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Reed, James. "Pragmatic Encroachment, Evidentialism, and Epistemic Rationality". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1470454095.
Pełny tekst źródłaFritz, James Christopher. "Knowledge and the Many Norms on Action". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu156268632958823.
Pełny tekst źródłaBuono, Jared. "Assessing the Ecohydrologic Consequences of Woody Plant Encroachment". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195347.
Pełny tekst źródłaSouza, Felipe de Sá Palis e. "Efeito de uma espécie de planta invasora na diversidade de aves em áreas úmidas". Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2014. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/661.
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CAPES
A diversidade biológica pode ser representada pela abundância e riqueza de espécies, e pela mudança na composição de espécies entre locais e gradientes ambientais. Essa mudança pode estar associada a alguns fatores, como as condições e recursos ofertados pelo ambiente. Vários fatores determinam os padrões de distribuição de espécies em escala regional e local. Em áreas úmidas, como o Pantanal, as dinâmicas de inundação e seca, juntamente com os diferentes tipos de hábitats, afetam a distribuição de aves. Além disso, algumas espécies vegetais também podem se beneficiar com a dinâmica de inundações, como o cambará (Vochysia divergens Pohl), conhecida pela grande capacidade de invadir ambientes campestres e nele se expandir e por formar ambientes com estrato arbóreo monodominantes, chamados cambarazais. Esse adensamento da vegetação, comum em várias regiões, é chamado de encroachment, sendo responsável pela conversão de campos e savanas (áreas abertas) em vegetação arbustiva ou arbórea. Nesse estudo foi avaliado o efeito de cambarazais sobre a estrutura de assembleias de aves e como esse hábitat contribui na manutenção da diversidade regional desse grupo. O trabalho foi realizado na região do Pirizal, localizada na sub-região do Pantanal de Poconé - MT. Os dados foram coletados na grade de pesquisas do Pirizal, que é composta por 30 parcelas com diferentes fitofisionomias abertas e florestadas: cambarazal, landizal, cordilheiras, campos de murundus e pastagem exótica. Para a amostragem da avifauna foram utilizados dois métodos, redes de neblina e censos por pontos. Para análise de dados fizemos regressões lineares simples entre riqueza, abundância ou composição de aves (representada por uma dimensão de NMDS) em função das variáveis ambientais (primeiro eixo da PCA, composta pela densidade de cambarás, riqueza vegetal e duração do alagamento). Para avaliar se os padrões encontrados se deviam ao grau de proximidade entre as parcelas, foi realizado um teste de Mantel Parcial, com a distância biológica em função da distância ambiental e da distância geográfica. Para o segundo objetivo foi realizado uma Permanova para verificar se existe diferença na composição de aves entre os tipos de vegetação. Além disso, simulamos como acréscimos graduais de manchas de cambarazais afetam a diversidade de aves na paisagem. Foram registradas 183 espécies de aves nos cambarazais distribuídas em 45 famílias. O resultado da primeira regressão mostrou que a riqueza de espécies aumentou em função do eixo ambiental, principalmente em locais com maiores densidades de cambarás e que permaneceram mais tempo alagados. Em outras palavras, o encroachment teve reflexos positivos na riqueza de aves. A composição também foi afetada pelas variáveis ambientais e o resultado do teste de Mantel Parcial mostrou que não houve efeito da distância geográfica sobre a composição de espécies de aves. Os resultados da Permanova e da simulação mostraram que a composição foi diferente entre as fitofisionomias e que os cambarazais contribuem muito para a diversidade regional de aves. A mudança nas características do hábitat ocorre mesmo em escalas pequenas e é determinante para a distribuição das espécies. Hábitats com estruturas diferentes têm maiores chances de apresentar comunidades também diferentes, o que de fato contribui para o aumento da diversidade regional. A contribuição dos cambarazais não é somente em termos de aumento da diversidade; representa também um ambiente adicional e importante para várias espécies da região. Assim, o processo de encroachment do cambará, para essa região estudada, é um fenômeno importante para a diversidade de aves.
The biological diversity can be represented by the abundance and species richness and by the change in the composition between places and environmental gradients. This change can be associated with the conditions and resources offered by the environment. Several factors determine the patterns of species distribution at local and regional level. In Wetlands, the dynamics of flood and drought, together with the different types of hábitats, affect bird´s distribution. In addition, some plant species can also benefit with the dynamic of floods, as the cambara (Vochysia divergens Pohl), known by the great ability of invasion and expansion and by forming monodominant environments with arboreal stratum considered, called cambarazais. This overgrowth, common in several regions, is called encroachment, being responsible for the conversion of fields and savannas in shrub vegetation. In this study it was evaluated the effect of cambarazais on the structure of bird assemblies and how this hábitat contributes in maintaining regional diversity of this group. The work was carried out in the region of the Pirizal, located in the sub-region of the Pantanal of Poconé. The data were collected in grid research of Pirizal, which features 30 plots with different environments: “cambarazal”, “landizal”, “cordilheiras”, “campos de murundus” and exotic fields. For the bird sampling were used two methods, mist nets and census by points. The environmental variables used were the density of cambaras, richness and plant composition and the duration of flooding on the plots. For data analysis we have made simple linear regressions between richness, abundance or composition of birds (represented by one dimension of NMDS) and environmental variables (first axis of the PCA, composed by density of cambaras, plant species richness and flooding duration). To assess whether the patterns found were due to degree of proximity between the plots, it was carried out a Partial Mantel test, with the biological distance in function of environmental and geographic distance. For the second objective, was performed a Permanova to check if there is any difference in bird composition among the different environments. In addition, we simulate as gradual increases of patches of cambarazais affect the bird diversity in landscape. We recorded 183 species of birds in cambarazais distributed in 45 families. The result of the first regression showed that the species richness increased with the change in environmental variables, especially in places with higher densities of cambaras which were more time flooded. In other words, the encroachment has had positive impacts on bird richness. The composition was also affected by environmental variables. The result of Partial Mantel test showed that there was no effect of geographic distance on the bird species composition. The results of the Permanova and simulation showed that the composition was different between different environments and that the cambarazais contribute very much to the bird diversity. The change in the characteristics of the hábitat occurs even in small scales and is determinant for the species distribution. Hábitats with different structures have higher chances of presenting different communities also, what actually contributes to the increasing of regional diversity. The contribution of cambarazais is not only in terms of increasing diversity; it also represents an additional and important environment for several species in the region. Thus, the process of encroachment of cambara, for this studied region, is an important phenomenon for the bird diversity.
Hogan, Matthew Brooks Clement Thangadurai Prabhakar. "Understanding the flow and mixing dynamics of saline water discharged into coastal freshwater aquifers". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Theses/HOGAN_MATTHEW_43.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThompson, Joseph. "Mechanisms of Native Shrub Encroachment on a Virginia Barrier Island". VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4297.
Pełny tekst źródłaIvehammar, Pernilla. "How to deal with the encroachment costs in road investment CBA". Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Ekonomiska institutionen, Linköpings universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7718.
Pełny tekst źródłaIvehammar, Pernilla. "How to deal with the encroachment costs in road investment CBA /". Linköping : Ekonomiska Inst., Linköpings Univ, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/52762540X.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaWeller, Austin W. "Pyramids and the City: Urban Encroachment on Chinese Heritage in Xi'an". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367925417.
Pełny tekst źródłaGray, Emma Fiona. "Some consequences of woody plant encroachment in a mesic South African savanna". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10563.
Pełny tekst źródłaWestbrook, Matthew R. "Local scale forest encroachment into alpine habitat: past patterns and future predictions". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1396530374.
Pełny tekst źródłaFoster, Erich L. "A robust solution to Henry's problem". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433003.
Pełny tekst źródłaShaw, Adrienne Kara. "Conservation and ecological restoration of Rocky Mountain subalpine meadows: vegetation responses to tree encroachment". Thesis, University of Victoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1396.
Pełny tekst źródłaFathoni, Tachrir. "Managing conflict in national parks : the case of encroachment in Kerinci Seblat, Indonesia". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27997.
Pełny tekst źródłaAl-Qasimi, S. M. "Arab ?piracy? and the East India Company encroachment in the Gulf 1797-1820". Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353800.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlford, Aaron L. "Eastern redcedar encroachment in southern Great Plains grasslands : wildlife consequences and management implications /". Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1878976501&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Pełny tekst źródła"Department of Zoology." Keywords: Grasslands, Juniperus virginiana, Small mammals, Tree removal, Woody encroachment. Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-110). Also available online.
Alford, Aaron Larrs. "Eastern Redcedar Encroachment In Southern Great Plains Grasslands: Wildlife Consequences And Management Implications". OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/55.
Pełny tekst źródłaGesualdi, Maxine. "Extending Organizational Role Theory to Understand Shared Resources and Role Encroachment in Organizations". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/459103.
Pełny tekst źródłaPh.D.
This dissertation follows in the tradition of role theory and organizational scholarship by examining how one role can be taken over by another, which can be referred to as encroachment. Previous organizational role research has not explored fully encroachment and its effects. Therefore, this study investigated factors that lead to role encroachment, especially the sharing of internal resources, and how individuals cope with the effects of encroachment. To conduct the study, focus groups of marketing and public relations departments were analyzed to explain how roles are enacted within their practical context. The goals of this dissertation were to (a) investigate how shared resources affect role boundaries and role enactment that can lead to encroachment, (b) explain the concept of encroachment and how it affects role enactment, and (c) investigate the conflict between public relations and marketing that can lead to encroachment in the age of social media. The study found themes related to: (a) definitions of encroachment, (b) factors facilitating encroachment, (c) factors affecting the intensity of encroachment, (d) shared resources and their effects on encroachment, (e) implications of encroachment to the individual, department, and organization, and (f) ways people deal with encroachment. First, encroachment was defined in three ways: the overtaking of tasks, or receiving unwanted strategic guidance, or interference of organizational processes. Second, the study found that role ambiguity and the communication of and adherence to cultural norms invite or prevent encroachment. Third, role ambiguity and organizational culture were found to be the dominant factors that affect the intensity of encroachment. Fourth, the study found that tangible macro resources, like organizational culture and structure, and practical resources, such as information and skill sets, facilitate encroachment. Fifth, findings indicated that implications of encroachment include stress, frustration, and confusion at the individual level; an us versus them mentality and role conflict at the departmental level; and broken relationships with external partners, lack of organizational nimbleness, and wasted time and money at the organizational level. Lastly, the study found that people deal with encroachment by providing and receiving emotional and informational social support, and by accumulating and spending social capital through relationship building within the organization. Theoretical implications of this research indicate that role conflict, role ambiguity, and boundary spanning role theory relate to encroachment. In addition, previous theory focused on external resource use by organizations can be expanded to evaluate the internal use of resources. Theory from interpersonal communication, such as social exchange theory, social support, and social capital, relate to how people facing encroachment cope with their roles being infringed upon. Practical implications of this dissertation include recommendations for organizations including increased communication of role boundaries and evaluations of restrictive cultural norms. The findings from this study provide an understanding of encroachment and indicate directions for further development of theory about encroachment and role enactment.
Temple University--Theses
Ralitsoele, Teboho. "Analysing the road reserve encroachment in Maseru Lesotho using remote sensing and image analysis". Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33912.
Pełny tekst źródłaMetz-Estrella, Tania M. "Issues and Responses to Urban Encroachment at the Edge of Western Protected Public Lands". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190384.
Pełny tekst źródłaRyan, Paige Brell. "EFFECTS OF OVARIECTOMY AND ANATOMICAL LOCATION ON OSTEONAL ENCROACHMENT IN ADULT CORTICAL OVINE BONE". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/932.
Pełny tekst źródłaBagaria, Morató Guillem. "Time lags in plant community assembly after forest encroachment into Mediterranean grasslands: drivers and mechanisms". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/295705.
Pełny tekst źródłaHabitat loss, fragmentation and transformation are major threats for biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, driving both species extinctions and colonisations with an uncertain outcome on species composition and richness. Time lags of several decades, known as extinction debt and colonisation credit, often occur after land-use change events. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies addressing community assembly taking into account both extinction debt for habitat specialists of the former habitat and colonisation credit for habitat specialists of the new habitat. The aim of this thesis is, therefore, to address the drivers and mechanisms of time-lagged effects of habitat and landscape change on plant communities in semi-natural Mediterranean calcareous grasslands from a comprehensive approach, taking both changes in species richness and composition and their potential time lags into account. Extinction debt and colonisation credit are quantified after several decades of habitat change, and their drivers are investigated (Chapter 1). In order to disentangle the processes behind community change, the patterns and drivers of species extinctions and colonisations that already occurred are investigated through the two components of β-diversity: species replacement and richness differences (Chapter 2). Moreover, the role of plant traits in mediating extinctions of species of the former habitat (Chapter 3), and the population and individual-level mechanisms of extinction delay for one of the most frequent grassland specialists (Aphyllanthes monspeliensis; Chapter 4) are assessed after habitat change. The studies were conducted in the southern mountains of Catalonia (northeastern Iberian Peninsula), where forest encroachment occurred following grazing reduction during the second half of the 20th century. Although more than 50 years elapsed since the beginning of forest encroachment into these grasslands, both an important extinction debt for grassland specialists and colonisation credit for forest specialists are detected. Extinction debt was also confirmed for the grassland specialist A. monspeliensis, since its abundance depends on historical but not current connectivity. In addition, a rescue effect from surrounding grasslands and a slow vegetative and reproductive decay after habitat deterioration were identified as mechanisms enhancing extinction debt. Colonisation credit of forest plants, in turn, was probably maintained by dispersal limitation. Although species richness changed little after forest encroachment, high species replacement for the whole community occurred, resulting from idiosyncratic grassland specialists' extinctions and forest specialists' colonisations. However, while habitat fragmentation negatively affected some grassland specialists, no clear role of plant traits was found in mediating extinctions of this group. A generalised loss of grassland species and gain of forest species, resulting from the payment of extinction debt and colonisation credit, is expected to continue in the studied area even if no further forest encroachment occurs.
Skowno, Andrew Luke. "Woody plant encroachment in arid and mesic South African savanna-grasslands: same picture, different story?" Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62603.
Pełny tekst źródłaLecomte, Xavier Jean François. "Effects of grazing exclusion and shrub encroachment on the ecosystem ecology of evergreen oak woodland". Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15334.
Pełny tekst źródłaShrub encroachment, an increase in density and cover of shrub plant communities, is affecting biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems around the world. Through feeding and trampling ungulates affect the structure and species composition of plant communities, including shrublands, and are key drivers in shrub encroachment processes. This thesis, conducted within a long-term browsing exclosure experiment, investigates the effects of ungulates (red deer Cervus elaphus and fallow deer Dama dama) on the encroachment of C. ladanifer, a dominant Mediterranean shrub, into a mixed cork (Quercus suber) and holm (Quercus rotundifolia) evergreen oak woodland in Southern Portugal. Five paired fenced (ungulate-excluded) and unfenced (ungulate-allowed) plots of 25 m x 25 m were established in the study area in July 2001. Fenced plots had a 2.20 m height fence to exclude deer occurring in the site. Data on C. ladanifer reproduction structures (buds, fruits and flowers), soil seed bank, population density and biomass, were collected in fenced and open plots in 2007, 2013 and 2015. Ungulates consumed buds, flowers and fruits and decreased the soil seed bank of C. ladanifer. Plant reproductive costs (loss of fruits) were higher than potential benefits (seed dissemination) and the population density and biomass of C. ladanifer, decreased in the open plots by the end of the experiment. Ungulates decreased above-ground carbon (C) storage but also the amount of fine fuel loads reducing fire hazard and the probability of crown fires, and consequent adult oak mortality, in open plots. Therefore ungulate may potential benefit long-term ecosystem C storage. A drought year during data monitoring allowed quantifying jointly effects of ungulate browsing and drought on C. ladanifer mortality which increased in open plots. Changes in live:dead plant biomass affected fire hazard. Results show that ungulate ecology needs to be considered when investigating shrub encroachment processes
N/A
Rajala, Kiandra F. "Ecosystem Transformation Across a Changing Social Landscape: Landowner Perceptions and Responses to Woody Plant Encroachment". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86724.
Pełny tekst źródłaMaster of Science
Around the world, grasslands are converting to tree and shrub woodlands at an unprecedented rate. This transformation profoundly reduces habitat available for grassland plants and animals and diminishes many ecosystem services that people and rural communities rely on. This loss of grasslands has been especially far-reaching throughout the Southern Great Plains of the United States. Because most of this region is privately owned, the management actions of landowners play a crucial role in preventing or allowing this conversion to continue. Recent shifts in land ownership motivations expanding beyond traditional agricultural production have created increased uncertainty about how private landowners view and react to this change. To investigate how landowners perceive and respond to this woody plant encroachment (WPE) phenomenon, I conducted a mail survey of landowners in the Edwards Plateau of Texas, the Central Great Plains of Oklahoma, and the Flint Hills of Kansas. Using sense of place, landowners’ beliefs about the potential positive and negative consequences of woody plants, and their perceptions of how threatening grassland conversion is, I assessed the thresholds at which landowners’ do or do not accept WPE. Then, I examined how acceptance of WPE relates to landowners’ management goals and current use of management practices to control or reduce woody plants. I found that most landowners believed that woody plants had many negative consequences and perceived increasing levels of threat at greater levels of encroachment. This related to low levels of acceptance for woody plants in grasslands. However, landowners’ threat perceptions and acceptance of WPE varied based on their sense of place. Finally, most landowners wanted to control or remove woody plants and were actively engaged in management practices to do so. My results provide critical information regarding how current landowners’ view and respond to grassland conversion and offer broad implications for how people perceive and respond to large-scale environmental change.
Vick, Jaclyn. "WOODY ENCROACHMENT MECHANISMS OF A SYMBIOTIC N-FIXING SHRUB: ECOPHYSIOLOGY, FACILITATION, AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY". VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2599.
Pełny tekst źródłaShiflett, Sheri. "PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF SHRUB ENCROACHMENT: LINKING ENHANCED HYDRAULIC CAPACITY TO EFFICIENT LIGHT CAPTURE AND PROCESSING". VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3208.
Pełny tekst źródłaBrantley, Steven. "CONSEQUENCES OF SHRUB ENCROACHMENT: LINKING CHANGES IN CANOPY STRUCTURE TO SHIFTS IN THE RESOURCE ENVIRONMENT". VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1686.
Pełny tekst źródłaSwanger, William Rodgers Shelly. "Revisiting fund-raising encroachment of public relations in light of the theory of donor relations". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5795.
Pełny tekst źródłaGoswami, Rohit Raj Clement Prabhakar Thangadurai. "Experimental and numerical analysis of variable-density flow and transport scenarios". Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1430.
Pełny tekst źródłaBybee, Jordan Ann. "Understory Vegetation Response to Mechanical Mastication of Piñon and Juniper Woodlands". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3817.
Pełny tekst źródłaTemmers, Zsa-Zsa. "Building encroachments and compulsory transfer of ownership". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5326.
Pełny tekst źródłaBibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African courts seem to be adopting a new approach to the problem of building encroachments. For pragmatic and policy reasons courts are now inclined to exercise its discretion in favour of leaving building encroachments in place, against compensation, despite the common law right to demand removal. It has been widely accepted that courts indeed have the discretion to award damages instead of removal of the building encroachment. However, the circumstances involved and the consequences of these orders are uncertain and hence these orders result in confusion. It is unclear how this discretion is exercised. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether this discretion includes the power to order transfer of the encroached-upon land to the encroacher. There are doctrinal and constitutional implications that may be triggered by these court orders that leave building encroachments in place. The doctrinal issues centre on what happens when an encroachment is not removed and nothing is said about the rights of the respective parties after the order is made. Possible solutions are investigated to provide a doctrinally sound outcome in encroachment disputes. It is clear that the encroacher is allowed to continue occupying the portion of property on which the encroachment is erected. It seems as though a use right is indirectly created when the encroachment remains in place. The constitutional difficulty lies in the fact that the court orders may result in infringements that conflict with section 25 of the Constitution. The focus is specifically to determine whether these orders result in the compulsory loss of property or property rights. With reference to Germany, the Netherlands and Australia, a comparative perspective is provided in order to support the doctrinal and policy arguments. The comparative law provides a source of guidelines for what may work effectively and informs the ultimate suggestion of this project, namely the need for legislation to regulate building encroachments in South Africa. The legislation envisaged would have to prescribe with at least some sort of certainty how and in which circumstances the discretion should be exercised. It should also provide clarity with regard to the right that is created when the encroachment is not removed and how the compensation that is awarded in exchange for removal, should be determined. The unnecessary confusion and uncertainty that result from court orders made in the context of building encroachments may be cleared up by legislation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrikaanse howe begin al hoe meer om ‘n nuwe benadering te volg ten opsigte van oorskrydende bouwerke. Dit lyk asof howe meer geneig is om hul diskresie uit te oefen ten gunste daarvan om die oorskryding vir pragmatiese en beleidsredes teen vergoeding in stand te hou, ten spyte van die gemeenregtelike reg om verwydering te eis. Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat howe wel die diskresie het om in die konteks van oorskrydende bouwerke skadevergoeding toe te ken in plaas van verwydering. Die omstandighede betrokke by en die nagevolge van hierdie beslissings is egter onseker en daarom lei dit tot verwarring. Dit is nie altyd duidelik hoe hierdie diskresie uitgeoefen word nie. Daarbenewens is daar ook onsekerheid oor of die diskresie die bevoegdheid insluit om oordrag van die grond waarop die oorsrkryding staan, te gelas. Die beslissings kan ook doktrinêre en grondwetlike implikasies hê. In terme van die doktrinêre probleem is daar vrae oor wat gebeur as die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie en niks word gesê oor die regte van beide partye in die dispuut nie. Oplossings word ondersoek om die beste moontlike doktrinêre verduideliking te probeer vasstel. Die eienaar van die oorskrydende bouwerk mag voortgaan om die grond waarop die oorskryding staan te okkupeer. Dit lyk asof ‘n gebruiksreg indirek geskep word ten gunste van die oorskryder wanneer die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie. ‘n Grondwetlike probleem mag veroorsaak word deur die moontlike oortreding van artikel 25 van die Grondwet. Die beslissings mag lei tot die gedwonge verlies van grond of regte, wat aan die vereistes van artikel 25 moet voldoen. ‘n Vergelykende perspektief met verwysing na Duitsland, Nederland en Australië word verskaf om die doktrinêre en beleidsargumente te ondersteun. Die vergelykende reg bied ‘n bron van riglyne vir wat effektief kan werk en het dus die wetgewing wat in hierdie proefskrif voorgestel word geïnspireer. Die wetgewing wat beoog word sal moet voorskryf hoe en onder watter omstanghede die diskresie uitgeoefen moet word. Dit moet ook sekerheid gee ten opsigte van die reg wat geskep word as die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie en hoe die skadevergoeding bepaal moet word. Die onnodige verwaring en onsekerheid wat veroorsaak word deur hierdie hofbeslissings kan opgeklaar word deur die promulgering van wetgewing om oorskrydende bouwerke te reguleer.
Afinowicz, Jason David. "Evaluation of shrub encroachment and brush control on water availability in the Upper Guadalupe River watershed". Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/210.
Pełny tekst źródłaKelemen, Julia C. "Effects of tree encroachment on the water balance of a Scottish raised mire : a lysimeter study". Thesis, University of Dundee, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320593.
Pełny tekst źródłaKraaij, Tineke. "Effects of rain, nitrogen, fire and grazing on bush encroachment in semi-arid savanna, South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52817.
Pełny tekst źródłaENGLISH ABSTRACT: Increases in woody plant density ('bush encroachment') reduce livestock production and biodiversity. By convention, soil moisture, soil nutrients, fire and herbivory are regarded as the principal factors governing the tree-grass ratio of savannas. An experiment with a completely-crossed design was employed to investigate woody seedling (Acacia me/lifera) recruitment near Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa, after fire and under conditions of maximum-recorded rainfall, nitrogen addition and grazing. The field experiment was repeated as a garden experiment to determine if the two experiments yield comparable results. Tree germination in the field was extremely low, probably due to below-average natural rainfall in plots that only received natural rain, and insufficient watering frequency in irrigated plots. As a result of low germination, none of the treatments (rain/nitrogen/fire/grazing) had a significant effect on tree recruitment in the field experiment. The duration of the experiment (2000/2001 growing season) was insufficient for the treatments to affect grass composition, although the high rainfall treatment and grazing exclusion significantly improved grass cover and height. The garden experiment showed that frequent watering, no nitrogen addition and grass clipping significantly enhanced tree germination and survival (termed 'recruitment'). There were also significant interactions among rain, nitrogen and grazing in their effects on tree recruitment. The effects of rain on tree recruitment were more pronounced under nitrogen supplementation and vice versa. Similarly, high rain and high nitrogen enhanced the effect of grazing on tree recruitment. It is inferred that above-average rainfall years with frequent rainfall events are required for mass tree recruitment. Tree seedlings can further benefit from space and resources which are made available through grass defoliation. Conversely, nitrogen enrichment improves the competitive ability of the fast-growing grasses relatively more than that of the N2-fixing tree component, thereby suppressing tree recruitment. In contrast to conventional wisdom that grazing alone causes encroachment, it is suggested that there are complex interactions between the abovementioned factors and 'triggering' events such as unusually high rainfall. Contrary to many claims that equilibrium models are inappropriate for explaining savanna dynamics, it was shown that consumer-resource theory has explanatory power for bush-grass dynamics of the savanna studied. The state-space approach that was used facilitated the understanding of savanna dynamics and enabled predictions about the system's response to perturbations. The applicability of consumer-resource theory to semi-arid nutrient-poor savannas confirmed the importance of resource competition in structuring natural systems.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toenames in die digtheid van houtagtige plante ('bosverdigting') verlaag veeproduksie en biodiversiteit. Volgens konvensie word grondvog, grondvoedingstowwe, vuur en beweiding beskou as die belangrikste faktore wat die boom-gras verhouding van savannas bepaal. 'n Volledig-gekruisde ("completely crossed") eksperiment is ontwerp om boomsaad-ontkieming (Acacia mellifera) naby Kimberley, Noord-Kaap, Suid- Afrika, te bestudeer na 'n brand en onder toestande van maksimum-aangetekende reënval, stikstof toevoeging en beweiding. Die veldeskperiment is herhaal as 'n tuineksperiment om vas te stel hoe resultate van die twee eksperimente vergelyk. Boomsaad-ontkieming was uiters laag in die veld, waarskynlik weens ondergemiddelde reënval in persele wat slegs natuurlike reënvalontvang het, en 'n te lae benattingsfrekwensie in die besproeide persele. As gevolg van lae ontkieming in die veldeksperiment, het geen behandeling (reënval/stikstof/brand/beweiding) boomsaad-ontkieming beduidend geaffekteer nie. Die duur van die eksperiment (2000/2001-groeiseisoen) was te kort vir die behandelings om grassamestelling te beïnvloed, alhoewel besproeiing en geen beweiding die grasbedekking en -hoogte betekenisvol verhoog het. Die tuineksperiment het getoon dat boomsaadontkieming en vroeë oorlewing (genoem 'vestiging') betekenisvol verhoog is deur gereëlde benatting, geen stikstof toevoeging en die sny van gras. Daar was ook beduidende interaksies tussen reën, stikstof en beweiding in hul invloed op boomvestiging. Die reënbehandeling het 'n groter uitwerking op boomvestiging gehad onder stikstoftoevoeging en vice versa. Hoë reënval en stikstoftoevoeging het ook die invloed van beweiding op boomvestiging versterk. Die afleiding is dat bogemiddelde reënvaljare met gereëlde reënbuie 'n vereiste is vir grootskaalse boomvestiging. Boomsaailinge kan verder voordeel trek uit die spasie en hulpbronne wat beskikbaar raak wanneer gras ontblaar word. Daarteenoor verhoog stikstofverryking die mededingendheid van die vinniggroeiende grasse meer as dié van die N2-bindende boomkomponent, met die gevolg dat boomvestiging onderdruk word. In kontras met die konvensionele veronderstelling dat beweiding opsigself bosverdigting veroorsaak, word voorgestel dat ingewikkelde interaksies plaasvind tussen die bogenoemde faktore en ander 'sneller-gebeurtenisse', soos buitengewoon hoë reënval. In teenstelling met baie aansprake dat ekwilibrium modelle ontoepaslik is om savanna-dinamika te verklaar, is getoon dat die verbruikers-hulpbron teorie ("consumer-resource theory") oor verklaringsvermoë beskik vir boom-gras dinamika van die savanna wat bestudeer is. Die staat-spasie ("state-space") benadering gebruik, het begrip van savanna-dinamika bevorder en voorspellings moontlik gemaak aangaande die sisteem se reaksie op versteurings. Die toepaslikheid van verbruikers-hulpbron teorie vir semi-ariede, nutriënt-arm savannas bevestig dat kompetisie vir hulpbronne 'n sentrale rol speel in die strukturering van ekologiese sisteme.
Killian, Paul D. "Mechanisms driving woody encroachment in the tallgrass prairie: an analysis of fire behavior and physiological integration". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14197.
Pełny tekst źródłaDepartment of Biology
John M. Briggs
Woody encroachment has altered the vegetative structure of grasslands worldwide and represents a potentially irreversible shift in grassland dynamics and biodiversity. Clonal woody species appear to be one of the greatest contributors to the shift from graminoid to woody dominance in the tallgrass prairie. Part of the high success rate of clonal species may be attributed to an ability to circumvent recruitment filters through the integration of environmental heterogeneity and acropetal translocation of resources from mother to daughter ramets. The clonal shrub Cornus drummondii persists in a tension zone of the graminoid-dominated tallgrass prairie, where the dominance structure is primarily maintained through the direct and indirect effects of fire. The competitive displacement of native herbaceous vegetation associated with the establishment and expansion of C. drummondii causes a major alteration in the fuel dynamics responsible for the propagation and sustainment of fire, potentially contributing to biofeedback mechanisms that facilitate shrub expansion. The goal of this research was to quantify fire behavior parameters (temperature, intensity, rate of spread, and heat flux) in relation to C. drummondii invasions and to test physiological integration as a mechanism driving encroachment, using manipulation experiments at the Konza Prairie Biological Station. We observed a significant decrease in fireline intensity associated with the encroachment of C. drummondii, which was amplified by the effects of stem density and shrub island area. This alteration in fire behavior also led to reduced heat flux at stems within shrub islands, reducing the likelihood of tissue necrosis and top-kill. With additional fuel, temperatures and fire intensities were higher, similar to open grasslands. In severing rhizomes, and effectively severing the integration of clonal ramets, we observed a higher risk of mortality of daughter ramets. These rhizome severed ramets were more water stressed, had lower photosynthetic rates, and lower woody and foliar biomass production. These results indicate that C. drummondii significantly alters fire behavior, releasing ramets from the fire trap of successive top-killing, while the integration of intraclonal ramets allows daughter ramets to survive mid-summer drought and increases the likelihood of successful establishment and further clonal reproduction.
Gxasheka, Masibonge. "Euryops floribundus encroachment in Eastern Cape communal rangelands: indigenous and scientific understanding of effects on range". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016203.
Pełny tekst źródłaCutulle, Matthew Anthony. "Turfgrass species composition, resistance mechanisms, and management strategy impacts on brown patch incidence and weed encroachment". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39297.
Pełny tekst źródłaPh. D.
Devine, Aisling Patricia. "The effects of fire on the characteristics of woody vegetation and encroachment in an African savanna". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18538.
Pełny tekst źródłaAye, Aye Saw. "Deforestation and Local Livelihood Strategy: A Case of Encroachment into the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest, Myanmar". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225673.
Pełny tekst źródłaRau, Benjamin M. "Assessing carbon and nitrogen in a central Nevada pinyon woodland with tree encroachment and prescribed fire". abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3355563.
Pełny tekst źródłaCalandrelli, John D. "Prediction of Suburban Encroachment on the Ethan Allen Firing Range and Camp Johnson, Chittenden County, Vermont". DigitalCommons@USU, 1999. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6568.
Pełny tekst źródłaWepener, Jean-Pierre. "The control of Stoebe vulgaris encroachment in the Hartbeesfontein area of the North West Province / J.P. Wepener". Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2044.
Pełny tekst źródłaSun, Wei. "Velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) encroachment and ecosystem CO₂ exchange in semiarid grassland insights from stable isotope measurements /". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1960208391&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Pełny tekst źródłaRiley, Alyssa J. "Effects of riparian woody vegetation encroachment on prairie stream structure and function with emphasis on whole-stream metabolism". Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8545.
Pełny tekst źródłaDepartment of Biology
Walter K. Dodds
Much of the North American tallgrass prairie ecosystem has been converted to cropland or urbanized. One threat to the remaining prairie ecosystems, and the streams within, is woody vegetation encroachment. Stream productivity, measured as metabolism, is a fundamental process comprised of gross primary production (GPP) and (CR) community respiration. Understanding GPP and CR is important because these processes are vital to ecosystem function and can be impacted by a change in canopy cover. First, I investigated improvements in existing methods for estimating whole-stream metabolism as estimated from diel patterns of oxygen (O2). I compared measured and modeled O2 and aeration (a physical parameter required for measurement of metabolism) rates to determine if direct measurement of aeration is necessary and the importance of temperature correction of metabolism. Modeling was moderately successful in determining aeration rates, and temperature correction of GPP and CR substantially improved model fits. Second, effects of woody vegetation encroachment on prairie stream function were investigated. Stream metabolism was measured for four years in duplicate reaches with varying canopy cover (closed canopy, naturally open canopy, and vegetation removal reaches). The removal reaches had closed canopy for the first two years and open canopy for the last two years. Canopy cover increased CR rates and had minimal effects on GPP. Third, the same experiment was used to determine the effects of woody vegetation encroachment on prairie stream ecosystem structure and food web interactions. Chlorophyll a and filamentous algal biomass were greater in naturally open and vegetation removal reaches, although the effects were stronger on filamentous algal biomass. As canopy cover decreased, the filamentous algal biomass to chlorophyll ratio increased, indicating a shift in algal community structure. Stable isotope analysis indicated some shift in pathways of nitrogen and carbon flux into the food web related to degree of canopy cover, but overlap in the signature of food sources made distinct food sources difficult to identify. The data indicate that riparian encroachment can influence ecosystem structure and function in prairie streams and restoration to remove woody riparian cover may restore some ecosystem features of naturally open canopy streams.
Barron-Gafford, Greg Alan. "TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION CONTROLS OVER SOIL, LEAF AND ECOSYSTEM LEVEL CO2 FLUX ALONG A WOODY PLANT ENCROACHMENT GRADIENT". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193976.
Pełny tekst źródłaWasiolka, Bernd. "The impact of overgrazing on reptile diversity and population dynamics of Pedioplanis l. lineoocellata in the southern Kalahari". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1661/.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn semi-arid savannah ecosystems, the vegetation structure and composition, i.e. the architecture of trees, shrubs, grass tussocks and herbaceous plants, offer a great variety of habitats and niches to sustain animal diversity. In the last decades intensive human land use practises like livestock farming have altered the vegetation in savannah ecosystems worldwide. Extensive grazing leads to a reduction of the perennial and herbaceous vegetation cover, which results in an increased availability of bare soil. Both, the missing competition with perennial grasses and the increase of bare soils favour shrub on open ground and lead to area-wide shrub encroachment. As a consequence of the altered vegetation structure and composition, the structural diversity declines. It has been shown that with decreasing structural diversity animal diversity decline across a variety of taxa. Knowledge on the effects of overgrazing on reptiles, which are an important part of the ecosystem, are missing. Furthermore, the impact of habitat degradation on factors of a species population dynamic and life history, e.g., birth rate, survival rate, predation risk, space requirements or behavioural adaptations are poorly known. Therefore, I investigated the impact of overgrazing on the reptile community in the southern Kalahari. Secondly I analysed population dynamics and the behaviour of the Spotted Sand Lizard, Pedioplanis l. lineoocellata. All four chapters clearly demonstrate that habitat degradation caused by overgrazing had a severe negative impact upon (i) the reptile community as a whole and (ii) on population parameters of Pedioplanis l. lineoocellata. Chapter one showed a significant decline of regional reptile diversity and abundance in degraded habitats. In chapter two I demonstrated that P. lineoocellata moves more frequently, spends more time moving and covers larger distances in degraded than in non-degraded habitats. In addition, home range size of the lizard species increases in degraded habitats as shown by chapter three. Finally, chapter four showed the negative impacts of overgrazing on several population parameters of P. lineoocellata. Absolute population size of adult and juvenile lizards, survival rate and birth rate are significantly lower in degraded habitats. Furthermore, the predation risk was greatly increased in degraded habitats. A combination of a variety of aspects can explain the negative impact of habitat degradation on reptiles. First, reduced prey availability negatively affects survival rate, the birth rate and overall abundance. Second, the loss of perennial plant cover leads to a loss of niches and to a reduction of opportunities to thermoregulate. Furthermore, a loss of cover and is associated with increased predation risk. A major finding of my thesis is that the lizard P. lineoocellata can alter its foraging strategy. Species that are able to adapt and change behaviour, such as P. lineoocellata can effectively buffer against changes in their environment. Furthermore, perennial grass cover can be seen as a crucial ecological component of the vegetation in the semi-arid savannah system of the southern Kalahari. If perennial grass cover is reduced to a certain degree reptile diversity will decline and most other aspects of reptile life history will be negatively influenced. Savannah systems are characterised by a mixture of trees, shrubs and perennial grasses. These three vegetation components determine the composition and structure of the vegetation and accordingly influence the faunal diversity. Trees are viewed as keystone structures and focal points of animal activity for a variety of species. Trees supply animals with shelter, shade and food and act as safe sites, nesting sites, observation posts and foraging sites. Recent research demonstrates a positive influence of shrub patches on animal diversity. Moreover, it would seem that intermediate shrub cover can also sustain viable populations in savannah landscapes as has been demonstrated for small carnivores and rodent species. The influence of perennial grasses on faunal diversity did not receive the same attention as the influence of trees and shrubs. In my thesis I didn’t explicitly measure the direct effects of perennial grasses but my results strongly imply that it has an important role. If the perennial grass cover is significantly depleted my results suggest it will negatively influence reptile diversity and abundance and on several populations parameters of P. lineoocellata. Perennial grass cover is associated with the highest prey abundance, reptile diversity and reptile abundance. It provides reptiles both a refuge from predators and opportunities to optimise thermoregulation. The relevance of each of the three vegetation structural elements is different for each taxa and species. In conclusion, I can all three major vegetation structures in the savannah system are important for faunal diversity.
Snyder, Matthew Thomas. "Geochemical Trends Associated with the seawater-freshwater mixing zone in a Surficial Costal Aquifer, Sapelo Island, GA". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26017.
Pełny tekst źródłaLangman, Jeff B. "A multi-tracer study of saltwater origin, cross-formational flow, and the geochemical evolution of groundwater in the southern High Plains Aquifer along the western caprock escarpment, east-central New Mexico". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
Pełny tekst źródłaRyan, Mikel R. "AN INTRODUCTION TO SPECTRUM REALLOCATION LEGISLATION". International Foundation for Telemetering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608743.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the past four years Congress has passed legislation mandating the reallocation of 255 MHz of radio frequency bands from Federal to non-Federal or “MIXED USE.” Several of the frequency bands supporting telemetering functions were affected, and more legislation of this nature is forecasted.