affect endurance performance. This manipulation is divided in two parts: The effect of mental fatigue on critical power and the anaerobic work capacity and Does chronic use of caffeine reduce its acute ergogenic effects during high intensity interval training? We firstly investigated the effect of impairing perception of effort via mental fatigue involving the response inhibition process on critical power endurance performance. These studies have demonstrated higher perceptions of effort and reduced exercise performance independently of alterations in cardiorespiratory or metabolic responses to exercise. Therefore, higher PE may limit TTE and subsequently alter the CP and W' independently of changes within the underlying muscle physiology. We found that contrary to endurance exercise performance, so the outcomes of this study were, mental fatigue induced by a response inhibition stroop task reduced time to exhaustion at fixed power outputs, the reduced time to exhaustion does not alter the resultant critical power. However, the development of mental fatigue did significantly reduce the supposed anaerobic work capacity, mental fatigue induced by a response inhibition stroop task significantly increased RPE during the TTE trials. Therefore, these findings provides strong evidence that the proposed physiological critical power model can be affected by purely psychological factors i.e. mental fatigue. On the other hand, in second part the thesis investigated on the effect of caffeine on endurance performance based on extensive research showing positive effects on performance many athletes use caffeine before and during competitions, however, the use of caffeine during training is not well understood. As the study outcomes shows, no significant changes in VO2max were observed in either groups after 4 weeks of training. As hypothesised, caffeine acutely increased power output, HR and blood lactate during HIIT at both the baseline and follow-up assessments. There were no significant interactions and main effects of time suggesting the development of tolerance to these acute ergogenic effects of caffeine during HIIT after 4 weeks of chronic supplementation. Caffeine ingestion one hour prior to HIIT acutely increases power output, HR and blood lactate for the same RPE. Frequent use of caffeine before training (3 times a week for 4 weeks) does not reduce these acute ergogenic effects of caffeine during HIIT. This observation argues against the development of tolerance and suggests that pre-training caffeine ingestion is a useful strategy to increase training intensity, whether this increase in training intensity leads to greater gains in performance needs to be investigated in future studies with more controlled training programs and longer follow up periods. Overall, when merging all experimental parts, provides new vision on how perception of effort a valid and effective regulates of endurance performance. Specially, it proves how muscle fatigue is one of the contributor of the constant increase in perception of effort during endurance exercise, however, there are other contributors play a role in this increase and decrease in perceived exertion. In contrast, we demonstrated for the first time that i) perception of effort can be endurance performance regulator, ii) alterations in the attendance of mental fatigue does decrease endurance performance and increase perception of effort, iii) endurance performance can be improved by caffeine ingestion one hour prior to HIIT acutely increases power output, HR and blood lactate for the same intensity. Frequent use of caffeine before training does not reduce these acute ergogenic effects of caffeine during HIIT.
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Hoffmann, Katrin Verfasser], Josef [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wiemeyer i Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Hänsel. "Personalized Adaptive Endurance Training with Exergames / Katrin Hoffmann ; Josef Wiemeyer, Frank Hänsel". Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2020. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-154075.
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Hedgepeth, Shira Loree Caldwell. "The effects of ballet training on isokinetic strength, power, and muscular endurance". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45803.
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An experimental group of nine dancers between the ages of 18 and 23 who were participating in dance technique classes were compared to a group of nine dancers who were participating in an eight week weight training program and technique class and a control group of sedentary females of the same age.
Each group was tested for isokinetic strength, power, and muscular endurance on the Cybex 11+ before and after the eight week training program of ballet and weight training. Each subject in the two experimental groups attended at least three ballet technique classes a week. The nine members of the weight training group lifted weights three times a week and performed exercises on the leg press, leg curls, and leg extension. Initial and final 1-RM's for the leg press, leg curl, and leg extension were also measured for the weight training group.
Data were analyzed by a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test to determine initial and final differences between the three groups in all isokinetic strength measurements. A Wilcoxon Analysis of Variance test was also used to determine differences between pretest and posttest isotonic strength scores.
No statistical difference was found between the three groups on post test isokentic strength, power, or muscular endurance of the quadriceps or hamstrings after training. However, significant isotonic strength gains were found in the weight lifting group on leg press, leg curls, and leg extension exercises after the training sessions.
Master of Science
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Johansson, Rebecca Elin. "Interactions between training load, submaximal heart rate, and performance in endurance runners". Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31767.
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Background: The popularity of endurance running events has rapidly increased in recent years with more recreational runners entering the field. How recreational runners train is not well known. Understanding this and the relationship between training and performance in this group of runners is important for prescribing appropriate training to maximise performance and decrease the risk of injury. This forms the underlying theme throughout this thesis. Aim: The broad aims of this thesis were to better understand the ad libitum training habits of well-trained competitive recreational runners and to determine the relationships between performance, training load, and submaximal heart rate (HR) in this cohort. Methods: Five inter-related studies were performed to: 1) determine relationships between 56-km race performance and pacing (n = 7,327) in competitive recreational runners; 2) determine relationships between 56-km race performance, pacing, and training load in competitive recreational runners (n = 69); 3) determine the accuracy of GPS sport watches in measuring distance (n = 255); 4) develop a feasible and reliable submaximal running test, and 5) determine relationships between performance on a submaximal running test, training load, and submaximal HR in well-trained competitive recreational runners (n = 29). Main findings: A group of well-trained competitive recreational runners performed 44 ± 22 km/week (median ± IQR) in a six-month time frame while training ad libitum. This group had a wide range of inter-individual differences in training load performed even when considering participants who had the same relative marathon performance. The same group of well-trained competitive recreational runners maintained most of their training over a sixmonth period in a range of 0.81 – 1.14 for the acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR). When the ACWR values reached > 1.50, it was mainly due to participation in endurance running races (> 21-km). When looking at relative weekly changes in training load, the maximum increase was 30% with only two participants having maximum increases of < 10%. The increases in load were predominantly short term (one to two weeks). Submaximal HR had a negative linear relationship with performance in 21% of the study participants. In those participants, poor performances were associated with a higher submaximal HR. Training load was only related to changes in performance in one participant. Conclusion: This thesis confirms that no single variable can provide the necessary information on how to adjust training load to maximise performance. Athletes, coaches, and sports scientists need to have a holistic view of stress exposure and how this affects the body. Although we can only speculate, when the participants had a poor performance it may have been due to factors such as lack of motivation, fatigue, mental stress, dehydration, and/or sleep deprivation. It is important for runners, coaches, and sports scientists to approach the training load – recovery balance as being unique for each athlete. Even in a homogenous group of well-trained competitive recreational runners, their ad libitum training load is widely varied and was not associated with performance or ability level. The balance should be adjusted over time based on the athlete’s symptoms.
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Hoffmann, Katrin [Verfasser], Josef [Akademischer Betreuer] Wiemeyer i Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Hänsel. "Personalized Adaptive Endurance Training with Exergames / Katrin Hoffmann ; Josef Wiemeyer, Frank Hänsel". Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1224048652/34.
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Galbraith, Andy. "The distance-time relationship and its use in endurance training and performance". Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47903/.
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The aims of this thesis were to develop a time efficient field test of the distance-time relationship, assess its validity, reliability and sensitivity and utilise the test to monitor and prescribe endurance training in distance runners. Laboratory-based tests of the distance-time relationship often use lengthy recovery periods between trials, resulting in multiple visits and limiting their practical application. A field-based test, completed in a single visit, could improve the utility of the distance-time relationship. A novel single visit field test comprising of 3 constant-distance trials, separated by a 30-minute recovery, was designed. This test estimates the highest sustainable rate of aerobic metabolism, or critical speed (CS), and the modelled maximum distance performed above CS (D’). When compared to a traditional multi-visit laboratory protocol, field test CS was highly correlated (r=0.89, P0.05) and high typical error (334-1709 s). Non-linear modelling of recovery did not improve the accuracy. A high variability in D’ may in part explain the low predictive ability of the models. The conclusion from this thesis is that the single visit field test is a valid, reliable and sensitive test for CS, which provides a favourable alternative to multi-visit laboratory-based testing.
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Fulford, Sarah Margaret. "Training, ethos, camaraderie and endurance of World War: Two Australian POW nurses". Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/48486.
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This thesis examines the ethos, camaraderie and resourcefulness of a group of Australian nurses who became prisoners of war to the Japanese during World War Two after their ship, the Vyner Brooke, was sunk on 14 February 1942 as it evacuated from Singapore. It investigates how their living-in-training and patient first mentality contributed to their survival during internment and after, with reference to characteristics attributed to Australian soldiers.
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Shaw, I., JM Loots, L. Lategan i BS Shaw. "Effectiveness of aerobic exercise training in improving pulmonary function in asthmatics". African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001698.
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ABSTRACT
Asthma exemplifies a major medical concern
and is a considerable cause of morbidity and
mortality in Western society. Controversy still
exists regarding the most effective mode and
intensity of exercise training for asthmatics.
Thus, the purpose of the study was to
determine whether walking or jogging at 60%
of age-predicted heart rate maximum can
increase effort-dependent pulmonary function
parameters in moderate, persistent asthmatics.
Forty-four sedentary asthmatics were
randomly assigned to either a non-exercising
control (NE) group (n = 22) or an eight-week
moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (AE)
group (n = 22). Results indicated that the
subjects in the AE training group significantly
(p = 0.05) increased their forced vital capacity
(FVC), forced expiratory volume in one
second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF),
maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) and
inspiratory vital capacity (IVC). The NE group
did not exhibit any significant changes in any
of the measured variables. Therefore, walking
or jogging at 60% heart rate maximum for 30
minutes three times a week for eight weeks
can effectively improve the effort-dependent
pulmonary parameters in moderate, persistent
asthmatics. This represents a strong argument
to support the inclusion of this mode of
aerobic training in the treatment of moderate,
persistent asthma due to its effectiveness,
inexpensiveness and lowrisk.
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Moustafa, Moustafa Bayoumi. "Molecular adaptations of cardiac and skeletal muscles to endurance training in a canine model of sudden death". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133375886.
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Mason, Steven D. "Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha in the skeletal muscle during exercise and endurance training /". Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3211374.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 5, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Stevens, Glen Harold John. "Blood Pressure Regulation During Simulated Orthostatism Prior to and Following Endurance Exercise Training". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277914/.
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Cardiovascular responses and tolerance to an orthostatic stress were examined in eight men before and after eight months of endurance exercise training. Following training, maximal oxygen consumption and blood volume were increased, and resting heart rate reduced. Orthostatic tolerance was reduced following training in all eight subjects. It was concluded that prolonged endurance training decreased orthostatic tolerance and this decrease in tolerance appeared associated with attenuated baroreflex sensitivity and alterations in autonomic balance secondary to an increased parasympathetic tone noted with training.