Artykuły w czasopismach: „Endurance sports”

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Shephard, RJ, i PO Astrand. "Endurance in Sport – The encyclopaedia of sports medicine". Physiotherapy 80, nr 6 (czerwiec 1994): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)61105-4.

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Andari, Nisa Nur Isnaini, Fillah Fithra Dieny, A. Fahmy Arif Tsani, Deny Yudi Fitranti i Nurmasari Widyastuti. "Diet Quality, Nutritional Status, and Haemoglobin Level of Female Adolescent Athletes in Endurance and Non Endurance Sports". Amerta Nutrition 5, nr 2 (21.06.2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v5i2.2021.140-148.

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Background: Based on the duration and intensity of the exercise, sports can b classified into two types: endurance and non endurance (strength and power). Endurance sports is a high risk sport with low diet quality, nutritional status (body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage), and haemoglobin level. Objectives: The aimed of this study is to analyze the differences of diet quality, nutritionl status, and haemoglobin level of female adolescent athletes in endurance and non endurance sports. Methods: An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 23 endurance athletes and 21 non endurance athletes in BBLOP Central Java, UNNES swimming and athletic sports club, and Salatiga atlhetic sports club. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling. BMI and body was measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (Tanita DC-360). Haemoglobin level was assessed by cyanmethemoglobin method. Diet quality was measured by semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) form. Data was analyzed by independent t-test and Mann-Whitney. Results: The majority of nutritional status based on BMI and perventage body fat in endurance and non endurance athlete were normal. About 9,5% of non endurance athlete had anemia. There were significant difference in diet quality (p=0,029) and variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake (p<0,001; p=0,028; p=0,045; p<0,001) of endurance and non endurance athletes, but no significant difference in body fat percentage (p=0,573) and haemoglobin level (p=0,714). Conclusion: There were significant difference on diet quality, variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake between endurance and non endurance athletes.

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Munguia-Izquierdo, Diego, Carmen Mayolas-Pi, Carlos Peñarrubia-Lozano, Federico Paris-Garcia, Javier Bueno-Antequera, Miguel Angel Oviedo-Caro i Alejandro Legaz-Arrese. "Effects of Adolescent Sport Practice on Health Outcomes of Adult Amateur Endurance Cyclists: Adulthood Is Not Too Late to Start". Journal of Physical Activity and Health 14, nr 11 (1.11.2017): 876–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0010.

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Background: We investigated the effects of adolescent sport practice on the training, performance, and health outcomes of adult amateur endurance cyclists and compared health outcomes of 3 adult groups: amateur endurance cyclists who practiced sports during adolescence, amateur endurance cyclists who did not practice sports during adolescence, and inactive individuals. Methods: In 859 (751 men and 108 women) adult cyclists and 718 inactive subjects (307 men and 411 women), we examined adolescent sport practice, current training status, quality of life, quality of sleep, anxiety and depression, and cardiometabolic risk: body mass index, physical activity, physical fitness, adherence to Mediterranean diet, and alcohol and tobacco consumption. Results: Independent of gender, no significant differences in training, performance, or health outcomes were observed between amateur endurance cyclists who practiced sports during adolescence and those who did not. Independent of gender, cyclists reported significantly better health outcomes than inactive individuals in all variables, except depression. Conclusions: Training, performance, and health outcomes did not differ between adult amateur endurance cyclists who practiced sports during adolescence and those who did not, but their health outcomes were significantly improved compared with inactive individuals, except for depression.

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Shannon, Michael P., i Romain Meeusen. "Individual Endurance Sports Training". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (maj 2005): S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00245.

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Shannon, Michael P., i Romain Meeusen. "Individual Endurance Sports Training". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (maj 2005): S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00245.

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Tarnopolsky, M., G. Cox, K. MacKenzie i S. Gurr. "Ultra-endurance/adventure sports". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (styczeń 2010): e194-e195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.407.

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Egloff, Boris, i A. Jan Gruhn. "Personality and endurance sports". Personality and Individual Differences 21, nr 2 (sierpień 1996): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00048-7.

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Campa, Francesco, Diana Maria Thomas, Krista Watts, Nicholas Clark, Daniel Baller, Thomas Morin, Stefania Toselli i in. "Reference Percentiles for Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Athletes". Biology 11, nr 2 (8.02.2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11020264.

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The present study aimed to develop reference values for bioelectrical phase angle in male and female athletes from different sports. Overall, 2224 subjects participated in this study [1658 males (age 26.2 ± 8.9 y) and 566 females (age 26.9 ± 6.6 y)]. Participants were categorized by their sport discipline and sorted into three different sport modalities: endurance, velocity/power, and team sports. Phase angle was directly measured using a foot-to-hand bioimpedance technology at a 50 kHz frequency during the in-season period. Reference percentiles (5th, 15th, 50th, 85th, and 95th) were calculated and stratified by sex, sport discipline and modality using an empirical Bayesian analysis. This method allows for the sharing of information between different groups, creating reference percentiles, even for sports disciplines with few observations. Phase angle differed (men: p < 0.001; women: p = 0.003) among the three sport modalities, where endurance athletes showed a lower value than the other groups (men: vs. velocity/power: p = 0.010, 95% CI = −0.43 to −0.04; vs. team sports: p < 0.001, 95% CI = −0.48 to −0.02; women: vs. velocity/power: p = 0.002, 95% CI = −0.59 to −0.10; vs. team sports: p = 0.015, 95% CI = −0.52 to −0.04). Male athletes showed a higher phase angle than female athletes within each sport modality (endurance: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.14; velocity/power: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.68 to 1.07; team sports: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.23). We derived phase angle reference percentiles for endurance, velocity/power, and team sports athletes. Additionally, we calculated sex-specific references for a total of 22 and 19 sport disciplines for male and female athletes, respectively. This study provides sex- and sport-specific percentiles for phase angle that can track body composition and performance-related parameters in athletes.

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Unierzyski, Piotr, i Mieczysław Bogusławski. "Endurance development for 10-12 & under tennis players". ITF Coaching & Sport Science Review 24, nr 69 (31.08.2016): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52383/itfcoaching.v24i69.191.

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Within classical definition endurance is understood as the ability to perform hard or long-lasting physical activities involving large muscle groups, without the fast increase in fatigue and changes in inner environment of the organism. This definition also includes the strain tolerance and the ability of recovery (Astrand 1987, Kozłowski & Nazar 1999). This definition suits well into such sports like long-distance running, swimming, Nordic skiing, and so mostly “cyclic” sports. For these sports endurance is a factor limiting performance and there is almost a linear correlation between level of endurance and sport performance.

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Groth, Stefan, i Yonca Krahn. "Sensing Athletes: Sensory Dimensions of Recreational Endurance Sports". Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 11, nr 2 (1.12.2017): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jef-2017-0011.

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AbstractSport has become increasingly popular with recreational athletes over the last couple of decades. This has only gained minimal attention so far from scholars interested in the relations between recreational sports and everyday culture. With this paper, we seek to contribute to this field by scrutinising the sensory dimensions of recreational sport. Rather than probing into or highlighting isolated senses, we look at sensory dimensions understood as a combination of different, non-separable sensory experiences featured in recreational endurance sports. We are interested in how the senses play a role for recreational endurance athletes in running, triathlon and cycling both in training and competition. We start by examining how cultural and social dimensions are inextricably linked to doing sports. Secondly, we show how different configurations of the senses and their communicative mediation are contingent on sport disciplines, specific settings, technology, development and change as sensory careers over time. Thirdly, we discuss the kinaesthetic dimensions of doing sports in relation to the senses and the role of atmospheres. We conclude by arguing that highlighting specific senses by athletes is a cultural practice that calls for a holistic analysis of senses in sport, and outline some methodological implications for research on the senses.

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Agarwal, Bela, Shrutika Dilip Parab, Oshin Amberkar i Rajani Mullerpatan. "Effect of 12-week sports intervention programme on physical fitness and sports performance in individuals with spinal cord injury". Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67 (29.03.2023): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_332_2022.

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Objectives: Inactivity in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) results in low physical fitness, cardiopulmonary endurance and poor quality of life. Sports participation is known to enhance physical fitness. Therefore, the present study evaluated effect of a structured, 12-week MGM Sports Intervention for Sports Intervention Program for SCI (SPISI) on physical fitness and throw-ball performance in individuals with SCI. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at MGM School of Physiotherapy and Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation centre in Navi Mumbai, India. Following ethical approval, 15 individuals with SCI (80% males and 20% females mean age 33.1 ± 7.2 years) were recruited. Upper-extremity explosive power (medicine-ball-throw), agility (t-test), cardiorespiratory endurance (incremental shuttle wheelchair propulsion test) and ball-throwing capacity (maximal-pass test) were evaluated pre- and post-12-week sports intervention programme (SPISI). The protocol involved strength training of upper extremity training at 50% 1 repetition maximum and participation in throw-ball sport. Results: Following training, increase in upper extremity explosive power (11%), cardiopulmonary endurance (5%), agility (8%) and ball-throwing capacity in distance (7%) (P < 0.05) was observed. The large effect size was observed for sports performance (maximal-pass test distance-Cohen’s d 1.261), moderate for cardiorespiratory endurance (incremental wheelchair propulsion test distance Cohen’s d 0.517) and upper extremity explosive power (medicine-ball throw distance 0.593). Increment in all outcome variables was greater than minimal clinically important difference. Conclusion: Sports intervention programme (SPISI) for 12 weeks brought about minimal clinically important difference in upper-extremity explosive power, agility, cardiorespiratory endurance and sport-specific performance and should be included as an integral component of rehabilitation of individuals with SCI.

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Reimers, Anne, Guido Knapp i Carl-Detlev Reimers. "Effects of Exercise on the Resting Heart Rate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventional Studies". Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, nr 12 (1.12.2018): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120503.

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Resting heart rate (RHR) is positively related with mortality. Regular exercise causes a reduction in RHR. The aim of the systematic review was to assess whether regular exercise or sports have an impact on the RHR in healthy subjects by taking different types of sports into account. A systematic literature research was conducted in six databases for the identification of controlled trials dealing with the effects of exercise or sports on the RHR in healthy subjects was performed. The studies were summarized by meta-analyses. The literature search analyzed 191 studies presenting 215 samples fitting the eligibility criteria. 121 trials examined the effects of endurance training, 43 strength training, 15 combined endurance and strength training, 5 additional school sport programs. 21 yoga, 5 tai chi, 3 qigong, and 2 unspecified types of sports. All types of sports decreased the RHR. However, only endurance training and yoga significantly decreased the RHR in both sexes. The exercise-induced decreases of RHR were positively related with the pre-interventional RHR and negatively with the average age of the participants. From this, we can conclude that exercise—especially endurance training and yoga—decreases RHR. This effect may contribute to a reduction in all-cause mortality due to regular exercise or sports.

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Azmy, Ulul, Nabila Rahmaniah, Ananli Raiza Renzytha, Dominikus Raditya Atmaka, Rachmahnia Pratiwi, Mochammad Rizal, Sri Adiningsih i Lilik Herawati. "Comparison of Body Compositions among Endurance, Strength, and Team Sports Athletes". Sport Mont 21, nr 3 (1.10.2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.231007.

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Regular monitoring and evaluation of body composition determine an athlete’s output, such as their probability of winning competitions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in athletes’ body composition among several sports categories. The data collected were on 251 athletes aged 20 to 30 years during the pre-competition period. The subjects were divided into three groups: endurance, power, and team sports. SECA 515mBCA was used to analyze the athletes’ body composition, which included their body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), total body water (TBW), and extracellular water (ECW). The results showed that all body composition parameters were lowest in the endurance category. Fat composition was lowest in the endurance category but did not differ significantly between categories in male athletes. Meanwhile, in female athletes, there was a significant difference in FM between sports categories (p=0.009). FFM, SMM, TBW, and ECW differed significantly between categories (p<0.05). In female athletes, these variables were higher in the team sports category, as opposed to the power category among male athletes. This study concluded that there were differences in lean body mass composition between sport categories, while fat mass did not differ between sport categories in male athletes. This can be attributed to the differences in training programs and needs of each sport category in maximizing performance. These findings can provide advice to sports professionals that each sport category has its own body composition specifications.

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Рыбина i I. Rybina. "Serum enzyme monitoring in training of elite athletes in endurance sports". Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 10, nr 1 (19.05.2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18567.

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The article presents the results of serum enzymes study in endurance sports. 311 elite athletes were investigated in swimming, biathlon, cycling, cross country skiing, rowing and kayaking. Capillary blood examination was performed on training camps during ten years. We included in statistical analysis 6950 CK tests, 5904 - AST and 5667- ALT. They were analyzed depending on kind of sport, training stage preparation and gender. The physiological serum enzyme ranges of elite athletes were estimated in view of sport, gender differences and stage of preparation. Serum enzyme activity trend was found in endurance sports at various preparation stages of the annual cycle of training. The high individual variation of CK activity was in endurance sports (variation coefficient 65,0-102,9% for men and 44,0-128,8% for women). It revealed the significantly higher CK activity in men compared to women. The trend of CK activity decrease was found from preparatory to competitive period. We examined the excess frequency enzyme activity higher upper limit of reference ranges for healthy individuals. It was 29,0% for CK, 23,2% - AST and 9,3% - ALT.

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HOUTKOOPER, LINDA. "Food selection for endurance sports". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (1992): 349???359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209001-00009.

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ENGELHARDT, MARTIN, GEORG NEUMANN, ANNELIESE BERBALK i IRIS REUTER. "Creatine supplementation in endurance sports". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, nr 7 (lipiec 1998): 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199807000-00016.

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Ingen Schenau, G. J. van, i P. R. Cavanagh. "Power equations in endurance sports". Journal of Biomechanics 23, nr 9 (styczeń 1990): 865–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(90)90352-4.

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de Sousa, Eliene F., Teresa H. M. Da Costa, Julia A. D. Nogueira i Lúcio J. Vivaldi. "Assessment of nutrient and water intake among adolescents from sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil". British Journal of Nutrition 99, nr 6 (czerwiec 2008): 1275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507864841.

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Adolescents aged 11–14 years (n 326), belonging to organized sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil were interviewed. Subjects (n 107) provided four non-consecutive days of food consumption and 219 subjects provided two non-consecutive days of intake. The objective was to assess their nutrient and water intake according to dietary reference intake values and their energy and macronutrient intake by sex and sports groups they were engaged in: endurance, strength-skill or mixed, according to the guidelines established by the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). Dietary data were corrected for intra-individual variation. Total energy expenditure was higher among endurance athletes (P < 0·001) following their higher training time (P < 0·001) when compared to adolescents engaged in strength-skill or mixed sports. Total energy intake was only significantly higher among endurance-engaged females (P = 0·05). Protein intake of males was above the guidelines established by the ACSM for all sports groups. All male sport groups fulfilled the intake levels of carbohydrate per kg body weight but only females engaged in endurance sports fulfilled carbohydrate guidelines. Intakes of micronutrients with low prevalence of adequate intake were: vitamins B1, E and folate, magnesium and phosphorus. Few adolescents ( < 5 %) presented adequate intake for calcium, fibre, drinking water and beverages. For micronutrients, prevalence of adequacies were lower for females than males, except for liquids and water. Nutrition guidance is needed to help adolescents fulfil specific guidelines of macronutrient intake for their sports and to improve their intake of micronutrients and water. Special attention should be given to female adolescent athletes.

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Fahrenholtz, Ida L., Anna K. Melin, Ina Garthe, Siri Marte Hollekim-Strand, Andreas Ivarsson, Karsten Koehler, Danielle Logue i in. "Effects of a 16-Week Digital Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge and Behavior in Female Endurance Athletes with Risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)". Nutrients 15, nr 5 (21.02.2023): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15051082.

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Female endurance athletes are considered a high-risk group for developing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Due to the lack of educational and behavioral intervention studies, targeting and evaluating the effects of the practical daily management of REDs, we developed the Food and nUtrition for Endurance athletes—a Learning (FUEL) program, consisting of 16 weekly online lectures and individual athlete-centered nutrition counseling every other week. We recruited female endurance athletes from Norway (n = 60), Sweden (n = 84), Ireland (n = 17), and Germany (n = 47). Fifty athletes with symptoms of REDs and with low risk of eating disorders, with no use of hormonal contraceptives and no chronic diseases, were allocated to either the FUEL intervention (n = 32) (FUEL) or a 16-week control period (n = 18) (CON). All but one completed FUEL, while 15 completed CON. We found strong evidence for improvements in sports nutrition knowledge, assessed via interviews, and moderate to strong evidence in the ratings concerning self-perceived sports nutrition knowledge in FUEL versus CON. Analyses of the seven-day prospective weighed food record and questions related to sports nutrition habits, suggested weak evidence for improvements in FUEL versus CON. The FUEL intervention improved sports nutrition knowledge and suggested weak evidence for improved sports nutrition behavior in female endurance athletes with symptoms of REDs.

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Santos-Junior, Rubens, i Emerson Franchini. "Developing strength-endurance for combat sports athletes". Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 16, nr 1s (23.03.2021): 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v16i1s.7004.

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Strength-endurance is one of the trainable physical capacities that could determine the success in some combat sports and its inclusion is obligatory in the training periodization of high-level athletes. In striking combat sports, such as boxing and taekwondo, it seems likely that increases in dynamic strength-endurance improve the ability to execute combat movements repeatedly. On the other hand, grapplers need to develop high levels of strength-endurance because during the match much time is spent in grip dispute and the success in this phase may determine the possibility to execute scoring techniques. Furthermore, in mixed combat sports, where a combination of striking and grappling are required, athletes needs to have the capacity to maintain dynamic or static muscular actions during prolonged periods during the match, and the strength-endurance is one key element. Therefore, this chapter presents the strength-endurance requirements during the match, the specific tests for its evaluation, scientific evidence of longitudinal studies on the development of strength-endurance in combat sports athletes and the methods for its development.

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Szwed, Jakub, Michał Kowara i Marcin Grabowski. "The impact of physical exercise on the occurence of arrhythmias in athletes – recommendations". In a good rythm 1, nr 46 (22.03.2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.6478.

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The aim of this article is to demonstrate the impact of physical exercise on the development of arrhytmias in athletes. The studies show that this relation exist and concerns endurance sports practiced for a long time. In addition, this article contains review of the most common arrhythmias in athletes and appropriate recommendations. The time of arrhythmias onset depends on the presence of structural heart diseases. If the cardiac disorder is absent the arrhythmias appear at the age 40-50. If the structural heart diseases exist, the arrhythmias occur in young athletes and are more dangerous (can lead to sudden cardiac arrest). The most common arrhythmia in endurance athletes is atrial fibrillation. In order to avoid negative results of endurance sports, such as cardiac arrhythmias, the reliable examinations are necessary, especially to exclude structural cardiac diseases. These examinations should be undertaken before initiation of endurance sport training and routinely later, in course of follow-up.

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Shephard, R. J., i P. O. Astrand. "Endurance in Sport". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, nr 12 (grudzień 1992): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199212000-00015.

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Smelkova, E. V., i G. G. Shalamova. "FEATURES OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND MASS WORK AT THE UNIVERSITY WITH THE USE OF FITNESS TECHNOLOGIES". Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 248, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-248-4-217-220.

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Physical education and mass work at the university has always been based on the needs of students in classes in sports sections after school. The practice of physical activity of students included fitness, and with it appeared the sport "fitness aerobics", in which competitions are held within the framework of the sports Contest of universities. Fitness programs based on aerobics have a complex effect on the body of those involved. At the same time, in fact, in any form of aerobics, you can achieve the main goals of wellness fitness - to develop cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, strength endurance, flexibility.

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Koutedakis, Y. "Endurance in sport". British Journal of Sports Medicine 27, nr 1 (1.03.1993): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.27.1.68.

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Knechtle, Beat, Thomas Rosemann i Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis. "The Role of Nationality in Ultra-Endurance Sports: The Paradigm of Cross-Country Skiing and Long-Distance Running". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 7 (8.04.2020): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072543.

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Although the variation of performance by nationality in endurance sports such as marathon has been well studied, little information exists so far on the role of nationality on performance in ultra-endurance sports. The aim of the present study was to review the role of nationality on cross-country skiing and ultra-endurance running. Scopus and PubMed were searched using the syntax “nationality AND (ultra-endurance OR ultra-marathon OR cross-country skiing) in 1/4/2020. This search identified 17 articles, whose references were further examined for relevant literature. It was observed that Russian athletes dominated ultra-endurance running and cross-country skiing races. It was shown that these races were in other countries, where it was assumed that only the best Russians competed. Potential explanations could be misuse of performance enhancing substances, historical, climate-geographical and psychophysiological (e.g., combination of genetic and social factors). In summary, recent studies found a dominance of Russian athletes in specific races (i.e., ‘Comrades Marathon’, ‘Vasaloppet’, and ‘Engadin Ski Marathon’) and disciplines (i.e., ultra-marathon running, cross-country skiing) over a period of several decades. Future studies are need to investigate other events and other sport disciplines to confirm this Russian dominance.

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Bader, Karrar Ibrahim, i Muhammad Jasim Othman. "The Effect of Specific Regions Exercises on Performance Endurance Development of Youth Soccer Players". Journal of Physical Education 33, nr 4 (28.12.2021): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37359/jope.v33(4)2021.1218.

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Soccer is considered the sports that required endurance, speed of performance. The study aimed at designing exercises for developing performance endurance in youth soccer players. The researcher was applied on (20) youth soccer players rom Al Jawia sport club (2020 – 2021) aged (17 – 19) years old divided into two equal groups. The program was applied for (8) weeks that consisted of exercises for developing performance endurance in youth soccer players. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to conclude that these exercises positively affect posttests.

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Mahon, Anthony D., Wim H. M. Saris, Thomas W. Rowland, Bareket Falk, Lyle J. Michcli i Dan Gould. "322 Endurance Sports Participation for Children". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (maj 1994): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00323.

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Cone, John R. "Warming Up for Intermittent Endurance Sports". Strength and Conditioning Journal 29, nr 6 (grudzień 2007): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200712000-00015.

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Yankelson, Lior, Ben Sadeh, Liron Gershovitz, Julieta Werthein, Karin Heller, Pinchas Halpern, Amir Halkin, Arnon Adler, Arie Steinvil i Sami Viskin. "Life-Threatening Events During Endurance Sports". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 64, nr 5 (sierpień 2014): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.025.

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Yang, Yongfen, i Zhenting Chen. "NEUROMUSCULAR INJURY METHOD IN DIFFERENT STRENGTH SPORTS DAMAGE". Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, nr 8 (sierpień 2021): 767–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127082021_0366.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Sports muscle injury is a common phenomenon in sports, and most of it is caused by intense exercise done for a long time. Objective: The effect of high intensity mode (HI) speed endurance training on the muscle injury of athletes. Methods: 14 sprinters were recruited; the muscle injury indexes of the subjects were tested 15 min before and 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after speed endurance training in HV mode and HI mode (high volume mode and high intensity mode, respectively). Results: The results of this study showed that both high amount and HI mode speed endurance training caused a certain degree of injury to the subjects’ muscles, but the injury caused by HI mode speed endurance training to the muscles was more serious than that caused by high amount (P < 0.05). Conclusions: HI mode speed endurance training causes a certain degree of injury to the subjects’ muscle, but it causes more serious injury than high volume mode speed endurance training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

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Burke, Louise M. "Caffeine and sports performance". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, nr 6 (grudzień 2008): 1319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-130.

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Athletes are among the groups of people who are interested in the effects of caffeine on endurance and exercise capacity. Although many studies have investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion on exercise, not all are suited to draw conclusions regarding caffeine and sports performance. Characteristics of studies that can better explore the issues of athletes include the use of well-trained subjects, conditions that reflect actual practices in sport, and exercise protocols that simulate real-life events. There is a scarcity of field-based studies and investigations involving elite performers. Researchers are encouraged to use statistical analyses that consider the magnitude of changes, and to establish whether these are meaningful to the outcome of sport. The available literature that follows such guidelines suggests that performance benefits can be seen with moderate amounts (~3 mg·kg–1 body mass) of caffeine. Furthermore, these benefits are likely to occur across a range of sports, including endurance events, stop-and-go events (e.g., team and racquet sports), and sports involving sustained high-intensity activity lasting from 1–60 min (e.g., swimming, rowing, and middle and distance running races). The direct effects on single events involving strength and power, such as lifts, throws, and sprints, are unclear. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the range of protocols (timing and amount of doses) that produce benefits and the range of sports to which these may apply. Individual responses, the politics of sport, and the effects of caffeine on other goals, such as sleep, hydration, and refuelling, also need to be considered.

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Khlus, Nataliya. "Development of endurance of senior preschoolers in the process of active movable games". Sports games 3(25), nr 3(25) (1.06.2022): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/si.2022-3.14.

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The purpose of the study is to substantiate theoretically and investigate experimentally the effectiveness of the influence of active sports games on the development of endurance of senior preschoolers. Material and methods. The experimental study involved 25 children (11 - girls, 14 - boys) of senior preschool age. It was formed two experimental groups. The children of the groups had the same level of physical development, morpho-functional state and physical fitness. The first group – control one (CG, n = 12 (5 girls, 7 boys) – was taught according to the educational program "Child". The second group – experimental one (EG, n = 13 (6 girls, 7 boys) – was taught not only according to the educational program "Child" but also the developed system of work on development of endurance of senior preschoolers in the process of active sports games. Research methods: analysis of data from literary and Internet sources on the problem of the research, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. At the ascertaining stage of the study, the general level of preschoolers’ endurance development was determined. The following results were obtained: 15% of children in experimental group and 14% of children in control group had high level of endurance, 43% of children in experimental group and 42% of children in control group had medium level of endurance, and 42% of children in experimental group and 44% of children in control group had low level of endurance. At the formative stage of the study, a system of work on the development of endurance of senior preschoolers by means of active sports games was developed. At the control stage, the effectiveness of the proposed system of work on the development of endurance of senior preschoolers in the process of active sports games was tested. It was defined that active sports games are an effective means of developing endurance of senior preschool children. At the control stage of the study, we obtained the following results: 42% of children in experimental group and 14% of children in control group had high level of endurance, 44% of children in experimental group and 42% of children in control group had medium level of endurance, and 14% of children in experimental group and 40% of children in control group had low level of endurance. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the results of the ascertaining stage and control stage of the study shows that the dynamics of senior preschoolers’ endurance development in the process of active sports games after implementing the system of work is positive. Thus, the data of the control stage of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis of our study, which stated that the process of senior preschoolers’ endurance development in the process of active sports games would be more effective under the following conditions: targeted use of a system of active sports games focused on developing physical endurance; more frequent use of active sports games against the traditional system; creating a positive emotional atmosphere during active sports games.

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Clark, Nancy. "Case Study: Nutrition Challenges of a Marathon Runner With a Gastric Bypass". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 21, nr 6 (grudzień 2011): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.6.515.

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A new type of athlete is appearing in the offices of sports dietitians: formerly obese people who have undergone gastric bypass surgery and now aspire to be marathoners, triathletes, and other types of endurance athletes. The standard nutrition advice offered to bypass patients is contrary to the standard sports advice given to athletes. Bypass athletes need to limit carbohydrates, fluids, and energy intake and consume a protein-based diet. This case study describes the sport nutrition concerns of a woman who, after having gastric bypass surgery, trained to run a marathon (42 km). Because of her limited ability to consume food and fluids, she experienced difficulty preventing fatigue and dehydration during her long training runs and the marathon itself. She learned through trial and error how to survive the nutritional challenges and complete the marathon. Health professionals need to be aware of the potential medical risks associated with endurance exercise in gastric bypass patients. Research is needed to determine the best sports nutrition practices for bypass patients. Only then can sport dietitians better educate this small but growing contingent of endurance athletes so the athletes can meet their training and performance goals and reduce their risk of experiencing serious health consequences.

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Sheikh, MS, K. Zutshi i I. Aman. "Prevalence of Different Types of Eating Disorder in Different Endurance Sports and its Impact on Performance: A Narrative Review". Central India Journal of Medical Research 3, nr 01 (20.04.2024): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.58999/cijmr.v3i01.124.

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Endurance sports have shown prominent effects in aerobic capacity, cardio-protection, prevention or treatment of diabetic mellitus, athletic body composition and bone density. Despite of these positive effects, these sports may leads to risk factor of eating disorder. It has been found in several studies that athletes are more prone to eating disorder (ED) than the non athletic population. Thus the aim and objective of this review is to critically analyze the literature to evaluate different types of eating disorder among athletes and its impact on their performance among endurance athletes. The significance of this review is to provide information about further exploration in eating disorder athletes so that it may hopefully help clinicians and physiotherapist in planning individualized exercise programs that would be beneficial at improving outcomes in these sports person. Result suggested that antigravitational sports are at higher risk of ED when compared with endurance sports whereas endurance sports athletes are at more risk when compared with ball sports or triathletes. It has be also found out that initially ED may result in performance but later it will leads to low performance because athletes with EDs will physiological and psychological disorders. KEYWORDS: Eating Disorder OR Anorexia OR Bulimia OR Endurance Sports OR Athlete OR Performance

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Akhlaqunnisa, Karima, Ambrosius Purba i Panji Fortuna Hadisoemarto. "PROFIL KOMPONEN FISIK PREDOMINAN DARI KONDISI FISIK ATLET GULAT JAWA BARAT PADA PON XVIII RIAU, 2012". JURNAL ILMU FAAL OLAHRAGA INDONESIA 1, nr 2 (4.07.2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51671/jifo.v1i2.47.

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Wrestlers of West Java Province had not met the performance sought in the National Sports Week XVIII as they got one gold and two bronze medals. Athletes performance is affected by three factors; there are physical condition, technique, and mental condition of athlete. Athletes should have a perfect predominant physical component in order to achieve a gold medal. This study aims to know the physical condition of West Javas wrestling athletes in the National Sports Week XVIII. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study using secondary data obtained from Sports Medicine Department of National Sports Committee of Indonesia in Bandung. The data consisted of various predominant physical components, which were muscle strength, endurance, power, and flexibility, as well as cardiorespiratory endurance. The data was compared to National Sports Committee of Indonesias standards and categorized into less, enough, good, very good, and perfect. Male athletes had several components which were categorized as less and enough; those are abdominal muscle endurance, arm and shoulder muscle endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance; Whereas, female athletes were less and enough in abdominal muscle endurance, limb muscles strength, limb muscles power, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Several predominant physical components of wrestling athletes of West Java Province in National Sports Week XVIII had not met the requirement for good and perfect category and needed to be improved. Generally, athletes will be able to get a gold medal if their predominant physical component achieves the good and perfect category.

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Paternoster, Nicolò, Enrico Baggio i Ettore Pelosi. "Personalized hydratation status in endurance and ultra-endurance: A review". Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 13, nr 3 (22.09.2020): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mnm-200434.

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This review aims to investigate the physiological mechanisms that underlie the hydro-electrolyte balance of the human body and the most appropriate hydration modalities for individuals involved in physical and sports activities, with a focus on ultra-endurance events. The role of effective hydration in achieving optimal sports performance is also investigated. An adequate pre-hydration is essential to perform physical and sporting activity in a condition of eu-hydration and to mantain physiologic levels of plasma electrolyte. To achieve these goals, athletes need to consume adequate drinks together with consuming meals and fluids, in order to provide an adequate absorption of the ingested fluids and the expulsion of those in excess through diuresis. Therefore, there are important differences between individuals in terms of sweating rates, the amount of electrolytes loss and the specific request of the discipline practiced and the sporting event to pursue.

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Fragakis, Nikolaos, Gabriele Vicedomini i Carlo Pappone. "Endurance Sport Activity and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation – Epidemiology, Proposed Mechanisms and Management". Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 3, nr 1 (30.04.2014): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2011.3.1.15.

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There is evidence for a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in athletes engaged in long-term endurance sports training compared with the general population. Although atrial anatomic adaptations, alterations in autonomic nervous system, chronic systemic inflammation and fibrosis have been proposed as potential mechanisms, they remain speculative. Medical therapy with long-term antiarrhythmic agents or pill in the pocket medications is hampered by limitations, such as sports eligibility and interference with exercise tolerance. AF ablation represents a valid therapeutic option with results similar to these achieved in other patients. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are needed to confirm whether endurance sport practice affects the maintenance of sinus rhythm following catheter ablation of AF.

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Fragakis, Nikolaos, Gabriele Vicedomini i Carlo Pappone. "Endurance Sport Activity and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation – Epidemiology, Proposed Mechanisms and Management". Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 3, nr 1 (2011): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/articles/endurance-sport-activity-and-risk-atrial-fibrillation-epidemiology-proposed-mechanisms-and.

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There is evidence for a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in athletes engaged in long-term endurance sports training compared with the general population. Although atrial anatomic adaptations, alterations in autonomic nervous system, chronic systemic inflammation and fibrosis have been proposed as potential mechanisms, they remain speculative. Medical therapy with long-term antiarrhythmic agents or pill in the pocket medications is hampered by limitations, such as sports eligibility and interference with exercise tolerance. AF ablation represents a valid therapeutic option with results similar to these achieved in other patients. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are needed to confirm whether endurance sport practice affects the maintenance of sinus rhythm following catheter ablation of AF.

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Reza, Md Nasim, Md Hamidur Rahman, Muhammad Shahidul Islam, Dessalegn Wase Mola i Syed Murtaza Hussain Andrabi. "Assessment of Motor Fitness Metrics among Athletes in Different Sports: An Original Research". Physical Education Theory and Methodology 24, nr 1 (29.02.2024): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.1.06.

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Background. Motor fitness is one of the keys to athletes’ success and is the initial factor mixed with game-specific technique and tactics that has an impact on game performance. All athletes should incorporate these elements into their sport and game actions. Study purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in motor fitness metrics among university-level male athletes participating in various sports. Materials and methods. Sixty (60) male athletes, ranging in age from 18 to 25 years, were selected from six different sports: Athletics, Basketball, Cricket, Football, Handball, and Volleyball. Each group consisted of 10 athletes who had competed at the inter-university level. The research focused on six key fitness metrics: agility, speed, power, arm strength, abdominal muscle strength, and cardiovascular endurance. Appropriate testing methods and instruments were used to measure these parameters. Statistical analysis, including one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests, was performed to identify significant differences between the groups. A significance level of 0.05 was set for the study. Results. The results showed statistically significant differences among the groups in agility (F(5,54) = 4.776, p<0.001), speed (F(5,54) = 5.602, p<0.000), and cardiovascular endurance (F(5,54) = 3.578, p<0.007). However, no significant differences were observed for power (F(5,54) = 2.079, p>0.082), arm strength (F(5,54) = 1.368, p>0.251), and abdominal muscle strength (F(5,54) = 1.947, p>0.102). According to the post hoc (LSD) test findings, each group’s agility, speed, and cardiovascular endurance parameters were compared to each other to check the significance level. Conclusions. In summary, the study has revealed that agility, speed, and cardiovascular endurance were significantly different among athletes in various sports, whereas power, arm strength, and abdominal muscle strength were not. The findings suggest that athletes and coaches should prioritize sport-specific fitness components to improve game performance.

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Lee, Kyoung-Hyun, Jin-Seok Lee, Byung-Chan Lee i Eun-Hyung Cho. "Relative Weights of Physical Strength Factors in Sports Events: Focused on Similarity Sports Events Group According to the Sports Physiological View". Applied Sciences 10, nr 24 (21.12.2020): 9131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249131.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative weights of physical strength factors in sports events. We selected 16,645 people as a sample group who participated in physical fitness measurements through eight sports science centers across the country from 2016 until August of 2018, and divided into four sports types depending on the sports physiological view: type A: short-term muscular power and short-term muscular endurance, type B: mid-term muscular power, type C: long-term cardiorespiratory endurance, type D: coordination capability (CC), agility, flexibility, and balance. Categorized the performance level into excellent athletes and non-excellent athletes, and standardized (T-score) the measured value after considering sex, age and sports type group. Used logistic regression analysis for the method of analysis, and calculated the relative weights of physical strength factor with different sports by using Wald value which was calculated from logistic regression analysis. As a result, the relative weights of physical factor in type A were power 30%, muscular power (MP) 18%, CC 16%, agility 11%, flexibility 10%, cardiorespiratory endurance (CE) 1%, and balance 0%. The relative weights of physical factor in type B were muscular endurance (ME) 43%, MP 25%, power 20%, balance 9%, CE 2%, flexibility 1%, agility 0%, and CC 0%. The relative weights of physical factor in type C were ME 41%, CE 37%, power 10%, agility 8%, flexibility 2%, CC 2%, ME 0%, and balance 0%. Need more specific classification standard for type D sports. Hope the results of this study were used to measure physical fitness level and used as baseline data for recruiting future talents.

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Woodman, Tim, i Charlotte Welch. "Alexithymia and the Anxiolytic Effect of Endurance Running". Sport Psychologist 36, nr 1 (1.03.2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2021-0039.

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Individuals high in alexithymia use high-risk sport to regulate their anxiety. Given the conceptual similarities between arduous high-risk sports and extreme endurance running, we investigated the relationship between alexithymia and the anxiolytic effects of endurance running. We measured marathon and ultramarathon runners (n = 35) on alexithymia, and pre- and postrace anxiety. Bootstrapped regression analyses using MEMORE revealed that alexithymia moderated the relationship between pre- and postrace anxiety such that there was a significant anxiety reduction for individuals high in alexithymia only. In conclusion, extreme endurance running provides an emotion regulation function for individuals high in alexithymia. The modest sample size points to the need for replication and further exploration.

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Prakoso, Ferry Weldan, Muhammad Arif Ali, Nanang Indardi, Sugiarto Sugiarto, Anwarullah Qomarrudin i Erniwati Erniwati. "Analysis the Level of Endurance, Agility, and Coordination of Badminton Athletes PB Pendowo Semarang in 2022". Plyometric : Jurnal Sains dan Pendidikan Keolahragaan 2, nr 2 (16.12.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32534/ply.v2i2.3044.

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Sport is a physical activity carried out for the purpose of health, recreation and achievement.Achievement is an athlete's goal in sports that is supported by sport science. Badminton is one ofthe most popular sports in Indonesia. Badminton achievement is supported by factors of nutrition,coaching, rest time and physical condition. The main physical condition components in badmintonare agility, cardiorespiratory endurance and coordination. This research is a quantitativedescriptive study with a population of PB badminton players. Semarang City Hall. The sample is17, with 12 male samples and 5 female samples. The data analysis technique used is descriptivestatistical technique. To find out the results of the study, an agility test (illionis agility test), acardiorespiratory endurance test (bleep test), and an eye and hand coordination test (the throwingand catching tennis ball test) was carried out. The results showed the level of physical agility ofPB badminton athletes. Pendowo Semarang is included in the category of “Poor” for men and“Average” for women. the level of physical condition of cardiorespiratory endurance is includedin the "Medium" category for men and "Excellent" for women, the level of physical condition isincluded in the "moderate" category for both men and women.

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Plokhikh, Andrij, i Gennadij Ogar. "Dynamics of special endurance of athletes aged 13-15 years under the influence of the program of the Cossack duel". Pedagogy of Health 1, nr 1 (2.02.2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/health.2022.0102.

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Background and Study Aim. National sports are gradually spreading around the world and becoming international. One of such sports is the Cossack duel - a national martial art in Ukraine. In addition to the purely sports component, this sport has national traditions of educating healthy youth. The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of the Cossack duel program on the special endurance of athletes aged 13-15 year. Material and methods. Athletes (n = 6, age - 13-15 years) of the Cossack duel department of the sports school № 6 (Kharkiv, Ukraine) took part in the study. The children's parents agreed to participate in the study. The study was conducted with athletes of the basic training group on the Cossack duel (sports school №6, Kharkiv, Ukraine) for two years. At the beginning, a preliminary test of the level of special endurance of athletes was conducted. In the end, the final testing of the level of special endurance development of young athletes was conducted. SPSS was used to process the test results. The confidence level is 0.05. Results. It is established that for two years of using the author's program the density of shock actions of athletes has increased significantly. This is manifested in an increase in the number of blows to the bag with his hands and feet (p˂0.001). It was found that the load of maximum intensity during one round caused significant changes in the cardiovascular system. These indicators were almost indistinguishable (0.7%). The process of restoring heart rate has become more advanced. After 60 sec. recovery difference was 13.2%, and after 120 sec. - 16.1%. Conclusions. One of the main factors in the training of athletes in the Cossack duel is special endurance. Among the effective methods of improving special endurance are interval and interval-circle training methods. To control the development of special endurance of athletes, it is advisable to use a 1.5 - minute test with the performance of shock actions with hands and feet on a punching bag. Criteria for assessing special endurance should be the intensity of the kicks, heart rate. It is necessary to remember the harmonious upbringing of the individual, to apply health-preserving technologies, to pay great attention to the upbringing of young people in the spirit of respect for national traditions.

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Satrio, Bimo, i Mashuri Eko Winarno. "Quality of sports physical fitness extracurricular participants". Jurnal SPORTIF : Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran 5, nr 2 (27.11.2019): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v5i2.13069.

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This study aims to determine the condition of lung cardiac endurance (VO2 Max) of sports extracurricular participants at SMA Negeri 8 Malang. The research method used was descriptive quantitative with the research subjects of sports extracurricular participants of SMA Negeri 8 Malang numbering to 107 students; 32 students of basketball, 26 students of badminton, 21 students of volleyball, and 28 students of Soccer or futsal. The instrument used was a multistage fitness test with a descriptive quantitative percentage data analysis. The results of the study showed that male members of basketball and futsal had an average VO2 Max between 35.0-38.3 ml/kg/ minute, while badminton and volleyball members had an average VO2 Max less than 35.0 ml/kg/ minute. For the female groups of basketball, volleyball and futsal members, they had an average VO2 Max between 31.0-34.9 ml/kg/ minute, while badminton members had an average VO2 Max between 25.0-30.9 ml/kg/ minute. The conclusions were that male members of basketball and futsal were in the category of "bad" lung endurance, while badminton and volleyball members were in the category of "very bad" lung endurance. Whereas for the female groups, the members of basketball, volleyball, and futsal were in the category of "less" lung endurance, while badminton members were in the category of "bad" lung endurance. To get achievement, physical fitness was very important especially for students who joined extracurricular sports.

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Sobko, Iryna, i Anastasiia Velieva. "Methodology for the development of physical qualities of female athletes engaged in pole sports (Pole Sport)". Health-saving technologies, rehabilitation and physical therapy 2, nr 1 (2.12.2021): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.58962/hstrpt.2021.2.1.129-134.

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Purpose: to develop a methodology for the development of physical qualities of athletes 12-13 years old, going in for Pole Sports. Participants: 14 athletes (age 12-13 years), who are engaged in the sports club "Atmosphere" from Pole Sport and aerial acrobatics, Kharkov. Research methods: theoretical and methodological analysis of literature sources. Results: complexes of general developmental and special developmental exercises for the development of strength, flexibility, endurance, coordination of athletes involved in pole sports were provided.

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PATE, RUSSELL R., i J. DAVID BRANCH. "Training for endurance sport". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (1992): 340???343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209001-00007.

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Vasilenko, Vladimir S., Evgeniya S. Semenova i Yuliya B. Semenova. "Blood lipids in athletes depending on the orientation of the training process". Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 8, nr 2 (15.03.2017): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped8210-14.

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Sports form the metabolic response caused by the body’s adaptation to increased physical stress, which leads to the restructuring of metabolism for energy and plastic maintenance of sport activities. The restructuring of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is caused primarily by the increasing energy request body, depending on type and intensity of sports activity. In this research blood serum lipids were studied depending on the orientation of the training process. A total of 108 athletes (men and women) aged 15 to 20 years of different sports qualification (I sports category, Candidate Master of Sports and Master of Sports) were examined, and a control group of 28 persons of the same age and gender. Depending of the direction of the training process there were isolated 3 groups: cyclical sport that develops mainly endurance (academic rowing); sports of complex nature (football, volleyball, handball and Nordic combined); and complex coordinated sports (artistic gymnastics). Were studied: total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, atherogenic coefficient and triglycerides. The study was conducted in the preparatory period of the training cycle. The research had shown that the level of blood lipids depends on the orientation of training process and sports training. The most marked reduction of total cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins has been observed both in men and women in cyclic kinds of sports, developing mainly stamina that indicates that intense exercise in athletes who train primarily for endurance, cause the connection of lipids to the processes of energy supply of muscle activity.

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Šaranović, Vićić, Pešić, Tomović, Batinić, Antić, Tadic i Mazić. "The Influence of Tobacco Use on Pulmonary Function in Elite Athletes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 19 (20.09.2019): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193515.

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Objective: We sought to investigate the prevalence of smoking and lung function in the large cohort of elite athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 804 athletes competing at international level who were consecutively examined from January to December 2017. Elite athletes were classified in four groups of sport disciplines (skill, power, endurance and mixed): skill (n = 141), power (n = 107), endurance (n = 105) and mixed sport disciplines (n = 451). All participants underwent pre-participation screening, including spirometry. Results: Study included 745 (92.7%) non-smokers, 20 (2.5%) former smokers and 39 (4.8%) active smokers. The percentage of body fat was higher and the percentage of muscle was lower in active smokers than in non-smokers and former smokers. Active smokers were more prevalent among skill and mixed than in power and endurance sports. FEV1 and FVC, as well as FEV1/FVC ratio, were significantly lower in active smokers than in non-smokers. There was no significant difference in PEF assessed in absolute values and in percentages. Forced expiratory flows, evaluated at the usual intervals (25%, 50% and 75% of FVC), were significantly lower in active smokers than in non-smokers. FEV1 and MEF25 were the lowest among active smokers in the skill sport group, whereas FEV1/FVC, MEF50 and MEF25 were the lowest among active smokers in the power sport group. In mixed and endurance disciplines there was no difference in pulmonary function between non-smokers, former smokers and active smokers. Conclusion: Pulmonary function was reduced in active smokers and these differences were the most prominent in skill and power sports. The percentage of body fat was the highest and percentage of muscle was the lowest in active smokers.

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Ali Nuri Ali, Maher Awad i Zineb Hassen. "The Use a physical Program to Develop Special Endurance and its Effectiveness on Achievement of Player Runners (400 m) Freestyle Applicants". Mustansiriyah Journal of Sports Science 3, nr 3 (12.02.2024): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.62540/mjss.2021.03.03.16.

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The oldest scientific presentations in all fields around the world, including the sports field, as numbers and levels developed in all sports sports. Athletics, which had the largest share of distinctive numbers during the time period and athletic events. This development is through the use of training corridors and linking training with many different different sports sciences Including biology, mechanics, and the different use of different scientific training intensity. The research problem came through the presence of weakness in many physical abilities, including the stamina of the 400m free runners and lack of physical preparation before participating in the competition, which negatively affects their level of achievement in the race and the main research goal came in preparing a physical program for special endurance to develop endurance and speed Strength which helps improve achievement As the curriculum consisted of a set of physical exercises for developing special endurance capacity in accordance with the Labor and Ability Law, which helps to develop speed endurance among athletes, which helps improve achievement. As the researcher concluded the importance of this program in developing special endurance, which helps in performance and the ability to maintain special endurance in the race. Accordingly, the researcher recommended the importance of introducing special physical programs to develop special endurance in the training process of 400m players.

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de Lira, Claudio Andre Barbosa. "Maximizing Endurance: Exercise Physiology's Role in Elevating Athletic Performance". Health Nexus 1, nr 3 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.hn.1.3.1.

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This article provides a comprehensive overview of the role of exercise physiology in enhancing athletic performance, with a specific focus on endurance sports. It begins by introducing the concept of exercise physiology and its significance in sports science, emphasizing the importance of endurance in athletic pursuits. The article then delves into the science of exercise physiology, defining key terms and explaining how the discipline studies the body's responses and adaptations to physical activity. It highlights crucial physiological factors influencing endurance, such as VO2 max and lactate threshold. The principles of endurance training are explored, detailing training methodologies like overload, specificity, and recovery, and their application in endurance training programs. The article also discusses the critical roles of nutrition, hydration, and psychological aspects, including mental toughness and coping strategies for fatigue. The impact of technological advancements, such as wearable fitness trackers and training software, is examined, demonstrating how these tools aid in monitoring and enhancing endurance training. Real-world case studies are presented to illustrate the practical application of exercise physiology principles, showcasing how athletes across various sports have benefited from tailored training programs. The article concludes with a summary of the key points and a reflective note on the future of endurance training, highlighting potential areas of research that could further advance our understanding and application of exercise physiology in sports.

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