Artykuły w czasopismach: „Endocrine glands”

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Yang, He, Bing Fang, Zixu Wang, Yaoxing Chen i Yulan Dong. "The Timing Sequence and Mechanism of Aging in Endocrine Organs". Cells 12, nr 7 (23.03.2023): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12070982.

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The world is increasingly aging, and there is an urgent need to find a safe and effective way to delay the aging of the body. It is well known that the endocrine glands are one of the most important organs in the context of aging. Failure of the endocrine glands lead to an abnormal hormonal environment, which in turn leads to many age-related diseases. The aging of endocrine glands is closely linked to oxidative stress, cellular autophagy, genetic damage, and hormone secretion. The first endocrine organ to undergo aging is the pineal gland, at around 6 years old. This is followed in order by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads, pancreatic islets, and thyroid gland. This paper summarises the endocrine gland aging-related genes and pathways by bioinformatics analysis. In addition, it systematically summarises the changes in the structure and function of aging endocrine glands as well as the mechanisms of aging. This study will advance research in the field of aging and help in the intervention of age-related diseases.

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Sengoopta, Chandak. "Endocrine glands". Lancet 366, nr 9490 (wrzesień 2005): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67360-6.

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Calamita, Giuseppe, i Christine Delporte. "Insights into the Function of Aquaporins in Gastrointestinal Fluid Absorption and Secretion in Health and Disease". Cells 12, nr 17 (29.08.2023): 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12172170.

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Aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane proteins permeable to water, are involved in gastrointestinal secretion. The secretory products of the glands are delivered either to some organ cavities for exocrine glands or to the bloodstream for endocrine glands. The main secretory glands being part of the gastrointestinal system are salivary glands, gastric glands, duodenal Brunner’s gland, liver, bile ducts, gallbladder, intestinal goblet cells, exocrine and endocrine pancreas. Due to their expression in gastrointestinal exocrine and endocrine glands, AQPs fulfill important roles in the secretion of various fluids involved in food handling. This review summarizes the contribution of AQPs in physiological and pathophysiological stages related to gastrointestinal secretion.

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Weckman, Andrea, Antonio Di Ieva, Fabio Rotondo, Luis V. Syro, Leon D. Ortiz, Kalman Kovacs i Michael D. Cusimano. "Autophagy in the endocrine glands". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 52, nr 2 (kwiecień 2014): R151—R163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-13-0241.

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Autophagy is an important cellular process involving the degradation of intracellular components. Its regulation is complex and while there are many methods available, there is currently no single effective way of detecting and monitoring autophagy. It has several cellular functions that are conserved throughout the body, as well as a variety of different physiological roles depending on the context of its occurrence in the body. Autophagy is also involved in the pathology of a wide range of diseases. Within the endocrine system, autophagy has both its traditional conserved functions and specific functions. In the endocrine glands, autophagy plays a critical role in controlling intracellular hormone levels. In peptide-secreting cells of glands such as the pituitary gland, crinophagy, a specific form of autophagy, targets the secretory granules to control the levels of stored hormone. In steroid-secreting cells of glands such as the testes and adrenal gland, autophagy targets the steroid-producing organelles. The dysregulation of autophagy in the endocrine glands leads to several different endocrine diseases such as diabetes and infertility. This review aims to clarify the known roles of autophagy in the physiology of the endocrine system, as well as in various endocrine diseases.

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Bubnov, A. A., K. Yu Slashchuk, E. A. Shirshin i V. Yu Timoshenko. "Intraoperative identification of parathyroid glands during endocrine surgery". Endocrine Surgery 15, nr 3 (7.09.2022): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/serg12724.

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Nowadays, diabetes and diseases of thyroid gland take place on the first two stage in the rank of all endocrine diseases. There are 3 directions to treat thyroid glands pathologies such as: using special pills which substitute natural thyroid hormones, surgery and radioiodine therapy. It has proven that surgery of thyroid gland is the most effective method among considering upper. at The same time, it is associated with the greatest risks of complications. The most common injuries are damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and unintentional traumatization or removal of a healthy parathyroid gland. Parathyroid gland is a critical organ during thyroid surgery. It means that all negative reaction nearby the structure can lead to development different complications: hypoparathyroidism (transient or chronic) and hypocalcemia. In this article is considered actual methods of intraoperative optical visualization of parathyroid glans. The fundamental foundations of such methods, their advantages and disadvantages are also analyzed. It is shown that fluorescent methods in the red and near infrared regions of the spectrum using exogenous dyes have essential importance for endocrine surgery, as they allow to improve identification and reduce the risk of postoperative complications.

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Khan, Yousaf. "Chemicals that Disrupt the Endocrine System and their Effects on Human Health". Open Access Journal of Endocrinology 7, nr 1 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oaje-16000179.

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Endocrine glands are the important glands of human that performs certain functions and has specific characteristics. The main function of these glands is that they regulate the whole system by producing hormones which they produce indigenously and pours them directly in the blood for a targeted action and all of their functions are involuntary. They are specifically ductless glands and their course of action is regulated by a pea size Pituitary gland or sometimes referred as the Master Gland. Until now, very less has been known about these glands that their actions or functions are being interrupted or disturbed by chemicals or other environmental actions. There are certain chemicals which include chlorpyrifos, DDT, insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and other daily use items such as plastics, paints, furniture, perfumes, toys polishes, electronic gadgets, items of food packaging are reported to have disturbed the normal hormonal functions in humans that are leading to numerous diseases due to either lack of production of specific hormone or increased production of a specific hormone by the action of these chemicals. The diseases that are commonly reported due to the action of the above chemicals and daily use items includes neurological disorders, behavioral disorders, metabolic dysfunction leading to obesity or weakness, thyroid dysfunction, reproductive disturbances and several others that can prove fatal and lead to cancer as well.

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GIRAUD, CLIVE H. "THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS". Australasian Journal of Optometry 15, nr 7 (19.04.2010): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.1932.tb01112.x.

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Batrinos, Menelaos. "The aging of the endocrine hypothalamus and its dependent endocrine glands". HORMONES 11, nr 3 (15.07.2012): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1354.

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K, Navya. "Clinical Endocrinology: A Review of Adrenal Gland Hormonal and Endocrine Metabolic Disorders." Endocrinology and Disorders 1, nr 1 (15.12.2017): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/003.

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The adrenal glands are controlled in part by the brain. The hypothalamus, a small area of the brain involved in hormonal regulation, produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone). Vasopressin and CRH trigger the pituitary gland to secrete corticotropin (also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, regulated mostly by the kidneys, causes the adrenal glands to produce more or less aldosterone. The body controls the levels of corticosteroids according to need. The levels tend to be much higher in the early morning than later in the day. When the body is stressed, due to illness or otherwise, the levels of corticosteroids increase dramatically.

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Breathnach, CS. "Neural integration of the hormonal contribution to homeostasis". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 7, nr 2 (wrzesień 1990): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700016797.

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AbstractApart from well known areas of overlap between endocrinology and psychiatry (e.g. studies, in psychiatric disorders, of neurohormones and of the response to manipulations of hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland axis, and analysis of behavioural and psychological disturbances in endocrinological disorders) there is a more intimate intrinsic relationship between the brain and the endocrine system which is less well known or studied. Many of the extracranial endocrine glands have autonomic innervation. Like the pituitary gland which is under direct neural (as well as humoral) diencephalic control, the extracranial endocrine glands are under direct neural control, integrated by the hypothalamus and “head ganglion of the autonomic nervous system”. Yet it is only in the case of the pancreatic islets that this integration has been clearly defined. It is postulated that by this innervation the somatic endocrine glands can respond to homeostatic needs with a rapid initial secretion before the more sustained outpouring of humoral agents typically regulated by blood-borne constituents including pituitary hormones. This is a vast area awaiting further investigation.

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Rybakov, S. Y. "Adrenal gland transplantation in clinical conditions". Clinical Endocrinology and Endocrine Surgery, nr 3 (30.09.2022): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30978/cees-2022-3-87.

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Chronic insufficiency of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands or hypocorticism until recently belonged to rare forms of endocrine pathology. This included a few cases of Addison’s disease of tuberculous etiology, a relatively small number of patients after bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing’s disease, removal of bilateral, sometimes unilateral, hormonally active tumors of the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands. Bilateral adrenalectomy is also practiced for some types of hormone‑dependent tumors of the mammary glands, ovaries, prostate, and malignant hypertension. The evolution of ideas about the pathophysiology of adrenal glands contributed to a significant expansion and increase in the number of patients suffering from hypocorticism. A decrease in the incidence of tuberculosis contributed to a decrease in the number of patients with classic Addison’s disease. However, an increasing number of patients with hypocorticism of autoimmune, genetically determined and other genesis are currently being discovered. The improvement of diagnostic methods contributes to the increase in the number of operations for adrenal glands tumors and, accordingly, the number of cases of post‑adrenalectomy hypocorticism. Operations on the pituitary gland for various types of tumors, the number of which is steadily increasing, also contribute to the increase in the number of cases of hypothyroidism. In the mid‑70s of the XX century. a new direction in the treatment of various forms of endocrine insufficiency by the method of transplanting cultures of cells and tissues of endocrine glands took shape. Disorders of the endocrine glands seem to be particularly suitable for the transplantation method of treatment, since it is expected that living and functionally active donor endocrine tissue, transplanted into a patient with endocrine insufficiency, will secrete hormones and provide the body’s physiological needs and clinical compensation of the insufficiency. Similar experimental studies have been conducted since the beginning of the 20th century. The methods of obtaining cultures of cells and tissues of various endocrine organs were developed in detail, the issue of their viability, morphological and hormonal characteristics, and the possibility of compensation of certain forms of endocrine insufficiency were studied.

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Jain, Andrea. "Chakras and Endocrine Glands". Bulletin for the Study of Religion 39, nr 2 (11.05.2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.v39i2.005.

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This paper is an exploration of preksha dhyana as a case study of modern yoga. Preksha is a system of yoga and meditation introduced by Acarya Mahaprajna of the Jain Svetambara Terapanth in the late twentieth century. I argue that preksha is an attempt to join the newly emerging transnational yoga market whereby yoga has become a practice oriented around the attainment of physical health and psychological well-being. I will evaluate the ways in which Mahaprajna appropriates scientific discourse and in so doing constructs a new and unique system of Jain modern yoga. In particular, I evaluate the appropriation of physical and meditative techniques from ancient yoga systems in addition to the explanation of yoga metaphysics by means of biomedical discourse. I will demonstrate how, in Mahaprajna’s preksha system, the metaphysical subtle body becomes somaticized. In other words, Mahaprajna uses the bio-medical understanding of physiology to locate and identify the functions of metaphysical subtle body parts and processes in the physiological body.

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Doppman, John L. "Endocrine Angiography Adrenal Glands". Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 8, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1051-0443(97)70142-8.

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Kontogeorgos, George, i Kalman Kovacs. "Apoptosis in endocrine glands". Endocrine Pathology 6, nr 4 (listopad 1995): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02738726.

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Cordero A., Francisco, i Pedro Pineda B. "Incidentalomas endocrinos, más que una imagen". Revista Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile 28, nr 3 (1.11.2017): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/2735-7996.2017.70509.

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Endocrine incidentalomas are nodular lesions located in endocrine glands, diagnosed serendipitously by different image techniques requested for non-endocrine reasons. They can be located in many sites, but this review describes those that compromise pituitary, adrenal and thyroid gland. The main diagnostic challenges of endocrine incidentalomas are discrimination between benign and malignant lesions, and their functional or non-functional endocrine activity. The relevance of adequate image interpretation and associated hormonal study is discussed

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Lee, Hsiu-Chi, i Shaw-Jenq Tsai. "Endocrine targets of hypoxia-inducible factors". Journal of Endocrinology 234, nr 1 (lipiec 2017): R53—R65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-16-0653.

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Endocrine is an important and tightly regulated system for maintaining body homeostasis. Endocrine glands produce hormones, which are released into blood stream to guide the target cells responding to all sorts of stimulations. For maintaining body homeostasis, the secretion and activity of a particular hormone needs to be adjusted in responding to environmental challenges such as changes in nutritional status or chronic stress. Hypoxia, a status caused by reduced oxygen availability or imbalance of oxygen consumption/supply in an organ or within a cell, is a stress that affects many physiological and pathological processes. Hypoxic stress in endocrine organs is especially critical because endocrine glands control body homeostasis. Local hypoxia affects not only the particular gland but also the downstream cells/organs regulated by hormones secreted from this gland. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that function as master regulators of oxygen homeostasis. Recent studies report that aberrant expression of HIFs in endocrine organs may result in the development and/or progression of diseases including diabetes, endometriosis, infertility and cancers. In this article, we will review recent findings in HIF-mediated endocrine organ dysfunction and the systemic syndromes caused by these disorders.

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Bigzad, Arsalan. "An Observation on Endocrine Glands with Low Secretions but High Effects". International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 9, nr 1 (24.02.2022): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.9.1.24.

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The endocrine glands, the products which, are called hormones, located in parts of the body that are generally hidden from view. This system is closely related to the nervous system and the secretions are effective on top of each other and have direct interactions. Various secretions that are secreted in small amounts from cells, sacs and glands are able to affect large areas of membership in a short time. The endocrine glands, together with the nervous system, coordinate the actions and activities of different parts of the body. The endocrine glands are usually classified into three groups. The main endocrine glands, their role is to secrete hormones, including the epiphyseal, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, and pituitary glands. Mixed glands - where cells, sacs, and endocrine tissue are located within the exocrine tissue. Such as pancreas, ovaries, testicles, kidneys, thymus, and placenta. Diffuse endocrine system - in which hormone-producing cells are widely distributed in the digestive and respiratory systems. In terms of effectiveness, its amount is related to the anatomical and physiological needs of the body. Internal disorders of the body and the external environment can cause changes in the number of secretions, which appear as a result of irregularities in the body, which can often be treated by timely diagnosis of the complication; Because the endocrine glands control the body's metabolic rate; Participates in the metabolism of organ materials.

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De, Swapan K., Chayan K. Ganguly, Tapan K. Chakraborty, Arya K. Bose i Ranajit K. Banerjee. "Endocrine control of extrathyroidal peroxidases and iodide metabolism". Acta Endocrinologica 110, nr 3 (listopad 1985): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1100383.

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Abstract. The role of the thyroid and adrenal glands on iodide transport and peroxidase-catalyzed formation of iodotyrosines in extrathyroidal tissues such as stomach and submaxillary glands has been investigated. Thyroidectomy stimulates iodide concentration and iodotyrosine formation in stomach, sensitive to the administration of thyroxine but having no effect on the peroxidase activity. In contrast, although thyroidectomy stimulates the submaxillary peroxidase which is reversed on treatment with thyroxine, it has no effect on iodide concentration and organification in the submaxillary gland. Gastric peroxidase activity is specifically stimulated by adrenalectomy and is inhibited by glucocorticoids which also inhibit iodotyrosine formation in stomach.

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Saxu, Rengui, Yong Yang i Harvest F. Gu. "Asymmetries of Left and Right Adrenal Glands in Neural Innervation and Glucocorticoids Production". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, nr 24 (14.12.2023): 17456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417456.

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The adrenal gland is paired peripheral end organs of the neuroendocrine system and is responsible for producing crucial stress hormones from its two functional compartments, the adrenal cortex, and the adrenal medulla under stimuli. Left–right asymmetry in vertebrates exists from the central nervous system to peripheral paired endocrine glands. The sided difference in the cerebral cortex is extensively investigated, while the knowledge of asymmetry of paired endocrine glands is still poor. The present study aims to investigate the asymmetries of bilateral adrenal glands, which play important roles in stress adaptation and energy homeostasis via steroid hormones produced from the distinct functional zones. Left and right adrenal glands from male C57BL/6J mice were initially histologically analyzed, and high-throughput RNA sequencing was then used to detect the gene transcriptional difference between left and right adrenal glands. Subsequently, the enrichment of functional pathways and ceRNA regulatory work was validated. The results demonstrated that the left adrenal gland had higher tissue mass and levels of energy expenditure, whereas the right adrenal gland appeared to be more potent in glucocorticoid secretion. Further analysis of adrenal stem/progenitor cell markers predicted that Shh signaling might play an important role in the left–right asymmetry of adrenal glands. Of the hub miRNAs, miRNA-466i-5p was identified in the left–right differential innervation of the adrenal glands. Therefore, the present study provides evidence that there are asymmetries between the left and right adrenal glands in glucocorticoid production and neural innervation, in which Shh signaling and miRNA-466i-5p play an important role.

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Gladenko, Svitlana. "Ultrasound examination of mammary glands in patients with infertility on background violations of menstrual function". Perinatology and reproductology: from research to practice 3, nr 3 (25.09.2023): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52705/2788-6190-2023-03-6.

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The objective. Іs to investigate the state of the mammary glands in patients with infertility of endocrine genesis. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 110 patients with endocrine infertility who underwent an ultrasound examination of the mammary glands. The first group (n=52) consisted of patients with a regular menstrual cycle against the background of luteal phase insufficiency, the second group (n=58) consisted of patients with a menstrual cycle disorder with anovulation. Statistical processing of the research results was carried out using the standard programs "Microsoft Excel 5.0" and "Statistica 8.0". Results and their discussion. Changes in the mammary glands according to the type of PCH in the studied group were found in 44 out of 110 patients (40.0%), underdevelopment of the structural elements of the mammary glands - in 19 out of 110 (17.3%), early involutional changes - in 6 out of 110 (65, 4%), focal formations – in 4 out of 110 (3.6%). The frequency of fibrocystic disease in patients of the II group was 1.3 times higher compared to the I group - 24 (41.3%) versus 20 (38.4%), respectively, p<0.01. At the same time, focal mammary gland formations of the fibroadenoma type were diagnosed 3.5 times more often in patients of the I group - 3 (5.8%) versus 1 (1.7%) in the II group, p<0,01. Conclusions. In infertility of endocrine genesis, the first place in the structure of mammary gland pathology is diffuse fibrocystic disease - 40.0%. The frequency of underdevelopment of mammary glands is 17.3%, early involutional changes 10.3%, and focal formations like fibroadenoma are 3.6% of cases.

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Malaguarnera, Roberta, Alaide Morcavallo i Antonino Belfiore. "The Insulin and IGF-I Pathway in Endocrine Glands Carcinogenesis". Journal of Oncology 2012 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/635614.

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Endocrine cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases that may arise from endocrine cells in any gland of the endocrine system. These malignancies may show an aggressive behavior and resistance to the common anticancer therapies. The etiopathogenesis of these tumors remains mostly unknown. The normal embryological development and differentiation of several endocrine glands are regulated by specific pituitary tropins, which, in adult life, control the function and trophism of the endocrine gland. Pituitary tropins act in concert with peptide growth factors, including the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which are considered key regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. While pituitary TSH is regarded as tumor-promoting factor for metastatic thyroid cancer, the role of other pituitary hormones in endocrine cancers is uncertain. However, multiple molecular abnormalities of the IGF system frequently occur in endocrine cancers and may have a role in tumorigenesis as well as in tumor progression and resistance to therapies. Herein, we will review studies indicating a role of IGF system dysregulation in endocrine cancers and will discuss the possible implications of these findings for tumor prevention and treatment, with a major focus on cancers from the thyroid, adrenal, and ovary, which are the most extensively studied.

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García-Ferrés, Mar, Carlos Sánchez-Higueras, Jose Manuel Espinosa-Vázquez i James C-G Hombría. "Specification of the endocrine primordia controlling insect moulting and metamorphosis by the JAK/STAT signalling pathway". PLOS Genetics 18, nr 10 (3.10.2022): e1010427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010427.

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The corpora allata and the prothoracic glands control moulting and metamorphosis in insects. These endocrine glands are specified in the maxillary and labial segments at positions homologous to those forming the trachea in more posterior segments. Glands and trachea can be homeotically transformed into each other suggesting that all three evolved from a metamerically repeated organ that diverged to form glands in the head and respiratory organs in the trunk. While much is known about tracheal specification, there is limited information about corpora allata and prothorathic gland specification. Here we show that the expression of a key regulator of early gland development, the snail gene, is controlled by the Dfd and Scr Hox genes and by the Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways that induce localised transcription of upd, the ligand of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway, which lies at the heart of gland specification. Our results show that the same upstream regulators are required for the early gland and tracheal primordia specification, reinforcing the hypothesis that they originated from a segmentally repeated organ present in an ancient arthropod.

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Fiadotau, D. N. "PECULIARITIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN MAMMALS IN THE TERRITORY OF HIGH RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION AND RELIEF OF ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD". Transactions of the educational establishment “Vitebsk the Order of “the Badge of Honor” State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 58, nr 2 (2022): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52368/2078-0109-2022-58-2-23-26.

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The aim of the research was to conduct a comparative analysis of long-term studies (from 2016 to 2022) on mor-phological changes in the endocrine glands (thyroid gland and adrenal glands) in mammals (raccoon dog, river otter and white-breasted hedgehog) in the territory of high radioactive contamination and removal of anthropogenic load (in conditions of the Belarusian sector of the exclusion zone). The established morphological changes in the thyroid gland and adrenal glands in the studied mammals should be considered as a compensatory-adaptive reaction of the body aimed at maintaining metabolic homeostasis in the zone of radiation exposure.

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Löw, O., i H. Bachmann. "Morphometric investigations on endocrine glands". Experimental pathology 33, nr 3 (styczeń 1988): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0232-1513(88)80069-0.

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Löw, O. "Morphometric investigations on endocrine glands". Experimental pathology 35, nr 3 (styczeń 1988): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0232-1513(88)80142-7.

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Löw, O., i S. Grimm. "Morphometric investigations on endocrine glands". Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 44, nr 3 (styczeń 1992): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-2993(11)80148-x.

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Inaba, Hidefumi, Hiroyuki Ariyasu, Hisako Okuhira, Yuki Yamamoto, Hiroaki Akamatsu, Masahiro Katsuda, Masatoshi Jinnin, Isao Hara i Takashi Akamizu. "Endocrine dysfunctions during treatment of immune-checkpoint inhibitors". Trends in Immunotherapy 4, nr 1 (7.06.2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/ti.v4.i1.606.

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Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are novel agents directed to various malignant tumors. During ICI therapy, however, immune related adverse effects (irAEs) including endocrine dysfunctions have been reported. Dysfunctions in the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland by ICI are often observed, and those in the adrenal glands and the pancreas are less frequent. Positive correlation of the prevalence of endocrine irAEs to clinical antitumor effectiveness during ICI therapy has been reported. The mechanisms of endocrine irAEs by ICI, however, remain unclear, and optimal prevention, prediction, and treatment of the irAEs are still uncertain. This review describes possible mechanisms involved in ICI-related immunity, and discusses clinical management of endocrine irAEs during ICI therapy.

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Skelton-Stroud, P. N., i J. Ishmael. "Naturally Occurring Lesions in Some Endocrine Glands of Laboratory Maintained Baboons (Papio sp.)". Veterinary Pathology 23, nr 4 (lipiec 1986): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588602300406.

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The pituitary gland was examined from 623 immature baboons ( Papio cynocephalus and Papio anubis). Findings included microscopic cysts in the pars distalis (132), pars intermedia (two) and pars nervosa (one). In 641 necropsies five cases of unilateral thyroid glands were noted. Microscopic thyroid lesions included ectopic thymus (328), minor lymphocytic infiltrates (14) and cysts (two). Parathyroid lesions consisted of ectopic thymus (73) and cysts (24). Dilated capillaries in the islets of Langerhans was the only microscopic change seen in the endocrine pancreas. All lesions generally occurred in both untreated control and treated baboons at similar incidences. They were considered to be naturally occurring, a part of the “background” pathology of these endocrine glands in immature baboons.

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Haeno, Satoko, Naoyuki Maeda, Takeshi Yagi, Sachi Tahata, Michiko Sato, Kanako Sakaguchi, Taku Miyasho, Hiromi Ueda i Hiroshi Yokota. "Diethylstilbestrol decreased adrenal cholesterol and corticosterone in rats". Journal of Endocrinology 221, nr 2 (27.02.2014): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0460.

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The synthetic oestrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), which is known to bind oestrogen receptors (ERs), has been reported to have adverse effects on endocrine homeostasis; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. In this study, we treated rats with DES and found high levels of this compound in the liver, adrenal glands and pituitary gland, as compared with other tissues. We have also detected early adverse effects of DES in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands of rats treated with DES (340 μg/kg body weight every 2 days) for 2 weeks showed increased weight and size and a decreased fat droplet size. Following 1 week of treatment with DES, the blood and adrenal corticosterone levels were substantially decreased without any histological alterations. The levels of the precursors for corticosteroid biosynthesis in the adrenal glands were also decreased, as determined using mass spectroscopy. Cholesterol, the principal material of corticosteroid biosynthesis, decreased substantially in the adrenal glands after only 1 week of treatment with DES. In conclusion, cholesterol insufficiency results in a reduction in adrenal corticosterone biosynthesis, which may lead to endocrine dysfunction, such as reproductive toxicity.

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Lopushniak, L. Ya, T. V. Khmara, I. Yu Oliinyk, G. Ya Stelmakh, M. Yu Leka i N. V. Bernik. "Peculiarities of Development and Embryotopography of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands in the Fetal Period of Human Development". Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, nr 5 (24.10.2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.060.

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Active implementation of perinatal prevention and treatment of congenital malformations requires modern approaches and methods of research of intrauterine development, the use of which is impossible without a comprehensive morphological study of development of the structure and topography of organs and structures of various systems in the early period of human ontogenesis. A priority task of the modern anatomy is the study of patterns of prenatal morphogenesis and syntopia of human endocrine glands. The purpose of the research was to study the peculiarities of the development and formation of the topography of the thyroid and parathyroid glands during the human embryonic period. Material and methods. The study was performed using microscopy of a series of consecutive histological sections of 18 human embryos of 4.0-13.5 mm parietal-coccygeal length and graphical reconstruction. Results and discussion. The thyroid gland forms as the epithelium cell’s protrusion along the midline between the I and II pharyngeal pockets, and appears on the 4th week of embryonic development. The rudiments of parathyroid glands in the form of epithelial protrusions of the dorsal part of the III and IV pharyngeal pockets appear during the 5th week of the development of fetus. In 6-week-old embryos, the thyroid gland enters into a complex syntopic relationships with adjacent organs and structures; herewith the topographic boundaries of the organ are not clearly defined. The growth of the thyroid gland goes along the common carotid arteries and gradually loses contact with the aortic arch. A diffuse vascular network is formed around the thyroid gland, which penetrates into it. It is clearly traced that the upper thyroid arteries originate from the external carotid arteries. At the end of the embryonic period the tempo of growth of thyroid gland acutely increases, the main variants of the thyroid gland's shape (with an isthmus and without an isthmus) can be defined. Conclusion. In the embryos of 4.0-4.5 mm parietal-coccygeal length, the thyroid gland's rudiment is detected as a protrusion of the epithelium along the midline between the I and II pharyngeal pockets, which begins to lose contact with the oropharyngeal cavity in embryos of 5.5-6.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length. Subsequently, appear close interrelations between the thyroid gland's rudiment and the arterial trunk. As a result of the formation of new syntopic connections of the thyroid gland’s rudiment with the IV pharyngeal arteries and the lower nodes of the vagus nerves, the thyroid gland's rudiment takes the form of a grooved plate that grows and models along the primitive aortic arch and localizes between the right and left common carotid arteries. The rudiments of the thyroid glands appear in embryos of 6.0-8.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length in the form of epithelial protrusions of the dorsal part of the III and IV pharyngeal pockets, from which in the future the lower and upper parathyroid glands will be formed, respectively. The critical periods of the thyroid and parathyroid glands development on the early stages of human ontogenesis are: 5th week – a period of intensive formation of the rudiments of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and 6th week – the formation of laryngeal cartilages and cellular structures of the neck

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Mathison, R. D., A. D. Befus i J. S. Davison. "A novel submandibular gland peptide protects against endotoxic and anaphylactic shock". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 273, nr 3 (1.09.1997): R1017—R1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.3.r1017.

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Submandibular glands release peptides and proteins that, through exocrine and endocrine actions, facilitate tissue repair in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and more distal sites such as liver. It has been shown that salivary gland factors also modulate inflammatory responses, because we found that removal of the submandibular glands increases the hypotensive responses to endotoxin. From this observation we proposed that these glands contain a factor that regulates cardiovascular response to shock. With the use of classical peptide isolation procedures, a heptapeptide (TDIFEGG) called submandibular gland peptide T was identified in rat submandibular glands. A synthetic form of this peptide reduced endotoxic shock in sialadenectomized rats by 50% at doses as low as 1 microgram/kg and prevented allergen-induced hypotension by 90% in rats with intact salivary glands at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg. This novel peptide is probably generated from a prohormone, submandibular gland rat 1 protein, a product of the VCSA1 gene. These data indicate that submandibular glands participate in the regulation of systemic homeostasis.

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G . Magtooph, Majida. "Study of Thyroid and Reproductive hormones levels in fertile and infertile women". University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 5, nr 2 (1.05.2015): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v5i2.123.

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Hormones are actual messengers in endocrine signaling. Thyroid gland as endocrine glands holds a critical place incontrolling brain and somatic development in embryos and metabolic activities in adults . There is an Coordinationbetween hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid and hypothalamus-pituitary- gonadal axes, Therefore hypo- and hyperthyroidism affect women fertility and prolonged exposure to altered thyroid physiology could lead to women infertility . This study was done to illustrate some hormones(sex and thyroid ) changes , the study included 73 infertile women and 23 fertile women 24-35 years old between March 2013 and June 2013, in Endocrines and diabetes medical center in Nassirhyia city . The results of the study were revealed the significantly increase in the level of LH , FSH , and prolactin and T4 in infertile womens compared with fertile womens(control) while no significant differences was observed in T3 level between two groups .

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Dugonjic, Sanja, Boris Ajdinovic, Snezana Cerovic i Zoran Jankovic. "Validity of dual tracer 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 99mTc-pertechnetate subtraction parathyroid scintigraphy in patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism". Vojnosanitetski pregled 66, nr 12 (2009): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0912949d.

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Background/Aim. Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is an endocrine disease with the third highest incidence of all endocrine disorders after diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism. pHPT is typically caused by a solitary parathyroid adenoma, less frequently by multiple parathyroid gland disease (MGD) and rarely by parathyroid carcinoma. Secondary hyperparatyroidism (sHPT) is a common complication in patients with chronic renal failure. The aim of this study was to estimate sensitivity of dual tracer 99mTctetrofosmin and 99mTc-pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy in detection of abnormal parathyroid glands in patients with pHPT and sHPT confirmed by histopathology. Methods. In 46 patients, (77 abnormal parathyroid glands), 30 with pHPT and 16 with sHPT parathyroid scintigraphy was done preoperatively. All the patients had histopathological confirmation of diagnosis. Abnormal parathyroid glands weighted from 0.1 to 7 g. After iv injection dynamic scintigraphy during 25 minutes (one frame-one minute) using 555 MBq of 99mTc-tetrofosmin, and three hours latter using 111 MBq of 99mTc /pertechnetate was performed. 99mTc-tetrofosmin dynamic study was followed by static scintigraphy of the neck and chest 30 minutes, 1, 2 and 3 hours after iv injection. Results. An abnormal scintigraphic finding was found in 44 of 46 patients with sensitivity of 96%. In pHPT sensitivity was 93% (28 of 30 patients, and 28 of 30 glands). In sHPT scintigraphy was abnormal in all the patients (sensitivity 100%). In the patients with sHPT scintigraphy detected 30 of 47 abnormal parathyroid glands (sensitivity 64%). An overall sensitivity of scintigraphy per gland, for pHPT and sHPT in detecting 58 of 77 abnormal parathyroid glands was 75%. Conclusion. An abnormal scintigrafic result per patient was found in 44 patients (sensitivity 96%) and 58 of 77 abnormal parathyroid glands were detected (sensitivity 75%). A high sensitivity of dual tracer subtraction 99mTc-tetrofosmin/99mTc-pertechnetate parathyroid scintigraphy in detecting abnormal parathyroid glands in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism was achieved.

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Su, Yanrong, Julia Santucci-Pereira, Nhi M. Dang, Joice Kanefsky, Vishnuprabha Rahulkannan, Meardey Hillegass, Shalina Joshi i in. "Effects of Pubertal Exposure to Butyl Benzyl Phthalate, Perfluorooctanoic Acid, and Zeranol on Mammary Gland Development and Tumorigenesis in Rats". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 3 (26.01.2022): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031398.

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Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)—including butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and zeranol (α-ZAL, referred to as ZAL hereafter)—can interfere with the endocrine system and produce adverse effects. It remains unclear whether pubertal exposure to low doses of BBP, PFOA, and ZAL has an impact on breast development and tumorigenesis. We exposed female Sprague Dawley rats to BBP, PFOA, or ZAL through gavage for 21 days, starting on day 21, and analyzed their endocrine organs, serum hormones, mammary glands, and transcriptomic profiles of the mammary glands at days 50 and 100. We also conducted a tumorigenesis study for rats treated with PFOA and ZAL using a 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) model. Our results demonstrated that pubertal exposure to BBP, PFOA, and ZAL affected endocrine organs and serum hormones, and induced phenotypic and transcriptomic changes. The exposure to PFOA + ZAL induced the most phenotypic and transcriptomic changes in the mammary gland. PFOA + ZAL downregulated the expression of genes related to development at day 50, whereas it upregulated genes associated with tumorigenesis at day 100. PFOA + ZAL exposure also decreased rat mammary tumor latency, reduced the overall survival of rats after DMBA challenge, and affected the histopathology of mammary tumors. Therefore, our study suggests that exposure to low doses of EDCs during the pubertal period could induce changes in the endocrine system and mammary gland development in rats. The inhibition of mammary gland development by PFOA + ZAL might increase the risk of developing mammary tumors through activation of signaling pathways associated with tumorigenesis.

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Yazdani, Javad, Atena Afzali Mehr, Mohsen Hashemi, Tanaz Abdolahi i Farzin Ahmadpour. "Intraoral Surgical Management of the Multiple Giant Submandibular Sialolithiasis". Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine 6, nr 3 (31.07.2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.abcmed.v.6n.3p.25.

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Sialolithiasis is considered one of the most common diseases of the salivary gland, mainly affects submandibular glands. In the current case, a 57‑year‑old male complaining of a tender solid mass in the right sublingual area was cadidate to undergo surgical treatment. The patient suffered swelling and pain for 11 months. Imaging revealed multiple unilateral salivary stones in the submandibular glands. The sialoliths were removed through intraoral approach under local anesthesia. Examination revealed four sialoliths, one of them sized larger than 37 mm in length. Beside those giant sialolithes, what makes this case is unique is the patient’s endocrine disorder, the secondary hyperparathyroidism. So it would be plausible to consider checking possible endocrine and electrolyte imbalance in such cases alongside correct selection of surgical treatment plane.

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Gillott, Cedric, i Sarah B. Gaines. "INVITATION PAPER (C.P. ALEXANDER FUND): ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF MALE ACCESSORY GLAND DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITY". Canadian Entomologist 124, nr 5 (październik 1992): 871–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent124871-5.

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AbstractFor most species, the male accessory glands are mesodermal derivatives. Their form is as varied as are the functions of the secretion they produce. The post-embryonic development and differentiation of the glands, like those of other tissues, appear to be regulated by the interaction of juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroid, the former inhibiting and the latter promoting these processes. Post-eclosion accessory gland activity (i.e. production of secretion), for most species examined, is regulated by JH. However, the precise mechanism of control and the site of action are not at all clear. A limited amount of in vitro work indicates a direct action of JH on the accessory glands though only for Drosophila melanogaster Meigen has a JH-receptor protein been identified. The JH promotes the synthesis of specific proteins in the accessory gland secretion, and two proposals have been made for the site and mode of action of the hormone. In the first it is suggested that the hormone affects membrane permeability, thereby influencing the supply of protein precursors; in the second a more direct action of JH at the gene level is proposed, namely, the promotion of translation.The involvement of ecdysteroids in accessory gland activity is virtually unexplored though there have been a few demonstrations that these hormones can stimulate protein synthesis. An hypothesis worth further consideration suggests that ecdysteroids may have a role in those species that eclose in a sexually mature condition, i.e. where the accessory glands have both differentiated and produced their secretion in the pupal or pharate adult stage, presumably in the absence of JH.

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Angelousi, Anna, Krystallenia I. Alexandraki, George Kyriakopoulos, Marina Tsoli, Dimitrios Thomas, Gregory Kaltsas i Ashley Grossman. "Neoplastic metastases to the endocrine glands". Endocrine-Related Cancer 27, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): R1—R20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-19-0263.

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Endocrine organs are metastatic targets for several primary cancers, either through direct extension from nearby tumour cells or dissemination via the venous, arterial and lymphatic routes. Although any endocrine tissue can be affected, most clinically relevant metastases involve the pituitary and adrenal glands with the commonest manifestations being diabetes insipidus and adrenal insufficiency respectively. The most common primary tumours metastasing to the adrenals include melanomas, breast and lung carcinomas, which may lead to adrenal insufficiency in the presence of bilateral adrenal involvement. Breast and lung cancers are the most common primaries metastasing to the pituitary, leading to pituitary dysfunction in approximately 30% of cases. The thyroid gland can be affected by renal, colorectal, lung and breast carcinomas, and melanomas, but has rarely been associated with thyroid dysfunction. Pancreatic metastasis can lead to exo-/endocrine insufficiency with renal carcinoma being the most common primary. Most parathyroid metastases originate from breast and lung carcinomas and melanoma. Breast and colorectal cancers are the most frequent ovarian metastases; prostate cancer commonly affects the testes. In the presence of endocrine deficiencies, glucocorticoid replacement for adrenal and pituitary involvement can be life saving. As most metastases to endocrine organs develop in the context of disseminated disease, surgical resection or other local therapies should only be considered to ameliorate symptoms and reduce tumour volume. Although few consensus statements can be made regarding the management of metastases to endocrine tissues because of the heterogeneity of the variable therapies, it is important that clinicians are aware of their presence in diagnosis.

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Kazantseva, E. V., Yu A. Andreev i D. A. Starchik. "Thyroid gland parameters of mature women living in Saint-Petersburg". Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 12, nr 2 (9.07.2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2023-12-2-30-38.

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Due to the prevalence of thyroid diseases among women, there is a need for a detailed study of the morphometric parameters of this endocrine organ in diverse age groups. The aim of the study was to investigate the linear sizes and the thyroid gland shapes using sectional method and intravital sonography in women of mature age residing in St. Petersburg. Material and methods. The ultrasound diagnostics was used to examine thyroid glands in 117 women of mature age. The exclusion criteria were neck surgery, thyroid nodules and endocrine system diseases. All women were divided into age groups according to the scheme of age periodization of human ontogenesis adopted in 1965. There were 42 thyroid glands obtained from the women died at the mature age, whose fatal outcome was not associated with the pathology of the endocrine system or the thyroid gland; they were allocated into a separate group. Results. Significant differences were registered in the thickness of the left lobe of the thyroid gland in women of the first and second adulthood periods; there was also detected a significant predominance of the size and volume of the right lobe over the left one. Cluster analysis, relying on the thickness of the isthmus of the thyroid gland and the symmetry of its lobes, allows differentiating three shapes of the thyroid gland: “butterfly-shaped”, semilunar and indefinite. Conclusion. The asymmetry of the thyroid lobes is a typical feature of this organ of the endocrine system at the studied age periods in mature women. When determining the shape of the thyroid gland, dissecting and morphometry are more informative options than ultrasound examination. To compare the findings on the shape of the thyroid gland obtained by various researchers, it is necessary to standardize the technique and apply a unified classification of the thyroid gland shapes.

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Morawiec-Szymonik, Elżbieta, Wanda Foltyn, Bogdan Marek, Beata Kos-Kudła i Dariusz Kajdaniuk. "Pernicious anaemia and endocrine glands antibodies". Endokrynologia Polska 70, nr 2 (30.04.2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/ep.a2018.0086.

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Shafer, William G., i Joseph C. Muhler. "ENDOCRINE INFLUENCES UPON THE SALIVARY GLANDS*". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 85, nr 1 (15.12.2006): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb49960.x.

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ENDO, TOYOSHI, KAZUNAGA TAKAZAWA i TOSHIMASA ONAYA. "Parvalbumin Exists in Rat Endocrine Glands". Endocrinology 117, nr 2 (sierpień 1985): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-117-2-527.

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Turner, Jeremy. "Applied Physiology of the Endocrine Glands". Surgery (Oxford) 20, nr 4 (kwiecień 2002): i—v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/surg.20.4.0.14389.

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Barbier, Ann. "A selective angiogen for endocrine glands". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 22, nr 11 (listopad 2001): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01913-1.

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Gokyurek, Mervesu, Kerim Bora Yilmaz i Pinar Yilgor Huri. "3D bioprinting for the endocrine glands". Emergent Materials 3, nr 4 (25.03.2020): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42247-020-00085-2.

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Fetissof, F., B. Arbeille, D. Bellet, I. Barre i J. Lansac. "Endocrine cells in human Bartholin’s glands". Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology Including Molecular Pathology 57, nr 1 (styczeń 1989): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02899072.

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Stojilkovic, Stanko S., i Hana Zemkova. "P2X receptor channels in endocrine glands". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Membrane Transport and Signaling 2, nr 4 (20.05.2013): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmts.89.

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Akçay, G., F. Aral, N. Özbey, A. Azezli, Y. Orhan, E. Sencer i S. molvalilar. "Pituitary Macroadenoma in Addison's Disease". Journal of International Medical Research 24, nr 2 (marzec 1996): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059602400207.

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Long-standing primary failure of pituitary-dependent endocrine glands may lead to hyperplasia of the pituitary cells. These changes in the pituitary gland may be correlated with the severity and duration of target-endocrine gland insufficiency. Production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone by the pituitary tumour and modest hyperprolactinaemia may develop due to adrenocortical insufficiency, but production of prolactin by the pituitary tumour due to primary adrenal insufficiency is rare. A case study is presented, with primary adrenal insufficiency associated with hyperprolactinaemia and pituitary macroadenoma (most probably prolactinoma). Plasma levels of prolactin were found to decrease after glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and bromocriptine therapy.

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Harhaun, Oleksandra. "Study of Morphofunctional Relationships Between Adrenal Pathology and Hypothyroidism and Iodine Deficiency (Review)". Archive of Clinical Medicine 29, nr 2 (7.03.2024): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/acm.2023.2.5.

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Hormones that produce the adrenal glands affect most of the functional and metabolic processes in the human body, and also ensure its stability under stress. Since the adrenal glands are a stress-sensitive organ in the endocrine regulation system of all body functions, the development of adaptation mechanisms under the conditions of stress factor action can be characterized by their morphological state. However, thyroid diseases associated with a persistent lack of hormones are the cause of impaired homeostasis, metabolism and oxygen exchange. Since the adrenal glands belong to the vital target organs of the thyroid gland, of particular interest is the study of their functional relationships in normal and pathological conditions.

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Yuan, Jie-Hao, Su Luo, Ding-Guo Zhang i Li-Sheng Wang. "Early detection of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: A case report". World Journal of Gastroenterology 30, nr 26 (14.07.2024): 3247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i26.3247.

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BACKGROUND Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MENs) are a group of hereditary diseases involving multiple endocrine glands, and their prevalence is low. MEN type 1 (MEN1) has diverse clinical manifestations, mainly involving the parathyroid glands, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and pituitary gland, making it easy to miss the clinical diagnosis. CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a patient in whom MEN1 was detected early. A middle-aged male with recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea was admitted to the hospital. Blood tests at admission revealed hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, and emission computed tomography of the parathyroid glands revealed a hyperfunctioning parathyroid lesion. Gastroscopy findings suggested a duodenal bulge and ulceration. Ultrasound endoscopy revealed a hypoechoic lesion in the duodenal bulb. Further blood tests revealed elevated levels of serum gastrin. Surgery was performed, and pathological analysis of the surgical specimens revealed a parathyroid adenoma after parathyroidectomy and a neuroendocrine tumor after duodenal bulbectomy. The time from onset to the definitive diagnosis of MEN1 was only approximately 1 year. CONCLUSION For patients who present with gastrointestinal symptoms accompanied by hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, clinicians need to be alert to the possibility of MEN1.

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Shaikh, Mahmood, i Humera Ayesha. "Emission of electromagnetic rays from mobile phones cause dysfunction of thyroid gland". Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 11, nr 2 (15.07.2024): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.015.

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During the past decade, there is a dramatic increase in wireless communication system particularly the mobile phones (cell phones) which are low power single channel two ways radios that emit signals through electromagnetic waves. As most of the physiological functions in our body is regulated by electric currents and the electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted from the mobile phones may affect the physiological processes and associated health effects like sleep disorders, headaches, etc. When we discuss about the endocrine system the most exposed vital endocrine glands when compared to pineal, pituitary, adrenal which can get affected by the electromagnetic fields is thyroid gland, An important endocrine glands that control our body metabolism which is located in front of the neck and release hormones into the bloodstream. It secretes Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin, to synthesize thyroid hormones Thyroid gland needs Iodine, too little or too much iodine can affect the level of hormones and its release. Role of thyroid hormones is to control Metabolism, Body Temperature, Breathing, Heart rate, Brain development, Mental activity, Digestion, Fertility etc. This study shows a higher TSH level (Hypothyroid) with low T4 in mobile phone users. It may be concluded that there can be deleterious effects of mobile phones through electromagnetic rays on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid axis (HPT).

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