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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "EMISSION QUALITY INDEX"
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Che, Junwen, Shenghe Zhou, Rui Shan, Hui Jia i Zheng Liu. "Optimal Pricing Model of Environmental Quality Index Futures from the Perspective of Green Finance". International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (28.08.2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6951040.
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In order to establish the optimal price of low-carbon products and set the optimal target carbon emissions in the production cycle so as to maximize profits, this paper proposes the optimal pricing model of environmental quality index futures from the perspective of green finance. This paper mainly studies the optimal pricing and carbon emission strategy of low-carbon products of a single enterprise under the carbon trading system based on the quota system. When enterprises join the carbon trading system, how to optimally determine their target carbon emissions in the production cycle and the optimal price of their low-carbon products in order to maximize their own profits, based on the carbon emission quotas freely allocated by the government in the face of exogenous carbon trading prices and different consumer preferences for low-carbon products in the market, is discussed in detail. The experimental results show that the low marginal cost of emission reduction will urge enterprises to implement low-emission strategies as much as possible, and the marginal cost of a specific size will enable enterprises to implement low-carbon policies with low emissions, and the optimal emissions will decline with the increase of carbon prices. However, from the perspective of 50–300 carbon trading prices, the profits generated are less than those of the minimum emission strategy, and the difference between the two is generally one order of magnitude. Therefore, if the internal conditions permit and the external carbon trading price is reasonable, enterprises should reduce carbon emissions as much as possible. The properties obtained from the model analysis and the numerical conclusions given in the example part reflect the relationship between the enterprise product pricing, the marginal cost of emission reduction, and the target emission decision-making and draw some valuable information for the enterprise and the government decision-making.
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Izah, Sylvester Chibueze. "Outdoor Air Quality Index of Biomass Combustion in the Niger Delta, Nigeria: A Health Impact Perspective". Journal of Advanced Research in Medical Science & Technology 08, nr 01 (22.02.2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2394.6539.202108.
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Background: Pollutant gases such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) are released during certain anthropogenic activities including cooking with biomass. This study evaluated the air quality index of CO, NO2 and SO2 emissions during outdoor biomass combustion in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Triplicate sampling was carried out at 3 distances in 4 different states for one Calendar year across the two distinct seasons viz: dry (November, January and March) and wet (May, July and September) in the Niger Delta. A portable multiprobe AEROQUAL meter with head-probe of varying detection range of 0 - 100 ppm for CO and NO2, and 0 - 10ppm for SO2 was used. Result: The results showed that CO, NO2 and SO2 ranged from 0.00 - 1.58 ppm, 0.00 - 0.08 ppm and 0.00 - 0.06 ppm, respectively. There was statistical variation p<0.05 across the different months for CO and SO2, locations for NO2 and distances for all the gases, and most of their interactions. The concentrations of the pollutant gases decreased as distances away from the emission source increased. The concentration of CO, NO2 and SO2 were ≤ Nigerian Ambient air quality guidelines. The air quality index showed slight to severe contamination at 10ft distances in both seasons of study. Conclusion: The air quality index indicates deleterious health impacts at 10ft emission source. Hence there is need for routine monitoring of these gases in the ambient air to obtain indices that are relevant in preventing risks related to human exposure.
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Sriwardani, Nyenyep, Yuya Okamoto, Takehiko Seo i Masato Mikami. "The Influence of Hydrogen Addition to Diesel Fuel Spray Combustion for Different Atomization Conditions". Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (styczeń 2014): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.33.
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The negative effects of hydrocarbon fuels are widely highlighted by increasing global warming and declining quality of human health. Therefore, it is important to reduce the level of emissions from liquid hydrocarbon combustion. Hydrogen addition to the combustion chamber is one of the proven methods to improve emssions level. In this research, an experiment was conducted on diesel fuel spray combustion with hydrogen addition. The effect of additional hydrogen was observed on CO, CO2, NO and THC exhaust gas emissions. A small hydrogen fraction (0~3 vol %) was added to the rich premixed spray combustion. The results show that increasing the hydrogen fraction reduced the emission indexes of CO and THC, and increased the emission index of CO2. Increasing the hydrogen fraction caused an increase in the emission index of NO, but the actual physical amount was insignificant. Increasing the atomizing air flow rate reduced the CO and THC emission indexes, but increased the CO2 and NO emission indexes.
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Kristyawan, I. P. A., Wiharja, A. Shoiful, P. A. Hendrayanto, A. D. Santoso i N. Suwedi. "The air quality index based on measurements of mobile air quality monitoring station at the waste-to-energy incineration plant PLTSa Bantargebang". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 926, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/926/1/012015.
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Abstract Ambient air quality monitoring at waste-to-energy incineration pilot plant PLTSa Bantargebang is performed using a mobile monitoring station. The mobile monitoring station is equipped with meteorological and emission (CO, O3, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2) measurement. The monitoring was performed for 24 hour with 1 minute intervals. The emission measurement data was analyzed using Indonesian Air pollution standard index regulation (PermenLHK P.14/2020). The CO, O3, NO2, PM10, and SO2 index were in good category (1-50), while the PM2.5 index was classified as moderate (65.992). The results show that the air quality at PLTSa Bantargebang is still acceptable for human health.
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Assanov, Daulet, Valeryi Zapasnyi i Aiymgul Kerimray. "Air Quality and Industrial Emissions in the Cities of Kazakhstan". Atmosphere 12, nr 3 (28.02.2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030314.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Industrial emissions are of major concern, especially in developing countries. Hence, there is a need for studies that investigate the trends in industrial emissions in these countries. The purpose of this study is to discuss trends in industrial emissions in Kazakhstan and the air pollution level in its industrial cities. Data on emission limit values from the permitting documents of twenty-one power plants and nine metallurgical enterprises of Kazakhstan were analyzed. Eight cities (out of fourteen) had a “high” level of atmospheric air pollution according to the Air Pollution Index in 2019. Most of the considered enterprises increased their emission limit values compared to the previous permitting period. In some cities there is a lack of monitoring stations, indicating the need for improving the spatial coverage of the air quality monitoring network in the industrial cities of Kazakhstan. The location of industrial plants far outside the cities could reduce the exposure of the urban population to air pollution. Kazakhstan urgently needs to adopt stringent emissions standards for coal-fired power plants and heavy industrial plants. The national air quality standards and definitions of air pollutants need to be updated based on the latest scientific knowledge.
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Yang, Y., J. Wang, S. Gong, X. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Wang, D. Li i J. Guo. "PLAM – a meteorological pollution index for air quality and its applications in fog-haze forecasts in north China". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, nr 6 (25.03.2015): 9077–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-9077-2015.
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Abstract. Using surface meteorological observation and high resolution emission data, this paper discusses the application of PLAM/h Index (Parameter Linking Air-quality to Meteorological conditions/haze) in the prediction of large-scale low visibility and fog-haze events. Based on the two-dimensional probability density function diagnosis model for emissions, the study extends the diagnosis and prediction of the meteorological pollution index PLAM to the regional visibility fog-haze intensity. The results show that combining the influence of regular meteorological conditions and emission factors together in the PLAM/h parameterization scheme is very effective in improving the diagnostic identification ability of the fog-haze weather in North China. The correlation coefficients for four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) between PLAM/h and visibility observation are 0.76, 0.80, 0.96 and 0.86 respectively and all their significance levels exceed 0.001, showing the ability of PLAM/h to predict the seasonal changes and differences of fog-haze weather in the North China region. The high-value correlation zones are respectively located in Jing-Jin-Ji (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei), Bohai Bay rim and the southern Hebei-northern Henan, indicating that the PLAM/h index has relations with the distribution of frequent heavy fog-haze weather in North China and the distribution of emission high-value zone. Comparatively analyzing the heavy fog-haze events and large-scale fine weather processes in winter and summer, it is found that PLAM/h index 24 h forecast is highly correlated to the visibility observation. Therefore, PLAM/h index has better capability of doing identification, analysis and forecasting.
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Yang, Y. Q., J. Z. Wang, S. L. Gong, X. Y. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Q. Wang, J. Wang, D. Li i J. P. Guo. "PLAM – a meteorological pollution index for air quality and its applications in fog-haze forecasts in North China". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, nr 3 (8.02.2016): 1353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1353-2016.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. Using surface meteorological observation and high-resolution emission data, this paper discusses the application of the PLAM/h index (Parameter Linking Air-quality to Meteorological conditions/haze) in the prediction of large-scale low visibility and fog-haze events. Based on the two-dimensional probability density function diagnosis model for emissions, the study extends the diagnosis and prediction of the meteorological pollution index PLAM to the regional visibility fog-haze intensity. The results show that combining the influence of regular meteorological conditions and emission factors together in the PLAM/h parameterization scheme is very effective in improving the diagnostic identification ability of the fog-haze weather in North China. The determination coefficients for four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) between PLAM/h and visibility observation are 0.76, 0.80, 0.96, and 0.86, respectively, and all of their significance levels exceed 0.001, showing the ability of PLAM/h to predict the seasonal changes and differences of fog-haze weather in the North China region. The high-value correlation zones are located in Jing-Jin-Ji (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei), Bohai Bay rim, and southern Hebei–northern Henan, indicating that the PLAM/h index is related to the distribution of frequent heavy fog-haze weather in North China and the distribution of emission high-value zone. Through comparative analysis of the heavy fog-haze events and large-scale clear-weather processes in winter and summer, it is found that PLAM/h index 24 h forecast is highly correlated with the visibility observation. Therefore, the PLAM/h index has good capability in identification, analysis, and forecasting.
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Zhang, Yuan, Zhen Yu i Juan Zhang. "Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and dynamic efficiency decomposition of carbon emission efficiency in the Yellow River Basin". PLOS ONE 17, nr 3 (24.03.2022): e0264274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264274.
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The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is China’s substantial energy consumption base. The issue of carbon emission efficiency directly affects the ecological protection and high-quality development of the YRB. It is the key to achieving carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutralization in 2060 (“30.60”) double carbon emission reduction targets. Therefore, taking YRB as the research object, this paper first calculates the carbon emission and the decoupling state in the YRB. Secondly, the super-efficiency slacks-based measurement (SE-SBM) model is combined with the Malmquist index to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of YRB’s carbon emission efficiency from static and dynamic perspectives. Thirdly, the dynamic evolution characteristics of carbon emission efficiency are analyzed with the help of the Kernel density function. Finally, the Tobit model analyzes the influencing factors of YRB’s and China’s carbon emission efficiency. The results show that: (1) Among the nine provinces of YRB, the decoupling state between carbon emissions and economic growth in most provinces changes from weak decoupling to strong decoupling, and the decoupling elasticity index shows a fluctuating downward trend. (2) There are significant differences in carbon emission efficiency among provinces, but on the whole, it shows a stable growth trend. The high-value area of carbon emission efficiency is increasing, and the phenomenon of two-level differentiation is improving. The decline of the technological progress index causes the Malmquist index in Qinghai and Ningxia. On the contrary, the rise of the Malmquist index in the other seven provinces is caused by improving the technical efficiency index. (3) Industrial structure, economic development, and industrialization are the main positive factors affecting YRB’s carbon emission efficiency. Urbanization level, green development level, and energy consumption level are the leading negative indicators hindering YRB’s improvement of carbon emission efficiency. Therefore, targeted emission reduction suggestions should be formulated according to YRB’s resource endowment and development stage characteristics.
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Wang, Jiayu, Han Ding, Xiao Hu, Liang Hua, Zhongping Xu, Chengping Zhang i Dongliang Hu. "Research on application of “double-carbon power index” system based on delphi method". MATEC Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235601006.
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Double carbon-power index is an important index to measure regional carbon dioxide emission, regional economic development and carbon emission reduction implementation.It can determine whether carbon dioxide has reached a peak in a region or industry, so that the government can take targeted measures to guide enterprises to reduce carbon dioxide.Through build wuxi double carbon power index system, based on the Delphi method to carry out the comprehensive evaluation, explore their short-term carbon emissions to peak, the path of the development of long-term carbon neutral, assist the government in a timely manner to master carbon, carbon reduction status, so as to promote comprehensive ground application carbon reduction measures, for zero carbon high quality under the restriction of power in wuxi city development.
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Furimsky, E. "Carbon Dioxide Emission Index as a Mean for Assessing Fuel Quality". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 30, nr 2 (29.11.2007): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030600820583.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "EMISSION QUALITY INDEX"
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Ho, Anh cuong. "Optimisation de la composition et caractérisation d'un béton incorporant des granulats issus du broyage de pneus usagés. : application aux éléments de grande surface". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0024/document.
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Les matériaux de construction par excellence que sont les matériaux à base cimentaire offrent une faible résistance à la traction ainsi qu’une faible capacité de déformation. Ils sont fragiles et particulièrement sensible à la fissuration, notamment la fissuration due au retrait dans le cas d’éléments à grande surface. Des joints de retrait judicieusement espacés permettent de localiser la fissuration et d’éviter le désordre apparent. Malheureusement, ils constituent aussi le point de départ de futurs désordres (pénétration d’agents agressifs, tuilage, etc.). Cette thèse est une contribution au développement d’un nouveau composite cimentaire présentant une capacité de déformation améliorée. Dans cet objectif, des granulats en caoutchouc (G.C.) issus du broyage de pneus usagés ont été utilisés en remplacement partiel du sable. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la présence de ces granulats est préjudiciable vis-à-vis de la rhéologie du matériau à l’état frais mais que l’utilisation d’un superplastifiant et d’un agent de viscosité permet de réaliser les corrections nécessaires. A l’état durci, une chute de la résistance mécanique et du module d’élasticité est observée, en contrepartie la capacité de déformation au stade de la localisation de la macrofissuration est significativement augmentée. Des essais dédiés permettent de démontrer que cette incorporation de G.C. permet de réduire la sensibilité à la fissuration de retrait avec un intérêt évident pour les applications à grande surface comme les chaussées et dallages sur terre-plein. L’influence de la présence de ces G.C. sur la cinétique de la fissuration a été analysée et confirmée par le biais d’une variable d’endommagement et par l’activité (émission) acoustique accompagnant le processus de fissuration.Le potentiel du composite dans les applications à grande surface comme les chaussées en béton a aussi été abordé par le biais de l’indice de qualité élastique qui a confirmé les promesses attendues. Compte tenu du rôle joué par le module d’élasticité du composite sur ces nouvelles propriétés et les applications potentielles, les outils prédictifs de ce module en fonction du dosage en G.C. présentent un intérêt pratique évident. Dans ce sens, cette thèse a permis de tester la pertinence de quelques modèles analytiques. Dans ce cadre, la borne inférieure de Hashin-Shtrikman qui reste perfectible s’est avérée la mieux indiquée.A côté de l’intérêt en termes d’application matériau Génie Civil, l’incorporation de G.C. constitue une voie de valorisation de pneus usagés non réutilisables et une contribution à la protection de l’environnementCement-based materials exhibit low tensile strength and poor strain capacity. They are brittle and are very sensitive to cracking particularly to shrinkage cracking in large area applications. Sawn joints allow shrinkage cracking to be localised a way to avoid unsightly cracking. Unfortunately they are also the starting point of future distress (ingress of aggressive agent, curling, etc.).This work is a contribution to the design of a cement-based material exhibiting an enhanced strain capacity. For a such objective rubber aggregates (RAs) obtained from grinding end of life tyres partly replacing natural sand have been used.Results showed that RAs are detrimental to the properties of the fresh materials (workability and segregation). However the use of optimized content of a superplasticiser and of a viscosity agent allows the required behaviour to be achieved.With regard to harden state, RAs reduce the strength and the modulus of elasticity of the composite but the strain capacity corresponding to the macrocracking formation is significantly improved. Specific tests showed that RAs reduced the propensity of the material for shrinkage cracking, offering an interest for large surface area such as pavements.Analysis by a scalar damage variable and by acoustic emission is in a good agreement with expected effect of RAs on the cracking kinetics and on the mechanical behaviour of the composite.The interest of the rubberized concrete in large area application such as concrete pavements has been studied and confirmed through the Elastic Quality Index. Given the major role of the modulus of elasticity of the composite on the new properties and expected applications, tools aimed to predict this modulus of elasticity as a function of RAs content are of practical benefit. With this purpose, the work allowed the relevance of some analytical models to be tested. In this context, the lower Hashin-Shtrikman bound which remains perfectible proved to be the most appropriate.Finally, apart from application of civil engineering material, the use of RAs from grinding end of life tyres is a solution of recovery of an industrial by-product and a contribution to a clean environment
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Malla, Sunil. "An economic analysis of acid rain and emissions reduction in Northeast Asia". Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=765887901&SrchMode=1&sid=7&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1208552674&clientId=23440.
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PANDEY, ABHINAV. "CHARACTERIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSION QUALITY INDEX FOR PASSENGER CARS". Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/20181.
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Most of the developing countries still have various makes of petrol-driven cars
dominating the overall passenger vehicle fleet. In such countries, the emission
certification policy for in-use vehicles remains an area of concern, making the I/M
(Inspection and Maintenance) program less effective. Thorough investigation of the
exhaust emission from such cars is required to explore and address this concern. In this
connection, the present thesis provides an insight into the effect of vehicle variables on
tailpipe emission parameters from an exclusively larger and heterogeneous dataset of inuse cars (n = 1580). reiterated that not only the vehicle variables such as age, mileage,
emission norm and maintenance category, but also two engine variables, i.e., aspiration
type and fuel mixing conditions had a more significant and direct influence on tailpipe
parameters, namely, CO, HC, CO2, O2, and AFR (Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbon,
Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Lambda and Air-Fuel Ratio respectively). Stronger
correlations were found with the relatively larger (considering age, R2
for COidle = 0.88,
HCidle = 0.73, f.idle = 0.74, AFRf.idle = 0.73 and considering mileage, R2
for COidle = 0.75,
HCidle = 0.67, f.idle = 0.62, AFRf.idle = 0.61 for whole dataset) and diverse make-wise (R2
values fared even better, 0.87 – 0.93 for CO and 0.69 – 0.77 for HC) data collected during
the study. The present research provides a first-hand comprehensive analysis of the effect
of stringency of the emission norms and maintenance category on the exhaust emission
from in-use cars. The polynomial emission equations generated by the study can reliably
predict the emission levels for CO and HC basis the age and / or mileage of the cars.
Further, the results recommend the policy measures to be taken up, to upgrade the
existing emission certification infrastructure and phasing-out policy of cars.
Keeping in view the significant number of diesel-driven passenger cars in the existing light
motor vehicle fleet in Delhi, India, a case study on smoke emission measurement from 460
number of such cars was conducted. Smoke exhaust data was collected from the diesel cars
while the vehicles presented themselves for periodic renewal of pollution under control
(PUC) certification at authorized emission testing centres across Delhi, India. Along with
the smoke emission, various vehicle and engine-related aspects, supposed to affect tailpipe
smoke emission, were also recorded aiming at data analysis for two datasets, namely whole
and top 5 makes. The smoke density under no-loading condition in the free acceleration test
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mode was measured. The research study reported a strong correlation between vehicle
parameters, such as, age, mileage, maintenance category, emission norm and engine
aspiration; and the smoke emission (R2
values for vehicle age and mileage vs. smoke
emission for whole dataset = 0.872 and 0.873, respectively). Top 5 make-wise correlations
fared even better (R2
for age and mileage vs. emission in the range of 0.85 – 0.92 and 0.86
– 0.93, respectively). Further, the predictive emission equations using best-fit trendlines
were also developed for both datasets. Such equations may be used by the car manufacturers
to adopt a suitable strategy for tuning of engine or vehicle as such, to retain their cars in the
longer state of compliance to the extant emission norms, Further, the research recommends
including vehicle mileage as an important factor in upgrading the existing inspection and
maintenance programs, especially in the developing countries.
The I/M (Inspection/Maintenance) programs exist in most countries, aiming at vehicular
emission reduction through exhaust emission monitoring and compliance policy to the extant
norms. However, considering the absence of an intra-vehicle approach, the higher success
rate of vehicles towards compliance policy, remains a grey area. The present research work
attempts to examine this issue through the application of an Exhaust Emission Index (EEI)
for petrol-driven cars. The study observed two different scales finding that the BS (Bharat
Stage) emission norm scale method reports lower ranges of EEI compared to LS (Linear
Scale) method (EEImin-BSNS = 1.12 and EEImin-LS = 1.25; EEImax-BSNS = 20.70 and EEImax-LS =
29.54). The LS method and the maximum operator form (MOF) of aggregation are
recommended as these can find the highest number of non-compliant cars (21.81 % and
12.03 % of the ‘poor’ class respectively) in the whole fleet tested. The EEI gives more
scientific approach to the vehicular emission evaluation like what AQI (Air Quality Index)
does in case of the ambient air quality. It helps the vehicle owners know their car’s emission
status as a quick reference index (EEI). The accurate status of such emission further helps
the policymakers affect the better phasing-out norms.
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Poplawski, Karla. "Investigating air quality impacts of cruise ship and ferry emissions in James Bay, Victoria, BC, Canada". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1697.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate air quality in the James Bay neighbourhood of Victoria, BC, Canada, and determine the effects of emissions from cruise ships and ferries on local air quality. A combination of field monitoring and air quality modeling conducted during the 2007 cruise ship season in Victoria is used to achieve this objective. Pollutants examined include nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Field monitoring provides long-term average concentration levels throughout the area, while the California Puff Model (CALPUFF) is used to predict concentrations from ferry and cruise ship sources at shorter time periods (1-hour and 24-hour). The two methodologies used for this research quantify air quality in James Bay and establish a baseline of concentration levels which can be referred to during any future air quality studies in the area. Results show possible, yet infrequent, exceedences of Capital Regional District and World Health Organization 1-hour NO2 and 24-hour SO2 air quality guidelines in the study domain. The potential implications of these exceedences on health of residents will be assessed by the Vancouver Island Health Authority.
Części książek na temat "EMISSION QUALITY INDEX"
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Sima, Violeta, i Ileana Georgiana Gheorghe. "Green Performance Strategies in Romanian Economy in the View of EU 2020 Strategy". W Green Business, 1660–85. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7915-1.ch080.
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This chapter aimed to investigate green performance strategies in the Romanian economy. In the first part, authors exposed specific definitions and concepts related to the green economy, as they appear in the literature in the field. The European context and the main ways of implementation of the green economy are presented as they result from the objectives of The Agenda 2020 UE and The Agenda 2030 UNO. Green Performance in Romania during 2010-2014 is assessed by analyzing the environmental protection expenditures, environmental taxes, greenhouse gasses emissions, green jobs roles, and Environmental Performance Index. The sustainable economic growth effects are materializing in a major growth of the ecological productivity, an increased amount of energy derived from renewable sources, emissions reduction, improved air and water quality, widened access to the benefits of civilization - education, water sanitation. Thus, this green growth “can fight” against climate change. Also, green growth provides opportunities for creating new jobs requiring new skills.
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Sima, Violeta, i Ileana Georgiana Gheorghe. "Green Performance Strategies in Romanian Economy in the View of EU 2020 Strategy". W Measuring Sustainable Development and Green Investments in Contemporary Economies, 76–108. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2081-8.ch004.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This chapter aimed to investigate green performance strategies in the Romanian economy. In the first part, authors exposed specific definitions and concepts related to the green economy, as they appear in the literature in the field. The European context and the main ways of implementation of the green economy are presented as they result from the objectives of The Agenda 2020 UE and The Agenda 2030 UNO. Green Performance in Romania during 2010-2014 is assessed by analyzing the environmental protection expenditures, environmental taxes, greenhouse gasses emissions, green jobs roles, and Environmental Performance Index. The sustainable economic growth effects are materializing in a major growth of the ecological productivity, an increased amount of energy derived from renewable sources, emissions reduction, improved air and water quality, widened access to the benefits of civilization - education, water sanitation. Thus, this green growth “can fight” against climate change. Also, green growth provides opportunities for creating new jobs requiring new skills.
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Jacob, Mbarndouka Taamté, Nducol Nasser, Kountchou Noubé Michaux, Tchuente Siaka Yvette Flore i Saïdou. "Zigbee-Based Wireless Smart Device for Enclosed Space Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring: Experiment, Data Analysis and Risk Assessment". W Indoor Air Quality Assessment for Smart Environments. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aise220005.
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This chapter deals with the development of a smart real-time indoor (offices and family homes) air quality monitoring device based on Internet of Things (IoT). Environmental data from the sensor nodes are sent over the ZigBee wireless communication protocol, and after collection are subjected to careful statistical analysis for exposure risk assessment. The free XCTU platform application in interaction with the XBee modules is used to visualize real-time temporal evolution of the measured data. This portable device is composed of a microcontroller board, XBee wireless transmission modules, and some low-cost air pollutant sensors including particulate matter (PM2.5) and toxic gas (ground-level ozone O3, carbon monoxide CO, sulfur dioxide SO2, nitrogen dioxide NO2) sensors. Particular attention is paid to indoor air quality in this chapter due to the long-term occupation of confined spaces by people. The results of measurements taken from September 21 to October 22, 2020, in two different confined spaces (home and office), in the city of Yaoundé-Cameroon, gave maximum exposure rates of 13.06 µg/m3 (home) and 10.71 µg/m3 (office) for PM2.5; 18.65 ppm (office) and 17.72 ppm (home) for SO2; 4.97 ppm (office) and 7.49 ppm (home) for NO2; 2.42 ppm (office) and 1.30 ppm (home) for O3 and, 18.03 ppm (office) and 13.66 ppm (home) for CO. Thus, both office and home spaces gave an internal Air Quality Index (AQI) lower than 50 and an Air Quality Health Index (AQHI), less than 1. The values are low, very varied but still acceptable compared to the WHO standard values. This is due to the diversity of potential sources of pollution which are the number of inhabitants of the confined space, the gas emissions of the installed devices and the intake of outside air. From the results obtained, it emerges that in addition to its low-cost and its flexibility, the proposed device exhibits interesting performance in terms of reliability and global functionality.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "EMISSION QUALITY INDEX"
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Omion, Osemanre Ossy, Chioma Maduewesi i Emeke Chukwu. "A Novel Approach to Predicting Combustion Emission Using Ambient Air Quality Parameters in Onshore Eastern Nigeria". W SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207139-ms.
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Abstract The paper aims to estimate the tCO2e from flare stack sites in the Eastern zone of Nigeria and review air monitoring done at the flare sites with the objective of establishing a model for gas tCO2e emission and gaseous pollutants. It focuses on the South-Eastern region of Nigeria where oil and gas production are being carried out (Imo and Abia states). It zero-in on the hydrocarbon processing and handling facilities (flowstation) and the gas flared volumes. The study was carried out using representative data from an onshore flowstation in Eastern Nigeria. The data consist of gas flared volumes from year 2013-2017 and ambient gaseous emission from air quality report done on the same location. Univariate regression and correlation using Excel were carried out on yearly average ambient air quality parameters (VOC, NOx, CO, SOx, CH4, SPM, NH3, H2S) to check the statistical significance of each parameter as an independent variable and calculated tCO2e as the dependent variable. Excel Muti-variate linear regression method was then used to generate a predictive model for tCO2e and gaseous emission parameters. It presented a relationship between the emission from flared gas and air quality index.
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Jiang, Lei-Yong. "A Non-Uniformity Factor to Assess Fuel/Air Mixing Quality". W ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14116.
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Abstract A practical method to assess quantitatively the uniformity of fuel/air mixing is essential for research and development of advanced low-emission combustion systems. A non-uniformity factor, based on the fuel/air equivalence ratio, is proposed and demonstrated in a simple methane/air venturi mixer. It has two advantages over the unmixedness parameter and uniformity index approaches: it is correlated with the fuel/air mixture combustion property, and the maximum temperature deviation from the designed value caused by fuel/air non-uniformity can be estimated. Because of these, it can be used as a criterion to check fuel/air mixing quality, or as a target for fuel/air mixer design with acceptable maximum temperature deviation.
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Brown, T. G., Philip L. Bradfield, Dennis G. Hall i R. A. Soref. "Optical confinement of bound exciton emission in a silicon epitaxial waveguide". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.mp1.
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The widespread use of silicon in the microelectronics arena makes the notion of using silicon for integrated optics attractive. Several authors have reported schemes for making various kinds of optical waveguide in or on crystalline silicon. One approach is the epitaxial waveguide,1 in which a heavily doped substrate exhibits a depressed refractive index due to the high density of free carriers, but the guiding layer remains lightly doped and of good optical quality. Beryllium pairs form an isoelectronic complex in crystalline silicon that can bind an exciton. At sufficiently low temperatures (T = 30 K), this bound exciton radiates efficiently in a narrow line near the wavelength λ = 1.15 μm. We report the observation of optical confinement of subband gap radiation emitted by excitons bound to beryllium pairs introduced by ion implantation and suitable annealing. Photographs and transverse image scans show clear confinement of the emitted radiation within the 15.5-μm epitaxial layer.
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York, P. K., K. J. Beernink, G. E. Fernández i J. J. Coleman. "InGaAs-GaAs Strained Layer Quantum Well Buried Heterostructure Lasers (λ> 1 μm) by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition". W Quantum Wells for Optics and Opto-Electronics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qwoe.1989.tuc3.
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The buried heterostructure (BH) laser1 is one of the most attractive index guided stripe geometry semiconductor lasers because of the combination of strong lateral index guiding and absolute current confinement provided by a heterostructure discontinuity in the lateral direction. This structure is difficult to fabricate, however, because of the need for processing high quality narrow stripe etched mesas with a high quality regrowth interface at the edges of the active region. The regrowth is especially difficult2 for AlGaAs-GaAs BH lasers having higher aluminum composition confining layers. Various1,3-8 AlGaAs-GaAs BH laser structures have been reported. In this work, we report the characteristics of long wavelength (λ> 1 μm) strained layer InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs quantum well buried heterostructure lasers9-11 formed by wet chemical etching and a two-step MOCVD growth process. The relatively low aluminum composition of the confining layers allows for high quality regrowth interfaces and effective use2,12 of a silicon dioxide mask for selective epitaxy limited to the etched regions. The structures reported here have active region stripe widths of ~3.5 μm, an emission wavelength of λ ~ 1.074 μm, and threshold currents of less than 7 mA (cavity length 405 μm). Output powers in excess of 130 mW per uncoated facet with total differential quantum efficiencies of greater than 60% have been observed. Near-field patterns indicate that the lasers are operating on a fundamental lateral mode and are stable to more than thirty times laser threshold.
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Roy, Philippe, Mathieu Devautour, Laure Lavoute, Dmitry Gaponov, Gurvan Brasse, Stéphanie Hautreux, Sébastien Février i in. "Optical Fiber Design And Fabrication: Discussion On Recent Developments". W Workshop on Specialty Optical Fibers and their Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/wsof.2008.osf87.
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Level of emitted power and beam quality of singlemode fiber lasers have been drastically increased at the expense of loss due to bend sensitivity, simplicity of manufacturing and packaging. Furthermore, the extension of the spectral coverage was primarily explored by exploiting non-linear effects, neglecting numerous possible transitions of rare earths. Through different research areas, we demonstrate the possibilities offered by new fiber designs and alternative methods of manufacturing. Photonic Band Gap fibers reconcile diffraction limited beam and large mode area with low bending loss. 80 % slope efficiency is demonstrated together with a robust propagation allowing the fiber to be tightly bent until wounding radii as small as 6 cm. Highly ytterbium doped multimode core surrounded by high refractive index rods fiber exhibits a transverse singlemode behavior under continuous wave laser regime. A robust lp01 mode is observed and filtering effect is clearly observed. A non CVD process based on silica sand vitrification allows the synthesis of large and highly doped core with high index homogeneity, opening the way to design of efficient large mode area fiber lasers. 74% slope efficiency is measured, demonstrating the good quality of the core material. Finally, the use of rare earth (Er3+) doped zirconia nanocrystals in silica matrix offers a large panel of ignored energy transitions for visible or off-usual band of emission.
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Omion, O. O., i A. Dosunmu. "Using Artificial Neural Network to Predict Gas Flare Volume, Gas Composition, and Temperature from Gaseous Emission." W SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217203-ms.
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Abstract Gas emission from gas flaring is known to have deleterious effects on the environment and they constitute a major source of global warming. Flare gas volume, temperature, gas composition and other meteorological factors are major parameters in gas flaring processes. Using Artificial Neural Network, a model was developed to estimate gas flare volume, gas composition and flare temperature from gaseous pollutants using. Data used for the study were from oil prolific Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. Air quality index parameter, gas flared volume, temperature and composition between 2013-2017 were used in developing the ANN model using the Neural Training toolbox (nntool) of the Matrix Laboratory (R2019a MATLAB) mathematical software. An 8-6-3 network architecture was adopted. It consists of eight input parameters (suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen sulphide, methane, and ammonia), six hidden layers and three output parameters (gas flared volume, gas composition and temperature) using 1286 dataset for each input and output parameter. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) neural network using supervised learning algorithm (Levenberg-Marquardt) to train the network was adopted in model development. 75% (880 data points) of the data was set aside for the training of the model at its developmental stage, 10% for test data set and 15% for the validation data set. From the models’ prediction, it was observed that the developed model predicted excellently and performed well when tested with new set of data which was not a part of the developmental dataset with a coefficient of determination of 0.99999918, a root mean square error of 0.009029, an absolute average percentage relative error of 0.0362% for Gas Flare Volume, Composition and Temperature respectively. The outcome of this study presents a reliable and speedy tool for forecasting of gas flare volume, composition, and temperature in the absence of conventional methodologies.
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Harhausen, Jens, Ralf-Peter Brinkmann, Rüdiger Foest, Sergey Gorchakov, A. Ohl i Benjamin Schröder. "Interpretation of optical emission in a strongly inhomogeneous PIAD environment". W 13th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering September 10 - 14, 2012, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/wcc2.153-156.
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A variety of methods exists for the production of high quality optical coatings. These are for instance magnetron or ion beam sputtering, or thermal evaporation assisted by ion or plasma ion beam sources. The choice of a particular technique is due to the specific demands for tailoring the thin film properties such as homogeneity, refractive index, absorption, mechanical stress, porosity (optical shift), etc.. To allow for economic production of complex multilayer designs, the issue of reproducibility at the highest deposition rate possible has to be faced.The plasma ion assisted deposition (PIAD) has been invented to avoid contamination of the process environment present when gridded ion sources are employed. One example for this approach is the Advanced Plasma Source (APS) which holds a considerable market share in the field of optical coatings. The APS is a hot cathode (LaB6) DC glow discharge with an auxiliary magnetic field, typically operated with argon. A high density (ne ~ 1012 cm-3) and high temperature (Te ~ 20eV) plasma is generated in the source region (V ~ 0.7l) and expands to the chamber (V ~ 103 l) which is held at high vacuum (p ~ 2 • 10-2Pa). The expansion induces a strong drop of the plasma potential Vp which results in an acceleration of the ions towards the substrates. The setup is outlined in figure 1. By varying the discharge voltage (VD=50..150 V), the magnetic field (Bmax=10..40mT) and the gas flux (GAr=2..20 sccm) different characterstics of the plasma ion beam are obtained, where typical ion energies are Ei=50..150 eV. As is described in the references, various probe techniques were adopted to elucidate the mechanisms of plasma beam formation in this particular PIAD setup. In an earlier work the approach of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) has been pursued. This paper contains a description of the diagnostic installation allowing for tomographic reconstruction of the local optical emission near the source exit. With a simple corona model ne and Te could be estimated for an Ar/He mixture. The interpretation of emission close to the APS is hampered by the lack of detailed knowledge of neutral density and temperature in this region.In this extended abstract the preparation of a more elaborate approach using collisional radiative modelling is sketched. The new aspect is the consideration of a global electron energy probability function (EEPF) based on the nonlocal approximation. This concept is useful for reducing the complexity of electron kinetics by coordinate transformation from the 6D phase-space to a 1D total energy space. The analysis of OES data is not merely ment as a proof of principle. The final goal is to interpret the OES data in terms of electron parameters, as a foundation of a control scheme for the APS using non-invasive optical diagnostics. Although global parameters, such as voltages and currents can be maintained accurately, drifts in the plasma parameters which are not measured routinely in the industrial application, may lead to limitations in the reproducibility of the optical coatings. The main reason is suspected to be the alteration of the electrodes of the APS during the PIAD process.
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Tkachuk, A. M., i V. V. Shumilin. "Er:YLF crystals as active media for pulse-lamp and up-conversion laser diode-pumped multiwavelength solid state lasers". W The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.ctuk79.
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There is currently interest in the development of solid state lasers that operate in a wide spectral range from visible to IR by pumping both by flash lamp and laser diodes. The most promising materials for UV, visible, and IR lasers are rare earth-doped double fluoride lithium-yttrium crystals (TR3+:LiYF4 or TR3+:YLF). They are characterized by low values of nonlinear refractive index (n2) and high optical damage resistance. Among TR3+: YLF crystals, the considerable interest is in Er3+:YLF crystals that exhibit certain desirable properties such as a wide range of dopant ion concentrations together with material availability in large apertures of excellent optical quality. A Er3+:YLF laser emission is available in the IR and visible spectral ranges at a number of transitions by flash lamp and laser diode pumping, including up-conversion IR pumping.
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Hadley, G. Ronald. "Recent progress with leaky-mode (antiguided) arrays". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.mk1.
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Although the first arrays employing anti-guiding were reported almost 10 years ago, renewed interest in leaky-mode arrays commenced only two years ago with the fabrication of arrays with considerably improved performance.1 These devices lased in the fundamental mode with a diffraction-limited on-axis far-field peak at currents as much as 2.5 times threshold. Since that time, further improvements have been made, both in our understanding of these devices and in our understanding of their emission characteristics. Theoretically, work began with the use of the effective-index method, which has provided important insights into the nature of leaky array modes.2 Newer work has employed both analytic and numerical methods that include the full two-dimensional cross-sectional structure of these devices.3,4 The two most significant achievements of this body of theoretical work have been (1) the illumination of the discrimination mechanisms present2-4 and (2) the discovery of resonance effects in device design.2 Recent experimental achievements include pulsed operation to 10 times threshold, cw operation of 250 mW per facet, and the design and fabrication of a new generation of devices. These new devices have lower internal losses than older devices and should eventually demonstrate improved efficiencies and emission quality.
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Maia, Juliana L. M., Vinicius M. Netto i José F. Oliveira Júnior. "Morfologia urbana e qualidade do ar: uma proposição metodológica aplicada em caso empíricono Rio de Janeiro". W Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6269.
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Considerando a importância das cidades como fontes emissoras de poluentes e polos de concentração de população, o trabalho investigapossíveis impactos de aspectos da forma urbana nas concentrações de poluentes. O artigo discute o estado da artesobre as interações entre a qualidade do ar e indicadoresda forma urbana, compara e testa diferentes indicadores da forma urbana, incluindo um indicador de compacidadetridimensional proposto. O artigo sugere uma forma de modelagem e avaliação dessas relações, e apresenta, por fim, um estudo de caso na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, envolvendo métodos estatísticos aplicados a poluentes (SO2, CO e PI), variáveis morfológicas (taxa de ocupação e percentagem de verticalização) e meteorológicas (vento – direção e velocidade -, precipitação pluvial e temperatura do ar). Os resultados apontam para graus de influência das variáveis taxa de ocupação e verticalização na concentração dos poluentes considerados. Considering the importance of cities as pollutants emission sources and population hubs, the work researches possible impacts of the urban form aspects on pollutants concentrations. The paper discussesthe state of art of interactions between air quality and urban form indexes, compares and tests different indicators of urban form, including a proposed tridimensional compacity index. It.s suggested a way of modeling and testing these relations andpresented a case study in Rio de Janeiro city, involving statistical methods applied to pollutants (SO2, CO e PI), morphological variables (ground space index and verticalization) and meteorological (wind . direction and speed - , rainfall and air temperature). Results point to gradesof influenceof the ground space index and verticalizationon concentrations of considered pollutants.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "EMISSION QUALITY INDEX"
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Bora. PR-004-14604-R01 Miniaturized Gas Chromatography and Gas Quality Sensor. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), czerwiec 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010869.
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The natural gas industry currently relies on gas chromatography to evaluate the composition of natural gas including alkanes, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen. The higher and lower heating values, Wobbe Index, Hydrocarbon Dewpoint, Methane Number, and viscosity are all calculated from the gas composition. The need to understand the composition of fuel gas and to monitor its components is crucial to the natural gas industry. Monitoring the composition of the fuel gas provides the industry with the capability of protecting valuable underground assets, delivering gas that meets end-usage requirements, and tracking of constituents for both billing purposes and to ensure compliance with tariff agreements. As with any technology, there are limitations to gas chromatography. Limitations can include high cost, time delay, inability to sample at high pressure, and selectiveness of gas chromatography detectors. This project consisted of a technology assessment of currently available and emerging technologies including micro gas chromatographs, optical spectrometers, and mass spectrometers for their ability to determine gas composition compared to current GC technology. Technologies were investigated and assessed by their analytical characteristics (what components they could analyze and detection limits), their sampling characteristics (sampling pressure limits, scan time, and emissions), and their operational characteristics (availability, cost, consumables, maintenance, and packaging). Recommendations for further testing were made on the technologies whose characteristics showed the most promise for analysis of natural gas at custody transfer points.