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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Empirical distribution function test"
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Liu, Yingxi, i Ahmed Tewfik. "Empirical Likelihood Ratio Test With Distribution Function Constraints". IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 61, nr 18 (wrzesień 2013): 4463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2013.2271484.
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SKAUG, HANS JULIUS, i DAG TJØSTHEIM. "A nonparametric test of serial independence based on the empirical distribution function". Biometrika 80, nr 3 (1993): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/80.3.591.
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Pospelov, Boris, Vladimir Andronov, Evgenіy Rybka, Yuliia Bezuhla, Olena Liashevska, Tetiana Butenko, Eleonora Darmofal, Svitlana Hryshko, Iryna Kozynska i Yurii Bielashov. "Empirical cumulative distribution function of the characteristic sign of the gas environment during fire". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, nr 10 (118) (30.08.2022): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.263194.
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The object of this study is the dynamics of a characteristic sign of an increment in the state of the gaseous medium in the premises when a thermal source of fire appears. The subject of the study is the type of an empirical cumulative function of the distribution of dynamics of a characteristic sign of an increment in the state of the gaseous medium in the absence and appearance of a thermal source of fire in the premises. As a characteristic feature, the probability of non-recurrence of the increments of the vector of states of the gaseous medium was chosen. The results of the study make it possible to quickly identify thermal sources of fire under uncertain conditions. The methodology for studying the empirical cumulative function of the distribution of the dynamics of the probability of non-recurrence of the increments of the vector of the state of the gas medium has been substantiated. The technique includes the implementation of seven consecutive procedures and makes it possible to explore the specified function for arbitrary time intervals. The empirical cumulative distribution function for two fixed time intervals of equal duration before and after the appearance of test thermal sources of fire in the laboratory chamber was investigated. It was established that the features of the empirical cumulative functions of the distribution of the dynamics of the probability of non-recurrence of the increments of the vector of the state of the gas environment allow for early detection of fire. The main sign of detection is a decrease in the fixed values of the empirical cumulative distribution function. For test thermal sources, fixed values of the empirical cumulative distribution function are in the range of 0.15–0.44. These probabilities are determined by the different ignition rate of the test thermal sources. The research results indicate the possibility of using the identified features of empirical cumulative distribution functions of the dynamics of the probability of non-recurrence of increments of the vector of the state of the gas environment for the early detection of fires
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Liu, Xiaohui, Qihua Wang i Yi Liu. "A consistent jackknife empirical likelihood test for distribution functions". Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 69, nr 2 (1.02.2016): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10463-015-0550-9.
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MEINTANIS, SIMOS, i I. A. KOUTROUVELIS. "TESTING THE FIT TO GENERALIZED POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS BASED ON AN EMPIRICAL TRANSFORM". International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 08, nr 01 (marzec 2001): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539301000359.
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Generalized Poisson distributions appear as applied-research models in many fields. For example in reliability, the total amount of wear of items, the hazard rate and the total time to failure can be modeled after a Generalized Poisson distribution. Methods of Statistical Inference for such distributions have been scarce since the corresponding distribution functions come in complicated, often not closed form, expressions. In this article, we present a method for testing the goodness-of-fit to any specified member of the family of Generalized Poisson distributions. The proposed method utilizes the general form of the moment generating function of Generalized Poisson distributions. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistics is derived when the parameters of the generalizing distribution are assumed known as well as unknown. The performance of the procedures is investigated by employing real and simulated data.
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Mathur, S. K., i D. M. Sakate. "A new test for two-sample location problem based on empirical distribution function". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 46, nr 24 (21.02.2017): 12345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2017.1295158.
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Aki, Sigeo. "Some test statistics based on the martingale term of the empirical distribution function". Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 38, nr 1 (grudzień 1986): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02482496.
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González-Albornoz, Pablo, i Francisco Novoa-Muñoz. "Goodness-of-Fit Test for the Bivariate Hermite Distribution". Axioms 12, nr 1 (22.12.2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010007.
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This paper studies the goodness of fit test for the bivariate Hermite distribution. Specifically, we propose and study a Cramér–von Mises-type test based on the empirical probability generation function. The bootstrap can be used to consistently estimate the null distribution of the test statistics. A simulation study investigates the goodness of the bootstrap approach for finite sample sizes.
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Bierens, Herman J., i Li Wang. "INTEGRATED CONDITIONAL MOMENT TESTS FOR PARAMETRIC CONDITIONAL DISTRIBUTIONS". Econometric Theory 28, nr 2 (2.08.2011): 328–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466611000168.
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In this paper we propose consistent integrated conditional moment tests for the validity of parametric conditional distribution models, based on the integrated squared difference between the empirical characteristic function of the actual data and the characteristic function implied by the model. To avoid numerical evaluation of the conditional characteristic function of the model distribution, a simulated integrated conditional moment test is proposed. As an empirical application we test the validity of a few common health economic count data models.
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Towhidi, M., i M. Salmanpour. "A New Goodness-of-Fit Test for a Distribution by the Empirical Characteristic Function". Journal of Statistical Research of Iran 2, nr 1 (1.09.2005): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jsri.2.1.1.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Empirical distribution function test"
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Steele, Michael C., i n/a. "The Power of Categorical Goodness-Of-Fit Statistics". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031006.143823.
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The relative power of goodness-of-fit test statistics has long been debated in the literature. Chi-Square type test statistics to determine 'fit' for categorical data are still dominant in the goodness-of-fit arena. Empirical Distribution Function type goodness-of-fit test statistics are known to be relatively more powerful than Chi-Square type test statistics for restricted types of null and alternative distributions. In many practical applications researchers who use a standard Chi-Square type goodness-of-fit test statistic ignore the rank of ordinal classes. This thesis reviews literature in the goodness-of-fit field, with major emphasis on categorical goodness-of-fit tests. The continued use of an asymptotic distribution to approximate the exact distribution of categorical goodness-of-fit test statistics is discouraged. It is unlikely that an asymptotic distribution will produce a more accurate estimation of the exact distribution of a goodness-of-fit test statistic than a Monte Carlo approximation with a large number of simulations. Due to their relatively higher powers for restricted types of null and alternative distributions, several authors recommend the use of Empirical Distribution Function test statistics over nominal goodness-of-fit test statistics such as Pearson's Chi-Square. In-depth power studies confirm the views of other authors that categorical Empirical Distribution Function type test statistics do not have higher power for some common null and alternative distributions. Because of this, it is not sensible to make a conclusive recommendation to always use an Empirical Distribution Function type test statistic instead of a nominal goodness-of-fit test statistic. Traditionally the recommendation to determine 'fit' for multivariate categorical data is to treat categories as nominal, an approach which precludes any gain in power which may accrue from a ranking, should one or more variables be ordinal. The presence of multiple criteria through multivariate data may result in partially ordered categories, some of which have equal ranking. This thesis proposes a modification to the currently available Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistics for ordinal and nominal categorical data to account for situations of partially ordered categories. The new test statistic, called the Combined Kolmogorov-Smirnov, is relatively more powerful than Pearson's Chi-Square and the nominal Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic for some null and alternative distributions. A recommendation is made to use the new test statistic with higher power in situations where some benefit can be achieved by incorporating an Empirical Distribution Function approach, but the data lack a complete natural ordering of categories. The new and established categorical goodness-of-fit test statistics are demonstrated in the analysis of categorical data with brief applications as diverse as familiarity of defence programs, the number of recruits produced by the Merlin bird, a demographic problem, and DNA profiling of genotypes. The results from these applications confirm the recommendations associated with specific goodness-of-fit test statistics throughout this thesis.
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Steele, Michael C. "The Power of Categorical Goodness-Of-Fit Statistics". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366717.
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The relative power of goodness-of-fit test statistics has long been debated in the literature. Chi-Square type test statistics to determine 'fit' for categorical data are still dominant in the goodness-of-fit arena. Empirical Distribution Function type goodness-of-fit test statistics are known to be relatively more powerful than Chi-Square type test statistics for restricted types of null and alternative distributions. In many practical applications researchers who use a standard Chi-Square type goodness-of-fit test statistic ignore the rank of ordinal classes. This thesis reviews literature in the goodness-of-fit field, with major emphasis on categorical goodness-of-fit tests. The continued use of an asymptotic distribution to approximate the exact distribution of categorical goodness-of-fit test statistics is discouraged. It is unlikely that an asymptotic distribution will produce a more accurate estimation of the exact distribution of a goodness-of-fit test statistic than a Monte Carlo approximation with a large number of simulations. Due to their relatively higher powers for restricted types of null and alternative distributions, several authors recommend the use of Empirical Distribution Function test statistics over nominal goodness-of-fit test statistics such as Pearson's Chi-Square. In-depth power studies confirm the views of other authors that categorical Empirical Distribution Function type test statistics do not have higher power for some common null and alternative distributions. Because of this, it is not sensible to make a conclusive recommendation to always use an Empirical Distribution Function type test statistic instead of a nominal goodness-of-fit test statistic. Traditionally the recommendation to determine 'fit' for multivariate categorical data is to treat categories as nominal, an approach which precludes any gain in power which may accrue from a ranking, should one or more variables be ordinal. The presence of multiple criteria through multivariate data may result in partially ordered categories, some of which have equal ranking. This thesis proposes a modification to the currently available Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistics for ordinal and nominal categorical data to account for situations of partially ordered categories. The new test statistic, called the Combined Kolmogorov-Smirnov, is relatively more powerful than Pearson's Chi-Square and the nominal Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic for some null and alternative distributions. A recommendation is made to use the new test statistic with higher power in situations where some benefit can be achieved by incorporating an Empirical Distribution Function approach, but the data lack a complete natural ordering of categories. The new and established categorical goodness-of-fit test statistics are demonstrated in the analysis of categorical data with brief applications as diverse as familiarity of defence programs, the number of recruits produced by the Merlin bird, a demographic problem, and DNA profiling of genotypes. The results from these applications confirm the recommendations associated with specific goodness-of-fit test statistics throughout this thesis.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
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Haluzová, Dana. "Uplatnění statistických metod pro zkoumání vlastností nejprodávanějších přípravků na ochranu rostlin a vztahů mezi nimi". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377387.
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This diploma thesis focuses on the statistical examination of properties of plant protection products at Agro-Artikel, s.r.o. Using the empirical distribution function, it focuses on the sales price and the shelf life of the products, tests the hypotheses about the properties of the products and the dependencies between them. The thesis also explores the results of the questionnaire survey and offers recommendations for the introduction of new products.
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TSUYUGUCHI, Aline Barbosa. "Testes de bondade de ajuste para a distribuição Birnbaum-Saunders". Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2012. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1333.
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CNPq
Neste trabalho estudamos testes de bondade de ajuste para a distribuição Birnbaum-Saunders. Consideramos testes clássicos baseados em função de distribuição empírica (Anderson-Darling, Cramér-von Mises e Kolmogorov-Sminorv) e baseados em função característica empírica. Nos limitamos ao caso onde o vetor de parâmetros é desconhecido e, portanto deverá ser estimado. Apresentamos estudos de simulação para verificar o desempenho das estatísticas de teste em estudo. Além disso, propomos estudos de simulação de Monte Carlo para testes de bondade de ajuste para a distribuição Birnbaum-Saunders com dados com censura tipo II.
In this work we study goodness-of-fit tests for Birnbaum-Saunders distribution. We consider classical tests based on empirical distribution function (Anderson-Darling, Cramér-von Mises e Kolmogorov-Sminorv) and based on empirical characteristic function. We limited this study to the case in which the vector of parameters is unknown and, therefore, must be estimated. We present the simulation studies to verify the performance of the test statistics in study. Also, we propose simulation studies of Monte Carlo for goodness-of-fit test for Birnbaum-Saunders distribution using Type-II censored data.
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Huang, Yen-Chin. "Empirical distribution function statistics, speed of convergence, and p-variation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12017.
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Yu, Jun. "Empirical characteristics function in time series estimation and a test statistic in financial modelling". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ31169.pdf.
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KWON, YEIL. "NONPARAMETRIC EMPIRICAL BAYES SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION FOR MULTIPLE VARIANCES". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/495491.
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StatisticsPh.D.
The shrinkage estimation has proven to be very useful when dealing with a large number of mean parameters. In this dissertation, we consider the problem of simultaneous estimation of multiple variances and construct a shrinkage type, non-parametric estimator. We take the non-parametric empirical Bayes approach by starting with an arbitrary prior on the variances. Under an invariant loss function, the resultant Bayes estimator relies on the marginal cumulative distribution function of the sample variances. Replacing the marginal cdf by the empirical distribution function, we obtain a Non-parametric Empirical Bayes estimator for multiple Variances (NEBV). The proposed estimator converges to the corresponding Bayes version uniformly over a large set. Consequently, the NEBV works well in a post-selection setting. We then apply the NEBV to construct condence intervals for mean parameters in a post-selection setting. It is shown that the intervals based on the NEBV are shortest among all the intervals which guarantee a desired coverage probability. Through real data analysis, we have further shown that the NEBV based intervals lead to the smallest number of discordances, a desirable property when we are faced with the current "replication crisis".
Temple University--Theses
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Chen, Yuanyuan. "Continuity and compositions of operators with kernels in ultra-test function and ultra-distribution spaces". Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för matematik (MA), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-58076.
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In this thesis we consider continuity and positivity properties of pseudo-differential operators in Gelfand-Shilov and Pilipović spaces, and their distribution spaces. We also investigate composition property of pseudo-differential operators with symbols in quasi-Banach modulation spaces. We prove that positive elements with respect to the twisted convolutions, possesing Gevrey regularity of certain order at origin, belong to the Gelfand-Shilov space of the same order. We apply this result to positive semi-definite pseudo-differential operators, as well as show that the strongest Gevrey irregularity of kernels to positive semi-definite operators appear at the diagonals. We also prove that any linear operator with kernel in a Pilipović or Gelfand-Shilov space can be factorized by two operators in the same class. We give links on numerical approximations for such compositions and apply these composition rules to deduce estimates of singular values and establish Schatten-von Neumann properties for such operators. Furthermore, we derive sufficient and necessary conditions for continuity of the Weyl product with symbols in quasi-Banach modulation spaces.
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Ngunkeng, Grace. "Statistical Analysis of Skew Normal Distribution and its Applications". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1370958073.
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Chopping, M. J. "Linear semi-empirical kernel-driven bidirectional reflectance distribution function models in monitoring semi-arid grasslands from space". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262949.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Empirical distribution function test"
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Bai, Jushan. Testing for parameter constancy in linear regressions: Empirical distribution function approach. Cambridge, Mass: Dept. of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993.
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Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.
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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.
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Noonan, Máire. Dutch and German R-pronouns and P-stranding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the fine structure of R-pronouns, spatial PPs, and P-stranding constructions. The guiding hypothesis and theoretical backdrop is that an extended clausal structure is generalized to all categories, including adpositions, (P). The empirical evidence comes from a comparison of the morphosyntactic distribution of the ‘r’ in German and Dutch so-called R-pronouns (locative pronouns) and P-stranding constructions, and from complex spatial PPs in Colloquial German. The chapter argues that a comparative approach to these closely related Germanic languages warrants the decomposition of function words into parts not traditionally recognized as morphemes. The morphemes making up locative pronouns (e.g. Dutch daar ‘there’) and place adpositions (e.g. German auf ‘on’) are shown to pronounce different parts of the clausal structure. A ramification of the analysis is that P-stranding in Dutch and German is in fact the stranding of a remnant phrase that contains the R-pronoun by a projection containing the preposition.
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Kreuder-Sonnen, Christian. Emergency Powers of International Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832935.001.0001.
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This book explores emergency politics of international organizations (IOs). It studies cases in which, based on justifications of exceptional necessity, IOs expand their authority, increase executive discretion, and interfere with the rights of their rule-addressees. This “IO exceptionalism” is observable in the crisis responses of a diverse set of institutions including the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, and the World Health Organization. Through six in-depth case studies, the book analyzes the institutional dynamics unfolding in the wake of the assumption of emergency powers by IOs. Sometimes, the exceptional competencies become normalized in the IOs’ authority structures (the “ratchet effect”). In other cases, IO emergency powers provoke a backlash that eventually reverses or contains the expansions of authority (the “rollback effect”). To explain these variable outcomes, the book draws on sociological institutionalism to develop a proportionality theory of IO emergency powers. It contends that ratchets and rollbacks are a function of actors’ ability to justify or contest emergency powers as (dis)proportionate. The claim that the distribution of rhetorical power is decisive for the institutional outcome is tested against alternative rational institutionalist explanations that focus on institutional design and the distribution of institutional power among states. The proportionality theory holds across the cases studied in this book and clearly outcompetes the alternative accounts. Against the background of the empirical analysis, the book moreover provides a critical normative reflection on the (anti) constitutional effects of IO exceptionalism and highlights a potential connection between authoritarian traits in global governance and the system’s current legitimacy crisis.
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Olson, Kristi A. The Solidarity Solution. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907457.001.0001.
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What is a fair income distribution? The empirical literature seems to assume that equal income would be fair, but the equal income answer faces two objections. First, equal income is likely to be inefficient. This book sets aside efficiency concerns as a downstream consideration; it seeks to identify a fair distribution. The second objection—pointed out by both leftist political philosopher G. A. Cohen and conservative economist Milton Friedman—is that equal income is unfair to the hardworking. Measuring labor burdens in order to adjust income shares, however, is no easy task. Some philosophers and economists attempt to sidestep the measurement problem by invoking the envy test. Yet a distribution in which no one prefers someone else’s circumstances to her own, as the envy test requires, is unlikely to exist—and, even if it does exist, the normative connection between the envy test and fairness has not been established. The Solidarity Solution provides a novel answer: when someone claims that her situation should be improved at someone else’s expense, she must be able to give a reason that cannot be rejected by a free and equal individual who regards everyone else as the same. Part I develops the solidarity solution and shows that rigorous distributive implications can be derived from a relational ideal. Part II uses the solidarity solution to critique the competing theories of Ronald Dworkin, Philippe Van Parijs, and Marc Fleurbaey. Finally, part III identifies insights for the gender wage gap and taxation.
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Domhoff, G. William. The Emergence of Dreaming. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673420.001.0001.
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This book presents a new neurocognitive theory of dreams that documents the similarities of dreaming to waking thought, demonstrates that personal psychological meaning can be found in a majority of dream reports, has a strong developmental dimension based on excellent longitudinal and cross-sectional studies carried out in sleep labs with children ages 3–15, locates the neural substrate for dreaming in the same brain network active during mind-wandering and daydreaming, and marshals the evidence that shows it is very unlikely that dreaming has any adaptive function. These claims are based on five different sets of descriptive empirical findings that were developed between the late 1950s and the first sixteen years of the twenty-first century. All of these findings were unanticipated by scientific dream researchers and then resisted to varying degrees by dream theorists for a variety of reasons. The first five chapters spell out the theory and the evidence for it without any discussion or criticism of past theories. The next two chapters present detailed criticisms of two major alternative theories. The penultimate chapter presents evidence that it is very unlikely that dreaming has any adaptive function in the evolutionary sense of the term, although humans have invented uses for dreams in religious and healing rituals. In that regard, dreaming has an emergent function in culture that was invented in the course of history due to human cognitive capacities. The final chapter presents a general agenda for future research using new methodologies to test all of the neurocognitive hypotheses.
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Zydroń, Tymoteusz. Wpływ systemów korzeniowych wybranych gatunków drzew na przyrost wytrzymałości gruntu na ścinanie. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-46-5.
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The aim of the paper was to determine the influence of root systems of chosen tree species found in the Polish Flysch Carpathians on the increase of soil shear strength (root cohesion) in terms of slope stability. The paper's goal was achieved through comprehensive tests on root systems of eight relatively common in the Polish Flysch Carpathians tree species. The tests that were carried out included field work, laboratory work and analytical calculations. As part of the field work, the root area ratio (A IA) of the roots was determined using the method of profiling the walls of the trench at a distance of about 1.0 m from the tree trunk. The width of the. trenches was about 1.0 m, and their depth depended on the ground conditions and ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 m below the ground level. After preparing the walls of the trench, the profile was divided into vertical layers with a height of 0.1 m, within which root diameters were measured. Roots with diameters from 1 to 10 mm were taken into consideration in root area ratio calculations in accordance with the generally accepted methodology for this type of tests. These measurements were made in Biegnik (silver fir), Ropica Polska (silver birch, black locust) and Szymbark (silver birch, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, sycamore maple, Scots pine, European spruce) located near Gorlice (The Low Beskids) in areas with unplanned forest management. In case of each tested tree species the samples of roots were taken, transported to the laboratory and then saturated with water for at least one day. Before testing the samples were obtained from the water and stretched in a. tensile testing machine in order to determine their tensile strength and flexibility. In general, over 2200 root samples were tested. The results of tests on root area ratio of root systems and their tensile strength were used to determine the value of increase in shear strength of the soils, called root cohesion. To this purpose a classic Wu-Waldron calculation model was used as well as two types of bundle models, the so called static model (Fiber Bundle Model — FIRM, FBM2, FBM3) and the deformation model (Root Bundle Model— RBM1, RBM2, mRBM1) that differ in terms of the assumptions concerning the way the tensile force is distributed to the roots as well as the range of parameters taken into account during calculations. The stability analysis of 8 landslides in forest areas of Cicikowicleie and Wignickie Foothills was a form of verification of relevance of the obtained calculation results. The results of tests on root area ratio in the profile showed that, as expected, the number of roots in the soil profile and their ApIA values are very variable. It was shown that the values of the root area ratio of the tested tree species with a diameter 1-10 ram are a maximum of 0.8% close to the surface of the ground and they decrease along with the depth reaching the values at least one order of magnitude lower than close to the surface at the depth 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. Average values of the root area ratio within the soil profile were from 0.05 to 0.13% adequately for Scots pine and European beech. The measured values of the root area ratio are relatively low in relation to the values of this parameter given in literature, which is probably connected with great cohesiveness of the soils and the fact that there were a lot of rock fragments in the soil, where the tests were carried out. Calculation results of the Gale-Grigal function indicate that a distribution of roots in the soil profile is similar for the tested species, apart from the silver fir from Bie§nik and European hornbeam. Considering the number of roots, their distribution in the soil profile and the root area ratio it appears that — considering slope stability — the root systems of European beech and black locust are the most optimal, which coincides with tests results given in literature. The results of tensile strength tests showed that the roots of the tested tree species have different tensile strength. The roots of European beech and European hornbeam had high tensile strength, whereas the roots of conifers and silver birch in deciduous trees — low. The analysis of test results also showed that the roots of the studied tree species are characterized by high variability of mechanical properties. The values Of shear strength increase are mainly related to the number and size (diameter) of the roots in the soil profile as well as their tensile strength and pullout resistance, although they can also result from the used calculation method (calculation model). The tests showed that the distribution of roots in the soil and their tensile strength are characterized by large variability, which allows the conclusion that using typical geotechnical calculations, which take into consideration the role of root systems is exposed to a high risk of overestimating their influence on the soil reinforcement. hence, while determining or assuming the increase in shear strength of soil reinforced with roots (root cohesion) for design calculations, a conservative (careful) approach that includes the most unfavourable values of this parameter should be used. Tests showed that the values of shear strength increase of the soil reinforced with roots calculated using Wu-Waldron model in extreme cases are three times higher than the values calculated using bundle models. In general, the most conservative calculation results of the shear strength increase were obtained using deformation bundle models: RBM2 (RBMw) or mRBM1. RBM2 model considers the variability of strength characteristics of soils described by Weibull survival function and in most cases gives the lowest values of the shear strength increase, which usually constitute 50% of the values of shear strength increase determined using classic Wu-Waldron model. Whereas the second model (mRBM1.) considers averaged values of roots strength parameters as well as the possibility that two main mechanism of destruction of a root bundle - rupture and pulling out - can occur at the same. time. The values of shear strength increase calculated using this model were the lowest in case of beech and hornbeam roots, which had high tensile strength. It indicates that in the surface part of the profile (down to 0.2 m below the ground level), primarily in case of deciduous trees, the main mechanism of failure of the root bundle will be pulling out. However, this model requires the knowledge of a much greater number of geometrical parameters of roots and geotechnical parameters of soil, and additionally it is very sensitive to input data. Therefore, it seems practical to use the RBM2 model to assess the influence of roots on the soil shear strength increase, and in order to obtain safe results of calculations in the surface part of the profile, the Weibull shape coefficient equal to 1.0 can be assumed. On the other hand, the Wu-Waldron model can be used for the initial assessment of the shear strength increase of soil reinforced with roots in the situation, where the deformation properties of the root system and its interaction with the soil are not considered, although the values of the shear strength increase calculated using this model should be corrected and reduced by half. Test results indicate that in terms of slope stability the root systems of beech and hornbeam have the most favourable properties - their maximum effect of soil reinforcement in the profile to the depth of 0.5 m does not usually exceed 30 kPa, and to the depth of 1 m - 20 kPa. The root systems of conifers have the least impact on the slope reinforcement, usually increasing the soil shear strength by less than 5 kPa. These values coincide to a large extent with the range of shear strength increase obtained from the direct shear test as well as results of stability analysis given in literature and carried out as part of this work. The analysis of the literature indicates that the methods of measuring tree's root systems as well as their interpretation are very different, which often limits the possibilities of comparing test results. This indicates the need to systematize this type of tests and for this purpose a root distribution model (RDM) can be used, which can be integrated with any deformation bundle model (RBM). A combination of these two calculation models allows the range of soil reinforcement around trees to be determined and this information might be used in practice, while planning bioengineering procedures in areas exposed to surface mass movements. The functionality of this solution can be increased by considering the dynamics of plant develop¬ment in the calculations. This, however, requires conducting this type of research in order to obtain more data.
Części książek na temat "Empirical distribution function test"
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Stephens, Michael A. "Tests of Fit Based on The Empirical Distribution Function". W International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, 1597–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_591.
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Takeuchi, Kei. "The Studentized Empirical Characteristic Function and Its Application to Test for the Shape of Distribution". W Contributions on Theory of Mathematical Statistics, 221–35. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55239-0_9.
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Thas, Olivier. "Methods Based on the Empirical Distribution Function". W Comparing Distributions, 297–310. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b99044_11.
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Thas, Olivier. "Methods Based on the Empirical Distribution Function". W Comparing Distributions, 123–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b99044_5.
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Thas, Olivier. "Methods Based on the Empirical Distribution Function". W Comparing Distributions, 297–310. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92710-7_11.
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Thas, Olivier. "Methods Based on the Empirical Distribution Function". W Comparing Distributions, 123–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92710-7_5.
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Kolmogorov, A. "On the Empirical Determination of a Distribution Function". W Springer Series in Statistics, 106–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_10.
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Lazar, Marian, i Horst Fichtner. "Kappa Distribution Function: From Empirical to Physical Concepts". W Kappa Distributions, 107–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82623-9_6.
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Zhu, Jun, S. N. Lahiri i Noel Cressie. "Asymptotic Distribution of the Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function Predictor under Nonstationarity". W Spatial Statistics: Methodological Aspects and Applications, 1–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0147-9_1.
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Efron, Bradley, i Robert J. Tibshirani. "The empirical distribution function and the plug-in principle". W An Introduction to the Bootstrap, 31–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4541-9_4.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Empirical distribution function test"
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Ono, Takashi, Masaki Kaji i Michiaki Nishimura. "Reliability Evaluation of Structural Ceramics Under Multiaxial Stress State". W ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-595.
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Strength and fatigue lifetime of structural ceramics under multiaxial stress state have been estimated and compared with experimental data. Biaxial strength tests were done by an anticlastic bending test method at room temperature. Biaxial fatigue tests were done by anticlastic bending and also ring-on-ring test method at 1200°C in air. Fracture probability and lifetime were predicted on the basis of a Weibull multiaxial distribution function and subcritical crack growth, using the results of stress analyses by the finite element method. Modified maximum hoop stress theory including an empirical parameter, T, was applied to the equivalent normal stress in the multiaxial distribution function. The empirical parameter T represents a shear stress sensitivity to mixed-mode fracture due to a grain interlocking effect. It has been confirmed that the predicted fracture probability and the fatigue lifetime agrees well with the experimental data if grain interlocking effects are taking into account.
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Krause, Oswin, Asja Fischer i Christian Igel. "Algorithms for Estimating the Partition Function of Restricted Boltzmann Machines (Extended Abstract)". W Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/704.
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Estimating the normalization constants (partition functions) of energy-based probabilistic models (Markov random fields) with a high accuracy is required for measuring performance, monitoring the training progress of adaptive models, and conducting likelihood ratio tests. We devised a unifying theoretical framework for algorithms for estimating the partition function, including Annealed Importance Sampling (AIS) and Bennett's Acceptance Ratio method (BAR). The unification reveals conceptual similarities of and differences between different approaches and suggests new algorithms. The framework is based on a generalized form of Crooks' equality, which links the expectation over a distribution of samples generated by a transition operator to the expectation over the distribution induced by the reversed operator. Different ways of sampling, such as parallel tempering and path sampling, are covered by the framework. We performed experiments in which we estimated the partition function of restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) and Ising models. We found that BAR using parallel tempering worked well with a small number of bridging distributions, while path sampling based AIS performed best with many bridging distributions. The normalization constant is measured w.r.t.~a reference distribution, and the choice of this distribution turned out to be very important in our experiments. Overall, BAR gave the best empirical results, outperforming AIS.
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Lima, Jose Antonio Moreira, Eric Oliveira Ribeiro, Wellington Ceccopieri i Guisela Grossmann Matheson. "Directional Extreme Current Profiles Based on Complex Empirical Orthogonal Functions (C-EOF) for Offshore Design". W ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79467.
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This paper presents a methodology to estimate deep water design current profiles using Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (C-EOF) and a structural reliability response based model. The advantage of C-EOF is the capability of directly obtaining directional extreme current profiles. It is estimated that most of the variability of the southeast Brazil current system can be explained by the first two EOF modes. The first mode associated with the southwestward Brazil Current (BC) and the second mode with the northeastward Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC). Thus, only two series of C-EOF amplitudes can be used in the response based technique to estimate the 100-y extreme current values. The methodology can also be used with more EOF modes if required to properly represent the current data. The probabilistic cumulative functions are based on extreme value distributions such as Gumbel or Weibull, and Lognormal for conditional distributions. The evaluation of estimated distribution parameters are carried out using Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit hypothesis tests and correlation coefficients for each directional sector.
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Izadparast, Amir H., i John M. Niedzwecki. "Probability Distributions for Wave Runup on Offshore Platform Columns". W ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79625.
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For the design of offshore structures it is important to accurately predict wave runup and thus avoid topside inundation and minimize the wave impact on the underside of the deck structure. In this paper a three-parameter probability distribution function for nonlinear wave run-up amplitudes is presented. It builds upon previous studies and utilizes the quadratic transformation of incident waves. The parameters of this probability distribution are estimated from the data using method of L-moments and the explicit relation between the parameters and L-moments is presented. The L-moments themselves are linear combinations of ordered data and consequently they are less influenced by outliers and unexpectedly large values. Earlier theoretical models, based on simplified diffraction theory, are presented and compared with the L-moments model. A three-parameter Weibull distribution model that utilizes the method of L-moments is derived and discussed. Run-up measurements from a mini-TLP model test program are used as the basis for comparison of the three methods. This study demonstrates that the new empirical model and Weibull distribution are more robust in representing the probability distribution of nonlinear runup amplitudes especially for the weakly nonlinear cases with moderate steepness. Although the new empirical model and Weibull distribution have different probability structure their estimates are found to be fairly close.
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Starlinger, Alois, Stephen F. Duffy i Joseph L. Palko. "Parameter Estimation Techniques Based on Optimizing Goodness-of-Fit Statistics for Structural Reliability". W ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0062.
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Abstract New methods are presented that utilize the optimization of goodness-of-fit statistics in order to estimate Weibull parameters from failure data. It is assumed that the underlying population is characterized by a three-parameter Weibull distribution. Goodness-of-fit tests are based on the empirical distribution function (EDF). The EDF is a step function, calculated using failure data, and represents an approximation of the cumulative distribution function for the underlying population. Statistics (such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic and the Anderson-Darling statistic) measure the discrepancy between the EDF and the cumulative distribution function (CDF). These statistics are minimized with respect to the three Weibull parameters. Due to nonlinearities encountered in the minimization process, Powell’s numerical optimization procedure is applied to obtain the optimum value of the EDF. Numerical examples show the applicability of these new estimation methods. The results are compared to the estimates obtained with Cooper’s nonlinear regression algorithm.
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Uchimura, H., A. Kokaji i M. Kaji. "Evaluation of Fast Fracture Strength of Ceramic Components Under Multiaxial Stress States". W ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-384.
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Several fracture criteria were studied under multiaxial stress states by Matsuo’s multiaxial fracture probability distribution function including effects of both volume and surface cracks. Tested material was a pressureless-sintered silicon nitride. Tensile (compressive)-torsional tests revealed that experimental data were satisfactorily described by Shitty’s empirical criterion for C=1.46. Good agreements for a spin and a thermal shock tests were obtained applying the Weibull parameters and the Shetty’s parameter.
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Zhang, Zhihong, Zhiqiang Li i Yunke Wu. "Numerical Simulation of Reacting Flows Around a Bluff-Body Flame Stabilizer With Lattice Boltzmann Method". W ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15120.
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Abstract A 2-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model for combustion phenomena is presented. Mathematically, the model is composed of a standard lattice Boltzmann distribution function to recover the hydrodynamic model which describe the density and flow velocity and two distribution functions to recover the governing equation of temperature and chemical reaction process. The temperature could be described by solving an advection-diffusion equation with a simpler lattice. The actual combustion processes are very complicated. In this work, we consider the simple combustion processes with the assumption that the reaction process is irreversible and described by an empirical equation. The evolution of chemical process is described by another passive scalar convection-diffusion equation. The chemical energy released in the progress of combustion is dynamically coupled into the system by adding a chemical term to the temperature distribution function. The model is verified and validated via well-known benchmark tests. In this paper, the case of vortex street arising from the flow around the circular cylinder at Re = 100, 150 and 200, is taken to examine the validation of the numerical simulation. The Strouhal numbers achieved in the numerical simulation match well with the theoretical values. We also simulate a flame at constant pressure to validate the model, the temperature and concentration distributions is consistent with the laminar premixed combustion theory. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of Reynolds number on the stability of the flame behind the bluff-body. For the circular cylinder flame stabilizers, the effect of different inlet speeds on flame stability was investigated.
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Tagliaferri, Francesca, i Narakorn Srinil. "Quantifying Uncertainties in Phenomenological Model of Two-Dimensional VIV Using Multivariate Monte Carlo Simulations". W ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61058.
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Phenomenological modelling based on the use of coupled wake-cylinder oscillators has been implemented for several decades for vortex-induced vibration (VIV) response predictions of rigid circular cylinders and long flexible risers. Although such models can capture several VIV nonlinear phenomena, they still rely on empirical coefficients and parameters with some levels of uncertainties associated with fluid-structure interactions. Most of these are due to the variation in experimental test conditions giving rise to different benchmarking test data in the literature. A very few studies have quantified such model uncertainties. To gain an insight into the relative contributions of these coefficients, this paper presents a sensitivity study based on a multivariate Sobol-Monte Carlo approach for a two-dimensional nonlinear coupled wake-cylinder oscillator model simulating combined cross-flow/in-line VIV. A preliminary investigation is carried out to identify the relative contribution to the model uncertainty of the geometrical, empirical wake and wake-cylinder coupling coefficients. The effect of Reynolds number (Re) in the subcritical flow regime is also taken into account through a lift, drag, Strouhal and wake coefficient depending on calibration with experimental data. A key challenge is the identification of suitable probability distribution function to model the scattering experimental datasets. A combination of Gaussian and uniform distributions are calibrated. Parametric studies based on the combined Sobol-Monte Carlo simulations reveal the uncertainties due to the coupling of empirical coefficients and system parameters governing the two-dimensional lock-in and combined cross-flow/in-line VIV responses. The relative importance of the selected wake coefficients and geometric parameters appears to be strongly dependent on the system mass ratio as well as Re influencing the hydrodynamic properties including the lift and drag coefficients, the Strouhal number and stall parameter. For the cylinder with a lower mass ratio, greater uncertainties are found within the considered sub-critical Re range for both cross-flow/in-line VIV. This remark should also be recognized in the phenomenological VIV modelling of long flexible risers in offshore applications.
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Indrebo, Ann Kristin, i John M. Niedzwecki. "Wave Runup on Cylinders Subject to Deep Water Random Waves". W ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51188.
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The accurate prediction of wave runup on deepwater offshore platform columns is of great importance for design engineers. Although linear predictive models are commonly used in the design and analysis process, many of the important effects are of higher order, and thus can only be accounted for by complex nonlinear models that better reflect the physics of the problem. This study presents a two-parameter Weibull distribution function that utilizes empirical coefficients to model the surface wave runup. Laboratory measurements of irregular waves interacting with vertical platform cylinders were used to obtain the Weibull coefficients necessary for the analytical model. Six data sets with different configurations where the wave elevation was measured close to the test cylinders are analyzed. These data on wave runup in deepwater random waves were generated at similar water depths with identical significant wave heights and spectral peak periods. Statistical parameters, zero crossing analysis and spectral analysis were utilized to characterize and interpret the time series data. The analysis focused on interpreting the tails of the probability distributions by carefully fitting the analytical model to the measured model data. This study demonstrates that the two-parameter Weibull model can be used to accurately model the wave runup on platform cylinders for the range of experimental data investigated in this study.
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Kubaychuk, O. О. "Correction algorithm for weighted empirical distribution function". W MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS, MECHANICS, ASTRONOMY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND CYBERNETICS: ISSUES OF PRODUCTIVE INTERACTION. Baltija Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-115-2-2.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Empirical distribution function test"
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Bouezmarni, Taoufik, Mohamed Doukali i Abderrahim Taamouti. Copula-based estimation of health concentration curves with an application to COVID-19. CIRANO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mtkj3339.
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COVID-19 has created an unprecedented global health crisis that caused millions of infections and deaths worldwide. Many, however, argue that pre-existing social inequalities have led to inequalities in infection and death rates across social classes, with the most-deprived classes are worst hit. In this paper, we derive semi/non-parametric estimators of Health Concentration Curve (HC) that can quantify inequalities in COVID-19 infections and deaths and help identify the social classes that are most at risk of infection and dying from the virus. We express HC in terms of copula function that we use to build our estimators of HC. For the semi-parametric estimator, a parametric copula is used to model the dependence between health and socio-economic variables. The copula function is estimated using maximum pseudo-likelihood estimator after replacing the cumulative distribution of health variable by its empirical analogue. For the non-parametric estimator, we replace the copula function by a Bernstein copula estimator. Furthermore, we use the above estimators of HC to derive copula-based estimators of health Gini coeffcient. We establish the consistency and the asymptotic normality of HC’s estimators. Using different data-generating processes and sample sizes, a Monte-Carlo simulation exercise shows that the semiparametric estimator outperforms the smoothed nonparametric estimator, and that the latter does better than the empirical estimator in terms of Integrated Mean Squared Error. Finally, we run an extensive empirical study to illustrate the importance of HC’s estimators for investigating inequality in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the U.S. The empirical results show that the inequalities in state’s socio-economic variables like poverty, race/ethnicity, and economic prosperity are behind the observed inequalities in the U.S.’s COVID-19 infections and deaths.
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Upadhyaya, Shrini, Dan Wolf, William J. Chancellor, Itzhak Shmulevich i Amos Hadas. Traction-Soil Compaction Tradeoffs as a Function of Dynamic Soil-Tire Interation Due to Varying Soil and Loading Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, październik 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612832.bard.
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The objectives of this study were to investigate soil-pneumatic tire interaction and develop traction-soil compaction prediction model. We have developed an inverse solution technique that employs a response surface methodology to determine engineering properties of soil in-situ. This technique is useful in obtaining actual properties of soil in-situ for use in traction and soil compaction studies rather than using the values obtained in the laboratory by employing remolded and/or disturbed soil samples. We have conducted extensive field tests i the U.S. to develop semi-empirical traction prediction equation for radial ply tires. A user friendly traction-soil compaction program was developed to predict tractive ability of radial ply tires using several different techniques and to estimate soil compaction induced by these tires. A traction prediction model that incorporates strain rate effects on the tractive ability of tires was developed in Israel. A mobile single wheel tester and an in-situ soil test device were developed i Israel to significantly enhance the ability of Israeli investigators to conduct traction-soil compaction research. This project has resulted in close cooperation between UCD, Technion, and ARO, which will be instrumental in future collaboration.
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Backstrom, Robert, i David Dini. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Systems Summary. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, listopad 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/kylj9621.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.
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Backstrom, Robert, i David Backstrom. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Installations Research Project. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, listopad 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/viyv4379.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.
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Russo, David, i William A. Jury. Characterization of Preferential Flow in Spatially Variable Unsaturated Field Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, październik 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580681.bard.
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Preferential flow appears to be the rule rather than the exception in field soils and should be considered in the quantitative description of solute transport in the unsaturated zone of heterogeneous formations on the field scale. This study focused on both experimental monitoring and computer simulations to identify important features of preferential flow in the natural environment. The specific objectives of this research were: (1) To conduct dye tracing and multiple tracer experiments on undisturbed field plots to reveal information about the flow velocity, spatial prevalence, and time evolution of a preferential flow event; (2) To conduct numerical experiments to determine (i) whether preferential flow observations are consistent with the Richards flow equation; and (ii) whether volume averaging over a domain experiencing preferential flow is possible; (3) To develop a stochastic or a transfer function model that incorporates preferential flow. Regarding our field work, we succeeded to develop a new method for detecting flow patterns faithfully representing the movement of water flow paths in structured and non-structured soils. The method which is based on application of ammonium carbonate was tested in a laboratory study. Its use to detect preferential flow was also illustrated in a field experiment. It was shown that ammonium carbonate is a more conservative tracer of the water front than the popular Brilliant Blue. In our detailed field experiments we also succeeded to document the occurrence of preferential flow during soil water redistribution following the cessation of precipitation in several structureless field soils. Symptoms of the unstable flow observed included vertical fingers 20 - 60 cm wide, isolated patches, and highly concentrated areas of the tracers in the transmission zone. Soil moisture and tracer measurements revealed that the redistribution flow became fingered following a reversal of matric potential gradient within the wetted area. Regarding our simulation work, we succeeded to develop, implement and test a finite- difference, numerical scheme for solving the equations governing flow and transport in three-dimensional, heterogeneous, bimodal, flow domains with highly contrasting soil materials. Results of our simulations demonstrated that under steady-state flow conditions, the embedded clay lenses (with very low conductivity) in bimodal formations may induce preferential flow, and, consequently, may enhance considerably both the solute spreading and the skewing of the solute breakthrough curves. On the other hand, under transient flow conditions associated with substantial redistribution periods with diminishing water saturation, the effect of the embedded clay lenses on the flow and the transport might diminish substantially. Regarding our stochastic modeling effort, we succeeded to develop a theoretical framework for flow and transport in bimodal, heterogeneous, unsaturated formations, based on a stochastic continuum presentation of the flow and a general Lagrangian description of the transport. Results of our analysis show that, generally, a bimodal distribution of the formation properties, characterized by a relatively complex spatial correlation structure, contributes to the variability in water velocity and, consequently, may considerably enhance solute spreading. This applies especially in formations in which: (i) the correlation length scales and the variances of the soil properties associated with the embedded soil are much larger than those of the background soil; (ii) the contrast between mean properties of the two subdomains is large; (iii) mean water saturation is relatively small; and (iv) the volume fraction of the flow domain occupied by the embedded soil is relatively large.
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QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF VARIOUS SPAN-TO-DEPTH RATIOS ON THE COLLAPSE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR STEEL FRAMES. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.4.5.
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After the removal of a column caused by the unexpected extreme loading of the building structure, the remaining structure mainly relies on the double-span beams connected with the failed column to mitigate the progressive collapse, therefore, the span-to-depth ratios of the double-span beams has significant effects on the internal force redistribution among each story and the development of the anti-collapse mechanisms of the multi-story planar frames. To investigate the effect of span-to-depth ratios on the progressive collapse performance of steel frames, the collapse analysis of three-story steel frame models with various beam depths and beam spans was numerically studied. Firstly, the correctness of the numerical modeling method was verified by the collapse test results of a two-story sub-frame. Then, the refined modeling methods were applied to the analysis of progressive collapse performance of steel frames with various span-to-depth ratios. The load response, load distribution, deformation characteristic and load-resisting mechanisms of models are investigated in detail. The results showed that the resistances provided by flexural mechanism and catenary mechanism are mainly determined by span-to depth ratios and beam span, respectively. Through the principle of energy conservation, the different resistant contribution coefficients of each story are quantitatively obtained, and corresponding empirical formulas were proposed, which can be used as a reference for resistance evaluation before the design of structural anti-collapse.