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1
Rock, Philippa L. "Emotional processing and bipolar disorder". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f4a311fe-3bda-40cc-852a-11dbde8f436c.
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The aetiology of bipolar disorder remains unclear and investigation to date has focussed largely on bipolar patients. Whilst ultimately of huge value, such studies may also be confounded by current mood or experience of repeated illness episodes or current or past medication; using at-risk samples may bypass some of these problems. The current research therefore assessed the efficacy of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) as a screening tool for vulnerability to bipolar disorder. The MDQ was used with two sets of criteria to identify two sub-groups of medication-naïve young bipolar phenotype subjects who were at risk for bipolar disorder by virtue of experience of mood elevation. Analysis of data from the Student Stress Survey was carried out to characterise the bipolar phenotype. Compared to a control group with no experience of mood elevation, the two bipolar phenotype sub-groups showed a gradient of prevalence of bipolar diagnosis and associated co-morbidity. Behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques were employed to investigate emotional processing, decision-making, and sleep and circadian rhythmicity in bipolar phenotype students. Analyses revealed that positive emotional processing biases, disrupted decision-making, and increased activity during sleep were associated with the bipolar phenotype and, therefore, may represent vulnerability markers for bipolar disorder. Finally, a psychopharmacological investigation of quetiapine, which stabilises mood, was carried out in healthy volunteers. One-week quetiapine administration resulted in biases away from both positive and negative emotional stimuli (i.e. a mood-stabilising effect), reduced discrimination between different magnitudes of gains and losses during risky decision-making (consistent with an antidepressant effect), and increased sleep duration. In sum, this research has developed our understanding of vulnerability markers associated with the bipolar phenotype and provided a first step towards uncovering the psychological mechanisms through which quetiapine’s clinical effects may be mediated.
2
Gardner, Kathryn Jane. "Ability emotional intelligence, trait emotional intelligence and borderline personality disorder". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2008. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21832/.
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This thesis explored convergent, discriminant, concurrent and incremental validity of four Emotional Intelligence (EI) measures examined were one ability EI measure (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test [MSCEIT]); and three self-report/trait EI measures (Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale [SEIS], Multidimensional Emotional Intelligence Assessment [MEIA] and Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire [TEIQue]). Participants (N = 307) were drawn predominantly from community and student populations. The MSCEIT showed reasonably good validity, although there were only small amounts of incremental validity in predicting psychologica flunctioning of the trait EI measures the SEIS and MEIA performed similarly well, although the former was more distinctive from personality. The TEIQue produced mixed findings: the factors tructurew as inconsistent with the theoreticals tructure (preliminarya nalyses) but incremental validity was favourable. Placed within a theoretical context, results confin-n the distinctiveness of ability andt rait El. In addition, the trait EI measures appear to be assessing the same latent variable, although some small subscale level correlations question this conclusion. Findings also question whether a ll components of ability EI are assessing a type of intelligence, but suggest that trait EI has utility as a personality measure beyond the Big Five. Based on Study 1, the MSCEIT and SEIS were selected for use in more explanatory research. Study 2 (N = 523) examined the role of ability and trait EI in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), a disorder that may be attributable to emotion dysregulation. Consistent with this, poor emotion regulation (ability and trait EI) was especially characteristic of non-clinical BPD adults, as were poor emotional understanding and trait emotion perception. Strong evidence was lacking for a differential role of ability El in the disparate BPD feature/criteria, whilst trait EI was most related to 'affective and self dysregulation'. Findings also suggest that low trait emotion regulation is a possible contributing factor to BPD and eating disorder. These findings extend past work regarding the emotional skills and traits of non-clinical persons with BPD features. The greater role of ability and trait emotion manage menitn BPD is consistent with Linehan's (1993a, 1993b) emotion dysregulation theory of the disorder.
3
Simpson, Phillip Richard. "Emotional regulation in borderline personality disorder". Thesis, University of Hull, 2008. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:1364.
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This paper reviews the theoretical, conceptual and empirical literature relating to emotional regulation in borderline personality disorder. A number of issues relating to the disorder are discussed, including problems with the categorical system of diagnosis and potential co-morbidity. The prominent models of treatment are reviewed along with the evidence for their effectiveness. The concept of a core dysregulation of emotion in the disorder is considered and the psychological models of emotion explored. A systematic review is then described that identified twenty-one experimental studies that investigated aspects of emotional dysregulation in the disorder. The results of this review are categorised into subgroups on the basis of the experimental methods used, and discussed within this context. The results provide limited support for the concept of emotional sensitivity, with empirical evidence for increased attention to emotional stimuli but no evidence of a lower threshold of emotional response. Increased emotional intensity has been demonstrated with self-report and time-sampling data, however results from physiological measures are inconsistent. The limitations of the current literature are discussed, and the implications for future research and clinical practice are considered.
4
Glisenti, Kevin. "Emotion focused therapy for binge-eating disorder". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213834/1/Kevin_Glisenti_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis explored the feasibility and efficacy of individual emotion-focused therapy for binge-eating disorder, and the role of beliefs about emotions and emotional expressivity as potential mechanisms of change. The unique findings of this research will assist clinicians and patients by providing another treatment option for binge-eating disorder, which is important given mounting evidence of the comparatively high prevalence and clinical significance, and the paucity of proven effective treatment approaches for this condition compared to other eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
5
Stark, Claire. "Trauma, alexithymia, emotional regulation and dissociation in alcohol use disorder, substance use disorder and polysubstance disorder". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25755.
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Background: Around 33-50% who attend treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) have a history of trauma. Experiencing trauma can lead to psychological disorders, difficulties with emotional regulation and dissociation. SUD and AUD can be chronic, relapsing disorders and understanding what individual factors affect addiction has important implications for treatment. Objective: The systematic review was interested in whether alexithymia affects abstinence after relapse prevention treatment (both psychological and pharmacological). The review was also interested in whether alexithymia is a stable trait after relapse prevention treatment (both psychological and pharmacological) as measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The research study investigates the relationships between trauma, dissociation, alexithymia, emotional regulation and SUD, AUD and polysubstance use. There has been little research looking at the relationships between these variables and how they compare in different types of substance use. It was hypothesised that patients with poly-substance addiction will have higher incidents of trauma, dissociation, alexithymia and poorer emotional regulation when compared to alcohol and drug dependence alone. Methods: A systematic search of articles published between January 1989 - January 2017 was carried out following the Cochrane (2008) guidelines. PSYCHInfo, Medline and Cinahl were the key databases searched. Papers were quality assessed to identify strengths and weaknesses. The research study is a qualitative, cross-sectional design that involved ninety-one AUD, SUD and poly-substance use participants who were attending outpatient NHS addiction services. They were asked to complete questionnaires assessing trauma, dissociation, alexithymia and emotional regulation. Results: The systematic review found twelve articles that related to the review questions. The systematic review found alexithymia did not impact on abstinence and there was no difference between abstinence after treatment between low and high alexithymic groups. There were mixed results for whether alexithymia score changes after relapse prevention treatment. Overall, the results suggest that alexithymia is relatively stable across SUD and AUD after relapse prevention treatment. The empirical study found that there is no difference between type of addiction and trauma, alexithymia and emotional regulation. People with polysubstance misuse reported significantly higher levels of dissociation than the other two groups. Multiple regression was conducted on the full data set and it was found that emotional regulation, alexithymia and dissociation were able to predict trauma in alcohol, drug and polysubstance users. Conclusions: The systematic review found that despite the assumption that people with alexithymia have higher rates of relapse and attrition this is not the case. Alexithymia has no impact on treatment outcome. The review also found that CBT was identified as an effective relapse prevention treatment for people with alexithymia. The research paper highlighted that the type of substance used by people who have experienced trauma may not be as important as previously thought. Also, understanding that poor emotional regulation, alexithymia and dissociation commonly co-occur with trauma so it may be important to screen for this when treating people with trauma who have co-morbid addictions.
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O'Kearney, Richard, i n/a. "Language for Emotions in Adolescence: Effects of Age, Gender, and Type of Emotional Disorder". Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 2001. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050831.145059.
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Recent research on the early development of knowledge about emotions shows that young children's use and comprehension of emotion language develops from an initial emphasis on expressive/behavioural referents to situational terms towards referents emphasising the sub] ective/experiential nature of emotions. Gender, the type of emotion, the discourse context of the emotion talk and individual differences in strategies to regulate negative emotions are some factors that are shown to moderate the development of emotion language abilities. However, as most of the data comes from early language users there are significant limitations to our knowledge of emotion language development and its implications for emotion regulation. This thesis examines emotion language in early to middle adolescence. It develops a theoretically derived classification model to study the representational and causal structure of emotions evident in the emotion language of 13 to 17 yearolds. Study 1 uses a group format to sample descriptive accounts of emotions and their causes from a normative sample of 303 adolescents in response to emotionally relevant vignettes prototypical of anger and fear. Study 2 compares the lepresentational structure and quality of emotion language between 21 adolescents diagnosed with extemalising disorders (Conduct disorder, Oppositional Defiant disorder), 18 with internalising disorders (Depressive disorders, Anxiety disorders) and 16 without a disorder. It broadens the types of emotion eliciting material by including autobiographical events and an actual emotional challenge as well as the vignette stimuli. In addition, the second study uses an individual participant-interviewer procedure. Results of Study 1 indicated increase in the range and complexity of emotion referents and causal accounts of emotions from early to middle adolescents. Despite an increase in internalist/subjective causal accounts of emotions with age, there was a move towards a more externalised or situational focus in the representation of emotions for the older adolescents in response to the anger material. The findings showed that the ability to distinguish between sadness and anger and appropriately use anger and sad referents develops relatively late with some younger adolescents continuing to have difficulties with this distinction. There were a number of specific gender related differences in emotion language consistent with gender differences in display rules for emotions. In particular, boys showed a preference for expressive/behavioural emotion referents while girls preferred referents with a cognitive focus and use more inner-focused referents. Study 1 also provided initial data about differences between adolescents with extemalising problems, those with intemalising problems and non-problem adolescents. Results indicated more use of non-specific referents by adolescents with extemalising behavioural problems as well as less intensity and involvement in their emotion referents. Adolescents with extemalising problems were more likely to use non-specific referents in responses to anger material than those with intemalising problems. The results of Study 2 showed that adolescents with oppositional and conduct problems show deficits in the fluency, complexity and degree of specification of their emotion language and their causal accounts of emotions compared to non- problem youth and those with depression and anxiety problems. In addition, adolescents with intcmalising problems were less fluent in the production of causal accounts of emotions and used less specific emotion referents to fear events compared to non-problem youth. The results highlight the finding that emotion language is affected differentially for extemalising and internalising adolescents depending on the nature of the emotion-eliciting event. In particular, intemalising youth's language responses to anger events are characterised by inner-directed referents, and reduced intensity and involvement while their conceptualisation of salient fear material is dominated by cognitively focused terms and accounts. Extemalising adolescents language responses to anger events are more outer-directed and intense, and their emotion construals in a fear situation less cognitive and more affect orientated. The data from these studies highlight the need to study emotion language for specific emotion domains, and suggest that the most interesting theoretical questions are in respect of emotion understanding and emotion language abilities for specific behavioural and emotional disorders. The results also support the utility of an approach that combines knowledge about emotion language from the psychological and linguistic literature. It argues for an expansion of our knowledge about the development of the lexicon for emotions and other syntactic and pragmatic linguistic competencies that are important for conceptualising emotions in language. Such an expansion is crucial to investigating associations between early emotional competencies assessed through language and later outcomes in terms of behavioural, emotional and social difficulties.
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O'Kearney, Richard. "Language for Emotions in Adolescence: Effects of Age, Gender, and Type of Emotional Disorder". Thesis, Griffith University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366816.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Recent research on the early development of knowledge about emotions shows that young children's use and comprehension of emotion language develops from an initial emphasis on expressive/behavioural referents to situational terms towards referents emphasising the sub] ective/experiential nature of emotions. Gender, the type of emotion, the discourse context of the emotion talk and individual differences in strategies to regulate negative emotions are some factors that are shown to moderate the development of emotion language abilities. However, as most of the data comes from early language users there are significant limitations to our knowledge of emotion language development and its implications for emotion regulation. This thesis examines emotion language in early to middle adolescence. It develops a theoretically derived classification model to study the representational and causal structure of emotions evident in the emotion language of 13 to 17 yearolds. Study 1 uses a group format to sample descriptive accounts of emotions and their causes from a normative sample of 303 adolescents in response to emotionally relevant vignettes prototypical of anger and fear. Study 2 compares the lepresentational structure and quality of emotion language between 21 adolescents diagnosed with extemalising disorders (Conduct disorder, Oppositional Defiant disorder), 18 with internalising disorders (Depressive disorders, Anxiety disorders) and 16 without a disorder. It broadens the types of emotion eliciting material by including autobiographical events and an actual emotional challenge as well as the vignette stimuli. In addition, the second study uses an individual participant-interviewer procedure. Results of Study 1 indicated increase in the range and complexity of emotion referents and causal accounts of emotions from early to middle adolescents. Despite an increase in internalist/subjective causal accounts of emotions with age, there was a move towards a more externalised or situational focus in the representation of emotions for the older adolescents in response to the anger material. The findings showed that the ability to distinguish between sadness and anger and appropriately use anger and sad referents develops relatively late with some younger adolescents continuing to have difficulties with this distinction. There were a number of specific gender related differences in emotion language consistent with gender differences in display rules for emotions. In particular, boys showed a preference for expressive/behavioural emotion referents while girls preferred referents with a cognitive focus and use more inner-focused referents. Study 1 also provided initial data about differences between adolescents with extemalising problems, those with intemalising problems and non-problem adolescents. Results indicated more use of non-specific referents by adolescents with extemalising behavioural problems as well as less intensity and involvement in their emotion referents. Adolescents with extemalising problems were more likely to use non-specific referents in responses to anger material than those with intemalising problems. The results of Study 2 showed that adolescents with oppositional and conduct problems show deficits in the fluency, complexity and degree of specification of their emotion language and their causal accounts of emotions compared to non- problem youth and those with depression and anxiety problems. In addition, adolescents with intcmalising problems were less fluent in the production of causal accounts of emotions and used less specific emotion referents to fear events compared to non-problem youth. The results highlight the finding that emotion language is affected differentially for extemalising and internalising adolescents depending on the nature of the emotion-eliciting event. In particular, intemalising youth's language responses to anger events are characterised by inner-directed referents, and reduced intensity and involvement while their conceptualisation of salient fear material is dominated by cognitively focused terms and accounts. Extemalising adolescents language responses to anger events are more outer-directed and intense, and their emotion construals in a fear situation less cognitive and more affect orientated. The data from these studies highlight the need to study emotion language for specific emotion domains, and suggest that the most interesting theoretical questions are in respect of emotion understanding and emotion language abilities for specific behavioural and emotional disorders. The results also support the utility of an approach that combines knowledge about emotion language from the psychological and linguistic literature. It argues for an expansion of our knowledge about the development of the lexicon for emotions and other syntactic and pragmatic linguistic competencies that are important for conceptualising emotions in language. Such an expansion is crucial to investigating associations between early emotional competencies assessed through language and later outcomes in terms of behavioural, emotional and social difficulties.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
Full Text
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Sinclair, H. E. "Trait emotional intelligence and borderline personality disorder". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/855096/.
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Part 1: The Literature Review explores the association between Trait Emotional Intelligence (TEl) and emotion regulation (ER). Twenty-four studies met the review's inclusion criteria and their contributions to the TEl and ER literature are discussed. The studies suggest that high TEl is linked with a greater sensitivity to emotional information and enhanced ER ability. The review concludes that TEl may be an interesting and important concept for further investigation, especially in populations with ER difficulties. Part 2: The Empirical Paper explores the associations between TEl, ER difficulties, and mindfulness ability in those with and without a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). TEl, ER difficulty, and mindfulness scores were found to be correlated for the entire sample. Individuals with a diagnosis of BPD reported statistically significantly lower TEl, greater difficulties in ER and reduced mindfulness skills compared to the Non-Clinical sample. The research and clinical implications of the study, along with its limitations, are discussed. Part 3: The Critical Appraisal reflects on the personal motivations for the research. In addition, process issues which arose from the research are discussed. Finally, in reference to the clinical implications of the study, further areas for investigation are considered and recommendations made.
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Grace, Caitlin Claire. "Daily emotional functioning in social anxiety disorder". Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2020. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/23c87a3ccf87b7ce7728c9888ab2357b6717eec01a257150bb8e67fdb20452a0/16161055/Grace_2020_Daily_emotional_functioning_in_social_anxiety_Redacted.pdf.
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Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is characterised by fear or anxiety around potential judgement, scrutiny and negative evaluation by others in social situations. For those with the disorder, social engagement can lead to considerable distress and functional impairment in daily life. Therefore, how individuals with SAD respond to stress, specifically social stress, is of particular importance to the understanding and treatment of the disorder. Much of the existing SAD research has been conducted in the laboratory setting, which provides optimal experimental control but offers little insight into how the disorder plays out in daily life. The symptoms of SAD are context-dependent and fluctuate over time, making them difficult to assess realistically in the laboratory or using retrospective reporting. Ambulatory assessment could deepen our understanding of the symptoms and experiences of those with SAD through frequent assessments in their naturally occurring environment. However, it is difficult to capture how individuals with SAD respond to social stressors using a traditional ambulatory assessment design, as SAD is associated with avoidance of such situations in daily life. This thesis examined the acute social stress response of those with SAD in daily life. A standardised lab-induced social stressor was embedded within an ambulatory assessment design to study the effect of acute social stress on naturalistic subjective and physiological stress responding among individuals with SAD (n = 40) and healthy controls (n = 41). After completing two days of baseline daily life assessment, participants were informed that they would complete a social stress task (the Trier Social Stress Test; TSST) in two days’ time. Following the TSST, participants continued with daily life assessment for an additional two days. This distinguished the anticipatory (days prior to TSST), acute (during the TSST protocol) and recovery (days after TSST) phases of stress responding. Subjective responses were assessed using a smartphone app called SEMA and physiological responses were collected on three days (once during each phase) through ambulatory saliva sampling. The first empirical study of this thesis (Study 1, Chapter 6) reports on the acute social stress response to the TSST assessed in the lab, compared between individuals with SAD versus healthy controls. The second large scale empirical study (Study 2, Chapter 7) reports the results of naturalistic responding to the TSST in daily life, captured using ambulatory assessment, in the same participants. Results from the two empirical studies demonstrated that overall individuals with SAD reported a significantly worse experience across all measures of affect, self-esteem and threatawareness when compared to healthy controls. Between group comparison during the anticipation of social stress in daily life found those with SAD responded with increased anxiety, reduced happiness and less appearance satisfaction, when compared to healthy controls and baseline. In response to social stress, SAD individuals responded with increased stress sensitivity in their subjective experience in the lab and outside of the lab in daily life, seen in the increased anxiety and anger, reduced happiness and less appearance satisfaction reported during the recovery from a social stressor, compared to healthy controls. However, between group comparison revealed no physiological (salivary cortisol) differences were observed between SAD and healthy controls in either the lab or daily life settings. Overall, this thesis adds novel information to the understanding of SAD, especially to the subjective and physiological experience of SAD in daily life in response to social stress. This thesis supports models of SAD that highlight cognitive, psychological and behavioural factors in the aetiology and maintenance of the disorder. Lastly, this thesis provides a valuable source in the form of a laboratory manual (see Chapter 5) to ease the application of implementing the TSST by other researchers.
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金兆儀 i Siu-yee Josephine Kam. "The interrelationship among hyperactivity, defiance and emotional disorder". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975884.
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Nicol, Katie. "Social and emotional processing in borderline personality disorder". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19537.
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Objective Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a common and serious mental illness, associated with severe emotional dysregulation, a high risk of suicide and self-harm. Those with a diagnosis of BPD often display difficulties with social interaction, making daily life problematic, and sufferers can struggle to form and maintain interpersonal relationships. Childhood trauma is believed to contribute to the development of BPD, however the mechanism by which childhood trauma increases risk for specific symptoms of the disorder is not well understood. Here, we investigate the ability of participants with a diagnosis of BPD to make social judgements and recognise emotions from facial stimuli. We also explore the relationship between childhood trauma, brain structure, and brain activation in response to emotional stimuli. Methods Individuals with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, as well as matched healthy controls, were recruited to take part in a neuropsychology study of emotion recognition and social judgement from faces. Participants also underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, during which data was collected for analysis of brain structure, and brain function in response to emotional faces. In addition, all participants completed a structured clinical interview and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Results Individuals with a diagnosis of BPD were less well able to correctly identify facial emotions than healthy control participants (p < 0.001), with a particular deficit in the recognition of disgust (p = 0.001). Those with BPD also had difficulty making appropriate social judgements about others from their faces, and between group differences were greatest for judgements of approachability (p = 0.004) and trustworthiness (p = 0.014). Significant correlations were identified between CTQ scores and performance on both tasks in the BPD group. Although no structural brain differences were noted between the BPD group and healthy controls, we found that brain activation correlated to childhood trauma in midbrain, pulvinar and medial frontal gyrus to fearful (versus neutral) faces. There was a significant association between incidence of abuse in childhood and psychotic symptoms in adulthood. In addition, there was a significant correlation between midbrain activation and reported psychotic symptoms in the BPD group, suggesting a potential relationship between childhood trauma, midbrain activity and the development of psychotic symptoms in those with a diagnosis of BPD. Conclusion Abuse in childhood is associated with impaired social and emotional function, as well as increased activation of a network of brain regions in response to emotional stimuli in BPD. Brain abnormalities in BPD appear to be confined to functional activation changes, rather than structural changes, in regions associated with emotional and social information processing. In addition, childhood trauma is correlated with increased psychotic symptoms in adulthood. These results provide striking evidence for the involvement of childhood adversity in the development of symptoms of BPD, and suggest a possible mechanism by which psychotic symptoms may occur.
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Kam, Siu-yee Josephine. "The interrelationship among hyperactivity, defiance and emotional disorder". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12390112.
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Siwiec, Sebastian, i University of Lethbridge Faculty of Education. "Emotional cycles maintaining trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) across subtypes". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Education, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3428.
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The emotions associated with initiating, maintaining, and reinforcing hairpulling disorder
(trichotillomania) were studied. Studies conducted have only looked at small community
or inpatient samples, and little is known about the interplay of hairpulling subtypes and
emotions. For this study, 427 participants completed an online questionnaire around their
hairpulling subtype, severity, emotions experienced by hairpulling, and comorbid anxiety
and depression. Using the Milwaukee Inventory for Subtypes of Trichotillomania-Adult
Version (MIST-A; Flessner, Woods, Franklin, Cashin, & Keuthen, 2008), this is the first
study to address the regulation of emotions across subtypes. Participants were divided as
either high- or low-focused and either high- or low automatic. Significant differences
between hairpulling subtypes and hairpulling severity were reported. Subtypes differed
in the severity they experienced emotions; individuals with high-focused pulling reported
more intense negative emotions, and a greater number of emotions regulated by pulling.
Positive emotions⎯happiness, relief, and calm⎯were also found to play a significant
role in reinforcing hairpulling. For high-focused subtypes, negative emotions before- and
after-pulling were associated with greater severity, indicating that altering negative
emotions via pulling plays an important role for high-focused subtypes. High-focused
subtypes also reported higher stress, depression and anxiety than either automatic
subtypes or the general population, and were found to have anxiety and depression
significantly associated with hairpulling severity and experiencing negative emotions that
initiated hairpulling. Clinical and treatment implications, study limitations, and areas of future research are discussedxviii, 227 leaves ; 29 cm
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Kerr, Natalie. "Exploring emotional bias, anxiety and attentional deficits in bipolar disorder". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497542.
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Clifton, Erin G. "Optimizing Emotional Engagement in Imaginal Exposure for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1462547657.
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Snyder, Casey Elizabeth. "Distress Tolerance and Emotional Disorder Symptoms among Racial/ethnic Minorities". W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1499450074.
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There is a wealth of research indicating that members of minority groups (e.g. according to race/ethnicity, religious beliefs, sexual orientation) are at risk of experiencing greater negative psychological outcomes than their majority counterparts. It is important to determine the underpinnings of these negative experiences in order to understand their etiology, as well as to determine the most effective course of treatment. Distress tolerance (DT) has been a focus of recent clinical research as it has been associated with a number of psychological disorders, including anxiety, depression, and substance misuse. Although it has been found to act as a buffer against symptoms of psychopathology in white majority samples, DT has not been fully examined among racial/ethnic minority populations. The aim of the current study was to fill this void by determining whether DT protects individuals from racial/ethnic minority groups against emotional disorder symptomology in the same way it does for individuals from the white majority. Results from this study did not indicate a significant difference in DT between racial groups. Additionally, we did not find a significant interaction between DT and group membership to predict emotional disorder symptoms.
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Kittel, Rebekka, Anne Brauhardt i Anja Hilbert. "Cognitive and emotional functioning in BED". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-205284.
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Objective: Binge-eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and is associated with eating disorder and general psychopathology and overweight/obesity. Deficits in cognitive and emotional functioning for eating disorders or obesity have been reported. However, a systematic review on cognitive and emotional functioning for individuals with BED is lacking.
Method: A systematic literature search was conducted across three databases (Medline, PubMed, and PsycINFO). Overall, n = 57 studies were included in the present review.
Results: Regarding cognitive functioning, individuals with BED consistently demonstrated higher information processing biases compared to obese and normal-weight controls in the context of disorder-related stimuli (i.e., food and body cues), whereas cognitive functioning in the context of neutral stimuli appeared to be less affected. Thus, results suggest disorder-related rather than general difficulties in cognitive functioning in BED. With respect to emotional functioning, individuals with BED reported difficulties similar to individuals with other eating disorders, with a tendency to show less severe difficulties in some domains. In addition, individuals with BED reported greater emotional deficits when compared to obese and normal-weight controls. Findings suggest general difficulties in emotional functioning in BED. Thus far, however, investigations of emotional functioning in disorder-relevant situations are lacking.
Discussion: Overall, the cross-sectional findings indicate BED to be associated with difficulties in cognitive and emotional functioning. Future research should determine the nature of these difficulties, in regards to general and disorder-related stimuli, and consider interactions of both domains to foster the development and improvement of appropriate interventions in BED.
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Yoon, Sunkyung. "Depression and Choice of Emotional Stimuli". Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7111.
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Recent research argued that people with major depressive disorder (MDD) tend to prefer sad stimuli because they want to upregulate their sad feelings. This paper aims to examine investigate the choice of emotional stimuli among those who have MDD, compared to individuals without MDD (healthy controls, HC), and explore the reasons for their choice. Seventy six female university students (38 per group) completed three tasks: 1) In the replication music task, participants listened to happy, neutral, and sad music excerpts, chose the one they wanted to listen most, and reported the reasons of their choice. 2) The Emotional Stimuli Selection Task (ESST)’s music task considered different intensity levels and another negative emotion (fear). Participants listened to 84 pairs of music clips and decided which one they would prefer to listen to. 3) In the ESST’s image task, the same procedure was run with images.
In the replication music task, MDD status predicted a greater likelihood of choosing sad music. However, compared to before listening, the MDD reported feeling more happiness and less sadness after listening to their chosen music. In addition, inconsistent with a motivation to upregulate persons with MDD singled out low intensity as their most frequently reported reason for choosing sad music. Results from the ESST’s music task showed that the MDD preferred low intense music, compared to the HC. These results suggested that the MDD may prefer sad stimuli not because they want to augment their sad feeling, but because they desire low intensity experiences. The MDD’s reduced preference for happy stimuli, relative to the HC, was found across ESST tasks. Implications as well as limitations of the study were discussed.
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O'Carroll, Pierce. "Dual emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder : three single case studies". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246964.
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Fredman, Steffany Jane Baucom Donald H. "Emotional involvement/overinvolvement in the relatives of patients with bipolar disorder". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1460.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology Clinical Psychology." Discipline: Psychology; Department/School: Psychology.
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Postlethwaite, Adam. "The emotional experience of hoarding disorder : an exploration using Q methodology". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21518/.
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The current thesis consists of a literature review and meta-analysis, and a research study. The literature review aimed to synthesise and summarise the hoarding disorder (HD) prevalence evidence base. A systematic search was conducted to identify all relevant studies. A random effects meta-analysis was then conducted, with subgroup moderator analysis and meta-regression. Eleven studies, comprising of twelve samples met criteria (n = 53,378). The pooled estimated prevalence for HD was 2.5% (1.7% to 3.6%). There was significant heterogeneity between studies, and subgroup analyses were inconclusive. Studies were predominantly from developed countries and were at low risk of bias. The pooled estimate of HD indicates that HD is an infrequently occurring diagnosis. Guidance on the manner in which HD is assessed in future prevalence studies is provided and the clinical implications of the results discussed. The research study aimed to explore emotions in participants prone to hoarding using Q-methodology. Forty-nine statements related to emotions in hoarding were generated following thematic analysis of two initial interviews. Forty-four participants (34 online, 10 offline) completed Q-sorts of the statements alongside a battery of psychometric measures. A by-person factor analysis was conducted and the clusters compared on the psychometric measures. Three participants failed to meet caseness for HD, a further seven failed to cluster. Four distinct participant clusters consisting a total n = 34 participants were identified: “emotionally overwhelmed” (n = 11); “social emotions” (n = 13); “object complexity” (n = 6); “object-affect fusion” (n = 4). The clusters identified did not differ significantly on measures of hoarding severity, anxiety, depression, and impulsivity. Complex emotions appear to be a significant component of HD. The four participant clusters elicited appeared to accurately reflect current research. This demonstrates significant emotional heterogeneity amongst people that hoard and so highlights the need for further research.
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Suzuki, Akiko. "Emotional processing in mood disorder : clarifying the role of childhood trauma". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/emotional-processing-in-mood-disorder-clarifying-the-role-of-childhood-trauma(2a053bd9-a76a-4399-a128-41e2ee94f1a9).html.
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Epidemiological studies suggest a high prevalence of depression in those who have experienced trauma and abuse in childhood. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the functional mechanisms of altered emotional processing that play a mediatory role in this causal relationship between childhood trauma and depression. From the perspectives of different scientific disciplines - psychophysiology, neuroendocrinology and behavioural psychology- emotional resilience and vulnerability to depression were investigated in order to consider different developmental pathways to psychopathology. A total of 83 participants (29 male: 54 female) were recruited for this project. Emotional processing styles were concurrently examined using three different experimental measures, namely startle responses to emotional images (Experiment 1), cortisol responses to emotional images (Experiment 2), and facial emotion recognition (Experiment 3). These measures were undertaken in a cross-sectional study comprising four groups: healthy individuals with (N = 17) and without a history of childhood trauma (N = 24) and depressed patients with (N = 23) and without a history of childhood trauma (N = 19). All the experiments were conducted at the same day and with the same order (Experiment 3 follows Experiment 1) for each participant. During those experimental sessions saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol levels for Experiment 2. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine possible roles of emotional processing styles examined in these experimental measures mediating the relationship between childhood trauma and depression. Experiment 1) demonstrated strong normal affective startle modulation in healthy abused individuals contrasting with its absence in depressed individuals. Experiment 2) demonstrated lower cortisol reactivity to emotional images in those with a history of abuse but no differences between healthy and depressed abused individuals. Experiment 3) demonstrated more errors in recognising negative facial emotions but fewer errors on positive facial emotions within healthy abused individuals relative to healthy non-abused individuals. An opposite pattern of more errors in recognising positive facial emotions but few errors on negative facial emotions was found within depressed abused individuals relative to depressed non-abused individuals. The results from the mediation analyses found that suppressed startle amplitudes mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and depression and were a marker of vulnerability to depression, whereas the absence of this marker was associated with resilience to depression. However, the same analyses on cortisol reactivity and facial emotion recognition did not demonstrate significant mediation in the relationship between childhood trauma and depression. The results of the study suggest that the retention of a normal affective startle modulation and the development of a positive bias in the recognition of facial emotions are implicated as functional mechanisms that render abused individuals resistant to depression. Reduced cortisol stress reactivity, that may reflect adrenocortical abnormality, was found in abused individuals. The identification of these cognitive resilience factors that may be able to compensate for long-lasting effects of childhood trauma has important implications for the future design of the psychological treatments targeted specifically at the patient population with a history of childhood trauma.
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Pagmert, Sylvester. "Recognition and emotional valence of isolated gestures in autism spectrum disorder". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8287.
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Earlier research has repeatedly shown that individuals with autism spectrum disorders are significantly impaired in emotional recognition of biological motion. This study adopted an approach where the typically developed and the autistic participants rated emotional valence and recognition of isolated gestures in Point-light display. Results revealed that participant groups did not differ in their emotional valence of the gestures but differed in recognition of the gestures. The method of using isolated gestures in Point-light display has not been used in autism emotional research earlier and this paper functions as a pilot of this technique. The results are discussed from a perspective that individuals with autism perceive the world differently and hence understand and interact differently with the world.
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Harvey, Shanice D. "AN EVALUATION OF THE GOOD BEHAVIOR GAME USING AN INTERDEPENDENT GROUP CONTINGENCY WITH MIDDLE-SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH EBD". OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2293.
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The present study evaluated the effectiveness of an interdependent group contingency commonly referred to as the “good behavior game” (GBG) on reducing disruptive behaviors in a dedicated classroom for students with emotional behavioral disorder (EBD). The participants were four eighth-grade middle school students, with a primary diagnosis of EBD. The intervention targeted inappropriate and disruptive behaviors during two class periods (math and science), as well appropriate alternative behaviors. The class was divided into two teams, with the four participants divided evenly amongst both teams. If a team met the criterion for both inappropriate and appropriate behavior during experimental sessions, each team member received an edible reinforcer (candy). In addition, teams that met the weekly goal of winning the most games earned a trip to a classroom with younger peers to participate in a social activity (pizza party, movie and popcorn, etc.). The results indicated a decrease in inappropriate behaviors, as well as an increase in appropriate behaviors. The results suggested that the GBG is a beneficial group interdependent contingency that can be implemented in many classroom settings, including an alternative EBD middle school classroom. .
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Mangione, Christy L. Landau Steven E. "Boys with ADHD in frustrating peer competition towards a theory of behavioral disinhibition and emotional reactivity /". Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p3064483.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2001.Title from title page screen, viewed April 6, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Steven Landau (chair), David F. Patton Barone, Thomas Critchfield, Laura A. Berk, Brian Wilkinson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-96) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Williams-Britt, Leslie DeAnn. "Teachers' Lived Experiences of a Positive Intervention on Emotional Behavior Disorder Students". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5291.
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Champions for Change Mentorship Program (CFCMP) was implemented to address the academic and social struggles of emotional behavior disorder (EBD) students. The problem was that although the passing of the California Assembly Bill 1729, called the Other Means of Correction law, had prompted a greater need for positive behavior intervention support at Tier 2 and Tier 3 levels, implementation of the CFCMP continued to generate serious concerns involving students with behavior issues. The conceptual framework for this study is Bandura's social learning theory which guided CFCMP to incorporate cognitive and observational learning to develop academically and socially sound students with EBD who can function appropriately in the educational setting. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the essence of the lived experiences of teachers in regard to the implementation of CFCMP as an effective behavioral strategy. The guiding research question explored the essence of the lived experience of elementary teachers who have implemented CFCMP. Using a qualitative phenomenological research design, data were gathered from face-to-face interviews and observations of 6 participants. Data analysis revealed 4 common themes including training, time management, communication, and lack of administrative support were used to identify commonalities and differences in the participants' lived experiences and perspectives on the needs of EBD students involved in CFCMP. Research findings showed a lack of organization of CFCMP and the need for intensive training for teachers. Positive social change will result from a 3-day professional development providing the study's findings and procedures teachers can use to assist EBD students in modifying behaviors to improve their educational achievement and that of their classmates.
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Baker, Pamela 1962. "The Use of Self-Management Strategies in the Treatment of Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278089/.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self-management strategies as a means of reducing off-task and disruptive behaviors of elementary school children identified as emotionally disturbed or behavior disordered (E/BD). This study provided a practical approach for classroom teachers to implement self-management strategies in classes that include children identified as having E/BD.
Five elementary school children who were formally evaluated and enrolled in a special education classroom for students with E/BD were selected to participate in the study. The study also examined the effects of the self-management procedures when targeted behaviors were monitored by peers. Four resource students from the regular education class served as peer monitors.
An ABAB reversal design was used to assess the effectiveness of the self-management strategy in the special education classroom. A behavior rating scale was used at the beginning of the study to develop a baseline of student behavior and during the final phase of the intervention to measure progress.
The data indicated that the self-management strategies decreased the levels off-task and disruptive behaviors for all participating students. The findings of this study substantiates previous research that suggests self-management techniques help student to manage their own behaviors.
28
Joseph, Stephen A. "Attributions and emotional processing in victims of major disaster". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327117.
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List-Kerz, Michelle. "Investigating cognitive and emotional disinhibition in children with ADHD : observations of responses to emotionally provoking events /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17172.pdf.
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Gaigg, Sebastain B. "The role of emotional processes in the development of autism spectrum disorder". Thesis, City University London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514492.
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Madore, Michelle R. "Functional Role of the Cerebellar Vermis in Emotional Processing in Bipolar Disorder". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1352403019.
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Stoeser, Casey J. "Expressive suppression : relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and emotional experience /". Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456295331&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Clifton, Erin G. "Anger and Guilt in Treatment for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1347196179.
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Cox, Michelle, i shelleyjcox@hotmail com. "Attentional bias effects following trauma exposure comparison of emotional Stroop and emotional lexical decision task paradigms". Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20051130.132059.
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Attentional bias effects for threat and emotional words were investigated, using both the emotional Stroop and emotional lexical decision paradigms. Twenty-eight controls and twenty-eight survivors of sexual assault participated in this study, which comprised three key comparisons. First, key predictions of the threat and emotionality hypotheses were compared, in particular specific and general threat effects, and positive and negative emotionality effects. Second, two separate group comparisons were conducted, specifically controls versus survivors of sexual assault overall, and a matched subset of controls versus PTSD positive survivors of sexual assault versus PTSD negative survivors of sexual assault. Third, performance on the emotional Stroop task and emotional lexical decision task paradigms were compared directly. Slowed colour naming responses (i.e. interference) were observed for both threat effects and emotionality effects in the emotional Stroop task. For the emotional lexical decision task, slowed lexical decisions (i.e. interference) were observed for threat effects, whereas speeded lexical decisions (i.e. facilitation) were observed for emotionality effects. The findings of the current study indicate that threat and emotionality effects may co-exist in both control and survivor populations. The relationship between the presence or absence of PTSD symptoms and threat and emotionality effects requires further investigation with larger sample sizes. There may be a relationship between the presence of PTSD symptoms and specific threat effects, however the findings of the current study for general threat information were inconclusive. No relationship was evident between the presence of absence of PTSD symptoms and positive or negative emotionality effects. The current findings suggest that the emotional Stroop task may be better suited to quantifying threat effects but not emotionality effects, whereas the emotional lexical decision task appears to be able to quantify both threat and emotionality effects.
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Schulze, Lars [Verfasser]. "Emotional instability in Borderline personality disorder : evidence for disturbances in the processing and regulation of emotions / Lars Schulze". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1026992141/34.
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Seaberg, Capri Annissa. "The Effects of Social Communication Intervention on Emotion Inferencing in Children with Developmental Language Disorder". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6874.
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Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) often face problems in areas of social communication including negotiating with peers, entering ongoing interactions, and engaging in conflict resolution. A potential cause of these social communication difficulties is the decreased ability to make emotional inferences. This thesis investigates the effects of a social communication intervention on the ability of school-aged children with DLD to make inferences about emotions. Five children with DLD between the ages of 6;10 and 12;4 participated in a social communication intervention that highlighted principles of emotion understanding (recognizing emotions in facial expressions, inferring emotions with contextual information, and discussing reasoning behind emotions) using story books to illustrate concepts. Data were gathered before and after intervention using a psychometrically balanced measure of emotional inferencing ability. Results revealed notable improvements in three of the participants and consistent performance in two of the participants baseline to follow-up. While performance on the emotional inferencing task varied due to multiple factors, the participants that showed improvement produced real growth which encourages future research to be conducted.
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Kittel, Rebekka, Anne Brauhardt i Anja Hilbert. "Cognitive and emotional functioning in BED". International Journal of Eating Disorders (2015) 48, 6, S. 535-554, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14776.
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Objective: Binge-eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and is associated with eating disorder and general psychopathology and overweight/obesity. Deficits in cognitive and emotional functioning for eating disorders or obesity have been reported. However, a systematic review on cognitive and emotional functioning for individuals with BED is lacking.
Method: A systematic literature search was conducted across three databases (Medline, PubMed, and PsycINFO). Overall, n = 57 studies were included in the present review.
Results: Regarding cognitive functioning, individuals with BED consistently demonstrated higher information processing biases compared to obese and normal-weight controls in the context of disorder-related stimuli (i.e., food and body cues), whereas cognitive functioning in the context of neutral stimuli appeared to be less affected. Thus, results suggest disorder-related rather than general difficulties in cognitive functioning in BED. With respect to emotional functioning, individuals with BED reported difficulties similar to individuals with other eating disorders, with a tendency to show less severe difficulties in some domains. In addition, individuals with BED reported greater emotional deficits when compared to obese and normal-weight controls. Findings suggest general difficulties in emotional functioning in BED. Thus far, however, investigations of emotional functioning in disorder-relevant situations are lacking.
Discussion: Overall, the cross-sectional findings indicate BED to be associated with difficulties in cognitive and emotional functioning. Future research should determine the nature of these difficulties, in regards to general and disorder-related stimuli, and consider interactions of both domains to foster the development and improvement of appropriate interventions in BED.
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Athan, Donna Michelle, i n/a. "Topographic distribution of human brain activity associated with cognitive processing in anxiety disorders". Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060904.115700.
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Increased attention towards threatening stimuli in both the external and internal
environments is thought to be a factor in the causation and maintenance of pathological
anxiety. Attentional biases for threatening information have been demonstrated in anxiety
disorders, however the cortical mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this investigation,
an Emotional Stroop task consisting of neutral, positive, depression-related and anxietyrelated
words, was used to investigate attentional biases in 14 Panic Disorder patients and
32 psychiatrically healthy controls. The standard colour-word Stroop was also performed
to determine whether any general cognitive deficits exist in Panic Disorder. Steady-state
probe topography (SSPT), a brain electrical activity imaging methodology, was used to
investigate participants' brain activity during performance of the tasks. It was hypothesised
that Panic Disorder is associated with specific biases for disorder-specific information and
thus patients would exhibit increased interference for anxiety-related words only, compared
to neutral words. Mean reaction times for the Standard Stroop was similar for the two
groups. For the Emotional Stroop task, neither group showed an interference effect for any
emotional category. However, Panic Disorder patients performed the Emotional Stroop
significantly more slowly than the Controls. The SSPT data suggest that the Standard and
Emotional Stroop tasks are associated with different patterns of brain activity in the Control
and Panic Disorder groups despite the similarities in the reaction time data. Specifically,
the Standard Stroop was marked by strong temporo-parietal excitation in the Panic Disorder
group only. In addition, anterior SSVEP patterns further differentiated between the Control
and Panic Disorder groups. The most striking finding for the Emotional Stroop was strong
sustained bilateral temporo-parieto-occipital excitation in the Panic Disorder group. In
addition, a subgroup of the Controls exhibited increased interference for anxiety-related
words and therefore the brain activity for this group and the remainder of Controls who did
not show interference was analysed separately. It was found that the presence of
interference for anxiety-related words was associated with right prefrontal inhibition prior
to response. Other time-varying changes in the SSVEP further distinguished between the
subgroup of Controls who showed an interference effect and those who did not.
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Horner, Cheyene Kayrene. "A Disorder of Dysregulation: An Examination of Emotional and Pupillary Reactivity in Response to Interpersonal Exclusion in Borderline Personality Disorder". Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1624365033281449.
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Dobbs, Jennifer Lynn. "SELF-DAMAGING BEHAVIORS IN BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER: A FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF SELF-HARM, SUBSTANCE USE, AND DISORDERED EATING BEHAVIORS". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/57450.
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PsychologyPh.D.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is an enduring personality disorder marked by severe self-damaging behaviors such as self-harm, substance use, and disordered eating behaviors. This study examined the emotional antecedents and consequences of self-damaging behavior (self-harm, binge drinking, substance use, and disordered eating behavior) among individualls who report features of BPD to assess the function of these behaviors. Additionally, this study examined whether self-reported difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the relationship between features of BPD and the presence of self-damaging behavior. Results from this study found support for the use of self-harm, drugs use, and disordered eating behavior to regulate emotional experiences and all forms of self-damaging behavior were found to significantly increase the presence of pleasant emotional experiences. The function of self-damaging behavior remains stable, regardless of whether the behavior occurs in isolation or co-occurs with other self-damaging behaviors. In addition, higher rates of polysubstance use were found for individuals with features of BPD compared to those without. Higher rates of difficulties in emotion regulation were found to be associated with features of BPD and the presence of self-damaging behavior was found to partially mediate the relationship between the two constructs. Findings from this study have substantial implications for the conceptualization and treatment of self-damaging behavior in individuals with BPD.
Temple University--Theses
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Steptoe, Lesley. "Attachment, childhood adversity, emotional problems and personality disorder in offenders with mild intellectual disability". Thesis, Abertay University, 2011. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/8cf71f7d-4ee7-4729-8cb8-14ad401a61df.
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The aim of this research is to examine attachment in offenders with mild intellectual disability. Insecure attachment is evidenced as a developmental risk factor with regard to antisociality, in the mainstream population. However there is a dearth of evidence with regard to attachment and the development of antisociality in offenders with intellectual disability (ID). Differences in lifespan development and cognitive limitations may affect the development of attachment bonds in this group. This research explores attachment (measured retrospectively in childhood), relationships to perceived parenting, emotion and personality pathology in offenders with ID. Adaptation of an existing self report measure (Relationship Questionnaire) (RQ) resulted in the development of the ‘Adapted Relationship Questionnaire’ (ARQ). To test construct validity and reliability the ARQ and the RQ were administered to 60 university student participants. Participants rated each questionnaire with regard to retrospective childhood attachment, 41 additional participants filled in the ARQ only. No significant differences were found between categorical attachment ratings of attachment on the RQ and ARQ. A test of construct validity showed convergence between the ‘Fearful Avoidant’ and ‘Preoccupied’ attachment styles. Principal Components Analysis (Direct Oblimin) resulted in a three factor solution for the ARQ of ‘Secure’, ‘Anxious Avoidant and ‘Dismissing Avoidant’ attachment styles which showed Cronbach’s Alpha ratings of .69, .87 and .84 respectively. A control group (n25) of participants with mild ID, who had no offending history, and a group of offenders with ID (n38) completed the ARQ. Background, forensic and childhood adversity information was gathered from file review for offenders. The Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) was completed by offenders with mild ID and the Emotional Problem Solving (EPS) scale and Interpersonal Adjectives Scale (IAS) was completed by clinical staff involved in the support of the participant. Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorder was assessed by consensus rating from file review, clinicians ratings, observational ratings of staff and staff interview using the Structured Assessment of Personality (SAP). Consensus agreement was attained from three sources of the assessment sources before the particular PD trait was rated positively. Assessment of emotion in controls was carried out using the Dundee Provocation Inventory (DPI) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Results show no significant differences in attachment style relative to gender or comparison between offender and controls of non offenders with ID or offenders compared to mainstream student participants. No significant relationships were found between attachment style and childhood adversity. Orderly relationships were found within the 'Secure' attachment style with positively relationships to 'Optimal Parental Care', ratings of 'Self Esteem' and level of submissiveness and compliance within interpersonal styles. The insecure 'Anxious Avoidant' attachment style related positively to the low care/high protection parenting style with negative relationships to dimensional ratings of care within the parental relationship and submissiveness and compliance within ratings of interpersonal style. The insecure 'Dismissing Avoidant' attachment style in offenders with ID showed a negative relationship to optimal parenting and a positive relationship to a verbally aggressive, coercive interpersonal style and also antisocial personality disorder. Only two participants were allocated a diagnosis of Borderline personality disorder which did not facilitate quantitative statistical analysis of this group. Within the control group 'Secure' attachment style appeared to be a protective factor to emotional difficulties, and was positively related to the perception of optimal parenting and care received in childhood but not parental protection. The insecure 'Anxious Avoidant' attachment style appeared to act as a risk factor to the development of emotional difficulties. No significant relationships were found between the 'Dismissing Avoidant' style and emotional problems.
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Sabaini, Keely Deanna. "Evaluating the Impact of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders". OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1202.
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The present study examined the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as a core behavior modification method on students with severe behavior disorders. A pre/posttest design was implemented and both control and treatment groups were exposed to testing measures. Students in the treatment group were exposed to ACT as well as contingency based classroom management, and a token economy in an attempt to increase grade point average (GPA), days in attendance, and psychological flexibility. Results are discussed regarding the increase in GPA and attendance, and levels of psychological flexibility are also elaborated upon. Limitations, implications, and future research are also discussed.
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Copestake, Claudia Catarina. "The impact of experiential avoidance on reduced positive emotional responsivity in post traumatic stress disorder". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15419.
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Experiential avoidance (EA), or the evasion of unpleasant internal experiences, is key to changes in emotional responsivity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). EA has been linked to altered negative emotional reactivity in PTSD, but it remains unclear whether EA is linked to altered positive reactivity in PTSD, i.e. anhedonia. Therefore the study examined how manipulating EA influences emotional responsiveness in a non-clinical adult population (N=74). Positive emotion reactivity (self-report and psychophysiology) was measured before and after viewing a laboratory analogue trauma induction, with half of participants instructed to adopt the detached protector (DP) mode as an example of EA during trauma viewing and half of participants in an uninstructed control condition. Following the DP mode instructions reduced negative emotion experience during the trauma induction, relative to the control condition. However counter to prediction, there was no carry over onto blunted positive emotion experience or psychophysiological response in the experimental condition (relative to the control condition) when recalling positive memories and imagining positive future events. No significant relationships were identified between trait EA levels and anhedonia symptoms or pre-manipulation positive emotional responsiveness in the laboratory. Overall, the current findings offer no support for the hypothesis that EA contributes to anhedonia.
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Skirrow, Caroline. "Investigating emotional lability in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : an integrative approach". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-emotional-lability-in-adults-with-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder(0b4d431d-c26f-4238-99a9-dcd88db26771).html.
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Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) frequently report emotional lability (EL: irritable moods with volatile and changeable emotions). Little is known about the clinical and behavioural features, or neurobiological correlates of EL in ADHD. The current thesis takes an integrative approach, using a diversity of methodologies to characterise EL, and examine the nature of its association with ADHD. All analyses are based on data from the MIRIAD project, a case-control study of 88 adult males: 47 controls, and 41 with ADHD without comorbidity, medication or current substance abuse. The study incorporated reassessment after treatment with methylphenidate in ADHD participants, with matched follow-up for controls. The first part of this thesis examined the clinical and behavioural features of EL using self-report measures and ambulatory monitoring. Results indicated significantly elevated EL in adults with ADHD, characterized by higher intensity and instability of negative emotions. Enhanced EL was not accounted for by antisocial behaviour, subthreshold comorbid symptomatology, and adverse life events. ADHD symptoms and EL were moderately correlated, and EL independently predicted a host of daily life impairments. The second part of this thesis focused on identifying aetiological factors which may underpin both EL and ADHD, by exploring cognitive and neurophysiological deficits associated with ADHD and self-reported EL, and examining shared treatment response. Swift emotional changes were predicted by within-subject variability in reaction time, whilst EL characterized by negative emotions was associated with behavioural and neurophysiological indices of inhibitory function. Although ADHD symptoms and EL correlated moderately in their treatment response, treatment response of cognitive measures and EL were not correlated. The research presented here has implications for the identification and treatment of ADHD in adulthood in the context of elevated EL and mood symptoms. Results from cognitive and neurophysiological investigations present some promising avenues for further examining shared neurobiology of EL and ADHD.
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Northover, Clare. "Emotional functioning in boys with ADHD : identifying risk factors for comorbid Conduct Disorder". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/87407/.
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There is growing evidence that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) accompanied by Conduct Disorder (CD) is biologically as well as clinically distinctive. This subgroup shows greater symptom severity and poorer long-term prognosis than those with either CD or ADHD alone. The aim of the thesis is to build on existing neurobiological and emotional processing research and to identify mediators of risk for CD problems in ADHD, thereby highlighting targets for future intervention strategies. This thesis involved in-depth experimental testing of emotion processing and physiological responding to emotion-provoking stimuli in a large clinical sample of boys with ADHD (N=204). About half of the sample met diagnostic criteria for a comorbid diagnosis of CD enabling us to compare emotional and physiological responding between these two groups (ADHD vs. ADHD+CD). This large sample also enabled us to analyse the contributing effects of callous and unemotional traits, oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and internalizing emotionality, as well as looking at the effects of symptom severity of CD and ADHD. Each experimental chapter analysed responses to a different source of aversive cue. Pain sensitivity was assessed by looking at self-reported threshold and tolerance times and comparing these against increases in skin conductance level. Fear conditioning ability was analysed, looking at physiological responding to predict an aversive event. Stress reactivity was analysed by measuring emotional and cortisol responses to a psychosocial stressor and emotion regulation was assessed using an economic decision-making game. The findings showed that boys with ADHD and comorbid CD differed significantly in their emotional and physiological responding to those with ADHD alone. The boys with CD had more problems in learning fear associations, a weaker cortisol stress response, and a higher pain threshold and longer tolerance time, reflecting lowered pain sensitivity. Boys with high levels of aggressive CD symptoms also showed emotion regulation difficulties causing increased irrational decision making. This highlights the importance of treating ADHD as a heterogeneous condition and of analysing the effects of comorbid disorders to help ensure that limited resources in the healthcare, social care and criminal justice systems are utilised more effectively and efficiently.
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Panaite, Vanessa. "A Cross-Methodological Investigation of Emotional Reactivity in Major Depression". Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6345.
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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is primarily characterized by prevalent sadness and anhedonia. Laboratory studies find that depression is characterized by reduced reactivity across emotional contexts, while a few studies using naturalistic designs find that depressed people show normative reactivity to negative life events and mood brightening in response to positive events. The current study was an investigation of emotional reactivity in depression through the use of experimental and naturalistic designs. This allowed for an investigation of sources of lab-life discrepancies in emotional functioning in depression, including negative affect (NA) regulation. We examined experiential reactivity across contexts and types of stimuli in 41 currently depressed (MDD) and 33 healthy controls. Results showed that overall, our groups were largely indistinguishable in NA and PA reactivity magnitude across contexts and types of stimuli, with some exceptions. When looking at sadness reactivity specifically, despite higher sadness at baseline, MDDs reported in the lab similar decreases in sadness to a humorous film as controls. In daily life, MDDs reported larger decreases in sadness in response to positive daily events, yet indistinguishable reactivity to a structured humorous film relative to controls. Analyses using HLM showed that NA response to the happy film in the acceptance condition was marginally predictive of overall NA in daily life but not of NA reactivity to positive events. Findings suggest group differences in emotional reactivity vary across contexts and stimuli, however these variations are dependent on specificity of emotion. Current results possibly highlight increased flexibility during experience of positive events in daily life in depression. Acceptance of NA may have implications for the experience of overall negative mood in depression.
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Kung, Tim Fung. "Early androgen exposure, gender, and disorder-relevant traits". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285897.
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Thousands of animal experiments have demonstrated that androgenic hormones, such as testosterone, during the prenatal and early postnatal periods, masculinise and defeminise various neural and behavioural characteristics that differ by sex. Can these findings from animal experiments be generalised to human behaviour? Can early androgen exposure shape subsequent gender-related disorders in humans? Chapter 1 (Introduction) provides an overview of the literature. Chapter 2 (Kung et al., 2016a) is the first study to demonstrate that testosterone concentrations in saliva samples collected during the early postnatal testosterone surge at 1 to 3 months of age can negatively predict subsequent expressive vocabulary size (how many words a child can say) during toddlerhood. Notably, males typically have a smaller expressive vocabulary than do females during toddlerhood and a small expressive vocabulary is predictive of subsequent language difficulties, such as dyslexia and stuttering, which are more common in boys. Chapters 3 (Kung et al., 2016b) and 4 (Kung et al., 2016c) evaluate a popular theory of autism, the extreme male brain theory, which argues that heighted androgen exposure during early development causes the male preponderance in autism. To test the hypothesised relationship, Chapters 3 and 4 use different measures and study populations, including testosterone concentrations in amniotic fluid samples obtained prenatally and saliva samples obtained during the early postnatal testosterone surge in typically developing children, as well as examining the adjustment in children exposed to unusually high levels of androgens prenatally due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a rare clinical condition occurring in approximately 1 in 18,000 births. Findings from these two chapters converge to show that any relationship between early androgen exposure and subsequent development of autistic traits is small, non-existent, or unreliable, providing a much-needed clarification of the role of early androgen exposure in the aetiology of autism. Using data from a general population study, Chapter 5 (Kung et al., 2018a) is the first study to show that male-typical play behaviour in early childhood, a trait that has been linked to increased early androgen exposure in previous research, can positively predict adolescent physical aggression, which is typically higher in males than in females. This positive association between play and aggression supports potential influences of early androgen exposure, as well as socio-cognitive influences involved in gender development. Chapter 6 (Kung et al., 2018b) is the first study to compare emotional and behavioural adjustment in children with CAH, their unaffected siblings, and children in the general population. Findings from this chapter suggest that although within the families with a child with CAH there are generally no differences in emotional or behavioural problems between boys or girls with CAH and their unaffected same-sex siblings, both girls with CAH and their unaffected sisters are at risk of developing behavioural problems when compared with girls in the general population. Familial influences and social stigma may contribute to this gender-specific pattern of behavioural adjustment. Finally, Chapter 7 (Discussion) integrates the findings and previous research and provides directions for further research. Chapter References Chapter 2 Kung, K. T. F., Browne, W. V., Constantinescu, M., Noorderhaven, R. M., and Hines, M. (2016). Early Postnatal Testosterone Predicts Sex-Related Differences in Early Expressive Vocabulary. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 68, 111-116. Chapter 3 Kung, K. T. F., Constantinescu, M., Browne W. V., Noorderhaven, R. M., and Hines, M. (2016). No Relationship Between Early Postnatal Testosterone and Autistic Traits in 18 to 30-Month-Old Children. Molecular Autism, 7:15. Chapter 4 Kung, K. T. F., Spencer, D., Pasterski, V., Neufeld, S., Glover, V., O'Connor, T. G., Hindmarsh, P. C., Hughes, I. A., Acerini, C. L., and Hines, M. (2016). No Relationship Between Prenatal Androgen Exposure and Autistic Traits: Convergent Evidence from Studies of Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and of Amniotic Testosterone Concentrations in Typically-Developing Children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 1455-1462. Chapter 5 Kung, K. T. F., Li, G., Golding, J., and Hines, M. (2018). Preschool Gender-Typed Play Behavior at Age 3.5 Years Predicts Physical Aggression at Age 13 Years. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 905-914. Chapter 6 Kung, K. T. F., Spencer, D., Pasterski, V., Hindmarsh, P. C., Neufeld, S. A. S., Hughes, I. A., Acerini, C. L., and Hines, M. (2018). Emotional and Behavioral Adjustment in 4- to 11-Year-Old Boys and Girls with Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Unaffected Siblings. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 97, 104-110.
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Slagle, David M. "A critical evaluation of emotional numbing as a distinguishing feature of posttraumatic stress disorder". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1514961341&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Clyne, Courtney. "Emotion-Focussed Psychoeducational Group Therapy for Binge Eating Disorder in Women and Men". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1384.
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A plethora of research has linked negative affect with binge eating in people with binge eating disorder (BED). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) have not traditionally addressed emotional regulation deficits. Failure to address emotional aspects of binge eating may explain why some individuals do not respond to CBT or IPT, and why many of those who do respond relapse shortly after finishing treatment. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) specifically targets the inability to accurately recognise and regulate affect. Preliminary investigations have shown that DBT may be efficacious in treating BED. However, it can take up to 10 months, and a shorter intervention targeting affect regulation and recognition may produce similar effects. Four studies evaluating a ten session emotion-focussed group psychoeducational intervention for BED were conducted. In the first, 25 women diagnosed with subthreshold or full syndrome BED (using DSM-IV-TR criteria) were treated. The second study tested whether the specific components of the intervention, or the treatment as a whole, was required to produce positive outcomes in women. Study three, examined the efficacy of the treatment programme with three men diagnosed with subthreshold or full syndrome BED (also using DSM-IV-TR criteria). The fourth study compared the women's and men's response to treatment. Following the intervention with women, binge abstinence rates, comparable to those of CBT and IPT, and various other positive changes to eating and general pathology, were observed. These effects were well-maintained up to one-year later. Overall, it was concluded that the whole treatment programme was necessary to produce the optimum outcome for BED in women. A positive outcome was measured in the men, although the effects were not as dramatic as those found in the women. Suggestions for improvements, and suggestions for further research, are discussed. The results provide support for the Affect Regulation Model of BED in women and men.
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Bishop, Sonia Jane. "Cognitive processing of emotional information in childhood anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder". Thesis, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272464.
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