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Treloar, Graham John, i edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "A Comprehensive Embodied Energy Analysis Framework". Deakin University. School of Architecture and Building, 1998. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20041209.161722.
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The assessment of the direct and indirect requirements for energy is known as embodied energy analysis. For buildings, the direct energy includes that used primarily on site, while the indirect energy includes primarily the energy required for the manufacture of building materials. This thesis is concerned with the completeness and reliability of embodied energy analysis methods. Previous methods tend to address either one of these issues, but not both at the same time. Industry-based methods are incomplete. National statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a black box and are subject to errors. A new hybrid embodied energy analysis method is derived to optimise the benefits of previous methods while minimising their flaws.
In industry-based studies, known as process analyses, the energy embodied in a product is traced laboriously upstream by examining the inputs to each preceding process towards raw materials. Process analyses can be significantly incomplete, due to increasing complexity. The other major embodied energy analysis method, input-output analysis, comprises the use of national statistics. While the input-output framework is comprehensive, many inherent assumptions make the results unreliable.
Hybrid analysis methods involve the combination of the two major embodied energy analysis methods discussed above, either based on process analysis or input-output analysis. The intention in both hybrid analysis methods is to reduce errors associated with the two major methods on which they are based. However, the problems inherent to each of the original methods tend to remain, to some degree, in the associated hybrid versions.
Process-based hybrid analyses tend to be incomplete, due to the exclusions associated with the process analysis framework. However, input-output-based hybrid analyses tend to be unreliable because the substitution of process analysis data into the input-output framework causes unwanted indirect effects.
A key deficiency in previous input-output-based hybrid analysis methods is that the input-output model is a black box, since important flows of goods and services with respect to the embodied energy of a sector cannot be readily identified. A new input-output-based hybrid analysis method was therefore developed, requiring the decomposition of the input-output model into mutually exclusive components (ie, direct energy paths).
A direct energy path represents a discrete energy requirement, possibly occurring one or more transactions upstream from the process under consideration. For example, the energy required directly to manufacture the steel used in the construction of a building would represent a direct energy path of one non-energy transaction in length. A direct energy path comprises a product quantity (for example, the total tonnes of cement used) and a direct energy intensity (for example, the energy required directly for cement manufacture, per tonne).
The input-output model was decomposed into direct energy paths for the residential building construction sector. It was shown that 592 direct energy paths were required to describe 90% of the overall total energy intensity for residential building construction. By extracting direct energy paths using yet smaller threshold values, they were shown to be mutually exclusive. Consequently, the modification of direct energy paths using process analysis data does not cause unwanted indirect effects.
A non-standard individual residential building was then selected to demonstrate the benefits of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method in cases where the products of a sector may not be similar. Particular direct energy paths were modified with case specific process analysis data. Product quantities and direct energy intensities were derived and used to modify some of the direct energy paths. The intention of this demonstration was to determine whether 90% of the total embodied energy calculated for the building could comprise the process analysis data normally collected for the building. However, it was found that only 51% of the total comprised normally collected process analysis. The integration of process analysis data with 90% of the direct energy paths by value was unsuccessful because:
typically only one of the direct energy path components was modified using process analysis data (ie, either the product quantity or the direct energy intensity);
of the complexity of the paths derived for residential building construction; and
of the lack of reliable and consistent process analysis data from industry, for both product quantities and direct energy intensities.
While the input-output model used was the best available for Australia, many errors were likely to be carried through to the direct energy paths for residential building construction. Consequently, both the value and relative importance of the direct energy paths for residential building construction were generally found to be a poor model for the demonstration building. This was expected. Nevertheless, in the absence of better data from industry, the input-output data is likely to remain the most appropriate for completing the framework of embodied energy analyses of many types of productseven in non-standard cases.
Residential building construction was one of the 22 most complex Australian economic sectors (ie, comprising those requiring between 592 and 3215 direct energy paths to describe 90% of their total energy intensities). Consequently, for the other 87 non-energy sectors of the Australian economy, the input-output-based hybrid analysis method is likely to produce more reliable results than those calculated for the demonstration building using the direct energy paths for residential building construction.
For more complex sectors than residential building construction, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method derived here allows available process analysis data to be integrated with the input-output data in a comprehensive framework. The proportion of the result comprising the more reliable process analysis data can be calculated and used as a measure of the reliability of the result for that product or part of the product being analysed (for example, a building material or component).
To ensure that future applications of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method produce reliable results, new sources of process analysis data are required, including for such processes as services (for example, banking) and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products (for example, steel and copper into an electric motor).
However, even considering the limitations of the demonstration described above, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method developed achieved the aim of the thesis: to develop a new embodied energy analysis method that allows reliable process analysis data to be integrated into the comprehensive, yet unreliable, input-output framework.
Plain language summary
Embodied energy analysis comprises the assessment of the direct and indirect energy requirements associated with a process. For example, the construction of a building requires the manufacture of steel structural members, and thus indirectly requires the energy used directly and indirectly in their manufacture. Embodied energy is an important measure of ecological sustainability because energy is used in virtually every human activity and many of these activities are interrelated.
This thesis is concerned with the relationship between the completeness of embodied energy analysis methods and their reliability. However, previous industry-based methods, while reliable, are incomplete. Previous national statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a black box subject to errors.
A new method is derived, involving the decomposition of the comprehensive national statistical model into components that can be modified discretely using the more reliable industry data, and is demonstrated for an individual building. The demonstration failed to integrate enough industry data into the national statistical model, due to the unexpected complexity of the national statistical data and the lack of available industry data regarding energy and non-energy product requirements.
These unique findings highlight the flaws in previous methods. Reliable process analysis and input-output data are required, particularly for those processes that were unable to be examined in the demonstration of the new embodied energy analysis method. This includes the energy requirements of services sectors, such as banking, and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products, such as refrigerators. The application of the new method to less complex products, such as individual building materials or components, is likely to be more successful than to the residential building demonstration.
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Ting, Siu Keih, i ting0009@hotmail com. "Optimisation of Embodied Energy in Domestic Construction". RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080107.142556.
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Over the years many developed economies around the world have used the domestic building sector capital growth as an indicator and as a stimulant to economic growth. However, attention to environmental duty of this industry has come to light only recently. There is an apparent increase in government attention and community awareness regarding the sustainability aspect of this growing industry and a greater emphasis is now being given to its environmental duty. The present pattern of metropolitan development in major Australian cities is one of spreading low-density suburbs. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics the current trend indicates that there is a 30% increase in average dwelling size and material consumption and also a decline in the number of people per dwelling. This means the energy consumption per capital, both embodied and operational energy is on the rise in the domestic sector. In relative terms the emphasis on the conservation of embodi ed energy component is far less than the operational energy component. This research dissertation discusses the importance and needs in addressing this existing gap. Housing is an essential amenity. However the impact, due to current trend of increasing embodied energy consumption per capital should be minimised. This may even require major cultural shift to traditional construction processes, practices and home owner perceptions. This thesis presents the outcomes of a study investigating ways to produce a
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Pullen, Stephen. "Embodied energy of building materials in houses /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SBLM/09sblmp982.pdf.
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Seow, Yingying. "A framework for modelling embodied product energy to support energy efficient manufacturing". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8766.
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This thesis reports on the research undertaken to minimise energy consumption within the production phase of a product lifecycle through modelling, monitoring and improved control of energy use within manufacturing facilities. The principle objective of this research is to develop a framework which integrates energy data at plant and process levels within a manufacturing system so as to establish how much energy is required to manufacture a unit product. The research contributions are divided into four major parts. The first reviews relevant literature in energy trends, related governmental policies, and energy tools and software. The second introduces an Embodied Product Energy framework which categorises energy consumption within a production facility into direct and indirect energy required to manufacture a product. The third describes the design and implementation of a simulation model based on this framework to support manufacturing and design decisions for improved energy efficiency through the use of what-if scenario planning. The final part outlines the utilisation of this energy simulation model to support a Design for Energy Minimisation methodology which incorporates energy considerations within the design process. The applicability of the research concepts have been demonstrated via two case studies. The detailed analysis of energy consumption from a product viewpoint provides greater insight into inefficiencies of processes and associated supporting activities, thereby highlighting opportunities for optimisation of energy consumption via operational or design improvements. Although the research domain for this thesis is limited to the production phase, the flexibility offered by the energy modelling framework and associated simulation tool allow for their employment other product lifecycle phases. In summary, the research has concluded that investment in green sources of power generation alone is insufficient to deal with the rapid rise in energy demand, and has highlighted the paramount importance of energy rationalisation and optimisation within the manufacturing industry.
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Montebelli, Alberto. "Modeling the Role of Energy Management in Embodied Cognition". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77231.
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The quest for adaptive and autonomous robots, flexible enough to smoothly comply with unstructured environments and operate in close interaction with humans, seems to require a deep rethinking of classical engineering methods. The adaptivity of natural organisms, whose cognitive capacities are rooted in their biological organization, is an obvious source of inspiration. While approaches that highlight the role of embodiment in both cognitive science and cognitive robotics are gathering momentum, the crucial role of internal bodily processes as foundational components of the biological mind is still largely neglected. This thesis advocates a perspective on embodiment that emphasizes the role of non-neural bodily dynamics in the constitution of cognitive processes in both natural and artificial systems. In the first part, it critically examines the theoretical positions that have influenced current theories and the author's own position. The second part presents the author's experimental work, based on the computer simulation of simple robotic agents engaged in energy-related tasks. Proto-metabolic dynamics, modeled on the basis of actual microbial fuel cells for energy generation, constitute the foundations of a powerful motivational engine. Following a history of adaptation, proto-metabolic states bias the robot towards specific subsets of behaviors, viably attuned to the current context, and facilitate a swift re-adaptation to novel tasks. Proto-metabolic dynamics put the situated nature of the agent-environment sensorimotor interaction within a perspective that is functional to the maintenance of the robot's overall `survival'. Adaptive processes tend to convert metabolic constraints into opportunities, branching into a rich and energetically viable behavioral diversity.
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Fernando, Anton Tharanga Deshan. "Embodied Energy Analysis of New Zealand Power Generation Systems". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5213.
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Embodied energy is the energy consumed in all activities necessary to support a process in its entire lifecycle. For power generation systems, this includes the energy cost of raw material extraction and transportation, plant construction, energy generation and the recycling and disposal stages following actual use. Embodied energy analysis is a crude method of estimating the environmental impacts and depletion of natural resources consequent to a certain process. In effect, the higher the embodied energy of a process, the greater the green house gas emissions and the depletion of the natural resources.
This thesis presents the embodied energy analysis carried out on some New Zealand power plants belonging to various methods of generation, namely, natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), natural gas open cycle (NGOC), wind, reservoir hydro and run of river hydro power plants. The analysis was carried out using a combination of process chain analysis and input output analysis, which are the two fundamental
methodologies for embodied energy analysis. It follows the standards set out by the International Organisation for Standardisation 14040 series, and uses some guidelines
given in the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study workshop on energy analysis methodology and conventions.
From the analysis, it was found that for renewable generation power plants, the exploration and plant construction phase of the lifecycle contributes the largest
amount of embodied energy, while for the non renewable power plants, the largest amount of embodied energy is contributed by the plant operation and maintenance phase of the lifecycle. The lifecycle energy payback ratio, which corresponds to the ratio of electrical energy output over the total lifecycle energy input, of the power plants are 96.9, 62.8, 7.96, 0.487 and 0.354 for run of river hydro, reservoir hydro, wind, NGCC and NGOC, respectively. Therefore, the lifecycle performance of renewable electricity generation is superior to non renewable electricity generation. Hence, the environmental impacts and depletion of natural resources from non renewable electricity generation is higher than renewable electricity generation. From the generation methodologies, hydro power plants have exceptional performance characteristics.
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Mo, Weiwei. "Water's Dependence on Energy: Analysis of Embodied Energy in Water and Wastewater Systems". Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4374.
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Water and wastewater treatment is a critical service provided for protecting human health and the environment. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been placed on energy consumption in water and wastewater systems for the following reasons: (1) Water and energy are two interrelated resources. The nexus between water and energy can intensify the crises of fresh water and fossil fuel shortages; (2) The demand of water/wastewater treatment services is expected to continue to increase with increasing population, economic development and land use change in the foreseeable future; and (3) There is a great potential to mitigate energy use in water and wastewater systems by recovering resources in wastewater treatment systems. As a result, the goal of this dissertation study is to assess the life cycle energy use of both water supply systems and wastewater treatment systems, explore the potential of integrated resource recovery to reduce energy consumption in wastewater systems, and understand the major factors impacting the life cycle energy use of water systems.
To achieve the goal, an input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model was developed for calculating life cycle energy in water and wastewater systems in the US. This approach is more comprehensive and less labor intensive than the traditional life cycle assessment. Additionally, this model is flexible in terms of data availability. It can give a rough estimation of embodied energy in water systems with limited data input. Given more site specific data, the model can modify the embodied energy of different energy paths involved in water related sectors.
Using the input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model, the life cycle energy of a groundwater supply system (Kalamazoo, Michigan) and a surface water supply system (Tampa, Florida) was compared. The two systems evaluated have comparable total energy embodiments based on unit water production. However, the onsite energy use of the groundwater supply system is approximately 27% greater than the surface water supply system. This was primarily due to more extensive pumping requirements. On the other hand, the groundwater system uses approximately 31% less indirect energy than the surface water system, mainly because of fewer chemicals used for treatment. The results from this and other studies were also compiled to provide a relative comparison of embodied energy for major water supply options. The comparison shows that desalination is the most energy intensive option among all the water sources. The embodied energy and benefits of reclaimed water depend on local situations and additional treatment needed to ensure treated wastewater suitable for the desired application.
A review was conducted on the current resource recovery technologies in wastewater treatment systems. It reveals that there are very limited life cycle studies on the resource recovery technologies applied in the municipal wastewater treatment systems and their integrations. Hence, a life cycle study was carried out to investigate the carbon neutrality in a state-of-art wastewater treatment plant in Tampa, FL. Three resource recovery methods were specifically investigated: onsite energy generation through combined heat and power systems, nutrient recycling through biosolids land application, and water reuse for residential irrigation. The embodied energy and the associated carbon footprint were estimated using the input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model and carbon emission factors. It was shown that the integrated resource (energy, nutrient and water) recovery has the potential to offset all the direct operational energy; however, it is not able to offset the total embodied energy of the treatment plant to achieve carbon neutrality. Among the three resource recovery methods, water reuse has the highest potential of offsetting carbon footprint, while nutrient recycling has the lowest.
A final application of the model was to study on the correlation between embodied energy in regional water supply systems and demographic and environmental characteristics. It shows that energy embodied in water supply systems in a region is related to and can be estimated by population, land use patterns, especially percentage of urban land and water source, and water sources. This model provides an alternative way to quickly estimate embodied energy of water supply in a region. The estimated embodied energy of water supply can further be used as a supporting tool for decision making and planning.
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Jones, Craig I. "Life cycle energy consumption and environmental burdens associated with energy technologies and buildings". Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532723.
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This portfolio of published research contains nine papers and assesses the life cycle environmental burdens of energy technologies and buildings. Several analytical tools were used but these all fall under the umbrella of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), and include energy analysis, carbon appraisal and the consideration of other environmental issues. The life cycle of all products starts with an assessment of embodied impacts. The current author has completed significant research on the embodied carbon of materials. This includes the creation of a leading embodied carbon database (the ICE database) for materials which has been downloaded by over 10,000 professionals and has made a significant contribution to knowledge. This portfolio of work includes analysis on methods for recycling in embodied impact assessment and LCA. This is an influential topic and therefore appears in two of the publications. The ICE database was applied by the current author to over 40 domestic building case studies and an embodied carbon model for buildings was created from these. The latter was used to provide benchmark values for six types of new houses in the UK.The portfolio of work then progresses to full LCA of energy systems. LCA is used to assess the embodied impacts versus operational impacts of 11 kV electrical cables. In this case embodied impacts were not significant and preference should be given to reducing electrical losses in the cables. The tool of LCA was then applied to a national electricity network. It revealed that Lebanon had a particularly poor centralised electricity network that was both unreliable and unsustainable with high impacts in all environmental categories. The final paper in this portfolio is on Building Integrated PV (BIPV) and brings together all aspects of the current author’s work and knowledge. It considers embodied burdens, electricity generation and BIPV can replace roofing materials.
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Davies, Philip J. "Assessing initial embodied energy in UK non-domestic construction projects". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/20341.
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There is an increasing need to reduce energy consumption to tackle the adverse effects of climate change. The UK government has established numerous directives and policies to encourage carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and energy reduction within the non-domestic sector. However these measures are primarily focused towards reducing operational energy (i.e. energy used during building occupier activity), largely overlooking initial embodied energy. The trend towards reduced operational energy consumption due to energy efficient design is leading initial embodied energy to become a more significant part of project life cycle energy. Initial embodied energy relates to the energy use during the material, transportation and construction phases up to project practical completion, which is of keen interest to contractors due to their significant role in project procurement and delivery. Opportunities to address project life cycle energy are typically identified through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However at present there is little validated data, no coherent method for data capture and limited incentive for project stakeholders to address initial embodied energy consumption. In response, this research project presents a contractor s practical approach towards assessing initial embodied energy consumption within UK non-domestic construction projects. An action research methodological approach enabled the assessment and potential reduction of initial embodied energy to be explored within a large principal contractor through five research cycles which included diagnosing and action planning, action taking, evaluating and specified learning. A comprehensive framework is designed to highlight the significance of initial embodied energy consumption relative to specific construction packages, activities and sub-contractors. This framework is then explored within three UK non-domestic construction projects (i.e. two industrial warehouses and one commercial office). Capturing information from live projects enables practical challenges and opportunities inherent when addressing initial embodied energy consumption to be identified. A series of contractor current practices are reviewed, and subsequently improved, to enhance their compliance with the framework requirements. The findings emphasise the importance of material phase impacts, especially construction packages which primarily contain steel and concrete-based materials (i.e. ground and upper floor, external slab and frame). The importance of project type, site area, building lifespan and waste consumption are also recognised to reduce initial embodied energy consumption. The framework provides a practical approach for initial embodied energy assessment which can readily be adopted to help highlight further opportunities to reduce energy consumption. The research project concludes by presenting a number of recommendations for consideration by the construction industry and associated stakeholders, along with requirements for future research.
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Shadram, Farshid. "Supporting the Embodied Energy Assessment in a BIM-driven Design Process". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriellt och hållbart byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60289.
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Recent studies indicate that the embodied energy originating from the buildingmaterial supply chain (i.e. off-site production of materials and components andassociated transportation to the construction site) contributes significantly tothe total life-cycle energy use. Therefore, considering its impact during thebuilding design and pre-construction stage provides an opportunity to affect thebuilding energy use and sustainability performance. However, there are twomajor shortcomings with the life cycle assessment (LCA) tools used forassessment and reduction of the embodied energy use during the buildingdesign and pre-construction stage. (1) Many of the LCA tools use databasesbased on industry-average values which hinders the possibility to account forthe differences in the embodied impact of specific materials sourced fromindividual suppliers. (2) Lack of interoperability between the LCA tools andthe Building Information Modeling (BIM) software which has become an assetfor supporting decisions during building design and pre-construction. Thisinteroperability issue increases the amount of time and effort required forassessment of the embodied energy and also increases the risks for mistakes,misunderstandings and errors due to the manual re-entry of BIM data into the LCA tools. Therefore, the overall purpose of the research is to investigate the possibility tomitigate the aforementioned shortcomings by integrating the analyses of theembodied energy into a BIM-driven design process. Two research questionshave been defined: (1) What is a suitable data source for assessment of theembodied energy? (2) How can the embodied energy assessment be integratedinto a BIM-driven design process? To address the first research question in identifying a suitable data source forassessing the embodied energy, literature studies were conducted to provideinsights into the existing Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) data used for assessmentof the embodied energy. To address the second research question, several caseswere studied using a prototyping approach which enabled the identification ofrequired processes and functions for supporting assessment of the embodiedenergy in a BIM-driven design process. The result of the literature studies and answer to the first research questionindicate that Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of materials andcomponents can be recognized as a suitable data source for assessment of theembodied energy. EPDs provide a detailed LCA data for a specific productwhich is implemented according to Product Category Rules (PCR) and verifiedby an independent third party. PCRs provide pre-established guidelines andrequirements for the LCA of a certain product category and by this meanensure the principle for comparability of the LCA data. The main outcome ofthe second research question is a framework which highlights the requiredprocesses for facilitating and supporting assessment of the embodied energy ina BIM-driven design process. The framework uses the suppliers’ EPDs tosupport the design decisions and enable assessment of the embodied impactcaused by the building material supply chain. The framework also ensuresBIM-LCA interoperability by integrating the Extract, Transform Load (ETL)technology with BIM, enabling an automated or semi-automated assessmentprocess, to reduce the amount of time, efforts and risks for mistakes that wasreported to be the major obstacles within the embodied energy assessment.
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Smyth, Mervyn A. "Design and development of a heat retaining integrated collection/storage solar water heater". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264693.
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Hedayati, Mahsa. "Low Carbon Architecture: New Approach Toward Sustainability in Relation to Existing Buildings". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99968.
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The built environment puts the greatest pressure on the natural environment out of all human activities, so it has a fundamental obligation to be environmentally sustainable. Carbon dioxide (CO2) or carbon emissions is a significant greenhouse gas that is inevitably associated with energy use when energy is produced via the combustion of fuels.
Total life cycle energy, embodied and operational energy over a building's lifetime, creates significant environmental impacts through the production of CO2. By keeping and reusing existing and historic buildings rather than discarding them and building new, the embodied energy, or the energy that is locked up, can help to mitigate future damage. These buildings already exist, which indicates that the energy consumed to build them has been applied and the carbon associated with their construction has been released.
The greenest buildings are ones that are already built. They are inherently more sustainable than any new buildings even with green and zero net energy systems and can be retrofitted to become more energy efficient. To demonstrate this thesis specifically, a design project engages with an abandoned late nineteenth-century bank building in Philadelphia and transforms it into a high-performance building that is prepared for long-term use. For the immediate next use, the project creates a work environment and a new vertical expansion of residential units.
The preservation field always confronts the challenge of bridging the gap between embodied energy and operational energy. In the abandoned bank, there are some aspects of this building that are near permanent and define its character, such as brick walls with masonry ornament, two bank vaults, Wissahickon Schist foundation wall, and ceiling trusses. This thesis explores new approaches to leverage the embodied energy of the permanent parts of the abandoned bank and transform it into a high-performance building. A lot of energy of the abandoned bank, the building's material, and thermal mass is still actively performing. The building's envelope, the thick masonry wall, provides a moderately good insulating effect that will temper the indoor air that also preserves its historical character both inside and outside. The embodied energy of the building's envelope is leveraged by pairing it with localized heating and cooling using a radiation and conduction system. Other approaches that increase energy performance in the existing building, include the use of phase-change material for cooling the process water, solar hot water, creating drinking water via a solar still in the skylight, and distilled water from radiant cooling surfaces. In the new construction, a thermal switch facade and double-skin facade for the residential units are proposed, along with providing flexible space with thick mobile interior wall units.Master of Architecture
Global warming as a problem of the twenty-first-century increase concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human actions like burning fossil fuels. The built environment puts the greatest pressure on the natural environment of all industrial parts, and it has a fundamental role to manage the environment sustainably. Total life cycle energy, embodied and operational energy over the lifetime of the buildings, creates significant environmental impacts through the production of CO2. Embodied energy is the whole amount of energy applied to extract the raw materials, manufacture, transport, install, and use the product across its life cycle. Assessments of the embodied energy of historic and existing buildings are helping to mitigate future damage to resources. These buildings already exist, which indicates that the energy consumed to build them has been applied and the carbon associated with their construction has been released. The greenest buildings are ones that are already built. They are inherently sustainable and can be retrofitted to become more energy efficient. Specifically, this design engages with an abandoned late nineteenth-century bank building in Philadelphia and transforms it into a high-performance building that is prepared for long-term use. For the immediate next use, the project creates a work environment and in a new vertical expansion, residential units. In the abandoned bank, there are some aspects of this building that are near-permanent and define its characters, such as brick walls with masonry ornament, two bank vaults, Wissahickon Schist wall, and ceiling trusses. This thesis explores the new approaches to leverage the embodied energy of the permanent parts of the abandoned bank and transform it into a high-performance building. This is achieved through various means such as providing localized heating and cooling by using a radiation and conduction system, the use of phase-change material for cooling the process water, solar hot water, creating drinking water via a solar still in the skylight and distilled water from radiant cooling surfaces. In the new construction, a thermal switch facade and double-skin facade for the residential units are proposed, along with providing flexible space with thick mobile interior wall units.
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Wan, Omar Wan Mohd Sabki. "Analysis of Embodied Energy and Carbon in Malaysian Building Construction Using Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365359.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is considered as the most efficient methodology and has been widely accepted by previous researches in the area of energy analysis. Quantifying embodied energy (EE) and carbon (EC) is time-consuming and needs a lot of quantitative effort to ensure reliability of the data to be obtained and analysed. Hybrid-based LCA (hybrid LCA) is utilised - this incorporates input-output based LCA (I-O LCA) that calculate flow of building materials, products, and construction processes in the whole sector of economy and process-based LCA (process LCA) is used to quantify physical quantities of materials, products, or processes. Although hybrid LCA has been identified as improving completeness of EE and EC inventory data, this benefit was not empirically verified extensively, particularly in the Malaysian building construction industry. Therefore, the principal aim of this research was to develop LCEA methodology in order to systematically quantify EE and EC of building construction in Malaysia.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Santana, Mark Vincent Eli. "The Effect of Urbanization on the Embodied Energy of Drinking Water in Tampa, Florida". Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5772.
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Increasing urbanization has serious implications for resource and energy use. One of these resources is drinking water. The increased amount of impervious surfaces associated with urban development is responsible for increased runoff during rain events, which may have a negative impact on the quality of nearby bodies of water, including drinking water sources. The growing populations associated with urbanization require a higher water demand. In addition, urban drinking water systems use energy to collect, treat, and distribute a safe reliable effluent to users. Therefore, this study focuses on the degree to which urbanization influences the embodied energy of drinking water in the city of Tampa via three objectives: (1) determine the degree to which the embodied energy of drinking water treatment is influenced by water quality possibly caused by urbanization, (2) determine the influence of urban form on the embodied energy of water supply, and (3) determine the effect of the state of water infrastructure on the embodied energy of drinking water.
The influence of the water quality of the Hillsborough River Reservoir on the embodied energy of drinking water at the David L. Tippin Water Treatment Facility was determined and quantified via statistical analysis methods and life cycle energy analysis. Results show that energy due to electricity and fuel use (direct energy) is responsible for 63% of the embodied energy of drinking water treatment in the city of Tampa. However, the 37% of energy due to treatment chemical usage (indirect energy) is substantial and most influenced by influent water quality. Two constituents, total organic carbon and conductivity, are responsible for influencing 14.5% of Tampa’s drinking water treatment embodied energy.
The effect of smart growth on the embodied energy of water supply was studied via the comparison of four future development scenarios within the Tampa WSA. The water consumption was estimated for each scenario and integrated into EPANET, a water distribution modeling software. After running each scenario, the embodied energy was calculated. The smart growth scenarios had 1-4% higher embodied energies than the business-as-usual scenario (urban sprawl). This was due to the location of added demand relative to the location of the water treatment facility. Nevertheless, while smart growth does not inherently minimize the embodied energy of water supply, it can result in the minimization of per capita water use due to the addition of more multi-family homes.
About 16 pipe replacement scenarios were used to determine the degree to which the state of water infrastructure affects drinking water supply embodied energy. These scenarios were simulated using EPANET. The replacement of all pipes in the city of Tampa is estimated to result in an embodied energy decrease of about 20%. However, taking into account the energy use associated with pipe installation, only replacement of pipes that are older than 20 years with recycled ductile iron yields a net energy savings.
The results of these studies show the influence of the roles that influent water quality, future urban development and infrastructure condition play on the embodied energy of drinking water in the Tampa WSA. However, future studies could look more in depth into these relationships via more definitive studies on the effect of land use on the Hillsborough River, and expanding the future development scenario studies to the metropolitan scale.
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Shillaber, Craig Michael. "Toward Sustainable Development: Quantifying Environmental Impact via Embodied Energy and CO2 Emissions for Geotechnical Construction". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64935.
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With rising awareness that future generations may not have access to the resources and quality of life that exist today, sustainable development has become a priority within civil engineering. One important component of sustainable development is environmental stewardship, which concerns both the resources taken from the environment, and the wastes and byproducts emitted to the environment. To facilitate more sustainable development, environmental accounting is necessary within civil and geotechnical engineering design and construction. Historically, geotechnical practice has focused on maximizing design performance while minimizing monetary costs, and well established methods exist for quantifying these factors. Quantitative consideration of environmental consequences has seldom played a large role in geotechnical design and construction, and clear guidelines and a methodology for such an assessment are not available within the geotechnical profession. Therefore, this research has focused on establishing a method for quantitative streamlined environmental Life Cycle Analysis of energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for geotechnical ground improvement works, known as the Streamlined Energy and Emissions Assessment Model (SEEAM). The boundaries for the SEEAM extend from raw material extraction through the completion of construction, including the energy and CO2 emissions associated with construction materials, construction site operations, and the transportation of construction materials and wastes. The methodology relies on energy and CO2 emissions coefficients, which represent typical industry average values and not necessarily the specific processes contributing to a project. Therefore, there is uncertainty in SEEAM analyses, which is addressed via a Monte Carlo simulation framework that assumes the energy and CO2 emissions coefficients each follow a lognormal distribution. Data sets of total energy and CO2 emissions generated by the Monte Carlo simulation framework with the SEEAM may be used to statistically compare the energy and CO2 emissions of different geotechnical design alternatives. Such comparisons can help facilitate designing for minimum environmental consequences, thus advancing sustainable development within geotechnical engineering. For clarity, the development and application of the SEEAM is illustrated using two different geotechnical case history projects, including rehabilitation of levee LPV 111 in New Orleans, LA, and the construction of foundations for a replacement dormitory on the Virginia Tech campus.Ph. D.
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Mantoam, Edemilson José. "Incorporação de energia na vida útil de uma colhedora autopropelida de cana-de-açúcar". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-22122011-144520/.
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A questão energética é um dos principais desafios do século XXI. Por outro lado, os aspectos geopolíticos e ambientais, são fontes de preocupação para o modelo econômico atual. O Brasil é um país que apresenta vantagens em relação ao mundo em termos de utilização de fontes renováveis de energia. Desde 2007 os produtos da cana-de-açúcar assumiram o primeiro lugar na oferta de energia renovável. A análise de energia é necessária para o gerenciamento de recursos naturais limitados, para abastecer, com as mais diversas alternativas de biomassa, uma população mundial em constante crescimento. Essa análise identifica as práticas de produção e quantifica sua eficiência sob o ponto de vista energético, determinando a energia incorporada nas etapas do processo de produção. Estudos de energia incorporada em máquinas agrícolas são escassos. A participação do setor sucroalcooleiro na matriz energética do Brasil, fornecendo energia renovável a partir da biomassa tem aumentado. Devido à energia consumida no processo, ser produzida a partir dos seus próprios resíduos, avaliar as formas pelas quais a energia é demandada é vital para se determinar a viabilidade energética dessa fonte. Esse estudo visa determinar a energia incorporada em colhedora autopropelida de cana-de-açúcar. Foram avaliadas duas colhedoras, denominadas Máquina 1 equipada com rodas e pneus e Máquina 2 equipada com esteiras metálicas, fabricadas por uma companhia localizada na região de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para cada colhedora foi contabilizado o consumo dos insumos (diretos e indiretos) utilizados na fase de montagem, bem como, o consumo dos insumos utilizados na fase de manutenção e reparo. Os dados de consumo dos insumos foram processados apresentando os fluxos de materiais utilizados, os quais foram multiplicados pelo seu índice de energia incorporada, resultando na energia incorporada nos insumos. Os resultados demonstram que a Máquina 2 apresentou maior energia incorporada (204,3 MJ kg-1) do que a Máquina 1 (202,6 MJ kg-1) durante o ciclo de vida útil, isso foi influenciado diretamente pelo rodante utilizado pela máquina 2. A energia incorporada na mão-de-obra requerida para desempenhar a atividade de montagem foi baixa comparada com as outras categorias de energia. O aço carbono foi o insumo que obteve a maior representatividade de consumo. A energia incorporada indiretamente nos insumos foi baixa comparada com as verificadas nos demais insumos. Em termos de consumo de energia incorporada, a Máquina 1 é melhor que a Máquina 2, porém esta última propicia menores danos ao canavial, fato esse que pode compensar sua maior demanda energética ao longo de seu ciclo de vida.The energy subject is one of the main challenges of 21st century. The geopolitical and environment aspects, they are concern sources to the current economic model. Brazil presents advantages in comparison to the world due to the use of renewable energy. Since 2007, products from the sugarcane have assumed the first place as a renewable source in the Brazilian energy matrix. Energy analysis is necessary in order to monitor of scarce natural resources, to supply, with the most several biomass alternatives, a world population in constant growth. This analysis identifies the production practices and quantifies their efficiency in the energy point of view, determining the embodied energy in the steps of the production process. Studies of embodied energy in agricultural machinery are rare. The participation of the sugarcane sector in the Brazilian energetic matrix has increased. Due to the energy consumed in their processes it is interesting to quantify these input flows in order to monitor the energy feasibility of this source. This study aimed to determine the embodied energy in the self-propelled sugarcane harvester. Two models were evaluated, so called: Machine 1 equipped with wheels and tires; and Machine 2 equipped with metallic tracks, manufactured by a company located at Piracicaba region, State of São Paulo, Brazil. For every harvester, the consumption of the input (direct and indirect) used in the assembly phase, was accounted, and also the consumption of the input used in the maintenance and repair phase. The consumption data of the inputs were processed presenting the materials flows used, which they were multiplied by their embodied energy indices, resulting in the embodied energy required by the production system. The results show that Machine 2 presented higher embodied energy (204.3 MJ kg-1) than the Machine 1 (202.6 MJ kg-1) during their life cycle and this was influenced directly by the rolling used by the Machine 2. The embodied energy by demanded by labor in the assembly activity was low compared with the other categories of energy. The steel carbon represented the input with the highest consumption. The incorporated energy indirectly in the input was low compared with the verified on the other inputs. In terms of embodied energy consumption, Machine 1 is better than Machine 2, although the latter may cause less damage to the sugarcane rattons which can compensate the higher energy demand in its life cycle.
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Ferreira, Paulo Miguel Sá. "Análise comparativa da sustentabilidade de diferentes tipos de betões com a incorporação de resíduos de construção e demolição". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/12372.
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Esta dissertação pretendeu avaliar a sustentabilidade de diferentes betões com base
na análise de uma parte do ciclo de vida de cada um dos materiais que o incorporam.
Para os diferentes tipos de betões, foram consideradas várias composições com
substituição de 10%, 20%, 30% e 100% de agregados naturais britados por agregados
reciclados.
O estudo em questão foi elaborado com base numa Central de Betão Pronto em Évora
e numa pequena unidade de reciclagem de Resíduos de Construção e Demolição
(RCD´s), na qual foi determinado o consumo energético e as emissões de CO2 para as
diferentes composições de betão, considerando a sua produção e transporte.
Concluiu-se que nem sempre a utilização de agregados reciclados é ambientalmente
mais favorável; ### Abstract:
Comparative analysis of sustainability of concrete with the incorporation
of construction and demolition waste
The aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the sustainability of different types of
concrete, over a certain period of their life cycle.
For each type of concrete analyzed, different compositions were considered, replacing
10%, 20%, 30% and 100% of natural crushed aggregates by recycled aggregates.
For this study, a concrete plant, based in Évora, and a small recycling CDW unit were
considered, in order to quantify the Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon for
different concrete compositions, considering their production and transportation.
Results show that the use of recycled aggregates is not always a clear environmental
added value.
Key-words:
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Oxley, David Richard III, i david oxley@rmit edu au. "Role of Prefabricated Modular Housing Systems in Promoting Sustainable Housing Practices". RMIT University. Civil and Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070119.150328.
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The use of modular construction systems for residential purposes currently represents a very small proportion of all housing construction. The focus of these systems is on niche markets typified as cheap alternatives, homeowner involvement in construction or adaptations to construction constraints (build time availability, site access, etc.). Governments, regulatory bodies and industrial members are progressively moving towards increased environmentally sustainable practice. This progression is evidenced by the development of design and construction rating tools and the introduction of statutes and regulations governing construction and design. This work investigates the improvement of residential construction practice in terms of environmental sustainability outcomes through the use of modular housing systems. Two key aspects of environmental sustainability identified are embodied energy and material waste reduction. A modular system has been investigated because methods and procedures that directly relate to these two areas are well addressed by such systems. In order to validate the potential of modular systems in this environmental regard, three main areas have been addressed. The first is the ability for modular systems to generate the type of floor plans currently offered by Australian high-volume builders. Second, the environmental improvement potential offered by modular systems is addressed. Lastly are the issues of structural performance and the means of the tailoring of prefabricated modular systems to residential construction standards. Through the treatment of these three areas, potential benefits of modular systems are identified, with future work necessary to implement such benefits highlighted. The need for such improvements is noted, and a framework for evaluating future developments in this area of research is presented.
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Miranda, Amauri Ghellere Garcia. "Estudo de ciclo de vida de gerador eólico de pequeno porte utilizado em propriedade rural". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3956.
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Technological advances seek to; somehow, improve the quality of life of the population. To ensure sustainability in new projects and methodologies are established. Among these methodologies to life cycle, assessment seeks to evaluate the energy cost and the environmental impact of a product. Thus, the present work had as purpose to carry out such analysis in a wind turbine installed in the project House, situation at the State University of Western Paraná UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil. The energy cost was checked following ISO 14040 and methodology the following methodology was verified energy return proposed by Manwell, 2010. This was exploratory research of bibliographic source. The weather data used to verify the energy return of the generator were actual data, provided by SIMEPAR. In this way, it was found that the energy cost of the material, used in the wind turbine, was 803 MJ. The environmental impact of wind turbine rated at this research, converted to CO2 equivalent, is 60 kgCO2. The capacity of power generation of the wind turbine, to weather conditions found at the scene of the analysis is of 1390 MJ/year when generating power at 12V current and 1278 MJ/year when at 24V.The analysis found that the energy embodied payback time of the wind turbine running at 12V is 11 months and 18 days and at 24V is 1 year and 18 days respectively.
Avanços tecnológicos buscam formas de melhorar a qualidade de vida da população. Para garantir a sustentabilidade em novos projetos parâmetros e metodologias são estabelecidas. Dentre estas metodologias a Análise de Ciclo de Vida busca avaliar o custo energético e o impacto ambiental de um determinado produto. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como propósito realizar tal análise em um aerogerador instalado no Projeto Casa, situação na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brasil. O custo energético foi verificado seguindo metodologia ISO 14040, mensurado em MJ, e o retorno energético foi verificado seguindo metodologia proposta por Manwell, 2010. Esta foi pesquisa exploratórias de fonte bibliográfica. Os dados meteorológicos utilizados para verificar o retorno energético do gerador foram dados reais, fornecidos pelo SIMEPAR. Desta forma, verificou-se que o custo energético do material, empregado no aerogerador, foi 803 MJ. O impacto ambiental do aerogerador avaliado na pesquisa, convertido em CO2 equivalente, é de 60 kgCO2. A capacidade de geração de energia do aerogerador, para as condições meteorológicas encontradas no local da análise é de 1390 MJ/ano quando gerando energia a corrente de à 12V e 1278 MJ/ano quando à 24V. A análise constatou que o tempo de payback energético do aerogerador funcionando a 12V é de 11 messes e 18 dias e a 24V é de 1 ano e 18 dias respectivamente
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Herrera, Jaime Andrés Quiroa. "Quantificação e correlação das variáveis do ciclo de vida energético da edificação: energia incorporada na envolvente arquitetônica e consumo energético pelo comportamento térmico, caso de estudo: moradia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-02052013-082403/.
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No presente trabalho se analisou o consumo energético de uma moradia social, para isto se calculou a energia incorporada nos materiais construtivos utilizados no projeto da moradia analisada e o consumo energético provocado pelo comportamento térmico da envolvente térmica da edificação estudando como a mudança dos materiais construtivos como: telhados e paredes modificam o valor da energia incorporada e o consumo de energia elétrica pelo comportamento térmico, uma vez que se considera possível que o consumo energético por motivos térmico seja maior que a energia incorporada. Para o calculo da energia incorporadados materiais construtivos que compõem a envolvente, foram utilizados coeficientes de energia incorporada propostos por Tavares, (2006), Graf; Tavares, (2010), Lobo, (2010). A pesquisa foi enfocada ao setor habitacional por ser um dos setores que apresentam maior consumo de energia, enfocando-se especificamente à moradia social. A metodologia para avaliar o consumo energético da edificação no período de análise, se divide em quatros etapas: 1) Quantificação de materiais da envolvente 2) Cálculo de energia incorporada 3) Cálculo de gasto energético nos períodos de 1 e 40 anos realizado por meio de simulações no software Energy Plus 4) Cálculo dos coeficientes de correlação das variáveis.Tomaram-se as cidades de São Carlos, SP e Belém, PA, como exemplos de análise. A primeira cidade participa com 11% no rubro de condicionamento ambiental no setor residencial e segunda participa com 40%. Os resultados foram trabalhados e analisados com gráficos de Excel, para a posterior análise e conclusão. Identificou-se um coeficiente de correlação que indica uma forte correlação entres as variáveis analisadas no presente. O que indica que existe uma relação entre a quantidade de energia incorporada nos materiais e no consumo energético operacional pelo comportamento térmico destes.In this study were analyzed the energy consumption of a housing, for it is calculated the embodied energy of construction materials, and energy consumption caused by the thermal behavior of the building envelope. It was change the building materials in the building, modifying the value of embodied energy and electricity consumption, since it is possible that the energy consumption of thermal behavior can be higher than the energy embodied. To calculate the embodied energy, were used a embodied energy coefficients proposed by Tavares, (2006), Graf; Tavares, (2010)Lobo, (2010).(TAVARES, SERGIO FERNANDO, 2006). This research is focus to residential sector as one of the sectors with higher energy consumption, focusing specifically on social housing. The methodology to evaluate energy consumption in the building during the period of analysis is divided into three steps: 1) Quantification of the materials 2) Calculate the embodied energy 3) Calculate the consumption of energy in the period of 40 years, made by simulations in Energy Plus software 4) Calculate the correlation ship between the variables analyzed. It follows the cities of São Carlos, SP and Belem, PA as examples of analysis; the first city participates with 11% in the energy consumption used in environmental conditioning in the residential sector and the second city participates with 40%. Changes were made in the materials of walls and roofs, trying to identify the differences of embodied energy and electricity consumption. The data obtained were worked in Excel spread sheets for further analysis and conclusion of the data. It was identified a strongly correlation coefficient between the analyzed variables.
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Lordos, George C. "Towards the sustainable industrial development of Mars : comparing novel ISRU / ISM architectures using lifetime embodied energy". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118493.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 101-103).
Aerospace engineers use mass (e.g. IMLEO) as a reliable proxy for space mission costs in space system architecture and trade studies. However, in recent years, the true cost of human space exploration architectures is progressively being decoupled from IMLEO, mainly as a result of reusable rockets, adoption of ISRU and ISM, and a new emphasis on developing permanent infrastructure on other worlds. This thesis investigates the case for adopting embodied energy as a novel and more capable metric for the value and cost of in-space activities. Energy is the natural metric for work, and all in-space activities require costly direct and indirect energy sources. Embodied energy is an objective metric of cumulative past work, first developed by ecologists and economists in the 1970's and mainly used today to evaluate the lifecycle energy performance of buildings. The embodied energy expended in space logistics is proposed as the primary source of embodied energy for all in-space activities, coupling the proposed new method with currently accepted practice of mass minimization. Howard Odum's energy language, which charts flows of embodied energy from sources to producers, consumers and sinks, is adapted for use in the design of an early industrial outpost on Mars. A case study of seven scenaria for this simple Mars outpost over 20 and 40 years, all with identical IMLEO but widely varying embodied energies, is used to demonstrate how embodied energy leads to superior system-wide architectural insights in the design of sustainable, permanent human outposts on other worlds. An early finding is that lifetime embodied energy cost reductions increase with the time horizon and the up-front investment in ISRU and ISM capabilities. Future work based on lifetime embodied energy may result in new approaches for the simultaneous optimization of lifetime emplaced and logistical masses, lifetime energy efficiency and other figures of merit for long term system performance. The proposed Lifetime Embodied Energy metric supports the development of improved methods and tools for the system design of human outposts on other worlds. Improved system design may in turn contribute to the outposts' sustainable growth in an organic manner, and shorten the time between their establishment and Earth independence.
by George C. Lordos.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Pelufo, Meier Jose Pablo. "Análisis de la energía incorporada de un edificio en altura en Uruguay". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/105078.
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Increasing global demand for energy, supplied primarily by polluting sources, generates severe environmental impacts. Buildings consume approximately 37 percent of total global energy, during the construction phase in the form of embodied energy and during the operation phase as operating energy. In Uruguay, current policies for energy efficiency are focused specifically on operational energy. On that basis, the present study intended to perform an energy analysis to assess the significance of embodied energy of a multi storied building in Uruguay compared to parameters of operational energy, and analyze traditional constructive alternatives in the most significant items. The methodology consisted of a process analysis on a selected building to calculate its initial embodied energy. Then recurrent and final embodied energy were estimated and on site collection of data was performed to assess operational energy, in the framework of a life cycle energy analysis. The survey included data on energy consumed by users for their own vehicles operation, which was used as a comparative parameter. Embodied energy was then compared to operational energy and energy payback period was calculated. Typical constructive alternatives were proposed for reinforced concrete structure and brick masonry. Initial embodied energy of alternatives was computed, and its impact on total embodied energy was assessed. Embodied energy values proved to be significant when compared with operational energy. Results showed that embodied energy was equivalent to about nineteen years of operation of the building, and twenty one years of users’ own vehicles fuel consumption. It was also concluded that the proposed alternatives for the structure did not represent a significant reduction, while for masonry meant a substantial decrease in total embodied energy. Finally lines of work were suggested for estimating carbon dioxide emissions derived from embodied energy, as well as for national data generation on materials energy intensities and materials replacement rates over the life of buildings, in order to improve life cycle energy analysis.La creciente demanda a nivel mundial, de energía proveniente en gran medida de fuentes contaminantes, general un severo impacto ambiental. Las edificaciones consumen aproximadamente el 37 por ciento de la energía global total, durante su construcción en la forma de energía incorporada y durante su operación como energía operacional. En Uruguay, las actuales políticas de eficiencia energética están enfocadas específicamente hacia la energía operacional. En función de ello, el presente trabajo se propuso realizar un análisis energético para evaluar la relevancia de la energía incorporada en un edificio en altura en Uruguay en relación con su energía operacional, y analizar alternativas constructivas tradicionales en los rubros más significativos. La metodología consistió en desarrollar un análisis de proceso en una edificación seleccionada para calcular su energía incorporada. Se estimaron luego su energía incorporada recurrente y final, y se realizó un levantamiento de datos en el sitio, a fin de determinar la energía operacional, en el marco de un análisis energético de ciclo de vida. La encuesta incluyó información sobre la energía consumida por los usuarios en la operación de vehículo propio, la cual se utilizó como parámetro de comparación. Se comparó la energía incorporada con la energía operacional y se analizó el período de retorno energético. Se propusieron alternativas constructivas para la estructura de hormigón armado y para la mampostería de ladrillo. Se calculó la energía incorporada inicial de las alternativas propuestas, y se evaluó su incidencia en la energía incorporada total. Los valores de energía incorporada inicial demostraron ser relevantes al compararlos con la energía operacional, resultando equivalentes a aproximadamente diecinueve años de operación del edificio, y a veintiún años de consumo de combustible en vehículos propios. Se concluyó asimismo que las propuestas realizadas para la estructura representan una reducción poco significativa, en tanto que las alternativas calculadas para la mampostería fueron relevantes para la disminución de la energía incorporada total. Finalmente se sugieren líneas de trabajo para la determinación de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono derivadas de la energía incorporada, así como la generación de datos a nivel nacional sobre índices energéticos y de tasas de reposición de materiales a lo largo de la vida útil de los edificios, a fin de mejorar los análisis de ciclo de vida energéticos.
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Galvin, Christopher M. "Embodied Energy and Carbon Footprint of Household Latrines in Rural Peru: The Impact of Integrating Resource Recovery". Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4489.
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Over seventy percent of the 2.5 billion people who still lack access to basic sanitation worldwide live in rural areas (WHO/UNICEF, 2012). Despite concerns of water scarcity, resource depletion, and climate change little research has been conducted on the environmental sustainability of household sanitation technologies common in rural areas of developing countries or the potential of resource recovery to mitigate the environmental impacts of these systems. The environmental sustainability, in terms of embodied energy and carbon footprint, was analyzed for four household sanitation systems: (1) Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine, (2) pour-flush latrine, (3) composting latrine, and (4) biodigester latrine. Variations in design and construction materials used change the embodied energy of the systems. It was found that systems that used clay brick in the construction of the superstructure had an average cumulative energy demand 4,307 MJ and a global warming potential 362 kilograms of greenhouse gas equivalent (kgCO2 eq) higher than systems that used adobe brick in the construction of the superstructure. It was also found that systems that incorporate resource recovery, such as a composting or biodigester latrine, can become net energy producers over their service life, recovering between 29,333 and 253,190 MJ over a 20-year period, compared to the 11,275 to 19,990 MJ required for their construction and maintenance. Recovering the resources from the waste also significantly lowered the global warming potential of these systems from 2,079-49,655 kgCO2 eq to 616-1,882 kgCO2 eq; significantly less than the global warming potential of VIP latrine or pour-flush latrines (8,642-15,789 kgCO2 eq). In addition, two community wastewater treatment systems that serve 420-1,039 individuals considered in a similar study had a higher cumulative energy demand per household (44,869 MJ and 38,403 MJ) than the household sanitation systems (11,275-19,990 MJ). The community wastewater treatment systems had a lower global warming potential (2019-2,092 kgCO2 eq) than household systems that did not recover resources (8,642-15,789 kg CO2 eq), but higher than household systems that incorporate resource recovery (616-1,882 kgCO2 eq). The goal of this study is to provide insight to policy makers in the development field to promote decision making based on environmental sustainability in the implementation of improved sanitation coverage in rural areas of developing countries.
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Andréa, Maria Carolina da Silva. "Fluxos de energia em sistemas de produção de forragens". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-17072013-085223/.
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No cenário mundial atual, em que é observado o aumento da população, da demanda por alimentos e da utilização de energia, também é observada a busca por fontes de energia alternativas às fósseis, diminuindo a dependência e risco econômico e ambiental oriundo de seu uso exclusivo. A análise de fluxos de energia possibilita uma avaliação da sustentabilidade de sistemas de produção agrícola, que visa o uso eficiente de insumos em termos energéticos. Essas análises também permitem identificar culturas como fonte de bioenergia, além de poderem ser utilizadas como complemento às análises econômicas, na busca por sistemas de produção mais eficientes. Esse estudo teve como objetivo apresentar uma análise do uso de insumos e energia, bem como a sua eficiência, em sistemas de produção de plantas forrageiras, tradicionalmente utilizadas para alimentação animal, na região dos Campos Gerais, Paraná. Foram determinados o fluxo de materiais (FM), demanda (EE) e disponibilização de energia (ES), balanço energético (BE), lucratividade energética (EROI) e energia incorporada (EI) da biomassa foram aplicados nesses sistemas. O FM determinou o consumo de insumos por área, e serviu de base para o cálculo da EE dos sistemas. Com características das culturas, calculou-se a ES, e com base nesses parâmetros, calculou-se os indicadores BE, EROI e EI. Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que as culturas que se apresentaram mais eficientes do ponto de vista energético foram as gramíneas perenes, cultivares de P. maximum e Tifton 85, e as gramíneas anuais, milho e sorgo, pois apresentaram os melhores valores de indicadores da eficiência energética (ES, BE, EROI e EI), o que justificaria uma posterior investigação detalhada no uso energético dessas culturas. As culturas da aveia, azevém, cevada e milheto apresentaram os valores menos favoráveis no enfoque energético, portanto não adequadas à finalidade energética em relação às demais culturas estudadas. A operação que apresentou maior demanda de energia foi a distribuição de fertilizantes, devido aos insumos aplicados (mais que 47% da demanda total de todas as operações realizadas nas culturas). Os insumos que apresentaram maiores demandas de energia (mais de 57% do total) nos sistemas foram os fertilizantes, seguidos do diesel. Destacou-se o uso do fertilizante nitrogenado que representou mais de 50% da demanda total de energia em todos os sistemas de produção. O EROI para as cultivares de P. maximum, Tifton 85, milho, sorgo, milheto, azevém, cevada e aveia, foram: 14,2; 13,7; 10,1; 8,9; 7,2; 5,0; 4,6 e 3,8, respectivamente.In the current world scenario, in which is observed the increase in population, demand for food and energy use, it is also observed the search for alternative energy sources to fossil fuels, decreasing dependence and environmental and economic risk arising from your use. Energy flows analysis enables an assessment of the sustainability of agricultural production systems, aiming the efficient use of inputs in energy terms. These analysis can also identify crops as a bioenergy source, and can be used as a complement to economic analysis, in the search for more efficient production systems. This study aimed to present an analysis of the use of inputs and energy, as well as its efficiency, in forage production systems, traditionally used for food, in the region of Campos Gerais, Paraná. Material flow (MF), demand (ED) and energy availability (EA), energy balance (EB), energy profitability (EROI) and embodied energy (EE) of biomass were calculated for all the systems. MF determined the inputs use per area, and was basis for the ED determination. With crop characteristics, EA was obtained, and based on these parameters, the indicators EB, EROI and EE were determined. Based on the results, it was concluded that the crops that were more efficient in energy terms were the perennial grasses, P. maximum cultivars and Tifton 85, and the annual grasses, maize and sorghum, since they presented the best values in the used energy indicators (EA, EB, EE and EROI), which would justify a further detailed investigation concerning the energy use of these crops. Oats, rye, barley and millet showed less favorable values, therefore not suitable for energy purposes in relation to other studied crops. The mechanized operation with the highest energy demand was the fertilizer distribution due to applied inputs (more than 47% of the total energy demand of all operations performed in cultures). The inputs that presented higher energy demand (more than 57% of the total) were fertilizers, followed by diesel, in all production systems. The use of nitrogen fertilizer is emphasized, since it represented over 50% of total energy demand in all production systems. The EROI for the cultivars of P. maximum, Tifton 85, maize, sorghum, millet, rye, barley and oats, were 14.2, 13.7, 10.1, 8.9, 7.2, 5.0, 4.6 and 3.8 , respectively.
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Åhlund, Hanna. "A comparative study of embodied and operational environmental impact of a multifamily building with different framework materials". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172655.
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The different life cycle phases of a building account for different amounts of environmental impact. During the past years the operational energy use in the building and construction sector has been reduced whilst relative and absolute embodied impact has increased. To reduce the overall environmental impact, design and material choices have to be optimized in relation to the energy use. The performed study aims to enhance more environmentally conscious decision-making in the building and construction sector by increasing awareness and knowledge about the environmental impact from life cycle phases of a building as well as different framework materials. Three different designs of a typical Swedish multifamily building have been analyzed in the study. The case building has a concrete frame. The two alternative designs are based on the case building but has lower energy use. In addition, one of the alternative designs has a cross laminated timber frame. They were all analyzed in terms of embodied and operational environmental impact, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents per heated area. A simulation model of the case building, calibrated with measured data, was implemented to calculate the operational energy use of the designs. The embodied emissions were calculated for the enclosing and load bearing structures. The results show that both alternative designs have lower environmental impact than the original state of the case building. The construction with wooden frame has approximately 30 % less embodied emissions compared to the original state. Concrete has the largest share of the total embodied emissions and choosing product specific concrete can yield a reduction in embodied emissions of more than 9 %. Sensitivity analysis of the operational energy show a significant difference in the results depending on approach and system boundaries. A future scenario of operational energy result in increased relative contribution of embodied environmental impact.En byggnads livscykelskeden har olika miljöpåverkan. I bygg- och anläggningssektorn har den operativa energianvändningen reducerats under de senaste åren. Den relativa och absoluta inbyggda påverkan har däremot ökat. För att minska den totala miljöpåverkan behöver byggnaders design och material optimeras i relation till energianvändningen. Den genomförda studien syftar till att öka miljömedvetet beslutsfattande i bygg- och anläggningssektorn genom att öka medvetenheten och kunskapen om miljöpåverkan från en byggnads olika livscykelskeden och om olika stommaterial. I studien analyseras tre olika designer av ett typiskt svenskt flerbostadshus. Referenshuset har en betongstomme. De två alternativa designerna är baserade på referenshuset men har lägre operativ energianvändning. Den ena av de två alternativa designerna har dessutom en stomme i korslimmat trä. Samtliga utföranden analyserades i termer av inbyggd miljöpåverkan och operativa energianvändningens miljöpåverkan, uttryckt som koldioxidekvivalenter per uppvärmd area. En simuleringsmodell av referenshuset kalibrerad med mätdata implementerades för att beräkna de olika designernas operativa energianvändning. De inbyggda utsläppen beräknades för husets omslutande byggnadsdelar och bärande strukturer. Resultaten visar att båda alternativa designer har lägre miljöpåverkan än originalutförandet av referenshuset. Konstruktionen med trästomme har cirka 30 % lägre inbyggda utsläpp jämfört med originalutförandet. De inbyggda utsläppen kommer till största del från betongen och ett produktspecifikt val av betong kan leda till en reduktion av dessa utsläpp med över 9 %. Känslighetsanalys av operativa fasen visar en signifikant skillnad beroende på vilken metod och vilka systemgränser som används. Ett framtidsscenario för operativa energianvändningen visar en ökad relativ påverkan från den inbyggda miljöpåverkan.
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Odeh, Ahmad. "An Integrated BIM Model to Evaluate the Embodied Energy, Carbon Emissions & Environmental Costs of Construction Materials Used in the Design of Buildings". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41550.
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Currently, many researchers are looking at efficient ways to reduce energy and carbon emissions of construction materials used in buildings over their life due to its significant environmental impact. Along with operational energy, embodied energies and its associated carbon are substantial contributors in the overall sustainability assessment. The calculation of materials’ embodied energy and carbon emissions during the construction stage is a major assessment factor that needs to be considered to measure the environmental impact of materials used in the construction of buildings, which would provide designers with the ability to lower the environmental impact of buildings at the early design stage. Overall, it is rather complicated to compute embodied energy and carbon emissions due to the various factors involved. The tools and methodologies, listed in the literature, are rather imperfect as they tend to overgeneralize. The equipment used, fuel needed, and electricity required for each type of construction material varies from one location to another and thus embodied energy used, and carbon produced will differ for each construction project. Moreover, the method used in manufacturing, transporting and putting in place these materials will have significant influence on their environmental impact. This anomaly has made it difficult to calculate or even benchmark the usage of such factors. This thesis proposes an integrated model aimed at calculating embodied energies, embodied carbon and associated costs generated by construction materials based on such variability. This thesis presents a systematic approach that uses an efficient method of calculation to provide new insight for the selection of construction materials and equipment required to place them for buildings. Such assessment will aid in reducing the environmental impact of construction. The proposed model will be developed in a BIM environment. The quantification of materials’ energy is determined over the three main stages of their lifecycle: manufacturing, transporting, and placing. The proposed model will use multiple databases to calculate the energy used by manufacturing, transporting, and placing construction materials. By identifying the machinery required, an accurate calculation is achieved through geospatial data analysis. The proposed model can automatically calculate the distances between the material suppliers and construction sites to increase the accuracy of its outcome. Based on such variables, the proposed model provides designers with a list of equipment as to minimize the embodied energy and carbon produced by materials used in constructing buildings. Additionally, the proposed model has the ability to calculate the environmental cost impact of using specific building materials. Overall, this thesis aims to help researchers and the construction industry in reducing the environmental impact of construction activities through the selection of materials and the determination of machines required to achieve that goal.
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Simon, Peter. "Assessment of Embodied Energy and Carbon Emissions of the Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon from a Life Cycle Perspective". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25145.
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In the pursuit of low-carbon, renewable energy sources one option with great potential in the UK is tidal energy. Specifically the proposed construction of the Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon (SBTL) in South Wales has become one such discussed option. With a potential net annual output of 400 GWh and a 120-year lifetime the scheme represents a long-term and large-scale electricity production option. An assessment of carbon emissions and embodied energy (EE) of the lagoon’s life cycle was carried out. Total lifetime carbon emissions for the SBTL are in the region of 470,000 tCO2e and EE was found to be around 7,800 TJ. The assessment shows that the SBTL has significantly lower emissions per year than the existing National Grid mix and with emissions of around 0.01 kgCO2e/KWh is significantly lower than the UK emissions target of 0.07 kgCO2e/KWh. Energy payback of the SBTL was found to be in the region of 5.5 years. The use of dredged ballast infill sourced from within the area of the lagoon plays an important role in keeping emissions and energy use low; and is a key consideration when planning future tidal lagoon structures.
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Eufrasio, Espinosa Rafael Mauricio. "A visio-spatial life cycle energy model of building materials within a bioregional context : mapping the embodied energy of fired clay bricks in Cuitzeo, Mexico". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13164/.
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Despite the general acceptance of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) to tackle environmental problems associated with the built environment, the literature shows that this complex assessment system presents limitations as a communication tool for decision-making process given that results are difficult to interpret. By trying to reduce the complexity of following multiple variables in LCA, a simplified and more straightforward process emerged to account for only energy using, Life cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA). However, LCEA has also inherited problems associated with LCA. Thus, discrepancies in calculation procedures, the lack of geographical considerations and ecological attitude and assumptions are criticized in both approaches. In this thesis, a Visio-Spatial Life Cycle Energy Model based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was developed in order to bridge the gap of LCEA as a communication tool by displaying embodied energy intensities in thematic maps taking into consideration bioregional principles in its analysis. A new dynamic Input-Output model, which efficiently simplifies the extraction process of energy paths from IO tables enabled the integration of hybrid energy coefficients to account for economic establishments dedicated to produce goods and services in the construction sector as illustrated in a bioregional case study area in Mexico. The full capability of the Visio-spatial energy model was then applied to a specific study of fired clay brick production within the bioregion. The results obtained by process analysis methods (PA) had a variation of 33.6% with respect to IO procedures, which can be considered acceptable in hybrid methods. Embodied energy figures expressed in thematic maps helped to reduce geographical assumptions and expand the sense of place in LCEA by visualizing patterns in manufacturing processes within the case study area.
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de, Fatima Dias Jane. "Reuse of Construction Materials". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30024.
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The building and construction sectors are one of the main contributors to the socio-economic development of a country. Globally, these sectors generate around 5% to 10% of national employment and around 5% to 15% of a country's gross domestic product during construction, use and demolition. On the other hand, the sectors consume around 40% of world primary energy, use 30% of raw materials, generate 25% of solid waste, consume 25% of water, and use 12% of land. Furthermore, the sectors account for up to 40% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly from energy use during the life cycle of buildings. This study aims to assess the potential environmental benefits of reusing concrete and ceramic roof tile within the Swedish context in terms of their CO2 emission. Methodology used was a comparative LCA was to quantify the emissions. In order to calculate LCA, OpenLCA 1.7.0 software was used and to evaluate the emissions, LCIA method selected was ReCiPe, midpoint, Hierarchist model, climate change category expressed in GWP 100 years (in kg CO2eq). The FU of the study was a square meter of roof covering for a period of 40 years with potential to extent up to 80 years. A square meter of concrete roof tile weight 40 kg while ceramic 30 kg. The environment impact evaluation considered three product system, single use (cradle to grave), single use covering (cradle to user) and single reuse (user to cradle) within 40 years lifespan. In order to compare LCA of the roof tiles, two scenarios were created, Scenario 1 concrete RT in single use and single reuse whilst Scenario 2 evaluates ceramic RT. The outcomes of both scenarios were communicated through a model single family house. Dalarna’s Villa is located in Dalarna region in Sweden and a storage facility Ta Till Våra was to validate the benefits of reused materials. Comparative LCA revealed that concrete RT in single use released almost 80% more CO2 emissions than ceramic RT and generated 25% more disposable material by weight. The CO2 released by the single use vs. single reuse concrete RT showed higher emissions in the production of the concrete RT than the single reuse, the same occur with ceramic RT. The reuse of the tiles on the same site had an insignificant impact on the environment in both materials. The comparison shows that reuse reduces associated emissions by about 80% in both cases, reusing concrete is more beneficial, as emissions are reduced by 9.95 kg/m2 as opposed to 2.32 kg/m2 at the ceramics. This study reveals the benefit of reusing concrete and ceramic roof tile. In addition, the advantage of building a storage facility to reuse the disposable building materials, reducing the roofing materials ending at the landfill after 40 years. Furthermore, it demonstrated the reduction of CO2 emissions associated with the embodied energy.
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Hasan, Mahmudul. "Mathematical Modelling And Life-Cycle Energy And Financial Analysis Of Solar Kilns For Wood Drying". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16854.
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There is a general challenge to improve the designs of solar dryers for the direct drying of various materials through the uses of robust models in conjunction with methods incorporating an appropriately defined set of performance parameters for evaluating the performance of solar kilns. However, the use of prevailing methods is unlikely to provide a sustainable means of comparison between various solar-kiln designs, unless a whole life-cycle perspective is taken into consideration. In order to address this key issue, a novel methodology for life-cycle performance evaluation of solar dryers has been developed in this thesis. To examine the capability and usefulness of the solar kiln model and its simulation procedure for predicting the drying behaviors for different solar kiln designs, the model was numerically solved for two typical greenhouse-type wood-drying solar kilns (Oxford and Boral). The assessment of life cycle embodied energy and embodied carbon values for the construction and maintenance of the two solar kilns (Oxford and Boral) by developing a life cycle assessment (LCA) model in “SimaPro 7.1.8 version”. To analyse the total life-cycle energy use in solar kilns, an innovative performance evaluation methodology, which considers the total life-cycle (LC) energy effectiveness in present-value terms, together with a defined set of present value performance indicators (PVPIs), has been proposed here. In the last stage of the thesis, a life-cycle cash flow (LCCF) analysis has also been carried out to compare how closely the life-cycle net energy (LCNE) and the LCCF approaches are aligned for the present case and how they can lead to significantly different recommendations for some other scenarios. In summary, the LCNE approach, together with the defined PVPIs, has been suggested to be considered as a robust and reliable method for life-cycle performance evaluation of solar kilns.
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Green, Kaitlin Elinor. "Embodied Energy Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Primary School Settings on La Peninsula Valiente, Comarca Ngobe Bugle, Republic of Panama". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3127.
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The United Nations Millennium Development goals aim to make improvements in access to potable water. In the Bocas del Toro region of Panama, rainwater harvesting systems are making that goal more attainable. Rainwater harvesting, especially in rural, difficult access areas, may be a viable water source improvement that will allow a greater population to access improved water. This study uses the Carnegie Mellon University Economic Input-output Life Cycle Assessment tool to assess the embodied energy of plastic and ferrocement rainwater harvesting systems in rural Panama. Rainwater harvesting systems are assessed as source improvement technologies that increase access to potable water. This study adds to and compares its results to other source improvement LCAs that would potentially benefit developing communities in lesser developed countries.
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Teodoro, Maria Inês Tavares de Matos. "Energia embutida na construção de edificações no Brasil: contribuições para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas a partir de um estudo de caso em Mato Grosso do Sul". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-01022018-151533/.
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O consumo de energia embutida nas edificações acontece ao longo do seu ciclo de vida nas atividades relacionadas com a construção e manutenção. Trata-se de um consumo de cálculo complexo uma vez que o seu valor está contabilizado em outros setores econômicos como o setor industrial de produção de materiais construção e o setor de transportes. A contribuição da energia embutida nas edificações do Brasil chega a 40% do seu ciclo de vida energético. Para além disso as necessidades de infraestrutura no país, em particular no setor residencial, deverão resultar em elevados consumos energéticos para a sua construção, contribuindo para pressionar as necessidades de expansão dos sistemas de oferta de energia. Neste contexto, o objetivo central desta pesquisa é calcular a energia embutida na construção de um condomínio residencial na cidade de Campo Grande no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Para tal foi utilizada um metodologia baseada em Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida Energético (ACVE) tendo sido considerados dois cenários que diferem quanto à eficiência energética na etapa do transporte. Obteve-se um consumo de energia embutida inicial por unidade de área de 4,99 GJ/m2 para o cenário 1 e 5,52 GJ/m2 para o cenário 2, com participações de energia não renovável de 61,2% e 64,2%, respectivamente. No cenário 1 a etapa de fabricação dos materiais respondeu por 96,1% do consumo de energia embutida, o transporte contribuiu com 3,2% e a construção com 0,7%. Já no cenário 2, a participação de cada etapa foi de 86,8%, 12,6% e 0,6% respectivamente. Os resultados do estudo de caso apresentado e o panorama elaborado sobre a energia embutida nas edificações brasileiras realizado nesta tese reforçam a necessidade de incluir a energia embutida como critério de eficiência energética no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que contribuam para reduzir o consumo de energia no setor de edificações.The embodied energy in buildings is an energy consumption that happens throughout its life cycle in the activities related to construction and maintenance. Embodied energy calculation is a complex process since its value is accounted for in other economic sectors such as the manufacture of building materials and transportation. The contribution of embodied energy in Brazilian buildings reaches 40% of its energy consumption life cycle. In addition, infrastructure needs in the country, particularly in the residential sector, should result in high energy consumption for its construction, contributing to put pressure on the expansion needs of the energy supply system. In this context, the main objective of this research is to calculate the embodied energy in the construction of a residential condominium in the city of Campo Grande in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. A methodology based on Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA) was used considering two scenarios that differ in terms of energy efficiency at the transportation stage. Initial Embodied Energy per unit area was 4.99 GJ/m2 for scenario 1 and 5.52 GJ/m2 for scenario 2, with a non-renewable energy share of 61.2% and 64, 2%, respectively. In scenario 1, the material manufacturing stage accounted for 96.1% of the initial embodied energy value, transportation contributed with a share of 3.2% and the construction stage with 0.7%. In scenario 2, the share of each stage was 86.8%, 12.6% and 0.6%, respectively. The results of the presented case study and the elaborated panorama on the embodied energy in Brazilian buildings carried out in this thesis reinforce the need to include embodied energy as a criterion of energy efficiency in the development of public policies that contribute to reduce energy consumption in the building sector.
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Swärd, Karin. "Environmental Performance of the Rail Transport System in a Life-Cycle Perspective : - The Importance of Service Life and Reuse in Sweden". Thesis, Linköping University, The Tema Institute, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6730.
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The focus in environmental management has during the last decades in many cases shifted to include all the phases in a product’s (or a service’s) life – the life-cycle perspective. The transport system has a large environmental pressure on the environment. Train traffic is habitually regarded as an environmentally preferable mean of transport, mainly depending on that trains often are driven by electricity. This view is also true when the operation phase alone is considered; at least if the electricity derives from renewable sources. In a life-cycle perspective the advantages of this mean of transport get less apparent. The extraction of the raw materials requires plenty of energy, energy which often is produced by fossil fuels. A dominating part of the material-related energy requirements in the railway infrastructure can be referred to a few materials. The main part of these materials can be found in a few products; rails, railway ties, ballast materials, cables and the contact wire system. It is here that the effort to reduce the environmental impact of the railway infrastructure should lie to become most efficient. The aim of the thesis is to investigate how the environmental pressure is affected by the service lives, i.e. the technical durability as well as the durability in practise, of the most energy-intense railway products, as well as reuse of them. The objective is to map estimated service lives and reuse in order to create scenarios representing the present state of how the products are used and reused in Sweden. The scenarios are used in order to analyse the importance of focusing on service lives and reuse when reducing environmental pressure. The objective is also to find out which possibilities and hindrances there are to increase the service lives and the reuse of the products.
To investigate the environmental pressure of the railway infrastructure, embodied energy is used as indicator. Embodied energy represents the energy needed to produce a product, from extracting the materials to the production phase. The present state concerning service lives and reuse of the studied products are mapped through interviews with employees at Banverket and at VTI. The empirical material is analysed and scenarios are created in order to evaluate the environmental importance of service lives and reuse. Organizational issues concerning service lives and reuse are also investigated.
The present state service lives varies between 25 and 100 years for the realistic scenarios for all the products. The estimated service lives varies between 25 and 100 years for the new technology scenarios. When it comes to the best-case scenarios the estimated service lives varies between 60 and 120 years, depending on railway product. The only products reused today are rails and railway ties. There are considerable improvements to be made by increasing service lives, and this pertains to all the studied products. The reductions in embodied energy per year go up to 75 % if the New-Technology Scenario is applied and to 33 % if the Realistic Scenarios are applied. If the Low Realistic Scenarios are applied the reductions goes up to 50 %. A great improvement potential exist for all the products if the New-Technology Scenarios are applied. The products where the main improvement potential when it comes to the Realistic and the Low Realistic Scenarios exist are the macadam-ballast, the cables, the rails and the railway ties. If the New-Technology Scenarios are applied for all the products the total improvement span is as much as 69 % altogether. If the Low Realistic Scenario instead is applied, the improvement span is calculated to 38-39 % (depending on the exchange level of macadam-ballast). If the Realistic Scenario is applied, the improvement span is calculated to 23 % and if the Best-Case Scenario is applied the span is calculated to 7 %, depending on that the most energy efficient strategy is to reuse the products possible to reuse. The main part of this improvement potential derives from the rails and the railway ties.
In reducing the environmental pressure it is important to make use of the products as much as possible, i.e. to reuse them and use them as long as possible. If rails and railway ties are reused and made use of during their entire service life, all energy invested in the products is made use of. The most environmental sound alternative is to reuse the products which are reusable and to use these products as long as they last. This gives a need for embodied energy of 16 GJ/yr and km for the railway ties and 38 GJ/yr for the rails on the mainline track. The energy allocated to the tracks where the products are reused is calculated to 3 GJ/yr and km for the railway ties and to 7 GJ/yr and km for the rails. Actions of maintenance prolong the durability of the products, e.g. by increasing the stability in the embankment and hence reduce the wearing. The administration of the used material is the main problem in order to create a well-functioning reuse of railway articles. This includes transports, storage and documentation of products. Tradition and routines also stand in the way of creating a sustainable reuse of these products.
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Mantoam, Edemilson José. "Inventário de materiais, energia e emissões dos gases de efeito estufa na vida útil de máquinas agrícolas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-09082016-165014/.
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A questão energética, associada às mudanças climáticas e à dependência dos recursos naturais é um dos principais desafios do século XXI. A necessidade de produzir alimentos, para atender a crescente demanda da população, requer o aumento da utilização de máquinas e equipamentos, demandando maior quantidade de energia e causando emissões dos gases de efeito estufa. Fontes de materiais e de energia são consumidas ao longo do ciclo de vida do produto, portanto é importante reduzir a demanda dessas fontes e aperfeiçoar o uso de recursos pelo reuso, reciclagem e materiais renováveis, além da preservação do ambiente. No sistema de produção agrícola, as máquinas agrícolas são consideradas fundamentais para produção de biomassa. A análise de energia em máquinas agrícolas tem sido feita, porém com dados de indicadores da década de 1960. Estudos de energia incorporada e emissões em máquinas agrícolas devem ser feitos, devido à importância do sistema de produção de bioenergia na economia, além da otimização do consumo em operações necessárias à obtenção do produto. Esse estudo propôs determinar o inventário de materiais, energia incorporada e emissões dos gases de efeito estufa em máquinas agrícolas. Foram avaliadas oito máquinas: colhedora de café, pulverizador autopropelido, semeadora-adubadora, colhedora de grãos, trator 55 kW, trator 90 kW, trator 172 kW e trator 246 kW, em seus ciclos de vida útil. Tais sidos adotados segundo três fontes distintas. Os dados foram coletados em uma montadora multinacional, em suas unidades localizadas nos municípios de Piracicaba e Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo e no município de Curitiba, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Para cada máquina foi contabilizado o consumo dos insumos diretos utilizados na fase de montagem, e também o consumo dos insumos utilizados na fase de manutenção. Os dados de consumo dos insumos foram processados apresentando os fluxos de materiais utilizados, os quais foram multiplicados pelo seu índice de energia incorporada e fator de emissões, resultando na energia incorporada e nas emissões dos gases de efeito estufa, requeridos pelo sistema de produção. Os resultados apresentaram que a energia incorporada e emissões foram maiores no ciclo de vida indicado pelo fabricante, para colhedora de café, pulverizador, semeadora-adubadora, colhedora de grãos, e no ciclo de vida indicado pelo (BRASIL, 2010), para os tratores 55 kW, 90 kW, 172 kW e 246 kW, respectivamente. Para avaliação ambiental em tratores, equações foram fornecidas para demanda de energia e emissões pela massa (energia = -0,0057 massa + 129,2669), (emissões = -0,0003 massa + 5,9845) e pela potência motor (energia = -14,7672 potência motor + 6.507,9639), (emissões = -0,6861 potência motor + 299,1242).The energy subject, associated with global climate changes and the environment dependency is one of the main challenges of 21st century. The need to produce food, to meet the growing demand of the population, requires increased use of machinery and equipment, demanding more energy and raising greenhouse gases emissions. Materials and energy sources are consumed during the product life cycle, so it is important to reduce the demand for these sources and optimizing the use of resources by reuse, recycling and renewable materials, plus environment preservation. At agricultural production system, agricultural machinery are considered fundamental for biomass production. The energy analysis in agricultural machinery has been done, but with indicator data from late 1960s. Embodied energy and emissions studies in agricultural machinery should be done, because of bioenergy production system importance in economy, beyond consumption optimization in operations necessary to obtain the product. This study aimed to determine the inventory for materials, embodied energy and greenhouse gases emissions in agricultural machinery. Eight machines were evaluated, so called: coffee harvester, self-propelled sprayer, seeder-fertilizer, combine harvester, tractor 55 kW, tractor 90 kW, tractor 172 kW and tractor 246 kW, on their life cycle. Such were taken from three different sources. The data were collected in a multinational manufacturer, in its units located at Piracicaba and Sorocaba regions, State of São Paulo and Curitiba region, State of Paraná, Brazil. For every harvester, the consumption of the direct input used in the assembly phase, was accounted, and also the consumption of the input used in the maintenance phase. The consumption data of the inputs were processed presenting the materials flows used, which they were multiplied by their embodied energy indices and emissions factor, resulting in the embodied energy and greenhouse gases emissions required by the production system. The results presented higher embodied energy and emissions on life cycle mentioned per manufacturer, for coffee harvester, sprayer, seeder-fertilizer, combine harvester, and on life cycle mentioned per (BRASIL, 2010), for tractors 55 kW, 90 kW, 172 kW and 246 kW, respectively. For environmental assessment on tractors, equations were provided to energy demand and emissions per mass (energy = -0.0057 mass + 129.2669), (emissions = -0.0003 mass + 5.9845) and per engine power (energy = -14.7672 engine power + 6,507.9639), (emissions = -0.6861 engine power + 299.1242).
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Eriksson, Anna. "Carbon dioxide and Energy flows in Jämtland’s waste sector". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-29087.
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The aim of this study is to assess the current situation of energy and carbon flows through the waste sector in Jämtland. An energy flow analysis is performed by balancing the inflows and outflows of the lower heating value and embodied energy. A carbon flow analysis was made on the same principles although with the carbon content and embodied CO2eq. The results are showing that over a period of one year, 75 000 tons of waste flows through the waste sector in Jämtland. Approximately 60 % of all the waste is incinerated. The energy analysis shows that 970TJ flows through the waste sector every year. Household waste is the category with most energy consumption and emissions in total. However, other materials like metal and electronics have higher energy and carbon content per ton than the household category. The results of the analyses can further be implemented in the Sustainable Jämtland model and it can then be used as a base when making strategies for a sustainable waste treatment.
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TRABUCCO, Dario. "Il ruolo strategico del service core nel bilancio energetico di un edificio alto". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2388677.
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L’elemento fondamentale e caratteristico di un grattacielo è senza dubbio il service core, ovvero il
nucleo di connessione che attraversa verticalmente l’intero edificio. Il service core è occupato in gran
parte dagli elementi di comunicazione verticale (ascensori e scale), ma svolge però altre importanti
funzioni: molto spesso esso è infatti circondato da un “guscio” (core) strutturale al quale è affidata la
resistenza dell’edificio ai carichi orizzontali generati dal vento e dai sismi. All’interno del service core
trovano inoltre alloggiamento tutti i principali cavedi di ventilazione, le reti di servizio (elettricità, fluidi,
dati ecc), e gli spazi meno pregiati di un grattacielo come i servizi igienici, magazzini, ripostigli, ecc.
La corretta progettazione del service core è fondamentale per il funzionamento del grattacielo e i
principali attori coinvolti nella realizzazione di un edificio alto sono direttamente interessati dalle
caratteristiche di questo complesso elemento. Oltre ai progettisti e agli specialisti delle varie
discipline tecniche, l’efficiente progettazione del service core risulta cruciale anche per un’altra figura
chiave del processo che porta alla costruzione di un grattacielo: il developer, ossia la figura
professionale che si fa carico delle esigenze degli utenti. Il service core si presenta infatti come
l’elemento chiave anche nel successo economico della costruzione, poiché dalla sua corretta
progettazione dipende il rapporto di efficienza dell’utilizzo dello spazio (superficie netta
commerciabile / superficie totale costruita).
Nonostante la sua importanza, il service core viene però troppo frequentemente visto dagli architetti
come un elemento secondario, una componente esclusivamente tecnica del progetto, “estranea” alle
competenze e agli interessi dell’architettura. La sua messa a punto viene dunque lasciata agli
specialisti delle varie discipline (ingegneri strutturisti, trasportisti, progettisti degli impianti tecnici,
ecc.), ognuno dei quali è responsabile della definizione degli elementi di sua competenza e il
risultato finale è spesso dato dalla semplice somma delle singole componenti. In questo modo
vengono meno due aspetti fondamentali: l’integrazione funzionale degli elementi progettuali e la
possibilità di una evoluzione tipologica di questo elemento.
La presente ricerca si prefigge l’obiettivo di sistematizzare le nozioni disponibili riguardanti la
progettazione del service core di un edificio alto per fornire, ai destinatari dello studio, gli strumenti
necessari a comprendere il ruolo fondamentale che questo elemento e le sue singole componenti
svolgono nel bilancio energetico di un grattacielo.
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Stephan, André. "Towards a comprehensive energy assessment of residential buildings: a multi-scale life cycle energy analysis framework". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209465.
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Buildings are directly responsible for 40% of the final energy use in most developed economies and for much more if indirect requirements are considered. This results in huge impacts which affect the environmental balance of our planet.However, most current building energy assessments focus solely on operational energy overlooking other energy uses such as embodied and transport energy. Embodied energy comprises the energy requirements for building materials production, construction and replacement. Transport energy represents the amount of energy required for the mobility of building users.
Decisions based on partial assessments might result in an increased energy demand during other life cycle stages or at different scales of the built environment. Recent studies have shown that embodied and transport energy demands often account for more than half of the total lifecycle energy demand of residential buildings. Current assessment tools and policies therefore overlook more than 50% of the life cycle energy use.
This thesis presents a comprehensive life cycle energy analysis framework for residential buildings. This framework takes into account energy requirements at the building scale, i.e. the embodied and operational energy demands, and at the city scale, i.e. the embodied energy of nearby infrastructures and the transport energy of its users. This framework is implemented through the development, verification and validation of an advanced software tool which allows the rapid analysis of the life cycle energy demand of residential buildings and districts. Two case studies, located in Brussels, Belgium and Melbourne, Australia, are used to investigate the potential of the developed framework.
Results show that each of the embodied, operational and transport energy requirements represent a significant share of the total energy requirements and associated greenhouse gas emissions of a residential building, over its useful life. The use of the developed tool will allow building designers, town planners and policy makers to reduce the energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions of residential buildings by selecting measures that result in overall savings. This will ultimately contribute to reducing the environmental impact of the built environment.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Hugo, Jan Marais. "Switch a BRT terminal as change generator at Pretoria Main Station". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30291.
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The study responds to the increasing effect that climate change has on earth and society. In a global context of rapid urbanization and population growth the project aims to establish the role that architecture can play in the mitigation of climate change. It addresses the embodied energy and carbon footprint of architecture in an urban context. The architectural building type that will be investigated is a transport interchange, specifically the BRT terminal at Pretoria Main Station and associated prototypical BRT stations. An architectural response that promotes public transport use will be investigated. The proposed transport interchange will act as a seam to linking Salvokop with the city, while linking the whole of Tshwane. The architectural intervention will use strategies to respond to predicted climate changes for Tshwane, and adopt strategies to mitigate it. Architectural technologies will be investigated to ensure that the structure has a low carbon footprint and low embodied energy. Through energy conscious design strategies the energy use of the structure will be kept to a minimum. The design will also address the social and historical context of the Pretoria Main Station, to ensure a coherent transport interchange that integrates all modes of transport. The design will contribute to the historical character of the site with an ecosystemic layered approach, adding new functions and layers to the existing, to ensure its adaptability and sustainability. This study forms the part of a departmental research study through the department of Architecture at Pretoria University - “Environmental potential” and the United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] and Global Environment Facility [GEF]. It aims to comply with the prerequisites for an M[Prof]Arch degree while achieving the goals and objectives set by the research study.Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Architecture
unrestricted
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GUIDETTI, ELENA. "The Potential of Form. Assessing the transformative potential of existing buildings in post-functional Europe". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2966349.
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Pereira, Marcos Fabricio Benedetti. "CONTEÚDO ENERGÉTICO E EMISSÕES DE CO2 EM COBERTURAS VERDES, DE TELHA CERÂMICA E DE FIBROCIMENTO: ESTUDO DE CASO". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7851.
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CO2 is one of the main gases accountable for the increment of the greenhouse effect, of climate changes, and of environmental degradation arising from this ecological unbalance. Civil construction is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions, using construction techniques that are more sustainable can contribute to the reduction of those emissions. Furthermore, the energy content of materials must be taken into account as well due to the fact that the consumption of petroleum by-products increases the CO2 indexes in the atmosphere. It becomes then clear that the less energy is consumed, even those renewable, the less environmental impact there is. Thus, it is indispensable to analyse not only the emissions of CO2 but also the energy content of materials used in three roofing technologies under scrutiny in this research: green roofs, fibre cement, and ceramic tiles. Green roofs are a sustainable alternative to be implemented in covering the top of buildings. This research, therefore, aims to compare the CO2 emission to the energy content of two green roof solutions and of two traditional coverage solutions in the pre-operational phase in the cities of Porto Alegre and Santa Maria, both in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The method used to identify left from the layers and constituents in each green cover, and the raw materials used in traditional roofs, measuring how much material was used for each cover, analyzing all the material traversed by the means of transport, quantifying emissions CO2 and energy consumption of materials by processes fabrication them and finally to compare all results. Common belief is that green roofs have the potential to mitigate environmental damages, especially those caused by the civil construction sector concerning CO2 emissions and energy consumption in the pre-operational phase, just as advantages in the operational phase are described. Such hypothesis was confirmed for the tested cover. However, among the possibilities discussed below for closing the top of buildings, green roofs are the only technology capable of mitigating environmental damage, in particular, the emission of carbon dioxide, and provide an environmental service to the community carbon sequestration to throughout his life . Nonetheless, amongst the building coverage possibilities herein analysed, green roofs are the only technology capable of integrally mitigating environmental damages in a few years, especially the emission of carbon dioxide, and also the only technology capable of providing an environmental service to the collectivity of carbon sequestration to throughout his life.O CO2 é um dos principais gases responsáveis pelo incremento do efeito estufa, das mudanças climáticas e da degradação ambiental decorrente deste desequilíbrio ecológico. Sendo a construção civil uma das principais responsáveis pela emissão de CO2, o uso de técnicas construtivas mais sustentáveis pode contribuir para a redução dessas emissões. Além disso, o conteúdo energético dos materiais também é importante ser considerado, pois além de incrementar, através de consumo de derivados de petróleo, os índices de CO2 na atmosfera, o menor consumo de energia possível, mesmo as renováveis, representa menores impactos ambientais. Assim sendo, imprescindível analisar não só a emissão de CO2, como também o conteúdo energético dos materiais empregados nas três tecnologias de cobertura objetos de estudo desta pesquisa: coberturas verdes, de fibrocimento e de telhas cerâmicas. As coberturas verdes são uma possibilidade sustentável a ser implementada no fechamento de topo de edificações. A presente pesquisa visa a comparar as emissões de CO2 e o conteúdo energético de duas soluções de cobertura verdes e duas soluções de coberturas tradicionais, na fase pré-operacional, localizadas em Porto Alegre e outra em Santa Maria RS. O método utilizado partiu desde identificar as camadas e elementos constituintes em cada cobertura verde, bem como os insumos utilizados nas coberturas tradicionais, mensurar quanto material foi utilizado para cada cobertura, analisar o percorrido de todos os materiais pelos meios de transportes, quantificar as emissões de CO2 e o consumo energético dos materiais pelos processos de fabricações dos mesmos e finalmente comparar todos os resultados. O senso comum considera que as coberturas verdes têm o potencial de mitigar danos ambientais, especialmente os causados pelo setor da construção civil de emissão de CO2 e de consumo energético na fase pré-operacional, da mesma forma como são descritas as vantagens na fase operacional. Tal hipótese se confirmou para as coberturas avaliadas. Dentre as possibilidades aqui analisadas para fechamento de topo de edificações, as coberturas verdes são a única tecnologia capaz de mitigar os danos ambientais, em especial, a emissão de dióxido de carbono, e fornecer um serviço ambiental à coletividade de sequestro de carbono ao longo de sua vida útil.
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Lennermark, Desirée, Victoria Bjellerup, Lisa Bäckström i Lisen Wedman. "Demolish or Refurbish an Existing Building? : A bachelor thesis on the climate impact of different methods of renewing a building". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412278.
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The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to evaluate different alternatives of renewal regarding an already existing building. The case study building is located in the Ulleråker area in Uppsala, Sweden and is an old mental hospital building from the 1950’s which Uppsala Municipality wishes to restore as part of a bigger investment in the neighborhood. The different alternatives that will be investigated are refurbishment, with different insulation thickness, and a complete demolition and reconstruction of a new building with either wood or concrete. Carbon dioxide emissions connected to buildings will be calculated and analyzed as two elements, one being embodied carbon dioxide, and one being energy usage. Other aspects of interest, the economy and cultural values of the area, will be discussed. To estimate the amount of CO2 emissions, several life cycle assessments will be executed through the software One Click LCA (2015). Calculations will be done by hand in order to estimate the energy usage. Information and data are partly obtained from Uppsala Municipality, partly from literature and available resources. The results show that each option has a different advantage, the refurbishment resulting in considerably lower embodied carbon (114 kg CO2e/m2) but higher energy usage (95 kWh/m2 per year) as compared to the new concrete construction with larger amount of embodied carbon (279 kg CO2e/m2) but lower energy usage (44 kWh/m2 per year). This leads to a conclusion showing that a deep refurbishment is the best option regarding both embodied carbon and energy usage.
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Nilsson, Per, i Joel Norrman. "Förbättringsåtgärder i dagens livscykelanalysarbete : En studie av två programvaror". Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36596.
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Syfte: För nybyggda hus står den inbyggda koldioxiden för en allt större andel av byggnadens klimatpåverkan under livscykeln. Detta på grund av bättre klimatskal och driftsystem. Forskningsrapporter visar att klimatpåverkan i form av inbyggd koldioxid kan minska om digitala analysverktyg används i projekteringen. Syftet med den här rapporten är att undersöka hur analyserna går till samt hur de kan bli enklare och mer noggranna. Metod: För att uppfylla syftet används en litteraturstudie och semistrukturerade intervjuer för att kartlägga användningen av LCA för att dra lärdomar och se förbättringsmöjligheter. En fallstudie görs på en betong- och stålstomme för att jämföra och dra slutsatser utav två LCA-verktyg; Anavitor och Bidcon. Resultat: Resultatet visar att intresset för LCA i byggbranschen är stigande och att de analyser som utförs i projekteringsskedet oftast baseras på generiska värden. Avseende olika programvaror måste omfattningen av programvaran vara tydligt definierad för att kunna få fram ett jämförbart resultat. För att ge ett resultat som speglar det verkliga utfallet måste man frångå den generiska data som tillhandahålls, och istället mata in materialspecifika värden som kommer direkt från tillverkare. Detta kan redan vid projekteringsskedet vara möjligt om BIM-objekt förses med EPD:er i kompatibla filformat. Konsekvenser: Byggnadens totala klimatpåverkan under livscykeln kan tydliggöras med hjälp av LCA-verktyg. För att det ska bli en naturlig del av projekteringen är det viktigt att LCA-verktyg är kompatibla med den information som finns i en eventuell modell. LCA-verktyg bör innehålla mer information än bara klimatpåverkan, även annan miljödata och eventuell ekonomisk information bör finnas för att ge ett bra beslutsunderlag för beställaren. För att öka användningen av LCA i byggbranschen krävs starkare incitament för att göra analyser till exempel att beställaren måste miljödeklarera byggnaden. I ett längre perspektiv borde krav ställas på en byggnads miljöpåverkan liknande de krav som finns i BBR angående energianvändning. Noggrannheten i programmet beror till största del på den data som användaren matar in. Det vill säga mängder, ofta hämtade från en modell. Det krävs att EPD:er görs tillgängliga i filformat som stöds av digitala programvaror för att enklare kunna nå deninformation som krävs. LCA-verktyg ska kunna användas tidigt i ett projekt för att eventuella val lättare ska kunna göras. Samtidigt så bör programanvändaren kunna använda produktspecifika EPD:er i ett tidigt skede för att kunna jämföra olika leverantörer och konstruktionslösningar. Begränsningar: Detta arbete är begränsat till de två programmen Bidcon och Anavitoroch hur de skiljer sig åt avseende beräkningsmetoder och funktioner. Det är ocksåavgränsat för att endast beröra byggnaders inbyggda material. Nyckelord: "Inbyggd koldioxid", "Inbyggd energi", "koldioxidavtryck", "LCA","Livscykelanalys", "Klimatpåverkan", "Klimatdata", "BIM", ”Anavitor”, ”Bidcon”Purpose: For newly constructed buildings, embodied carbon dioxide stands for an increasing share of the buildings climate impact, seen from a life cycle perspective. This due to improved building envelopes alongside better building service systems. Research shows climate impact due to embodied carbon dioxide may decrease if digital tools for analysis are used during the design phase. The aim with this report is to examine how these analyses are made and see how they can be simplified as well as more accurate. Method: To fulfil the aim of this report a literature review is used alongside semistructured interviews to map the use of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) in order to gain knowledge and find opportunities for enhancement. A case study is performed on a building frame of concrete and steel to be able to compare and draw conclusions from two LCA-tools; Anavitor and Bidcon. Findings: The result shows increasing interest for LCA in the building industry and that LCA performed in the design phase often uses generic values. The terms and scope of a LCA needs to be determined distinctly regarding comparison of different software's in order to reach a result that is comparable. There is a need to depart from generic values and replace with climate data from manufactures to reach a result reflecting reality. This would be possible already in the design phase using objects in BIM supplemented with climate data from EPD:s in compatible formats. Implications: The buildings total climate impact during the life cycle are able to be displayed with LCA-tools. Using this as a natural part of the design phase, LCA-tools have to be compatible with the information contained in an eventual model. LCA-tools ought to include more information than just climate impact, other environmental data and economic information ought to be included to provide a better decision ground for the buyer. To increase the use of LCA in the building industry, a stronger incentive is needed. The buyer should be required to perform an environmental declaration of thebuilding. In a further step legislation regarding a building´s environmental impactsimilar to the rules found in the Swedish building code regarding specific energy usewould be fitting. The accuracy of the programs mostly depends on the input data,namely quantities, often retrieved from a model. Requires EPD:s accessible in formatsupported by digital software’s in order to reach that information more easily. LCA tools ought to be used early in a project, facilitate eventual choices. At the same time, the user should be able to use product specific EPD:s in an early stage to compare different manufacturers and solutions. Limitations: This paper is limited to the two software’s Bidcon and Anavitor, and how they differ regarding calculation methods and functions. It's also limited to only take the buildings' embedded materials into account. Keywords: "Embodied carbon dioxide", "Embodied energy", "carbon foot print","LCA", "Life Cycle assessment", "Climate impact", "Climate data", "BIM", “Anavitor,“Bidcon”
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Casañas, Muniz María Virginia. "La energía como indicador del impacto ambiental en los sistemas constructivos conformados a partir de materiales de producción nacional". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/75713.
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Energy consumption is one of the most important environmental issues facing contemporary society. The energy used in homes and buildings comes mainly from burning fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) which contribute significantly to air pollution. The construction industry worldwide is responsible for 50 % of natural resources and 40 % of energy consumption, considering the same in the Lifecycle Building: energy in the manufacture of buildings materials, in the life of the building, in the work itself and in the deconstruction of it. The challenge ahead for the construction industry is the use of appropriate materials, energy – saving both in the stage of manufacturing materials and construction of buildings, as well as life, as these are impacting on the environmental, generating impacts related to energy consumption. In this context, the main objective of this research was to identify, using energy consumption data, the best option for building constructive isolated dwellings. Analyzed the literature review, it appears that the relative impacts of energy consumption are significant, and that energy use in summary form allows you to evaluate the environmental impacts of the life cycle of the building through the estimation of energy consumption. A method of Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA) in buildings, using energy as a measure of environmental impact, allows the presentation rates of embodied energy in MJ/kg or MJ/m2. The research was divided into two stages for reaching the desired outcomes: first it was estimated the embodied energy, in three domestically produced materials: brick, steel and cement, and then, in a second step, functional units composite with the construction materials studied were analysed. Indicators of environmental impact energy consumption and CO2 emission, and associated impacts could be characterised at each stage of the life cycle of production of the materials analysed. After this process, it was possible to draw some conclusions that can contribute to the emerging approach to sustainability in the construction industry locally. The main findings were: of the three materials analysed, the brick and associated systems are those that produce less environmental impact, since, energy consumption comes from renewable sources and emissions are lower than those others materials. For steel and concrete the amount of energy required and emissions are higher, and they also haves a significant influence of energy consumed for transport, increasing the values of embodied energy, and, therefore, the impacts on the environment.El consumo de energía es uno de los temas ambientales más importantes que enfrenta la sociedad contemporánea. La energía usada en las viviendas y edificios proviene principalmente de la combustión de combustibles fósiles (petróleo, gas natural y carbón mineral), que contribuyen de manera importante a la contaminación atmosférica. La industria de la construcción a nivel mundial es responsable por el 50 % de los recursos naturales y del 40 % del consumo de energía, considerando el mismo en el Ciclo de Vida de la Edificación: energía en la fabricación de los materiales de construcción, en la vida útil de las edificación, en la obra misma y en la deconstrucción de ésta. El reto que tiene por delante la Industria de la Construcción es el empleo de materiales apropiados, que economicen energía tanto en la etapa de fabricación materiales y construcción de las edificaciones, así como en su vida útil, dado que éstos son los que repercuten sobre el ambiente, generando impactos relacionados con el consumo de energía. En este contexto, el objetivo principal de esta investigación fue identificar, utilizando datos de consumo energético, la mejor opción constructiva para la construcción de viviendas aisladas. De la revisión bibliográfica analizada, surge que los impactos relativos al consumo de energía son significativos, y que el uso de la energía permite evaluar en forma resumida el impacto ambiental del ciclo de vida de la edificación, mediante la estimación de consumos energéticos. Los métodos de Análisis del Ciclo de Vida Energético (ACVE) en las edificaciones, utilizan la energía como medida del impacto ambiental y permite presentar índices de energía incorporada, en MJ/kg ó MJ/m2. La investigación se dividió en dos etapas que permitieron llegar a los resultados buscados. Primeramente fue estimada la energía incorporada en tres materiales de producción nacional: ladrillo, acero y cemento; para luego, en una segunda etapa, a analizar unidades funcionales constructivas compuestas con los materiales estudiados. Se tomaron como indicadores del impacto ambiental, el consumo energético y las emisiones de CO2, y los impactos asociados se pudieron caracterizar en cada etapa del ciclo de vida de la producción de los materiales analizados. Finalizado este proceso fue posible sacar algunas conclusiones que permiten contribuir al abordaje de la sustentabilidad en la Industria de la Construcción a nivel local. Las principales conclusiones obtenidas fueron: de los tres materiales analizados el ladrillo y los sistemas constructivos asociados son los que producen menor impacto ambiental, ya que el consumo de energía proviene de fuentes renovables y las emisiones pueden ser menores. Para los materiales acero y cemento las cantidades de energía requerida y emisiones son mayores, además que le transporte tiene una influencia significativa, incrementando los valores de energía incorporada, y, por lo tanto, los impactos generados en el ambiente.
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Conestabile, Della Staffa Beatrice. "LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) e SAT (Sustainability Assessment of Technology)Come strumenti di gestione sostenibile delle condotte dell'acquedotto di Reggio Emilia". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1660/.
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Pires, Josiane Reschke. "Investigação da viabilidade da redução do consumo de energia elétrica em edificações residenciais através da aplicação de soluções de conforto ambiental passivo". Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3329.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares
A preocupação com a sustentabilidade sugere a busca pela otimização dos recursos naturais. Um dos aspectos necessários é adequar as edificações para o clima em que estão localizadas, reduzindo o consumo energético da habitação e ampliando o conforto ambiental. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da aplicação de critérios de desempenho térmico em edificações residenciais. A investigação foi centrada na identificação dos custos e da energia no ciclo de vida de projetos simulados com soluções baseadas em conforto ambiental passivo (natural) e ativo (artificial), verificando a influência no consumo de energia da edificação. Foi aplicada em projetos de edificações residenciais verticais e horizontais, de classe média e baixa, em dois climas distintos (Porto Alegre e Bento Gonçalves, RS), examinando o tipo de envelope, as absortâncias e o uso de elementos construtivos. Para análise do desempenho térmico foi adotada a norma de desempenho NBR 15575 e método graus-hora, com modelagem BIM, utilizando o Revit/Autodesk e para as simulações térmicas foi empregado o EnergyPlus, software especializado em análise energética para edificações. O ciclo de vida dos projetos propostos foi analisado considerando-se um período de 50 anos, comparando os custos e a energia incorporada das alternativas. Como um segundo parâmetro de sustentabilidade, também se analisou a eficiência energética conforme o selo de eficiência energética Procel Edifica. Os resultados indicam que com o aumento do isolamento da envoltória se verifica uma melhoria do conforto térmico, de até 54%, e economia de energia, em ambos os climas, com um período de retorno de 2 a 6 anos, em alguns casos.
The concern with sustainability brought the need for optimization of the energy resources to reduce the consumption of electric energy and of natural resources. One of the aspects is the need to adapt the buildings to the climate in which they are located, reducing the energy consumption of housing. The aim of this research is to investigate the technical and economic viability of applying some criteria of thermal performance in residential buildings. The methodology is based on the identification of the costs and energy in the life cycle of projects based on environmental comfort on passive (natural) and active (artificial) ways, detailing the influence on energy consumption of the building. It was applied in residential projects, both vertical and horizontal, of lower and middle class, in two distinct microclimates (Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves, southern Brazilian cities), examining alternatives of envelope, insulation and the use of architectural façade elements. To analyze the thermal performance was adopted the Brazilian standard NBR 15575 and degree-hour method, with BIM modeling through Revit/Autodesk and for the thermal simulation Ecotect/Autodesk and EnergyPlus. The life cycle of the proposed case studies was analyzed by considering a period of 50 years, comparing the costs and embodied energy of alternatives. As a second measure of sustainability, energy efficiency was also analyzed with the Brazilian standard of energy efficiency Procel Edifica. The results showed that with the increment of envelope’s insulation there are improvement of thermal comfort, of 54%, and energetic economy, in both climates, with a payback period of 2 to 6 years, in some cases.
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Cavalett, Otavio. "Analise do ciclo de vida da soja". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256262.
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Orientador: Enrique Ortega RodriguezTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é avaliar o ciclo de vida da soja para quantificar as contribuições ambientais e econômicas necessárias em cada etapa de produção, transporte e processamento de soja e seus principais produtos. Para tanto, foram utilizadas a análise de energia incorporada, a análise de intensidade de materiais e a análise emergética, além de indicadores econômicos e sociais. Os resultados mostram que produção agrícola da soja é a etapa que utiliza maior quantidade de recursos no ciclo de vida dos produtos considerados: farelo de soja exportado para a Europa, biodiesel e óleo de soja refinado. Por isso, esta é a etapa agrícola é aquela que requer mais atenção dos tomadores de decisões em políticas publicas para um ciclo de vida da soja mais sustentável. Os resultados mostram que a produção de biodiesel de soja convencional não é uma alternativa sustentável (renovabilidade = 31%) para fornecimento de energia para a sociedade e também que os fluxos de farelo de soja exportados para a Europa são responsáveis por grandes impactos ambientais (índice de carga ambiental = 2,83). Entretanto, os resultados obtidos mostram que a soja pode ser produzida em sistemas alternativos mais sustentáveis de forma a reduzir estes impactos negativos
Abstract: The objective of this study is to assess the soybean life cycle to quantify the environmental and economic contributions at each stage of soybean and soybean products production, transport and processing phases. In order of that, it were used the Embodied Energy Analysis, the Material Intensity Analysis and the Emergy Synthesis as well other economic and social indicators. The results showed that agricultural production stage is the phase that uses larger amount of resources in the life cycle of soybean products considered: soy meal exported to Europe, biodiesel and refined soy oil. Therefore, the agricultural phase requires more attention of decision-makers for public policies toward a more sustainable soybean chain. Quantitative indicators showed that biodiesel production from conventional soybean is not a sustainable (renewability = 31%) alternative for energy supply to the society. Also, the soy meal flows exported to Europe are responsible for high environmental damages (environmental loading ratio = 2.83). However, the results showed that soybean can be produced in more sustainable alternative systems in order to reduce these negative impacts
Doutorado
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos
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Oliveira, Lidiane Santana. "Avaliação do ciclo de vida de blocos de concreto do mercado brasileiro: alvenaria e pavimentação". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-13072016-152611/.
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A construção civil é responsável por relevante impacto ao meio ambiente, da extração das materiais-primas até a disposição dos seus resíduos em aterros. A avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta que possibilita a estimativa dos impactos ambientais potenciais do setor de forma sistemática. A simplificação da ACV, pelo uso de dados secundários e redução do escopo do estudo, facilita sua implementação como ferramenta de promoção da sustentabilidade. O objetivo dessa dissertação é estimar faixas dos cinco principais indicadores do setor de blocos de concreto do mercado brasileiro pela simplificação da ACV: consumo de materiais, energia incorporada, emissão de CO2, água e geração de resíduos. Este estudo foi o piloto do Projeto ACV Modular, iniciativa do Conselho Brasileiro de Construção Sustentável em parceria da Associação Brasileira de Cimento Portland e da Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Blocos de Concreto. O inventário foi desenvolvido com 33 fábricas localizadas em diferentes regiões do Brasil, estas sendo responsáveis por aproximadamente 50% da produção nacional. Os produtos selecionados foram blocos para pavimentação e alvenaria (estruturais e de vedação) considerados mais representativos no mercado. A fronteira do sistema adotada foi do berço ao portão da fábrica. O indicador de consumo de materiais não foi apresentado para garantir a confidencialidade dos dados das empresas, pois o teor de cimento foi dado direto informado no formulário. O indicador de resíduos não pode ser gerado devido a diferentes interpretações adotadas pelos fabricantes ao registrar seus dados. O indicador de água, apesar de incluir todo o consumo informado pela fábrica, apresentou valores muito baixos, alguns próximos a zero. O consumo de cimento, não o teor de clínquer, foi responsável por parcela significativa do CO2 e da energia incorporada do bloco, com participação de 62 a 99% das emissões de CO2. Assim, entre as empresas analisadas, mesmo com igual rota tecnológica, os insumos utilizados, a formulação do concreto, a eficiência de compactação da vibro prensa e o sistema produtivo tiveram maior influência nos indicadores de materiais, energia e CO2.The civil construction is responsible for significant environmental impact from the extraction of raw materials to the disposal of their waste in landfills. The life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool that enables the estimative of the potential environmental impacts of a sector systematically. Simplification of LCA, the use of secondary data and reduce the scope of the study, facilitates its implementation as a tool for promoting sustainability. The purpose of this dissertation is to estimate ranges of the five main indicators of the concrete block industry in the Brazilian market by simplifying the LCA: consumption of materials, embodied energy, CO2 emissions, water and waste generation. This study was the pilot of Modular LCA Project, an initiative of the Brazilian Council for Sustainable Construction (CBCS) in partnership with the Brazilian Portland Cement Association (ABCP) and the Brazilian Association of Concrete Blocks Industry (BlocoBrasil). The inventory was raised from 33 factories located in different regions of Brazil, that accounting for approximately 50% of national production. The products selected were paving and masonry blocks considered most representative in the market. The boundary system adopted was from cradle to factory gate. The indicator material consumption has been omitted to ensure the confidentiality of company data, as the cement content was raised directly by the companies. The waste indicator cannot be generated due to different interpretations adopted by companies to register their data. The water indicator, although it includes all the consumption reported by the factory, showed very low values, some near zero. Cement consumption, not the clinker content, accounted for a significant portion of CO2 emission and embodied energy, accounting 62-99% of CO2. Thus, among the analyzed factories, even with the same technological route, the inputs, the concrete formulation, the compression efficiency of vibro press and the production system had a greater influence on indicators of materials, energy and CO2.
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Carminatti, Júnior Riberto. "Análise do ciclo de vida energético de projeto de habitação de interesse social concebido em light steel framing". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4669.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-08Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The construction industry in Brazil has great importance both socially and economically, but generates more than 50% of municipal solid waste and consuming large quantities of raw materials, energy and water. Thus the sector is strategic under the environmental point of view, since small changes in their processes cause the reduction of environmental impacts. To meet the current housing shortage, many building systems are being employed in the country, among which, the Light Steel Framing (LSF), which consists of a rational building system, and industrial productivity. The aim of this study was to simulate the amount of embodied energy original (EEi) of a standard project aimed at social housing using the LSF as a constructive system, applying the concepts of Life Cycle Analysis of Energy (ACVE). To achieve this goal initially was held to review the literature on sustainability, and LSF construction system ACVE. Following the adjustment was made for a project for social housing in structural masonry designed to LSF. From the specifications for materials and components, their respective values of the quantitative EEi and held the simulation of the quantity of EEi considering three scenarios: project conceived in structural masonry concrete block, masonry, structural ceramic blocks and LSF. Comparing the results of three simulations, it was concluded that the project designed masonry structural ceramic blocks showed the lowest absolute value of the EEi in relation to other systems simulated (117.6 GJ and 3.0 GJ / m² ), with the LSF presented an intermediate value (154.3 GJ and 3.9 GJ / m²), but very close to the masonry of ceramic blocks, while designed masonry concrete blocks had a higher value (262 , 0 GJ and 6.6 GJ / m²), largely due to the high value of IAS adopted for the concrete. It is noteworthy that these results should not be extrapolated as EE values were used for materials and components used in these construction systems referenced in the international literature, which indicates the need to build a national database about.
A indústria de construção civil no Brasil possui grande importância tanto social quanto econômica, porém é geradora de mais de 50% dos resíduos sólidos urbanos e consumidora de grande quantidade de matéria-prima, energia e água. Desta forma o setor é estratégico sob o ponto de vista ambiental uma vez que pequenas mudanças em seus processos ocasionam a redução dos impactos ambientais. Para suprir o déficit habitacional atual, vários sistemas construtivos estão sendo empregados no país, dentre os quais, o Light Steel Framing (LSF), que consiste em um sistema construtivo racional, industrializado e com melhor produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu na simulação da quantidade de energia embutida inicial (EEi) de um projeto padrão voltado à habitação de interesse social utilizando o LSF como sistema construtivo, aplicando-se os conceitos de Análise de Ciclo de Vida Energético (ACVE). Para atingir este objetivo se realizou inicialmente a revisão bibliográfica sobre sustentabilidade, sistema construtivo LSF e ACVE. Na sequência fez-se a adaptação de um projeto para habitação de interesse social concebido em alvenaria estrutural para o LSF. A partir das especificações dos materiais e componentes, dos seus respectivos valores de EEi e dos quantitativos realizou-se a simulação da quantidade de EEi considerando 3 situações: projeto concebido em alvenaria estrutural de blocos de concreto, alvenaria estrutural de blocos cerâmicos e LSF. Comparando-se os resultados das três simulações realizadas, concluiu-se que o projeto concebido em alvenaria estrutural de blocos cerâmicos foi o que apresentou menor valor de EEi absoluto em relação aos demais sistemas simulados (117,6 GJ e 3,0 GJ/m²), tendo-se o LSF apresentado um valor intermediário (154,3 GJ e 3,9 GJ/m²), porém bem próximo ao da alvenaria de blocos cerâmicos, enquanto que o concebido em alvenaria de blocos de concreto apresentou maior valor (262,0 GJ e 6,6 GJ/m²), muito em função do elevado valor de EEi adotado para o concreto. Ressalta-se que tais resultados não devem ser extrapolados uma vez que foram utilizados valores de EE para os materiais e componentes aplicados nestes sistemas construtivos referenciados em literatura internacional, o que indica a necessidade de se construir uma base de dados nacional a respeito.
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Jaouen, Cédric. "Méthodologie de dimensionnement sur cycle de vie d’une distribution en courant continu dans le bâtiment : applications aux câbles et convertisseurs statiques DC/DC". Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DENS0037/document.
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Avec l’apparition des systèmes PV en toiture et des véhicules électriques, le nouveau contexte énergétique au sein du bâtiment pose, sous un nouvel angle, la question de la distribution en courant continu au sein des bâtiments. Mais comment évaluer objectivement l’intérêt d’un réseau DC ? Dans un contexte où l’énergie et les impacts environnementaux prennent chaque jour plus d’importance, la quantification des performances d’un tel système selon sa seule phase d’usage ne répond pas complètement à la question son impact global. C’est pourquoi nous proposons d’aborder la question via l’éco-dimensionnement des composants constituant ce système. Pour simplifier un problème fondamentalement complexe (multi-critères), nous avons choisi d’effectuer ces dimensionnements sur la base de la minimisation de leur consommation d’énergie primaire sur l’ensemble de leur cycle de vie (pertes + énergie grise = Gross Energy Requirement GER). L’un des objectifs étant d’apporter à la fois une méthodologie mais aussi les premiers éléments qui permettront de déterminer un optimum du niveau de tension d’une distribution en courant continu dans les bâtimentsSince the development of roof PV systems and electric vehicles, the use of DC distribution for building has to be explored. However, an objective criterion has to be used to evaluate the interest of such distribution. While energy consumption and environmental impact criteria gain in importance, the performance quantification of such system over the use phase is not sufficient to illustrate its whole impact. That’s why we propose to tackle this evaluation through the eco-sizing of distribution component. In order to simplify this complex problem, based on a multi-criterion approach, we propose to size the components based on the minimization of their primary energy consumption over their entire life cycle. The resulting Gross Energy Requirement GER includes the embodied energy and the losses during the use phase. The objectives are to propose a methodology to determine the optimal voltage level for the building DC distribution, and also to illustrate the proposed approach from case studies. This methodology is applied on wiring and DC/DC converters
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Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq. "Optimal ranking and sequencing of non-domestic building energy retrofit options for greenhouse gas emissions reduction". Thesis, De Montfort University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10501.
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Whether it is based on current emissions data or future projections of further growth, the building sector currently represent the largest and singular most important contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. This notion is also supported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on projection scenarios for 2030 that emissions from buildings will be responsible for about one-third of total global emissions. As such, improving the energy efficiency of buildings has become a top priority worldwide. A significant majority of buildings that exist now will still exist in 2030 and beyond; therefore the greatest energy savings and carbon footprint reductions can be made through retrofit of existing buildings. A wide range of retrofit options are readily available, but methods to identify optimal solutions for a particular abatement project still constitute a major technical challenge. Investments in building energy retrofit technologies usually involve decision-making processes targeted at reducing operational energy consumption and maintenance bills. For this reason, retrofit decisions by building stakeholders are typically driven by financial considerations. However, recent trends towards environmentally conscious and resource-efficient design and retrofit have focused on the environmental merits of these options, emphasising a lifecycle approach to emissions reduction. Retrofit options available for energy savings have different performance characteristics and building stakeholders are required to establish an optimal solution, where competing objectives such as financial costs, energy consumption and environmental performance are taken into account. These key performance parameters cannot be easily quantified and compared by building stakeholders since they lack the resources to perform an effective decision analysis. In part, this is due to the inadequacy of existing methods to assess and compare performance indicators. Current methods to quantify these parameters are considered in isolation when making decisions about energy conservation in buildings. To effectively manage the reduction of lifecycle environmental impacts, it is necessary to link financial cost with both operational and embodied emissions. This thesis presents a novel deterministic decision support system (DSS) for the evaluation of economically and environmentally optimal retrofit of non-domestic buildings. The DSS integrates the key variables of economic and net environmental benefits to produce optimal decisions. These variables are used within an optimisation scheme that consists of integrated modules for data input, sensitivity analysis and takes into account the use of a set of retrofit options that satisfies a range of criteria (environmental, demand, cost and resource constraints); hierarchical course of action; and the evaluations of ‘best’ case scenario based on marginal abatement cost methods and Pareto optimisation. The steps involved in the system development are presented and its usefulness is evaluated using case study applications. The results of the applications are analysed and presented, verifying the feasibility of the DSS, whilst encouraging further improvements and extensions. The usefulness of the DSS as a tool for policy formulation and developments that can trigger innovations in retrofit product development processes and sustainable business models are also discussed. The methodology developed provides stakeholders with an efficient and reliable decision process that is informed by both environmental and financial considerations. Overall, the development of the DSS which takes a whole-life CO2 emission accounting framework and an economic assessment view-point, successfully demonstrates how value is delivered across different parts of the techno-economic system, especially as it pertains to financial gains, embodied and operational emissions reduction potential.