Artykuły w czasopismach: „Endocrine glands – Diseases”

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Yang, He, Bing Fang, Zixu Wang, Yaoxing Chen i Yulan Dong. "The Timing Sequence and Mechanism of Aging in Endocrine Organs". Cells 12, nr 7 (23.03.2023): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12070982.

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The world is increasingly aging, and there is an urgent need to find a safe and effective way to delay the aging of the body. It is well known that the endocrine glands are one of the most important organs in the context of aging. Failure of the endocrine glands lead to an abnormal hormonal environment, which in turn leads to many age-related diseases. The aging of endocrine glands is closely linked to oxidative stress, cellular autophagy, genetic damage, and hormone secretion. The first endocrine organ to undergo aging is the pineal gland, at around 6 years old. This is followed in order by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads, pancreatic islets, and thyroid gland. This paper summarises the endocrine gland aging-related genes and pathways by bioinformatics analysis. In addition, it systematically summarises the changes in the structure and function of aging endocrine glands as well as the mechanisms of aging. This study will advance research in the field of aging and help in the intervention of age-related diseases.

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Weckman, Andrea, Antonio Di Ieva, Fabio Rotondo, Luis V. Syro, Leon D. Ortiz, Kalman Kovacs i Michael D. Cusimano. "Autophagy in the endocrine glands". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 52, nr 2 (kwiecień 2014): R151—R163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-13-0241.

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Autophagy is an important cellular process involving the degradation of intracellular components. Its regulation is complex and while there are many methods available, there is currently no single effective way of detecting and monitoring autophagy. It has several cellular functions that are conserved throughout the body, as well as a variety of different physiological roles depending on the context of its occurrence in the body. Autophagy is also involved in the pathology of a wide range of diseases. Within the endocrine system, autophagy has both its traditional conserved functions and specific functions. In the endocrine glands, autophagy plays a critical role in controlling intracellular hormone levels. In peptide-secreting cells of glands such as the pituitary gland, crinophagy, a specific form of autophagy, targets the secretory granules to control the levels of stored hormone. In steroid-secreting cells of glands such as the testes and adrenal gland, autophagy targets the steroid-producing organelles. The dysregulation of autophagy in the endocrine glands leads to several different endocrine diseases such as diabetes and infertility. This review aims to clarify the known roles of autophagy in the physiology of the endocrine system, as well as in various endocrine diseases.

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Bubnov, A. A., K. Yu Slashchuk, E. A. Shirshin i V. Yu Timoshenko. "Intraoperative identification of parathyroid glands during endocrine surgery". Endocrine Surgery 15, nr 3 (7.09.2022): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/serg12724.

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Nowadays, diabetes and diseases of thyroid gland take place on the first two stage in the rank of all endocrine diseases. There are 3 directions to treat thyroid glands pathologies such as: using special pills which substitute natural thyroid hormones, surgery and radioiodine therapy. It has proven that surgery of thyroid gland is the most effective method among considering upper. at The same time, it is associated with the greatest risks of complications. The most common injuries are damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and unintentional traumatization or removal of a healthy parathyroid gland. Parathyroid gland is a critical organ during thyroid surgery. It means that all negative reaction nearby the structure can lead to development different complications: hypoparathyroidism (transient or chronic) and hypocalcemia. In this article is considered actual methods of intraoperative optical visualization of parathyroid glans. The fundamental foundations of such methods, their advantages and disadvantages are also analyzed. It is shown that fluorescent methods in the red and near infrared regions of the spectrum using exogenous dyes have essential importance for endocrine surgery, as they allow to improve identification and reduce the risk of postoperative complications.

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Khan, Yousaf. "Chemicals that Disrupt the Endocrine System and their Effects on Human Health". Open Access Journal of Endocrinology 7, nr 1 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oaje-16000179.

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Endocrine glands are the important glands of human that performs certain functions and has specific characteristics. The main function of these glands is that they regulate the whole system by producing hormones which they produce indigenously and pours them directly in the blood for a targeted action and all of their functions are involuntary. They are specifically ductless glands and their course of action is regulated by a pea size Pituitary gland or sometimes referred as the Master Gland. Until now, very less has been known about these glands that their actions or functions are being interrupted or disturbed by chemicals or other environmental actions. There are certain chemicals which include chlorpyrifos, DDT, insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and other daily use items such as plastics, paints, furniture, perfumes, toys polishes, electronic gadgets, items of food packaging are reported to have disturbed the normal hormonal functions in humans that are leading to numerous diseases due to either lack of production of specific hormone or increased production of a specific hormone by the action of these chemicals. The diseases that are commonly reported due to the action of the above chemicals and daily use items includes neurological disorders, behavioral disorders, metabolic dysfunction leading to obesity or weakness, thyroid dysfunction, reproductive disturbances and several others that can prove fatal and lead to cancer as well.

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Anvarovich, Mamatkulov Doniyor, i Yuldosheva Manzura Mirzaevna. "THE ROLE OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASES". International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 4, nr 2 (1.02.2024): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-02-09.

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Endocrine diseases encompass a wide range of disorders affecting hormone-producing glands, leading to dysregulation of various physiological processes. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an enzyme implicated in numerous cellular functions, has emerged as a potential player in the pathogenesis of endocrine disorders. This article reviews the current understanding of the role of ALP in the development of endocrine diseases, exploring its involvement in various endocrine organs and the mechanisms underlying its contribution to disease pathogenesis. Insights into the interplay between ALP and endocrine disorders may pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for managing these conditions.

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Lee, Hsiu-Chi, i Shaw-Jenq Tsai. "Endocrine targets of hypoxia-inducible factors". Journal of Endocrinology 234, nr 1 (lipiec 2017): R53—R65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-16-0653.

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Endocrine is an important and tightly regulated system for maintaining body homeostasis. Endocrine glands produce hormones, which are released into blood stream to guide the target cells responding to all sorts of stimulations. For maintaining body homeostasis, the secretion and activity of a particular hormone needs to be adjusted in responding to environmental challenges such as changes in nutritional status or chronic stress. Hypoxia, a status caused by reduced oxygen availability or imbalance of oxygen consumption/supply in an organ or within a cell, is a stress that affects many physiological and pathological processes. Hypoxic stress in endocrine organs is especially critical because endocrine glands control body homeostasis. Local hypoxia affects not only the particular gland but also the downstream cells/organs regulated by hormones secreted from this gland. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that function as master regulators of oxygen homeostasis. Recent studies report that aberrant expression of HIFs in endocrine organs may result in the development and/or progression of diseases including diabetes, endometriosis, infertility and cancers. In this article, we will review recent findings in HIF-mediated endocrine organ dysfunction and the systemic syndromes caused by these disorders.

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Kruk, O. Yu. "Clinic-anamnestic factors of the risk of hyperplastic diseases an endometrium, mammary glands and their combination at women of perimenopause age". HEALTH OF WOMAN, nr 6(142) (29.07.2019): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2019.142.71.

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The objective: to improve well-timed diagnostics of hyperplastic diseases the endometrium and mammary glands at women of perimenopause age on the basis of studying of the main clinical risk factors. Materials and methods. Were surveyed 145 patients of perimenopause age, 15 from which (group of control) the women who didn’t have hyperplastic diseases of organs of genesial system (made of the contingent gynecological and mammology healthy). Results. Clinical-anamnestic risk factors of the isolated hyperplastic process an endometrium are: early menarche, long and plentiful menses, inflammatory diseases of genitalias and use of endometrial methods of contraception. Probability of development of the isolated hyperplasia of mammary glands define: the burdened family anamnesis on a cancer of a mammary gland, the menarche, lack of a lactemia or its duration less than 6 months, pyoinflammatory diseases of mammary glands is later. By risk factors of the combined hyperplastic process in mammary glands and an endometrium are defined: the burdened family anamnesis on a cancer of a mammary gland, the menarche, a long becoming of a menstrual cycle (over a year) is later, than a disease of a thyroid gland and cardiac vascular system, numerous abortions. All taped clinical-anamnestic data indicate disturbance of endocrine balance at patients, both with isolated, and with the combined hyperplastic diseases an endometrium and mammary glands. Conclusion. The received results needs to be considered when developing tactics of forecasting and early diagnostics of the combined pathology of uterus and mammary glands at women of perimenopause age. Key words: hyperplastic processes of uterus and mammary glands, risk factors, perimenopause age.

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Malaguarnera, Roberta, Alaide Morcavallo i Antonino Belfiore. "The Insulin and IGF-I Pathway in Endocrine Glands Carcinogenesis". Journal of Oncology 2012 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/635614.

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Endocrine cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases that may arise from endocrine cells in any gland of the endocrine system. These malignancies may show an aggressive behavior and resistance to the common anticancer therapies. The etiopathogenesis of these tumors remains mostly unknown. The normal embryological development and differentiation of several endocrine glands are regulated by specific pituitary tropins, which, in adult life, control the function and trophism of the endocrine gland. Pituitary tropins act in concert with peptide growth factors, including the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which are considered key regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. While pituitary TSH is regarded as tumor-promoting factor for metastatic thyroid cancer, the role of other pituitary hormones in endocrine cancers is uncertain. However, multiple molecular abnormalities of the IGF system frequently occur in endocrine cancers and may have a role in tumorigenesis as well as in tumor progression and resistance to therapies. Herein, we will review studies indicating a role of IGF system dysregulation in endocrine cancers and will discuss the possible implications of these findings for tumor prevention and treatment, with a major focus on cancers from the thyroid, adrenal, and ovary, which are the most extensively studied.

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Rossiyskiy, D. M. "Organotherapy for blood diseases". Kazan medical journal 29, nr 8-9 (12.01.2022): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj89827.

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Hormones of various endocrine glands, being powerful regulators of growth, tissue nutrition and metabolism in the body and affecting both groups of the autonomic nervous system, the autonomic and sympathetic nervous system, at the same time have either an intensifying or inhibitory effect on the activity of the hematopoietic apparatus.

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Yazdani, Javad, Atena Afzali Mehr, Mohsen Hashemi, Tanaz Abdolahi i Farzin Ahmadpour. "Intraoral Surgical Management of the Multiple Giant Submandibular Sialolithiasis". Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine 6, nr 3 (31.07.2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.abcmed.v.6n.3p.25.

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Sialolithiasis is considered one of the most common diseases of the salivary gland, mainly affects submandibular glands. In the current case, a 57‑year‑old male complaining of a tender solid mass in the right sublingual area was cadidate to undergo surgical treatment. The patient suffered swelling and pain for 11 months. Imaging revealed multiple unilateral salivary stones in the submandibular glands. The sialoliths were removed through intraoral approach under local anesthesia. Examination revealed four sialoliths, one of them sized larger than 37 mm in length. Beside those giant sialolithes, what makes this case is unique is the patient’s endocrine disorder, the secondary hyperparathyroidism. So it would be plausible to consider checking possible endocrine and electrolyte imbalance in such cases alongside correct selection of surgical treatment plane.

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Kazantseva, E. V., Yu A. Andreev i D. A. Starchik. "Thyroid gland parameters of mature women living in Saint-Petersburg". Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 12, nr 2 (9.07.2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2023-12-2-30-38.

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Due to the prevalence of thyroid diseases among women, there is a need for a detailed study of the morphometric parameters of this endocrine organ in diverse age groups. The aim of the study was to investigate the linear sizes and the thyroid gland shapes using sectional method and intravital sonography in women of mature age residing in St. Petersburg. Material and methods. The ultrasound diagnostics was used to examine thyroid glands in 117 women of mature age. The exclusion criteria were neck surgery, thyroid nodules and endocrine system diseases. All women were divided into age groups according to the scheme of age periodization of human ontogenesis adopted in 1965. There were 42 thyroid glands obtained from the women died at the mature age, whose fatal outcome was not associated with the pathology of the endocrine system or the thyroid gland; they were allocated into a separate group. Results. Significant differences were registered in the thickness of the left lobe of the thyroid gland in women of the first and second adulthood periods; there was also detected a significant predominance of the size and volume of the right lobe over the left one. Cluster analysis, relying on the thickness of the isthmus of the thyroid gland and the symmetry of its lobes, allows differentiating three shapes of the thyroid gland: “butterfly-shaped”, semilunar and indefinite. Conclusion. The asymmetry of the thyroid lobes is a typical feature of this organ of the endocrine system at the studied age periods in mature women. When determining the shape of the thyroid gland, dissecting and morphometry are more informative options than ultrasound examination. To compare the findings on the shape of the thyroid gland obtained by various researchers, it is necessary to standardize the technique and apply a unified classification of the thyroid gland shapes.

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Harhaun, Oleksandra. "Study of Morphofunctional Relationships Between Adrenal Pathology and Hypothyroidism and Iodine Deficiency (Review)". Archive of Clinical Medicine 29, nr 2 (7.03.2024): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/acm.2023.2.5.

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Hormones that produce the adrenal glands affect most of the functional and metabolic processes in the human body, and also ensure its stability under stress. Since the adrenal glands are a stress-sensitive organ in the endocrine regulation system of all body functions, the development of adaptation mechanisms under the conditions of stress factor action can be characterized by their morphological state. However, thyroid diseases associated with a persistent lack of hormones are the cause of impaired homeostasis, metabolism and oxygen exchange. Since the adrenal glands belong to the vital target organs of the thyroid gland, of particular interest is the study of their functional relationships in normal and pathological conditions.

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Stepanov, S. A. "Morphological and histochemical changes in the pituitary gland in atherosclerosis and hypertension". Kazan medical journal 43, nr 4 (16.11.2021): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj87211.

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In the morphological study of the endocrine glands in hypertension and atherosclerosis, much attention is usually paid to the pituitary gland, since the greatest importance is attached to its functional disorders in these diseases (G. Cushing, A.T. Rassmussen, A.A. Waldman, I.S. Weinberg and M. K-Dal, E. V. Uranova, E. A. Savina, Yu. I. Miklyaev and others).

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Fadeev, V. V., I. V. Shevchenko i G. A. Melnichenko. "Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes". Problems of Endocrinology 45, nr 1 (6.10.2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11708.

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Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS) are the primary defeat of the autoimmune process of 2 peripheral endocrine glands and more, leading, as a rule, to their insufficiency, often combined with various organ-specific non-endocrine autoimmune diseases.

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Yuan, Jie-Hao, Su Luo, Ding-Guo Zhang i Li-Sheng Wang. "Early detection of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: A case report". World Journal of Gastroenterology 30, nr 26 (14.07.2024): 3247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i26.3247.

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BACKGROUND Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MENs) are a group of hereditary diseases involving multiple endocrine glands, and their prevalence is low. MEN type 1 (MEN1) has diverse clinical manifestations, mainly involving the parathyroid glands, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and pituitary gland, making it easy to miss the clinical diagnosis. CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a patient in whom MEN1 was detected early. A middle-aged male with recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea was admitted to the hospital. Blood tests at admission revealed hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, and emission computed tomography of the parathyroid glands revealed a hyperfunctioning parathyroid lesion. Gastroscopy findings suggested a duodenal bulge and ulceration. Ultrasound endoscopy revealed a hypoechoic lesion in the duodenal bulb. Further blood tests revealed elevated levels of serum gastrin. Surgery was performed, and pathological analysis of the surgical specimens revealed a parathyroid adenoma after parathyroidectomy and a neuroendocrine tumor after duodenal bulbectomy. The time from onset to the definitive diagnosis of MEN1 was only approximately 1 year. CONCLUSION For patients who present with gastrointestinal symptoms accompanied by hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, clinicians need to be alert to the possibility of MEN1.

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Lisco, Giuseppe, Anna De Tullio, Assunta Stragapede, Antonio Giovanni Solimando, Federica Albanese, Martina Capobianco, Vito Angelo Giagulli i in. "COVID-19 and the Endocrine System: A Comprehensive Review on the Theme". Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, nr 13 (29.06.2021): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132920.

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Background and aim. The review aimed to summarize advances in the topic of endocrine diseases and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods. Scientific and institutional websites and databases were searched and data were collected and organized, when plausible, to angle the discussion toward the following clinical issues. (1) Are patients with COVID-19 at higher risk of developing acute or late-onset endocrine diseases or dysfunction? (2) May the underlying endocrine diseases or dysfunctions be considered risk factors for poor prognosis once the infection has occurred? (3) Are there defined strategies to manage endocrine diseases despite pandemic-related constraints? Herein, the authors considered only relevant and more frequently observed endocrine diseases and disorders related to the hypothalamic-pituitary region, thyroid and parathyroid glands, calcium-phosphorus homeostasis and osteoporosis, adrenal glands, and gonads. Main. Data highlight the basis of some pathophysiological mechanisms and anatomical alterations of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced endocrine dysfunctions. Some conditions, such as adrenal insufficiency and cortisol excess, may be risk factors of worse clinical progression once the infection has occurred. These at-risk populations may require adequate education to avoid the SARS-CoV-2 infection and adequately manage medical therapy during the pandemic, even in emergencies. Endocrine disease management underwent a palpable restraint, especially procedures requiring obligate access to healthcare facilities for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Strategies of clinical triage to prioritize medical consultations, laboratory, instrumental evaluations, and digital telehealth solutions should be implemented to better deal with this probably long-term situation.

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Seryoguin, Ivan G., i Yulia A. Kozaк. "VETERINARY AND SANITARY ASSESSMENT OF MEAT IN DISTURBANCES OF THE FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS". Problems of veterinary sanitation, hygiene and ecology 1, nr 41 (2022): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202201003.

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The article presents the rationale for the veterinary and sanitary assessment of animal slaughter products in diseases of the endocrine system and a decrease in the activity of immunity factors. The frequency of spread of immune deficiency in fattening animals and the relationship of immune reactivity with changes in the function of the glands of the endocrine system are described. Deviations were determined in the quality indicators of animal meat in diseases of the endocrine system and immune deficiency. Proposed the most rational and safe use of meat in the detection of diseases of the endocrine system and depressive state of immunity in slaughter animals.

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Mokrysheva, Natalia G., Anna K. Eremkina, Elena V. Kovaleva, Julia A. Krupinova i Olga K. Vikulova. "Modern problems of hyper- and hypoparathyroidism". Terapevticheskii arkhiv 93, nr 10 (15.10.2021): 1149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.10.201109.

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The parathyroid glands are the most important regulators of mineral metabolism. The parathyroid glands were first discovered only in 1880 and their function went the long way unrecognized. Even the term "parathyroid gland" itself speaks of the initial misconception of it as an underdeveloped part of the thyroid. To date, there is a large amount of data regarding the role of this endocrine gland in the human body and the significant changes associated with their dysfunction, including such widespread diseases such primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism. This review covers the problem of the main disturbances in calcium-phosphorus metabolism, presents the results of databases of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, as well as current epidemiological trends in Russia and in the world.

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Mikołajczyk, Anita, i Dagmara Złotkowska. "Subclinical Lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis Induces Dysregulation of Bioactive Substances from Selected Brain Sections and Glands of Neuroendocrine Axes". Toxins 11, nr 2 (2.02.2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020091.

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Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can contribute to the pathogenesis and the clinical symptoms of many diseases such as cancer, mental disorders, neurodegenerative as well as metabolic diseases. The asymptomatic carrier state of Salmonella spp. is a very important public health problem. A subclinical single dose of LPS obtained from S. Enteritidis (5 μg/kg, i.v.) was administered to discern the consequences of changes of various brain peptides such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in selected clinically important brain sections and endocrine glands of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), -thyroid (HPT), -ovarian (HPO) axes. The study was conducted on ten immature crossbred female pigs. The brain peptides were extracted from the hypothalamus (medial basal hypothalamus, preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic area, mammillary bodies, and the stalk median eminence), and pituitary gland (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis) sections and from the ovaries and adrenal and thyroid glands. There was no difference in health status between LPS and the control groups during the period of the experiment. Nevertheless, even a low single dose of LPS from S. Enteritidis that did not result in any clinical symptoms of disease induced dysregulation of various brain peptides, such as CRH, GnRH, TRH, GAL, NPY, SOM, SP, and VIP in selected brain sections of hypothalamus, pituitary gland and in the endocrine glands of the HPA, HPO, and HPT axes. In conclusion, the obtained results clearly show that subclinical LPS from S. Enteritidis can affect the brain chemistry structure and dysregulate bioactive substance from selected brain sections and glands of the neuroendocrine axes. The exact mechanisms by which LPS can influence major neuroendocrine axes are not fully understood and require further studies.

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Żendzian-Piotrowska, Małgorzata, Dominika M. Ziembicka, Bartłomiej Łukaszuk i Krzysztof Kurek. "Impact of Acute Pancreatic Injury on Sphingolipid Metabolism in the Salivary Glands". BioMed Research International 2020 (5.08.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6403482.

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Acute pancreatic injury can be related to both parenchymal (responsible for exocrine functions) and islet (mainly β-cells, responsible for endocrine functions) damage. During embryonic development, both the salivary glands and the pancreas originate from the foregut, which explains many of the observed histological and functional similarities between these two organs. The relationship between several diseases of the pancreas and salivary glands, resulting from morphological and functional similarities, is well established. Sphingolipids constitute a class of biologically active molecules involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including acute pancreatitis (AP) and diabetes mellitus. However, the effect of AP on sphingolipid metabolism in the salivary glands remains uncertain. In the presented study, we examined the effect of AP and type 1 diabetes mellitus on sphingolipid metabolism in the salivary glands of rats. We demonstrated that acute pancreatic injury, related to both exocrine and endocrine functions, affects the metabolism of sphingolipids in the parotid, but not submandibular, salivary glands.

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Mahbub, Sabiha, Shamim Ara, Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi, Abdul Alim, Rukshana Ahmed, Md Jahangir Alam i Yesmin Nahar. "Morphological Study of Human Parathyroid Glands A Postmortem Study". Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 11, nr 1 (20.09.2014): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20503.

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Context: The parathyroid gland, the last major organ to be recognized in humans is an essential endocrine gland. The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland provides a powerful mechanism for controlling extracellular calcium and phosphate concentration. Detailed morphological knowledge of parathyroid gland is essential for proper diagnosis and management of parathyroid diseases. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on parathyroid glands of 60 (sixty) Bangladeshi people in different age groups. Total 207 (two hundred and seven) parathyroid glands were taken from these 60 (sixty) cadavers. The samples were collected from the unclaimed dead bodies were under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three different age groups ranging from 15 to 75 years. The groups were group A (10-30 years), group B (31-60 years) and group C (61-90 years). All samples were studied morphologically. Results: In the present study of 60 cadavers, 207 parathyroid glands were identified in relation to posterior border of thyroid lobe. In this study the mean SD length of parathyroid glands ranged from 3.36 ± 1.11 to 9.25 ± 1.71 mm, breadth of parathyroid glands ranged from 2.50 ± 0.58 to 5.33 ± 1.53 mm and thickness of parathyroid glands ranged from 1.25 ± 0.50 to 2.83 ± 0.29 mm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20503 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 15-18

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Haleema, Nadeem, Ayesha Mahnoor, Saeed Umar, Piracha Zahra Zahid, Tahir Rafia, Ul-Ain Noor-, Mehtab Farrah, Fatima Rida i Uppal Rizwan. "SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated detrimental effects on the various human organs". International Journal of Clinical Virology 5, nr 2 (26.10.2021): 072–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ijcv.1001038.

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The SARS-Cov-2 virus was firstly identified in Wuhan, China and caused catastrophic destruction all over the world. COVID-19 virus primarily effects lungs of its hosts and impairs it in number of ways. It can also damage multiple organs like Heart, kidney, endocrine glands, skin, brain and several others. Kidneys are also damaged to a great extent. In Heart it can cause acute coronary syndrome, Heart failure, Myocardial infarction. SARS-CoV-2 effect brain especially psychologically. It also causes serious lymphocyte apoptosis. It also neutralizes human spleen and lymph nodes. SARS-CoC-2 can be harmful for those having already liver diseases. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 has a direct impact on endocrine glands. It is responsible for the various injurious changes in hormones, causes various diseases like acute pancreatitis, decrease in GH, hypoparathyroidism etc. and lead to cause tissues damage in glands. It also some minor effects on nose, and respiratory pathways. It also has some minor effects on eyes and ears whereas it causes several devastations in GIT.

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Mokrysheva, N. G., E. V. Kovaleva i A. K. Eremkina. "Registries of parathyroid glands diseases in the Russian Federation". Problems of Endocrinology 67, nr 4 (16.09.2021): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12803.

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The most important and effective way to organize nationwide the healthcare, as well as monitoring and routing for patients with endocrine diseases, is the creation of an unified medical record (Endocard). The Endocard is also aimed at maximizing the opportunity for professionals and researchers on various scientific issues. Registries are the potential informational and analytical platform to achieve this goal. They include the basic information on the epidemiological and clinical features of the most severe diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Given the lack of large-scale epidemiological data on the parathyroid glands pathology — primary hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism — the registers of these diseases that collects a common dataset and clinician and patient reported outcomes are of particular interest.

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Rotondi, Mario, Luca Chiovato, Sergio Romagnani, Mario Serio i Paola Romagnani. "Role of Chemokines in Endocrine Autoimmune Diseases". Endocrine Reviews 28, nr 5 (1.08.2007): 492–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2006-0044.

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Chemokines are a group of peptides of low molecular weight that induce the chemotaxis of different leukocyte subtypes. The major function of chemokines is the recruitment of leukocytes to inflammation sites, but they also play a role in tumoral growth, angiogenesis, and organ sclerosis. In the last few years, experimental evidence accumulated supporting the concept that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) inducible chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) and their receptor, CXCR3, play an important role in the initial stage of autoimmune disorders involving endocrine glands. The fact that, after IFN-γ stimulation, endocrine epithelial cells secrete CXCL10, which in turn recruits type 1 T helper lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 and secreting IFN-γ, thus perpetuating autoimmune inflammation, strongly supports the concept that chemokines play an important role in endocrine autoimmunity. This article reviews the recent literature including basic science, animal models, and clinical studies, regarding the role of these chemokines in autoimmune endocrine diseases. The potential clinical applications of assaying the serum levels of CXCL10 and the value of such measurements are reviewed. Clinical studies addressing the issue of a role for serum CXCL10 measurement in Graves’ disease, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and Addison’s disease have been considered. The principal aim was to propose that chemokines, and in particular CXCL10, should no longer be considered as belonging exclusively to basic science, but rather should be used for providing new insights in the clinical management of patients with endocrine autoimmune diseases.

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Morozov, Viсtor P., Marina E. Boriskova, Mikhail A. Bykov, Elena S. Did-Zurabova, Dmitrii V. Kulikov, Elmira A. Ramazanova i Bibigul R. Kelbetova. "Surgical tactics for acute abdominal complications of primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical case". Consilium Medicum 23, nr 12 (15.12.2021): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2021.12.201171.

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Primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) is one of the most common diseases of the endocrine system that requires surgical treatment. The most common cause of PH is parathyroid adenoma, which occurs in 8590% of cases, in 510% multiple adenomas or hyperplasia of several or all parathyroid glands. Surgical treatment is the only radical and effective method of treating PH, however, the variability of the anatomy of the parathyroid glands, the possibility of their ectopic location, as well as the close connection with the thyroid gland, in some cases, complicate the intraoperative verification of the parathyroid adenoma. All this can lead to inadequate volumes with parathyroidectomy. In this article, the presented clinical case demonstrates how the complexity of intraoperative verification of the parathyroid glands during parathyroidectomy led to intra-abdominal life-threatening complications acute duodenal ulcer with subsequent perforation and acute cholecystitis against the background of persistent hypercalcemia and perioperative stress. Also, on the example of this case, surgical tactics are demonstrated, taking into account the pathogenesis of abdominal complications.

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Babichev, V. N. "Organization and functioning of the neuroendocrine system". Problems of Endocrinology 59, nr 1 (15.02.2013): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201359162-69.

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Recent progress in neuroendocrinology provided a basis for the formulation of the integral strategy for the systemic treatment of endocrine diseases. This review presents experimental and clinical evidence of the presence in the hypothalamus of specific receptors of hormones produced by the peripheral endocrine glands and trophic pituitary hormones. Synthesis of specific hypothalamic substances (releasing hormones) maintains the interplay between the neural and endocrine structures. The positive and negative feedback mechanisms in the body ensure the stable functioning of all its organs and systems.

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Barthez, Paul Y., Thomas G. Nyland i Edward C. Feldman. "Ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands in dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207, nr 9 (1.11.1995): 1180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1995.207.09.1180.

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Abstract Objective— To determine normal adrenal gland size by means of ultrasonography in dogs and to determine the value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pituitary-de-pendent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) in dogs. Design— Prospective observational study. Animals— 62 dogs: 20 healthy dogs, 20 dogs with non-endocrine disease, and 22 dogs with untreated PDH. Procedure— Length and maximum and minimum diameter of the adrenal glands were measured ultrasonographically. Multiple regression and correlation analyses were used to determine whether body weight, kidney length, aortic diameter, or age was related to adrenal gland size. Two-tailed t-tests and multiple linear regression analysis were used to compare values between groups. Sensitivity and specificity of using ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland size as a diagnostic test for PDH were determined. Results— There was a significant linear relationship between adrenal gland length, but not maximum and minimum diameters, and body weight, aortic diameter, and kidney length in healthy dogs and in dogs with nonenocrine diseases. Length, maximum diameter, and minimum diameter of the right adrenal gland and maximum and minimum diameters of the left adrenal gland were significantly greater in dogs with PDH than in healthy dogs and dogs with nonendocrine diseases. As a diagnostic test for pdh, ultrasonographic measurement of maximum or minimum diameter of the left adrenal gland gave the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. For maximum diameter of the left adrenal gland, sensitivity was 77% and specificity was 80%. For minimum diameter of the left adrenal gland, sensitivity was 73% and specificity was 85%. Clinical Implication— Ultrasonography of the adrenal glands is a valuable diagnostic procedure in dogs suspected of having pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.

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Carstina, Dumitru. "Endocrine impact in infections including COVID-19". Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases 26, nr 2 (30.06.2023): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjid.2023.2.1.

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Endocrine damage in infectious diseases (bacterial, viral) has been proven for a long time, confirming the disruption of the functions of most endocrine glands via the hypothalamic-pituitary-glandular axis. Endocrine activity takes place in tandem with the activity of the immune system. They intercondition and influence each other, any change in one sector influencing the other (positively or negatively). Severe (critical), bacterial or viral infections go through the stage of SEPSIS, the background of which is the disruption (disorganization) of the host’s response to the infection. The mechanisms by which the endocrine glands are affected are multiple (direct, immunologically mediated, thrombotic) leading to multiple, morphological and functional lesions. The recovery of these injuries takes place over time, and permanent sequelae are possible. The recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, through the ways of manifestation and evolution of the diseases, justifies the interest regarding the endocrine damage in the SARS-CoV-2 infection, both in the acute and post-acute phase (long COVID evolves with symptoms, some newly appeared, which are also present in non-COVID endocrinopathies). Material. The arguments regarding the endocrine damage were extracted from the publications mentioned at the end of the work as bibliographic titles. The results highlight the endocrine damage in infections, especially in severe ones - and the impact on the immediate and late evolution of the illnesses. Conclusions. In order to understand the pathogenic, physio-pathological and clinical aspects of an infection, attention must be paid to the state of the endocrine system in correlation with the immune system, especially in patients receiving shorter or longer corticosteroid therapy.

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Fomenko, N. M., O. B. Synoverska, T. H. Berezna, N. V. Chorna i O. S. Bobrykovych. "Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1: literature data and description of a clinical case". Modern pediatrics. Ukraine, nr 3(139) (28.04.2024): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/sp.2024.139.129.

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Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome with or without candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy or APECED - autoimmune polyglandular-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS-1, OMIM: 240300; synonyms: Whitaker syndrome, Blizzard syndrome is a rare (orphan) disease. In this pathological condition’s pathogenesis lie autoimmune disorders with the antibodies’ formation against endocrine glands, which causes pathological damage of their insufficiency, at the same time, APS-1 belongs to hereditary monogenic diseases. Aim - considering the lack of awareness of a wide range of practicing doctors regarding this rare (orphan) pathology, and the creation of network of Orphan Pathology Centers in Ukraine, a brief review of literary sources and the description of a clinical case with an emphasis on modern approaches to diagnostics, differential diagnostics and treatment of APS-1 is provided. Clinical case. A 15-year and 11-month old patient was admitted to hospital treatment at Regional Children's Clinical Hospital with newly diagnosed diabetes in a ketoacidosis state. While gathering anamnesis and performing examination it was also revealed that the other endocrine glands were damaged: hypoparathyroidism, hypogonadism, and signs of ectodermal dysplasia and persistent candidiasis. All this together made it possible to establish the diagnosis of APS-1 type, but not its classic form. Considering the absence of adrenal gland damage and relatively mild manifestations of candidiasis the child is recommended to undergo a molecular genetic examination and determination of organ-specific antibodies against the affected endocrine glands. The girl receives replacement therapy according to the spectrum of endocrine organs’ damage, and is under the multidisciplinary specialists’ team supervision of the Regional Children Clinical Hospital’s Orphan Center. Conclusions. APS-1 is a rare (orphan) disease, the pathogenesis of which is characterized by a combination of genetic (AIRE gene mutations) and autoimmune mechanisms of disease development. The clinical feature of this disease is multiple manifestations of endocrine gland insufficiency in various combinations, which usually appear in childhood, but individual components of the syndrome can manifest at any age. To timely identify, determine and improve the prognosis of APS-1, a wide range of doctors need to be aware of the disease diagnosing and monitoring of this patient group. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the clinical base. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Glazova, Olga, Asya Bastrich, Andrei Deviatkin, Nikita Onyanov, Samira Kaziakhmedova, Liudmila Shevkova, Nawar Sakr, Daria Petrova, Maria V. Vorontsova i Pavel Volchkov. "Models of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia for Gene Therapies Testing". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, nr 6 (10.03.2023): 5365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065365.

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The adrenal glands are important endocrine organs that play a major role in the stress response. Some adrenal glands abnormalities are treated with hormone replacement therapy, which does not address physiological requirements. Modern technologies make it possible to develop gene therapy drugs that can completely cure diseases caused by mutations in specific genes. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an example of such a potentially treatable monogenic disease. CAH is an autosomal recessive inherited disease with an overall incidence of 1:9500–1:20,000 newborns. To date, there are several promising drugs for CAH gene therapy. At the same time, it remains unclear how new approaches can be tested, as there are no models for this disease. The present review focuses on modern models for inherited adrenal gland insufficiency and their detailed characterization. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various pathological models are discussed, and ways of further development are suggested.

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Panevin, Taras S., Rizvan T. Alekperov i Galina A. Melnichenko. "Raynaud’s phenomenon in the endocrinologist’s practice". Obesity and metabolism 16, nr 4 (6.03.2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/omet10245.

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Raynauds phenomenon or syndrome (RS) is an episodic attacks of transient digital ischemia resulting from vasospasm of the digital artery, precapillary arterioles, and skin arteriovenous shunts in response to exposure to cold temperature or emotional stress. Prevalence averages 35%. The high prevalence of RS in the population, as well as the frequent association with other, often life-threatening, diseases and conditions, determines its clinical significance. In 8090% of cases, RS is idiopathic. It is assumed that the spasmodic reactivity of the vessels is caused by a violation of the central and local dysregulation of vascular tone. The most important role is played by vascular endothelial, intravascular and neuronal disorders. In at least 10% of cases, this is a secondary phenomenon. Most often, RS is associated with systemic rheumatic diseases. Along with this, endocrine diseases can develop, including those affected by the pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and diabetes mellitus. In some cases, RS may be the only symptom of endocrine pathology. In general, SR is a condition with a favorable outlook and a stable course. The most informative instrumental method for the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary syndrome is the capillaroscopy of the nail bed.

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Lukiyanchikov, V. S. "M.I. Neimark, A.P. Kalinin. Anesthesia and Intensive Care in Endocrine Surgery". Problems of Endocrinology 42, nr 2 (15.04.1996): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12031.

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Anesthesia and surgery for endocrine diseases often cause endocrine-metabolic crises and com. Therefore, endocrine surgery is especially close to the goals and methods of anesthesiology and intensive care. This also determines the relevance of this monograph, the key idea of which is that in the surgical treatment of diseases of the endocrine glands, intensive observation and treatment is not an episode, but a constant regimen, which is carried out before the operation, during and after it, and often for life.The originality and high level of the monograph is already evidenced by the 1st chapter. Pituitary surgery is the competence of neurosurgeons and neuroanesthesiologists. To the credit of the authors, when considering these questions, they almost never repeat the classical monograph of A. 3. Manevich and V. I. Salalykin and even supplement it from endocrinological positions.Of course, thyroid surgery remains at the center of endocrine surgery, but the authors exaggerate, considering the surgical method to be the main one in thyroidology. Contrary to themselves, they not only give many routine methods of conservative treatment of thyroid diseases, but also detail conditionally surgical methods such as acupuncture, plasmapheresis, UV and laser therapy.

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Kozhevnikova, S. A., A. V. Budnevskiy, E. Ju Malysh i Evgeny S. Ovsyannikov. "Endocrine glands and their hormones with anabolic properties: influence on the course and outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 95, nr 6 (2.07.2017): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2017-95-519-523.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects not only the lungs and respiratory tract but also other organs and systems. Systemic manifestations of COPD include endocrine disorders involving pituitary, gonads, and adrenals. However, diagnostics and characteristic of combined endocrine dysfunction in COPD are often disregarded. Several studies have demonstrated the influence of hormonal profile on the clinical course and outcome of COPD. In this review article, we consider the relationship between hormones with anabolic properties produced in endocrine glands (pituitary, gonads, adrenals) and COPD with special reference to the effect of COPD on endocrine dysfunction by hypoxemia, hypercapnia, systemic inflammation, and intake of glucocorticosteroids. Also discussed is the strong influence of endocrine disorders on COPD via decreased protein anabolism, increased protein catabolism, non-enzymatic glycosylation, abnormal control of breathing, decreases in respiratory and limb-muscle mass, worsening of respiratory mechanics, impairment of cardiac function and fluid balance disorders. Numerous clinical studies demonstrated high frequency of COPD combined with dysfunctions of endocrine glands (pituitary, gonads, adrenals) producing anabolic effect. Common risk factors and pathogenetic mechanisms as well as direct hormonal effects increase COPD morbidity; adversely affect the clinical course, outcome and prognosis of the disease. Most patients with COPD and endocrine diseases are in need of replacement, stimulation, inhibitory or blocking hormonal therapy in addition to standard medical treatment of the underlying disease. It is concluded that management of patients with COPD and endocrine dysfunction requires an individually-based approach based on better understanding mechanisms of the above associations, the development of modern medication and drug-free therapeutic modalities.

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Gladenko, S. E. "The effect of hormone therapy on the condition of the mammary glands in women with menstrual disorders of endocrine origin". Reproductive health of woman 5 (31.12.2020): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.5.2021.224481.

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The objective: to study the effect of stimulating hormone therapy on the condition of the mammary glands depending on the initial endocrine status of women with menstrual disorders in the background and after ovulation stimulation.Materials and methods. The study selected a group of 130 patients (n=130) of reproductive age (mean age 27±2,3 years), which by the nature of menstrual disorders are divided into 2 subgroups: 1 subgroup (n=57) – women with regular menstrual rhythm and insufficiency of the luteal phase (ILP), 2 subgroup (n=73) – women with secondary amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea on the background of chronic anovulation. All patients complained of no pregnancy for an average of 4±1,2 years. After a comprehensive assessment of the reproductive system and hormone-dependent organs, women received the proposed treatment with estrogen-progestogen drug, bromocriptine and ovulation stimulation with clomifene citrate.Results. During the preparatory (diagnostic) phase of the study it was found that in 1 subgroup in 89,5% of patients with concomitant diseases of the pelvic organs and only endocrine disorders of the ILP type in 10,5%. In women of 2 subgroup, the frequency of combined pathology was 23,3%, and endocrine disorders – 76,7%. These results confirmed the need for laparoscopic and hysteroscopic examination of all patients with infertility in addressing the issue of ovulation stimulation. After short cycles (3 months) of monophasic estrogen-progestogen therapy, 31,6% of patients with ILP and 17,1% with anovulation had a positive effect on reducing the incidence of pain in the mammary glands, with the most sensitive to therapy were patients with diffuse forms of fibrocystic disease with a predominance of cystic and glandular components. When resuming biphasic ovulatory cycles with clomifene citrate stimulation, only 5,7% of women complained of breast pain during the first 1–2 cycles. No additional foci in the subgroups were detected, and previously diagnosed fibroadenomas did not increase.Conclusion. Analyzing the obtained data, a positive effect of different types of hormone therapy on the condition of the mammary glands in patients with menstrual and reproductive dysfunction, in particular with diffuse forms of fibrocystic disease with a predominance of cystic and glandular components, is structures most sensitive to normal progesterone levels. Despite the lack of negative dynamics on the background of ovulation stimulation and restoration of normal mammary gland structure after therapy in women with menstrual disorders of endocrine origin, menstrual cycle regulation and dynamic monitoring of the mammary glands are shown to prevent the development of hyperplastic processes.

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Szeliga, Anna, Aleksandra Pralat, Wiktoria Witczak, Agnieszka Podfigurna, Cezary Wojtyla, Anna Kostrzak i Blazej Meczekalski. "CHEK2 Mutation in Patient with Multiple Endocrine Glands Tumors. Case Report". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 12 (18.06.2020): 4397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124397.

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Background: Many studies show the occurrence of several multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes caused by different mutations, for example, in MEN1 and RET genes. Nevertheless, there are less common mutations causing multiple endocrine glands tumors. Examples of such mutations are CHEK2 gene mutations, causing breast, kidney, gastric, colorectal, prostate, lung, ovarian, and thyroid cancers. Case description: In 2005, a 30-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital due to uncontrolled hypertension and obesity. Performed tests have shown ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)—independent micronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) as a cause. In 2010, the further diagnostic analysis revealed Cushing’s disease caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenoma. Additionally, in 2011, the patient underwent the strumectomy of multinodular struma. Papillary thyroid carcinoma was found in the excised tissue. In 2018, transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a tumor of the right ovary. After a performed hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, the histopathology result has shown female adnexal tumors of probable Wolffian origin (FATWO) located in the broad ligament of the uterus. Due to the history of multiglandular diseases, the patient was referred to genetic testing. We found a positive pathogenic mutation in CHEK2-suppressor gene involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Conclusion: CHEK2 variants may predispose to a range of endocrine glands tumors, including those identified in our patient. Multiple endocrine glands tumors, as in the presented patient, are a serious problem of public health, due to numerous hospitalizations and necessary repeated surgical treatments. Moreover, the association between CHEK2 and ovarian cancer can be a serious problem with reproductive health.

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Zavatta, Guido, Paola Altieri, Giulia Vandi, Valentina Vicennati, Uberto Pagotto i Fabio Vescini. "Phosphate Metabolism and Pathophysiology in Parathyroid Disorders and Endocrine Tumors". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 23 (30.11.2021): 12975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312975.

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The advent of new insights into phosphate metabolism must urge the endocrinologist to rethink the pathophysiology of widespread disorders, such as primary hyperparathyroidism, and also of rarer endocrine metabolic bone diseases, such as hypoparathyroidism and tumor-induced hypophosphatemia. These rare diseases of mineral metabolism have been and will be a precious source of new information about phosphate and other minerals in the coming years. The parathyroid glands, the kidneys, and the intestine are the main organs affecting phosphate levels in the blood and urine. Parathyroid disorders, renal tubule defects, or phosphatonin-producing tumors might be unveiled from alterations of such a simple and inexpensive mineral as serum phosphate. This review will present all these disorders from a ‘phosphate perspective’.

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Rozhinskaya, L. Ya, P. M. Khandaeva, A. S. Lutsenko, A. M. Lapshina, A. Yu Grigor'ev, S. D. Arapova, Zh E. Belaya i G. A. Mel'nichenko. "Relapse of the pituitary adenoma with a change of its hormonal activity in a female patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1". Almanac of Clinical Medicine 46, nr 3 (3.08.2018): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-3-270-275.

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1 (MEN1, Wermer's syndrome) is a group of heterogeneous inherited diseases, with its pathogenesis related to hyperplasia or neoplasms of several endocrine glands. This syndrome is characterized by autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, high penetrance and similar prevalence among males and females. Prevalence of MEN1 is estimated to be 1:100,000 of the population. An interesting feature of the presented clinical case is a relapse and transformation of pituitary tumor from a prolactin-secreting into the mixed one, with distinct compartments of ACTH- and prolactin-secreting, in a female patient with a family MEN1 syndrome, with involvement of the pancreas, parathyroid and pituitary glands. Her brother had a synchronous manifestation of the same types of tumors, except corticotropinoma. The presented clinical case highlights the necessity of a comprehensive and life-long follow-up of MEN1 patients for a timely detection of neoplasms and appropriate treatment.

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Buyvalenko, U. V., M. A. Perepelova, R. A. Zolotareva, Zh E. Belaya i G. A. Melnichenko. "Pituitary and COVID-19: review". Problems of Endocrinology 68, nr 5 (20.07.2022): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl13108.

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A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread around the world since was first scientifically described in December 2019. At present approximately 400 million people have suffered from the disease, almost 6 million people have died.SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in several endocrine glands, including the pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, ovaries, and testes. Thus, the endocrine glands may be a direct target for SARS-CoV-2. The main risk factors for severity of the COVID-19 are obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), vertebral fractures, which potentially predisposes patients to a severe course of COVID-19.In this review, we present current data on the course of COVID-19 in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary diseases, and also discuss treatment for endocrinopathies during to COVID-19.

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Miner, Michał, Michał Elbaum, Aleksandra Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska i Eliza Kubicka. "Endocrine complications of new anticancer therapies". Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 75 (18.03.2021): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8121.

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Studying and analyzing of complex molecular mechanisms and immunological processes of cancer enables oncology to introduce new cancer therapies. In the treatment of cancer, we successively increase the use of targeted therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors and immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-cell antigen-4) and PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death receptor 1/programmed death ligand 1). New anticancer drugs gradually replace conventional chemotherapy and have already found application in the treatment of many cancers, including thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia. The use of these drugs is less toxic than classical chemotherapy, but it can cause gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, skin and endocrine complications. Most of the side effects of new cancer therapies are mild and moderate disorders, however some might be severe and life-threatening. Endocrinopathies are one of the more common side effects of these treatments. They can affect many endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas) and cause both transient and permanent disorders.

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Belcher, Scott M., J. Mark Cline, Justin Conley, Sibylle Groeters, Wendy N. Jefferson, Mac Law, Emily Mackey i in. "Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Pathology". Toxicologic Pathology 47, nr 8 (grudzień 2019): 1049–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623319879903.

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During the past 20 years, investigations involving endocrine active substances (EAS) and reproductive toxicity have dominated the landscape of ecotoxicological research. This has occurred in concert with heightened awareness in the scientific community, general public, and governmental entities of the potential consequences of chemical perturbation in humans and wildlife. The exponential growth of experimentation in this field is fueled by our expanding knowledge into the complex nature of endocrine systems and the intricacy of their interactions with xenobiotic agents. Complicating factors include the ever-increasing number of novel receptors and alternate mechanistic pathways that have come to light, effects of chemical mixtures in the environment versus those of single EAS laboratory exposures, the challenge of differentiating endocrine disruption from direct cytotoxicity, and the potential for transgenerational effects. Although initially concerned with EAS effects chiefly in the thyroid glands and reproductive organs, it is now recognized that anthropomorphic substances may also adversely affect the nervous and immune systems via hormonal mechanisms and play substantial roles in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.

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Da Silva, Elisângela Olegário, Giovana Wingeter Di Santis, Selwyn Arlington Headley i Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro Bracarense. "Pathological Findings in the Adrenal Glands of 80 Dogs". Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, nr 1 (4.11.2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.88860.

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Background: The adrenal glands development important endocrine functions and can be affected by primary or secondary diseases. These adrenal gland pathologies may induce clinical syndromes resulting from abnormalities in the production and secretion of hormones. Data about pathological changes in dogs are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify and evaluate the histopathological and epidemiological features of adrenal changes in dogs submitted to necropsy examination from 2005 to 2016 in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: During this period, 80 animals presented alterations of adrenal gland, representing 5.5% of all necropsied dogs. The pure breed dogs representing 58.6% and mixed breed 41.4%; 53.4% were female and 46.6% were male. The non-neoplastic adrenal lesions were more frequently (57.5%) compared to the neoplastic changes (42.5%). Most of the adrenal glands lesions occurred in older dogs (60%), following by the middle aged (31.25%) and young dogs (8.75%). The main non-neoplastic lesions observed in the adrenal glands were of hyperplastic (69.5%) and circulatory (26%) origin, among the earlier, 68.8% were diffuse hyperplasia and 31.2% nodular hyperplasia. The nodular hyperplasia was classified as micronodular multifocal in 40% of the glands with nodular hyperplasia, macronodular multifocal in 30%, micronodular diffuse in 20%, and micronodular focal in 10%. The neoplasms observed were adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) in 44.1%, pheochromocytomas in 23.5% and adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) in 11.7% of the dogs with adrenal tumors. Metastasis from other primary tumors were observed in 20.6%.Discussion: The data in veterinary literature about the frequency of changes in adrenal gland of dogs are scarce and focus features of diagnosis by ultrasound examination. Most of the adrenal changes observed in the present study were incidental findings observed during the necropsy examination and no specific clinical signs were observed. Non-neoplastic adrenal lesions, mainly of hyperplastic origin, were more frequently observed compared to the neoplastic changes. Differing from previous studies, the diffuse hyperplasia was the most common non neoplastic finding in the adrenal glands. Considering the subclassification of nodular hyperplasia, the multifocal micronodular and macronodular multifocal pattern were the most frequent. In veterinary literature, there are no data about frequency of nodular hyperplastic subtypes. However, in humans the subclassification of nodular hyperplasia is associated to development of endocrine disorders. Previous studies reported lower incidence of neoplastic changes in adrenal gland of dogs compared to the present results. The adrenocortical adenoma was the most common primary tumor, followed by the adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma and adrenocortical carcinoma. Congestion and hemorrhage were common findings observed in the adrenal gland primary tumors. On the other hand, necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate were observed only in the adrenocortical carcinomas. These histopathological features may be used as tool in the differential diagnosis between well differentiated adrenocortical carcinoma and adenoma. The histopathological examination was fundamental to differential and definitive diagnosis of all canine adrenal gland disorders observed.

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Runova, G. E., A. V. Oderiy, I. V. Glinkina, Yu P. Sych, S. E. Moshenina i V. V. Fadeev. "Isolated idiopathic hypoparathyroidism that developed in adulthood: a case report". Sechenov Medical Journal 12, nr 3 (14.12.2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47093/2218-7332.2021.187.05.

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Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disease. In most cases in adult patients, the cause of hypoparathyroidism is damage or removal of parathyroid glands during surgical interventions on the neck; other causes are rarely observed.Case report. A 52-year-old man with episodes of seizures, intense muscle pain, progressing for 7 years and resistance to treatment with myorelaxant, anxiolytics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was examined and hypocalcemia associated with low parathyroid hormone and excessive urinary calcium excretion was found. Ultrasound examination didn't reveal any changes in parathyroid glands. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Treatment with calcium supplements and active metabolites of vitamin D led to an improvement in clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters.Discussion. Hypoparathyroidism as part of several genetic syndromes was excluded due to the late- onset of the disease and the absence of concomitant diseases. Ultrasound of the parathyroid glands made it possible to rule out metastasis and storage diseases. It is recommended to perform genetic testing of the chromosomes 22 and 10 to exclude rare variants of syndromic hypoparathyroidism with the late-onset in the form of isolated hypocalcemia.

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Aguilar, Martin, Robert A. Rose, Abhijit Takawale, Stanley Nattel i Svetlana Reilly. "New aspects of endocrine control of atrial fibrillation and possibilities for clinical translation". Cardiovascular Research 117, nr 7 (16.03.2021): 1645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvab080.

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Abstract Hormones are potent endo-, para-, and autocrine endogenous regulators of the function of multiple organs, including the heart. Endocrine dysfunction promotes a number of cardiovascular diseases, including atrial fibrillation (AF). While the heart is a target for endocrine regulation, it is also an active endocrine organ itself, secreting a number of important bioactive hormones that convey significant endocrine effects, but also through para-/autocrine actions, actively participate in cardiac self-regulation. The hormones regulating heart-function work in concert to support myocardial performance. AF is a serious clinical problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality, mainly due to stroke and heart failure. Current therapies for AF remain inadequate. AF is characterized by altered atrial function and structure, including electrical and profibrotic remodelling in the atria and ventricles, which facilitates AF progression and hampers its treatment. Although features of this remodelling are well-established and its mechanisms are partly understood, important pathways pertinent to AF arrhythmogenesis are still unidentified. The discovery of these missing pathways has the potential to lead to therapeutic breakthroughs. Endocrine dysfunction is well-recognized to lead to AF. In this review, we discuss endocrine and cardiocrine signalling systems that directly, or as a consequence of an underlying cardiac pathology, contribute to AF pathogenesis. More specifically, we consider the roles of products from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the adrenal glands, adipose tissue, the renin–angiotensin system, atrial cardiomyocytes, and the thyroid gland in controlling atrial electrical and structural properties. The influence of endocrine/paracrine dysfunction on AF risk and mechanisms is evaluated and discussed. We focus on the most recent findings and reflect on the potential of translating them into clinical application.

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Voytko, M. S., V. V. Klimontov, T. I. Pospelova, Y. Y. Shebunyaeva i O. N. Fazullina. "Endocrine disorders after combined chemoradiotherapy in Hodgkin Lymphoma survivors". Problems of Endocrinology 69, nr 2 (11.05.2023): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl13124.

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BACKGROUND: Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) is one of the most common malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy used in the treatment of LH induce a number of toxic effects leading to dysfunction of endocrine system. Hormonal disorders in HL and their relationships with the therapy used remain to be clarified.AIM: To assess disorders of the endocrine function of thyroid, parathyroid glands and gonads in HL survivors.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screening of endocrine dysfunction of the thyroid, parathyroid glands and gonads was performed in 160 adult patients with HL, 55 men and 105 women, at remission stage induced by chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Forty healthy subjects, matched by age, were acted as control. The levels of TSH, T3, free T4, PTH, FSH, LH, free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in blood serum by ELISA. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by DEXA.RESULTS: Hypothyroidism (25%), hyperparathyroidism (15.6%) and hypogonadism (29% of men and 25.3% of women) were the most prevalent endocrine disorders in LH survivors. Hypothyroidism was significantly more common in patients after chemoradiotherapy than in those who received only chemotherapy (χ2=9.4, р=0.002). In patients with hyperparathyroidism, there were negative correlations between PTH levels and BMD in the lumbar spine (r=-0.74, p=0.00002) and in the femoral neck (r=-0.66, p=0.0003). Men with HL demonstrated lower free testosterone concentrations when compared to control (p=0.04); LH and FSH levels were elevated (p=0.0004 and p=0.04, respectively). In men with HL the levels of DHEA-S were reduced (p=0.0009). The increased SHBG concentrations were revealed in 13 (23.6%) men. Women of reproductive age with HL had higher levels of LH in the luteal phase (p=0.05) and FSH in the follicular phase (p=0.02) than controls.CONCLUSION: The data indicate a high prevalence of the dysfunctions of thyroid, parathyroid glands, and gonads in HL survivors. Screening for endocrine disorders in these patients is highly recommended.

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Tielushko, Ya V., i K. O. Loburets. "Simultaneous operations in patients with combined pathology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands". Pathologia 21, nr 1 (22.04.2024): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14739/2310-1237.2024.1.301333.

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The combination of thyroid and parathyroid gland pathology is a rather rare combination of diseases that occurs in 2.0–5.0 % of patients with thyroid pathology, and their combination in the population is less than 0.1 %. The aim of the study. To improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with combined pathology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Materials and methods. The retrospective analysis covers the period from January 2013 to December 2023, during which 912 patients with thyroid pathology were examined and operated on. Examination of patients was carried out according to the method of diagnosis of combined surgical pathology developed by us (utility model patent No. 128139, Ukraine). The gender structure was dominated by female patients: 773 (84.8 %) and 139 (15.2 %). The average age of patients in the study group was 54.9 ± 11.7 years. Results. After the examination, combined surgical pathology was found in 201 (22.1 %) patients. In 36 (17.9 %) of them, the pathology of the prostate gland was detected as a concomitant disease. In the structure of parathyroid pathology in 35 (97.2 %) patients, a benign lesion of the prostate gland was detected, in 1 (2.8 %) – cancer of the parathyroid gland. In the structure of the main thyroid pathology, 14 (38.9 %) patients were diagnosed with multinodular euthyroid goiter, 4 (11.1 %) with mononodous euthyroid goiter, 9 (25.0 %) with diffuse toxic goiter, 3 (8, 3 %) – mononodous toxic goiter, 6 (16.7 %) – papillary thyroid cancer. Clinical symptoms of hypoparathyroidism were observed in 21 (58.3 %) patients after surgery. In 3 (8.3 %) patients, seroma of the neck wound was detected in the postoperative period. There were no fatalities. Conclusions. The use of the developed method of diagnosing combined surgical pathology makes it possible to detect concomitant surgical pathology in 22.1 % of patients with endocrine diseases, which requires simultaneous operative intervention. In the structure of combined surgical pathology, in 17.9 % of cases, a combination of diseases of the thyroid gland and parathyroid gland was observed. Simultaneous surgical intervention for combined thyroid pathology and diseases of the thyroid gland does not lead to an increase in perioperative complications and mortality.

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Banna, Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul, i Zakia Sultana. "Observation of Arteria Thyroidea Ima in Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study". Journal of Enam Medical College 8, nr 1 (7.02.2018): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v8i1.35432.

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Background: The thyroid is a brownish red, earliest endocrine gland in mammals. The blood flow to the thyroid gland is very high. The thyroid derives its arterial blood supply from three vessels; of these, the superior and inferior thyroid arteries are fairly constant. The third artery, the thyroidea ima, is an inconstant vessel. Diseases of thyroid may need surgical intervention.This study aims to find out the presence of the arteria thyroidea ima and its origin in Bangladeshi people.Objective: The present study was carried out on considering the day-to-day growing clinical importance, and insufficient morphological data and arterial supply by thyroidea ima artery of thyroid gland and possible geographical variations in Bangladeshi people. This study will also help in minimizing complications of thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.Materials and Methods: This descriptive crosssectional study was carried out on 54 postmortem human thyroid glands collected from individuals aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. The collected specimens were examined by careful gross dissection method.Results: Thyroidea ima artery was present in 3.70% cases, which originated equally from brachiocephalic trunk and arch of aorta.Conclusion: Presence of this artery must be searched out during thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.J Enam Med Col 2018; 8(1): 25-28

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Talantov, V. V., i E. G. Nasyrova. "Peculiarities of the morphological constitution of diabetic patients". Kazan medical journal 69, nr 4 (15.08.1988): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj99605.

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The problem of the relationship between morphological constitution and certain diseases has long attracted the attention of researchers. Diabetes is an example of such a disease. It is known that the insulin-independent type of diabetes is predisposed to people with excessive fat deposition, but the type of morphological constitution is often not taken into account when analyzing these relationships. The latter reflects the hormonal background of an organism and allows to judge the endocrine status of an individual over a rather long period of time, to evaluate retrospectively the peculiarities of endocrine glands functioning. That is why the study of morphological constitution of patients with the most widespread endocrine pathology - diabetes mellitus - is of practical and theoretical interest in terms of the possible development of anthropometric markers of predisposition to diabetes and further specification of its pathogenesis.

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Márquez, A., H. J. Finol, M. Pulido-Méndez i M. Campos de Veitía. "Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructural Pathology In Multihormonal Disorder". Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (sierpień 1999): 1164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019140.

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Several endocrine disorders with increase or deficiency of hormone production may present a skeletal muscle compromise. Those conditions have been considered as metabolic myopathies. Nevertheless, some pathological abnormalities, mainly microvascular changes and the existence of a cell infiltrate, found in endocrine disorders with an autoimmune origin (primary hipothyroidism, hyperthyroidism associated with Graves disease, diabetes mellitus) have permitted classifing them as inflammatory myopathies. Although muscle pathology in diseases with isolated hormone production alteration has been extensively studied, this investigation has not been realized in patients with abnormalities in several endocrine glands. In this work we report the skeletal muscle ultrastructural pathology in a patient with multihormonal disorder.A 19 years old male patient presented dwarfism with lack of muscular and sexual development. Plasma levels of thyroxin, Cortisol, growth hormone, testosterone, LH and FSH were low . TSH plasma levels were high.

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Lazareva, M. A., G. P. Evseeva, E. V. Rakitskaya, M. A. Vlasova, T. V. Pivkina, S. V. Suprun i O. A. Lebed’ko. "Analysis of the functional state of the thyroid gland in children who underwent COVID-19". Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, nr 88 (4.07.2023): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2023-88-69-78.

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Introduction. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 may include endocrine forms, including diseases of the pancreas, pituitary gland, gonads, and thyroid gland. The direct cytopathic effect of the virus lies in its ability to enter cells through the ACE-2 receptor located on the epithelial and endothelial cells of the endocrine glands, followed by expression, which creates the possibility of the development and progression of damage to the endocrine system, both inflammatory and autoimmune. Until now, it has not been fully studied what changes in the state of health await children and teenagers in the post-COVID period, the dynamics of changes in the functional state of the thyroid gland in children and adolescents living in the region of endemic goiter (Far Eastern Federal District) has not been assessed. Aim. To assess of thyroid dysfunction in children who have had COVID-19. Materials and methods. The clinic performed a clinical and laboratory examination of 41 children aged 5-17 years who had a new coronavirus infection. Hormones were determined using the test systems of “AlkorBio” (St. Petersburg) on a microplate reader Stat-Fax 2100 (USA): thyroid stimulating hormone (µU/mL), free thyroxine (pmol/L), thyroid peroxidase antibodies. Results. It was determined that some children had clinical symptoms that may be associated with a possible involvement of the thyroid system: severe fatigue (61.0%), drowsiness (48.8%), memory loss (26.8%), depressed mood (14.6%), hair loss (14.6%), chilliness (4.9%), dry skin (4.9%). Ultrasound of the thyroid gland revealed a decrease in the volume of the gland in 46.3% and a diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland in 9.8% of patients. In 33.3% of patients, the level of thyroid stimulating hormone in blood serum exceeded 3.4 mcU/mL, with a normal level of free thyroxine, which corresponds to subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion. The obtained data suggest the possibility of subclinical dysfunction of the thyroid gland in children who have had a coronavirus infection. Based on the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with the presence of clinical complaints, it is necessary to conduct a routine assessment of thyroid function in patients in the recovery and convalescence phase after COVID-19. Future prospective studies are needed to improve epidemiological and clinical knowledge and optimize the management of endocrine diseases in patients with COVID-19.

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Salvio, Gianmaria, Marianna Martino, Giulia Giancola, Giorgio Arnaldi i Giancarlo Balercia. "Hypothalamic–Pituitary Diseases and Erectile Dysfunction". Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, nr 12 (9.06.2021): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122551.

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Several hormones contribute to ensure penile erection, a neurovascular phenomenon in which nitric oxide plays a major role. Erectile dysfunction (ED), which is defined as the persistent inability to obtain or maintain penile erection sufficient for a satisfactory sexual performance, may be due to arteriogenic, neurogenic, iatrogenic, but also endocrinological causes. The hypothalamus–pituitary axis plays a central role in the endocrine system and represents a fundamental link between the brain and peripheral glands, including gonads. Therefore, the hormonal production of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis can control various aspects of sexual function and its dysregulation can compromise erectile function. In addition, excess and deficiency of pituitary hormones or metabolic alterations that are associated with some pituitary diseases (e.g., Cushing’s disease and acromegaly, hypopituitarism) can determine the development of ED with different mechanisms. Thus, the present review aimed to explore the relationship between hypothalamic and pituitary diseases based on the most recent clinical and experimental evidence.

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