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Książki na temat „Empirical equation”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 19 lutego 2022

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1

Ziebart, David Allen. The information content of annual accounting data: An empirical modeling approach using structural equation techniques. [Urbana]: College of Commerce and Business Administration,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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2

Budahn, James R. An empirical equation for modeling rare earth element mineral-mineral partitioning: An application to mantle metasomatism. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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3

Wang, Catherine Lihong. Knowledge management orientation, organisational capabilities and performance: An empirical test of performance relationships using structural equation modeling. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 2003.

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4

Martín, Rama. Empirical investment equations in developing countries. Washington, DC: Macroeconomic Adjustment and Growth, Country Economics Dept., World Bank, 1990.

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5

Gertler, Mark. Interest rate spreads, credit constraints, and investment fluctuations: An empirical investigation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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6

Tschernitz, John L. Empirical equations for estimating drying times of thick rotary-cut veneer in press and jet dryers. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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7

Wetzel, Bruce M. Energy-related attitude/belief variables in conventional econometric equations: An empirical approach applied to residential energy consumption. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1988.

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8

Wetzel, Bruce M. Energy-related attitude/belief variables in conventional econometric equations: An empirical approach applied to residential energy consumption. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1988.

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9

Wetzel, Bruce M. Energy-related attitude/belief variables in conventional econometric equations: An empirical approach applied to residential energy consumption. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1988.

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10

M, Sardar. Digitalisation of Supply Chain Management and Firm Performance: Structural Equation Modelling and Empirical Findings. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.

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11

Fratianni, Michele. The Gravity Equation in International Trade. Redaktor Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0003.

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This article aims to explain trade flows in terms of the gravity equation (GE). The reason for focusing on GE is twofold. The first is that GE, unlike other frameworks, has had great empirical success in explaining bilateral trade flows. For a long time, however, GE was a child without a father in the sense that it was thought to have no theoretical support. Since the late 1970s, this state of affairs has changed radically. Now, the gravity equation has strong theoretical support and can be derived from a variety of models of international trade. The second is that GE can be used to sort out alternative hypotheses of international trade.

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12

Jackson, John E. Endogeneity and Structural Equation Estimation in Political Science. Redaktorzy Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady i David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0017.

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This article outlines the current situation with respect to ‘endogeneity and structural equation estimation’. It begins by exploring why econometrics, and particularly the treatment of endogeneity, proved so valuable for political scientists. The most prominent methods used to deal with endogeneity are explained. The article also includes a critique of the critical conditions needed to support the use and interpretation of this method and discusses frequently used diagnostics developed to assess the severity of the problems. The estimation method and diagnostics are shown with a running example with data from a previous study of US congressional politics. In many instances, empirical evidence will continue to be the classic observational study, replete with endogeneity problems. Rather than forgoing analyses of these data and questions because of the reservations about a particular method, it is better to use and to improve those methods in the context of these studies and data.

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13

Henriksen, Niels Engholm, i Flemming Yssing Hansen. Potential Energy Surfaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses potential energy surfaces, that is, the electronic energy as a function of the internuclear coordinates as obtained from the electronic Schrödinger equation. It focuses on the general topology of such energy surfaces for unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. To that end, concepts like saddle point, barrier height, minimum-energy path, and early and late barriers are discussed. It concludes with a discussion of approximate analytical solutions to the electronic Schrödinger equation, in particular, the interaction of three hydrogen atoms expressed in terms of Coulomb and exchange integrals, as described by the so-called London equation. From this equation it is concluded that the total electronic energy is not equal to the sum of H–H pair energies. Finally, a semi-empirical extension of the London equation—the LEPS method—allows for a simple but somewhat crude construction of potential energy surfaces.

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14

McTaggart, Douglas F. Industry output and price equations: A theoretical and empirical analysis. 1986.

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15

Renz, Ursula. Finite Subjects in the Ethics. Redaktor Michael Della Rocca. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.010.

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This chapter suggests a new interpretation of Spinoza’s concept of mind claiming that the goal of the equation of the human mind with the idea of the body is not to solve the mind-body problem, but rather to show how we can, within the framework of Spinoza’s rationalism, conceive of finite minds as irreducibly distinguishable individuals. To support this view, the chapter discusses the passage from E2p11 to E2p13 against the background of three preliminaries, i.e. the notion of a union between mind and body as it appears in Thomas Aquinas’ refutation of Averroism, Spinoza’s views on knowledge of actually existing things in E2p8c, and the phenomenological character of E2a2-4. It argues that while this view on the human mind does not undermine radical rationalism, it does require its amendment by some irreducibly empirical concessions.

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16

Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli i Rodolfo Rosa. Empirically Detecting Causality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0008.

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Phenomenological models mathematically describe relationships among empirically observed phenomena without attempting to explain underlying mechanisms. Within the context of NLTS, phenomenological modeling goes beyond phase space reconstruction to extract equations governing real-world system dynamics from a single or multiple observed time series. Phenomenological models provide several benefits. They can be used to characterize the dynamics of variable interactions; for example, whether an incremental increase in one variable drives a marginal increase/decrease in the growth rate of another, and whether these dynamic interactions follow systematic patterns over time. They provide an analytical framework for data driven science still searching for credible theoretical explanation. They set a descriptive standard for how the real world operates so that theory is not misdirected in explaining fanciful behavior. The success of phenomenological modeling depends critically on selection of governing parameters. Model dimensionality, and the time delays used to synthesize dynamic variables, are guided by statistical tests run for phase space reconstruction. Other regression and numerical integration parameters can be set on a trial and error basis within ranges providing numerical stability and successful reproduction of empirically-detected dynamics. We illustrate phenomenological modeling with solutions of the Lorenz model so that we can recognize the dynamics that need to be reproduced.

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17

Escudier, Marcel. Turbulent flow. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0018.

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In this chapter the principal characteristics of a turbulent flow are outlined and the way that Reynolds’ time-averaging procedure, applied to the Navier-Stokes equations, leads to a set of equations (RANS) similar to those governing laminar flow but including additional terms which arise from correlations between fluctuating velocity components and velocity-pressure correlations. The complex nature of turbulent motion has led to an empirical methodology based upon the RANS and turbulence-transport equations in which the correlations are modelled. An important aspect of turbulent flows is the wide range of scales involved. It is also shown that treating near-wall turbulent shear flow as a Couette flow leads to the Law of the Wall and the log law. The effect of surface roughness on both the velocity distribution and surface shear stress is discussed. It is shown that the distribution of mean velocity within a turbulent boundary layer can be represented by a linear combination of the near-wall log law and an outer-layer Law of the Wake.

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18

Wittman, David M. General Relativity and the Schwarzschild Metric. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199658633.003.0018.

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Previously, we saw that variations in the time part of the spacetime metric cause free particles to accelerate, thus unifying gravity and relativity; and that orbits trace those accelerations, which follow the inverse‐square law around spherical source masses. But a metric that empirically models orbits is not enough; we want to understand how any arrangement of mass determines the metric in the surrounding spacetime. This chapter describes thinking tools, especially the frame‐independent idea of spacetime curvature, that helped Einstein develop general relativity. We describe the Einstein equation, which determines the metric given a source or set of sources. Solving that equation for the case of a static spherical mass (such as the Sun) yields the Schwarzschild metric. We compare Schwarzschild and Newtonian predictions for precession, the deflection of light, and time delay of light; and we contrast the effects of variations in the time and space parts of the metric.

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19

Brunsson, Nils. Deciding for Responsibility and Legitimation: Alternative Interpretations of Organizational Decision‐Making. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199206285.003.0002.

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Recent studies have questioned the empirical validity of the equating of decision and choice and pointed at another role that organizational decisions sometimes play — the role of mobilizing organizational action, a role that requires less rationality than choice. But choice and mobilization are not the only roles of decision-making and decisions in organizations. This chapter argues that two additional roles exist — decisions may allocate responsibility and legitimacy to decision-makers and organizations. The chapter also considers how the different roles can explain the design of decision processes, the use of information and the number of decisions in organizations. The discussion is based on empirical studies of decision processes in such organizations: in local governments, national governments, and company boards. The eight decision processes studied concern city budgets, investments and disinvestments, and governmental programmes.

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20

Hitlin, Steven, i Sarah K. Harkness. Methodology and a Description of the Data. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465407.003.0008.

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This chapter provides a primer on ACT data and analysis strategies provided by Interact, the computerized version of ACT. First, it describes the data sources for the Interact simulations before discussing how these categories of moral emotions are differentially felt across our five cultures via EPA dictionaries located in Interact. Next, it walks through an analysis strategy for generating likely moral emotional reactions across these cultures. To do so, it describes how Interact simulates social interaction by using empirically grounded, culture-specific equations.

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21

Jappelli, Tullio, i Luigi Pistaferri. Bequest Motives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0012.

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The study of bequests is crucial to distinguishing between different models of intertemporal choice. Various explanations of individual attitudes toward bequests have been proposed. In addition to altruism, the literature has considered strategic bequests, in which intergenerational transfers are a reward for services provided by the heir, and models in which bequests, like any other good, directly influence utility. We first clarify the distinction between altruistic and strategic bequest motives. Next we consider the choice between bequests and gifts. Then we derive the Euler equation when bequests are an argument of the utility function (a model with “joy of giving”). In the second part of the chapter we address the difficult issues of how to measure bequests and how to tell the different bequest motives apart empirically, and discuss the link between transfer taxes and the accumulation of wealth.

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22

Okazaki, Sumie. Culture, Psychology, and Social Justice: Toward a More Critical Psychology of Asians and Asian Americans. Redaktor Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.13.

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Asian Americans and Asians, particularly from East Asian nations, have been central subjects of various cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology research. Theoretical and empirical work with Asians and Asian Americans have made significant contributions toward moderating the cultural ethnocentrism of American psychology and legitimizing culture as an important consideration in psychology. However, persistent efforts to identify “cultural differences” that rely heavily on the theory of Individualism-Collectivism as an explanatory variable and equating ethnicity and nationality with “culture” have had an inadvertent effect of homogenizing Asians and Asian Americans to the exclusion of important within-group variations and contextual and situational variables. I propose a research agenda for cultural psychological research that would promote goals of social justice for diverse populations.

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23

Pollack, Detlef, i Gergely Rosta. Russia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0011.

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Chapter 7 addresses the question of how, after seventy years during which religion was violently suppressed, a religious reawakening could have occurred within a few years that is unparalleled in the post-communist states. According to the empirical data, many signs speak for a religious renaissance in Russia. Not only has church membership increased by about 30 per cent, but also belief in God. However, the religious revival can be hardly attributed to a deep-rooted religious mentality, and forms of religious practice are barely used. The religious renaissance in Russia has less a religious than a national and political character, with most people equating being Russian with being Orthodox. Talk should therefore be of a borrowed religious boom, one that has less to do with the internal dynamics of the religious than with political, cultural, and economic factors.

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24

Mauk, Marlene. Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854852.001.0001.

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The book takes a political-culture perspective on the struggle between democracy and autocracy by examining how these regimes fare in the eyes of their citizens. Taking a globally comparative approach, it studies both the levels as well as the individual- and system-level sources of political support in democracies and autocracies worldwide. The book develops an explanatory model of regime support which includes both individual- and system-level determinants and specifies not only the general causal mechanisms and pathways through which these determinants affect regime support but also spells out how these effects might vary between the two types of regimes. It empirically tests its propositions using multi-level structural equation modeling and a comprehensive dataset that combines recent public-opinion data from six cross-national survey projects with aggregate data from various sources for more than one hundred democracies and autocracies. It finds that both the levels and individual-level sources of regime support are the same in democracies and autocracies, but that the way in which system-level context factors affect regime support differs between the two types of regimes. The results enhance our understanding of what determines citizen support for fundamentally different regimes, help assessing the present and future stability of democracies and autocracies, and provide clear policy implications to those interested in strengthening support for democracy and/or fostering democratic change in autocracies.

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