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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Embodied Energy"
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Jurizat, Aldissain, i Try Ramadhan. "EMBODIED ENERGY PADA DINDING BAMBU ANYAMAN DAN PLESTER". Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 3, nr 2 (4.07.2020): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v3i2.25061.
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Abstract: Buildings consume high energy and cause an increase in CO2 gas emissions to the environment. This energy consumption is known as embodied energy where energy is used in the production and maintenance processes of buildings. In buildings, the largest consumption of embodied energy is contained in the walls. Among the various materials and construction of building walls, the trend of the plaster bamboo wall has been significantly increased because it has several advantages for the environment. This research was conducted to measure the embodied energy contained in bamboo wall construction located in Kampung Buyut Cipageran, Cimahi City. This research method uses Inventory Carbon and Energy (ICE) data from the University of Bath and Indonesian National Standard as the basics data for the calculation. The analysis has been conducted by calculating the basics data and the design drawings. The result showed that the embodied energy in the bamboo walls had a value of 230.61 MJ/m2. This result is lower than the known standard for brick wall with 440 MJ/m2. The bamboo wall is proved to be more efficient in energy use than conventional wall with brick as the main construction.Keywords: bamboo wall; embodied energy; Abstrak: Bangunan mengkonsumsi energi yang cukup tinggi dan mengakibatkan peningkatan emisi gas CO2 ke lingkungan. Penggunaan energi ini diketahui sebagai embodied energy dimana energi digunakan dalam proses produksi dan perawatan bangunan. Dalam suatu bangunan, penggunaan embodied energy terbesar terletak pada dinding. Dari berbagai material dan konstruksi pembentuk dinding bangunan, dinding bambu plester menjadi tren terbaru karena memiliki beberapa keunggulan dalam keramahan terhadap lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengukur embodied energy yang terdapat pada komponen dinding bambu di salah satu bangunan Kampung Buyut Cipageran, Kota Cimahi. Metode pengukuran menggunakan data Inventory Carbon and Energy (ICE) dari University of Bath dan petunjuk analisis pekerjaan konstruksi dari SNI. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa embodied energy pada dinding bambu plester memiliki nilai 230,61 MJ/m2. Jika dibandingkan dengan dinding bata plester konvensional yang memiliki standar 440 MJ/m2, dinding bambu plester lebih efisien dalam penggunaan energi dalam siklus hidupnya.Kata Kunci: dinding bambu; embodied energy;.
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Adi, Alifiano Rezka. "KAJIAN PENERAPAN ARSITEKTUR HIJAU PADA KANTOR PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN BOYOLALI; Fokus pada Nilai Embodied Energy Bangunan". Jurnal Arsitektur KOMPOSISI 11, nr 6 (7.11.2017): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jars.v11i6.1357.
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Abstract: Green architecture approach comes as a solution of solving the energy and environmental crises. Boyolali regency office became the research object by focusing on the value of embodied energy to determine and evaluate the energy consumed from the manufacturing of the material until the construction phase. This study uses a simulation method with modeling strategy at the masterplan area and the existing area to measure the embodied energy of the buildings. The results showed that the larger of the ground floor area, the greater of the embodied energy value of the building. In addition, a building which has more floors will save the value of the embodied energy compared to a one floor building with the same floor area. The existing condition showed the saving of the embodied energy value by 22.64% towards the masterplan because of its smaller total ground floor area. The impact of the floor area and floor number is used in determining the design recommendations by combining several buildings into one building to reduce the total floor area as well as to convert most buildings into two-story buildings. The simulation results from the proposed recommendation showed the efficiency of the embodied energy value, which is more optimal, by 21,76% towards the existing condition.Keywords: green architecture, embodied energy, office area, energy efficiencyAbstrak: Pendekatan arsitektur hijau hadir sebagai solusi dalam mengatasi permasalahan energi dan lingkungan. Kantor pemerintahan Boyolali dijadikan sebagai objek penelitian dengan berfokus pada nilai embodied energy untuk menentukan dan mengevaluasi energi yang digunakan dari proses pengolahan material bangunan hingga fase konstruksi bangunan. Penelitian menggunakan metode simulasi dengan strategi pemodelan pada masterplan kawasan serta kondisi eksisting kawasan untuk mengukur nilai embodied energy bangunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar luas permukaan lantai bangunan, semakin besar nilai embodied energy pada bangunan tersebut. Selain itu, jumlah lantai yang lebih banyak akan menghemat nilai embodied energy jika dibandingkan dengan bangunan satu lantai dengan luas lantai dasar yang sama. Kondisi eksisting menunjukkan penghematan nilai embodied energy sebesar 22,64% terhadap masterplan karena memiliki luas total lantai dasar lebih kecil. Dampak dari luas lantai dasar dan jumlah lantai digunakan dalam menentukan rekomendasi desain dengan menggabungkan beberapa bangunan menjadi satu untuk mengurangi luasan total lantai dasar sekaligus menjadikan bangunan-bangunan yang ada menjadi gedung berlantai dua. Hasil simulasi dari rekomendasi yang diusulkan menunjukkan efisiensi nilai embodied energy yang lebih optimal sebesar 21,76% terhadap kondisi eksisting.Kata kunci: arsitektur hijau, embodied energy, kawasan perkantoran, efisiensi energi
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Furtak, Marcin, i Michał Ciuła. "THE EMBODIED ENERGY OF ARCHITECTURE". space&FORM 2020, nr 44 (3.12.2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2020.44.b-01.
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This paper discusses the complex subject of embodied energy in the contemporary construction industry. The importance of embodied energy is shown in the global environmental context. The ecological relationship between embodied energy and operational energy is discussed. The history of embodied energy analyses is presented and modern computer solutions, which currently help in sustainable architecture design, are suggested.
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Asdrubali, Francesco, Marta Roncone i Gianluca Grazieschi. "Embodied Energy and Embodied GWP of Windows: A Critical Review". Energies 14, nr 13 (24.06.2021): 3788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133788.
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The construction sector is one of the most energy-intensive in the industrialized countries. In order to limit climate change emissions throughout the entire life cycle of a building, in addition to reducing energy consumption in the operational phase, attention should also be paid to the embodied energy and CO2 emissions of the building itself. The purpose of this work is to review data on embodied energy and GWP derived from EPDs of different types of windows, to identify the LCA phases, the most impacting materials and processes from an environmental point of view and to perform a critical analysis of the outcomes. The results show a strong dependence on the typology of the frame, with wooden windows having competitive performances: lower average primary energy non-renewable (1123 MJ/FU), higher average primary energy renewable (respectively 817 MJ/FU) and lower global warming potential (54 kgCO2eq/FU). More transparency and standardization in the information conveyed by the program operators is, however, desirable for a better comparability of windows performances. In particular, the inclusion of the operational impact in the EPD is sporadic, but strongly important, since it can be the most impactful phase.
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Rennie, Alastair. "Briefing: Embodied energy and emissions". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 164, nr 4 (listopad 2011): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ener.2011.164.4.139.
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Mantoam, Edemilson J., Marcos Milan, Leandro M. Gimenez i Thiago L. Romanelli. "Embodied energy of sugarcane harvesters". Biosystems Engineering 118 (luty 2014): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.12.003.
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Soga, Kenichi, Chris Chau, Duncan Nicholson i Heleni Pantelidou. "Embodied energy: Soil retaining geosystems". KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 15, nr 4 (kwiecień 2011): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-011-0013-7.
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Camaratta, Rubens, Tiago Moreno Volkmer i Alice Gonçalves Osorio. "Embodied energy in beverage packaging". Journal of Environmental Management 260 (kwiecień 2020): 110172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110172.
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Samyn, Philippe. "Structural engineering and embodied energy". Steel Construction 12, nr 3 (sierpień 2019): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201970304.
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Hu, Ming. "A Building Life-Cycle Embodied Performance Index—The Relationship between Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon and Environmental Impact". Energies 13, nr 8 (13.04.2020): 1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081905.
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Knowledge and research tying the environmental impact and embodied energy together is a largely unexplored area in the building industry. The aim of this study is to investigate the practicality of using the ratio between embodied energy and embodied carbon to measure the building’s impact. This study is based on life-cycle assessment and proposes a new measure: life-cycle embodied performance (LCEP), in order to evaluate building performance. In this project, eight buildings located in the same climate zone with similar construction types are studied to test the proposed method. For each case, the embodied energy intensities and embodied carbon coefficients are calculated, and four environmental impact categories are quantified. The following observations can be drawn from the findings: (a) the ozone depletion potential could be used as an indicator to predict the value of LCEP; (b) the use of embodied energy and embodied carbon independently from each other could lead to incomplete assessments; and (c) the exterior wall system is a common significant factor influencing embodied energy and embodied carbon. The results lead to several conclusions: firstly, the proposed LCEP ratio, between embodied energy and embodied carbon, can serve as a genuine indicator of embodied performance. Secondly, environmental impact categories are not dependent on embodied energy, nor embodied carbon. Rather, they are proportional to LCEP. Lastly, among the different building materials studied, metal and concrete express the highest contribution towards embodied energy and embodied carbon.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Embodied Energy"
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Treloar, Graham John, i edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "A Comprehensive Embodied Energy Analysis Framework". Deakin University. School of Architecture and Building, 1998. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20041209.161722.
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The assessment of the direct and indirect requirements for energy is known as embodied energy analysis. For buildings, the direct energy includes that used primarily on site, while the indirect energy includes primarily the energy required for the manufacture of building materials. This thesis is concerned with the completeness and reliability of embodied energy analysis methods. Previous methods tend to address either one of these issues, but not both at the same time. Industry-based methods are incomplete. National statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a black box and are subject to errors. A new hybrid embodied energy analysis method is derived to optimise the benefits of previous methods while minimising their flaws.
In industry-based studies, known as process analyses, the energy embodied in a product is traced laboriously upstream by examining the inputs to each preceding process towards raw materials. Process analyses can be significantly incomplete, due to increasing complexity. The other major embodied energy analysis method, input-output analysis, comprises the use of national statistics. While the input-output framework is comprehensive, many inherent assumptions make the results unreliable.
Hybrid analysis methods involve the combination of the two major embodied energy analysis methods discussed above, either based on process analysis or input-output analysis. The intention in both hybrid analysis methods is to reduce errors associated with the two major methods on which they are based. However, the problems inherent to each of the original methods tend to remain, to some degree, in the associated hybrid versions.
Process-based hybrid analyses tend to be incomplete, due to the exclusions associated with the process analysis framework. However, input-output-based hybrid analyses tend to be unreliable because the substitution of process analysis data into the input-output framework causes unwanted indirect effects.
A key deficiency in previous input-output-based hybrid analysis methods is that the input-output model is a black box, since important flows of goods and services with respect to the embodied energy of a sector cannot be readily identified. A new input-output-based hybrid analysis method was therefore developed, requiring the decomposition of the input-output model into mutually exclusive components (ie, direct energy paths).
A direct energy path represents a discrete energy requirement, possibly occurring one or more transactions upstream from the process under consideration. For example, the energy required directly to manufacture the steel used in the construction of a building would represent a direct energy path of one non-energy transaction in length. A direct energy path comprises a product quantity (for example, the total tonnes of cement used) and a direct energy intensity (for example, the energy required directly for cement manufacture, per tonne).
The input-output model was decomposed into direct energy paths for the residential building construction sector. It was shown that 592 direct energy paths were required to describe 90% of the overall total energy intensity for residential building construction. By extracting direct energy paths using yet smaller threshold values, they were shown to be mutually exclusive. Consequently, the modification of direct energy paths using process analysis data does not cause unwanted indirect effects.
A non-standard individual residential building was then selected to demonstrate the benefits of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method in cases where the products of a sector may not be similar. Particular direct energy paths were modified with case specific process analysis data. Product quantities and direct energy intensities were derived and used to modify some of the direct energy paths. The intention of this demonstration was to determine whether 90% of the total embodied energy calculated for the building could comprise the process analysis data normally collected for the building. However, it was found that only 51% of the total comprised normally collected process analysis. The integration of process analysis data with 90% of the direct energy paths by value was unsuccessful because:
typically only one of the direct energy path components was modified using process analysis data (ie, either the product quantity or the direct energy intensity);
of the complexity of the paths derived for residential building construction; and
of the lack of reliable and consistent process analysis data from industry, for both product quantities and direct energy intensities.
While the input-output model used was the best available for Australia, many errors were likely to be carried through to the direct energy paths for residential building construction. Consequently, both the value and relative importance of the direct energy paths for residential building construction were generally found to be a poor model for the demonstration building. This was expected. Nevertheless, in the absence of better data from industry, the input-output data is likely to remain the most appropriate for completing the framework of embodied energy analyses of many types of productseven in non-standard cases.
Residential building construction was one of the 22 most complex Australian economic sectors (ie, comprising those requiring between 592 and 3215 direct energy paths to describe 90% of their total energy intensities). Consequently, for the other 87 non-energy sectors of the Australian economy, the input-output-based hybrid analysis method is likely to produce more reliable results than those calculated for the demonstration building using the direct energy paths for residential building construction.
For more complex sectors than residential building construction, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method derived here allows available process analysis data to be integrated with the input-output data in a comprehensive framework. The proportion of the result comprising the more reliable process analysis data can be calculated and used as a measure of the reliability of the result for that product or part of the product being analysed (for example, a building material or component).
To ensure that future applications of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method produce reliable results, new sources of process analysis data are required, including for such processes as services (for example, banking) and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products (for example, steel and copper into an electric motor).
However, even considering the limitations of the demonstration described above, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method developed achieved the aim of the thesis: to develop a new embodied energy analysis method that allows reliable process analysis data to be integrated into the comprehensive, yet unreliable, input-output framework.
Plain language summary
Embodied energy analysis comprises the assessment of the direct and indirect energy requirements associated with a process. For example, the construction of a building requires the manufacture of steel structural members, and thus indirectly requires the energy used directly and indirectly in their manufacture. Embodied energy is an important measure of ecological sustainability because energy is used in virtually every human activity and many of these activities are interrelated.
This thesis is concerned with the relationship between the completeness of embodied energy analysis methods and their reliability. However, previous industry-based methods, while reliable, are incomplete. Previous national statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a black box subject to errors.
A new method is derived, involving the decomposition of the comprehensive national statistical model into components that can be modified discretely using the more reliable industry data, and is demonstrated for an individual building. The demonstration failed to integrate enough industry data into the national statistical model, due to the unexpected complexity of the national statistical data and the lack of available industry data regarding energy and non-energy product requirements.
These unique findings highlight the flaws in previous methods. Reliable process analysis and input-output data are required, particularly for those processes that were unable to be examined in the demonstration of the new embodied energy analysis method. This includes the energy requirements of services sectors, such as banking, and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products, such as refrigerators. The application of the new method to less complex products, such as individual building materials or components, is likely to be more successful than to the residential building demonstration.
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Ting, Siu Keih, i ting0009@hotmail com. "Optimisation of Embodied Energy in Domestic Construction". RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080107.142556.
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Over the years many developed economies around the world have used the domestic building sector capital growth as an indicator and as a stimulant to economic growth. However, attention to environmental duty of this industry has come to light only recently. There is an apparent increase in government attention and community awareness regarding the sustainability aspect of this growing industry and a greater emphasis is now being given to its environmental duty. The present pattern of metropolitan development in major Australian cities is one of spreading low-density suburbs. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics the current trend indicates that there is a 30% increase in average dwelling size and material consumption and also a decline in the number of people per dwelling. This means the energy consumption per capital, both embodied and operational energy is on the rise in the domestic sector. In relative terms the emphasis on the conservation of embodi ed energy component is far less than the operational energy component. This research dissertation discusses the importance and needs in addressing this existing gap. Housing is an essential amenity. However the impact, due to current trend of increasing embodied energy consumption per capital should be minimised. This may even require major cultural shift to traditional construction processes, practices and home owner perceptions. This thesis presents the outcomes of a study investigating ways to produce a
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Pullen, Stephen. "Embodied energy of building materials in houses /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SBLM/09sblmp982.pdf.
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Seow, Yingying. "A framework for modelling embodied product energy to support energy efficient manufacturing". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8766.
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This thesis reports on the research undertaken to minimise energy consumption within the production phase of a product lifecycle through modelling, monitoring and improved control of energy use within manufacturing facilities. The principle objective of this research is to develop a framework which integrates energy data at plant and process levels within a manufacturing system so as to establish how much energy is required to manufacture a unit product. The research contributions are divided into four major parts. The first reviews relevant literature in energy trends, related governmental policies, and energy tools and software. The second introduces an Embodied Product Energy framework which categorises energy consumption within a production facility into direct and indirect energy required to manufacture a product. The third describes the design and implementation of a simulation model based on this framework to support manufacturing and design decisions for improved energy efficiency through the use of what-if scenario planning. The final part outlines the utilisation of this energy simulation model to support a Design for Energy Minimisation methodology which incorporates energy considerations within the design process. The applicability of the research concepts have been demonstrated via two case studies. The detailed analysis of energy consumption from a product viewpoint provides greater insight into inefficiencies of processes and associated supporting activities, thereby highlighting opportunities for optimisation of energy consumption via operational or design improvements. Although the research domain for this thesis is limited to the production phase, the flexibility offered by the energy modelling framework and associated simulation tool allow for their employment other product lifecycle phases. In summary, the research has concluded that investment in green sources of power generation alone is insufficient to deal with the rapid rise in energy demand, and has highlighted the paramount importance of energy rationalisation and optimisation within the manufacturing industry.
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Montebelli, Alberto. "Modeling the Role of Energy Management in Embodied Cognition". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77231.
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The quest for adaptive and autonomous robots, flexible enough to smoothly comply with unstructured environments and operate in close interaction with humans, seems to require a deep rethinking of classical engineering methods. The adaptivity of natural organisms, whose cognitive capacities are rooted in their biological organization, is an obvious source of inspiration. While approaches that highlight the role of embodiment in both cognitive science and cognitive robotics are gathering momentum, the crucial role of internal bodily processes as foundational components of the biological mind is still largely neglected. This thesis advocates a perspective on embodiment that emphasizes the role of non-neural bodily dynamics in the constitution of cognitive processes in both natural and artificial systems. In the first part, it critically examines the theoretical positions that have influenced current theories and the author's own position. The second part presents the author's experimental work, based on the computer simulation of simple robotic agents engaged in energy-related tasks. Proto-metabolic dynamics, modeled on the basis of actual microbial fuel cells for energy generation, constitute the foundations of a powerful motivational engine. Following a history of adaptation, proto-metabolic states bias the robot towards specific subsets of behaviors, viably attuned to the current context, and facilitate a swift re-adaptation to novel tasks. Proto-metabolic dynamics put the situated nature of the agent-environment sensorimotor interaction within a perspective that is functional to the maintenance of the robot's overall `survival'. Adaptive processes tend to convert metabolic constraints into opportunities, branching into a rich and energetically viable behavioral diversity.
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Fernando, Anton Tharanga Deshan. "Embodied Energy Analysis of New Zealand Power Generation Systems". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5213.
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Embodied energy is the energy consumed in all activities necessary to support a process in its entire lifecycle. For power generation systems, this includes the energy cost of raw material extraction and transportation, plant construction, energy generation and the recycling and disposal stages following actual use. Embodied energy analysis is a crude method of estimating the environmental impacts and depletion of natural resources consequent to a certain process. In effect, the higher the embodied energy of a process, the greater the green house gas emissions and the depletion of the natural resources.
This thesis presents the embodied energy analysis carried out on some New Zealand power plants belonging to various methods of generation, namely, natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), natural gas open cycle (NGOC), wind, reservoir hydro and run of river hydro power plants. The analysis was carried out using a combination of process chain analysis and input output analysis, which are the two fundamental
methodologies for embodied energy analysis. It follows the standards set out by the International Organisation for Standardisation 14040 series, and uses some guidelines
given in the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study workshop on energy analysis methodology and conventions.
From the analysis, it was found that for renewable generation power plants, the exploration and plant construction phase of the lifecycle contributes the largest
amount of embodied energy, while for the non renewable power plants, the largest amount of embodied energy is contributed by the plant operation and maintenance phase of the lifecycle. The lifecycle energy payback ratio, which corresponds to the ratio of electrical energy output over the total lifecycle energy input, of the power plants are 96.9, 62.8, 7.96, 0.487 and 0.354 for run of river hydro, reservoir hydro, wind, NGCC and NGOC, respectively. Therefore, the lifecycle performance of renewable electricity generation is superior to non renewable electricity generation. Hence, the environmental impacts and depletion of natural resources from non renewable electricity generation is higher than renewable electricity generation. From the generation methodologies, hydro power plants have exceptional performance characteristics.
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Mo, Weiwei. "Water's Dependence on Energy: Analysis of Embodied Energy in Water and Wastewater Systems". Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4374.
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Water and wastewater treatment is a critical service provided for protecting human health and the environment. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been placed on energy consumption in water and wastewater systems for the following reasons: (1) Water and energy are two interrelated resources. The nexus between water and energy can intensify the crises of fresh water and fossil fuel shortages; (2) The demand of water/wastewater treatment services is expected to continue to increase with increasing population, economic development and land use change in the foreseeable future; and (3) There is a great potential to mitigate energy use in water and wastewater systems by recovering resources in wastewater treatment systems. As a result, the goal of this dissertation study is to assess the life cycle energy use of both water supply systems and wastewater treatment systems, explore the potential of integrated resource recovery to reduce energy consumption in wastewater systems, and understand the major factors impacting the life cycle energy use of water systems.
To achieve the goal, an input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model was developed for calculating life cycle energy in water and wastewater systems in the US. This approach is more comprehensive and less labor intensive than the traditional life cycle assessment. Additionally, this model is flexible in terms of data availability. It can give a rough estimation of embodied energy in water systems with limited data input. Given more site specific data, the model can modify the embodied energy of different energy paths involved in water related sectors.
Using the input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model, the life cycle energy of a groundwater supply system (Kalamazoo, Michigan) and a surface water supply system (Tampa, Florida) was compared. The two systems evaluated have comparable total energy embodiments based on unit water production. However, the onsite energy use of the groundwater supply system is approximately 27% greater than the surface water supply system. This was primarily due to more extensive pumping requirements. On the other hand, the groundwater system uses approximately 31% less indirect energy than the surface water system, mainly because of fewer chemicals used for treatment. The results from this and other studies were also compiled to provide a relative comparison of embodied energy for major water supply options. The comparison shows that desalination is the most energy intensive option among all the water sources. The embodied energy and benefits of reclaimed water depend on local situations and additional treatment needed to ensure treated wastewater suitable for the desired application.
A review was conducted on the current resource recovery technologies in wastewater treatment systems. It reveals that there are very limited life cycle studies on the resource recovery technologies applied in the municipal wastewater treatment systems and their integrations. Hence, a life cycle study was carried out to investigate the carbon neutrality in a state-of-art wastewater treatment plant in Tampa, FL. Three resource recovery methods were specifically investigated: onsite energy generation through combined heat and power systems, nutrient recycling through biosolids land application, and water reuse for residential irrigation. The embodied energy and the associated carbon footprint were estimated using the input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model and carbon emission factors. It was shown that the integrated resource (energy, nutrient and water) recovery has the potential to offset all the direct operational energy; however, it is not able to offset the total embodied energy of the treatment plant to achieve carbon neutrality. Among the three resource recovery methods, water reuse has the highest potential of offsetting carbon footprint, while nutrient recycling has the lowest.
A final application of the model was to study on the correlation between embodied energy in regional water supply systems and demographic and environmental characteristics. It shows that energy embodied in water supply systems in a region is related to and can be estimated by population, land use patterns, especially percentage of urban land and water source, and water sources. This model provides an alternative way to quickly estimate embodied energy of water supply in a region. The estimated embodied energy of water supply can further be used as a supporting tool for decision making and planning.
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Jones, Craig I. "Life cycle energy consumption and environmental burdens associated with energy technologies and buildings". Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532723.
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This portfolio of published research contains nine papers and assesses the life cycle environmental burdens of energy technologies and buildings. Several analytical tools were used but these all fall under the umbrella of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), and include energy analysis, carbon appraisal and the consideration of other environmental issues. The life cycle of all products starts with an assessment of embodied impacts. The current author has completed significant research on the embodied carbon of materials. This includes the creation of a leading embodied carbon database (the ICE database) for materials which has been downloaded by over 10,000 professionals and has made a significant contribution to knowledge. This portfolio of work includes analysis on methods for recycling in embodied impact assessment and LCA. This is an influential topic and therefore appears in two of the publications. The ICE database was applied by the current author to over 40 domestic building case studies and an embodied carbon model for buildings was created from these. The latter was used to provide benchmark values for six types of new houses in the UK.The portfolio of work then progresses to full LCA of energy systems. LCA is used to assess the embodied impacts versus operational impacts of 11 kV electrical cables. In this case embodied impacts were not significant and preference should be given to reducing electrical losses in the cables. The tool of LCA was then applied to a national electricity network. It revealed that Lebanon had a particularly poor centralised electricity network that was both unreliable and unsustainable with high impacts in all environmental categories. The final paper in this portfolio is on Building Integrated PV (BIPV) and brings together all aspects of the current author’s work and knowledge. It considers embodied burdens, electricity generation and BIPV can replace roofing materials.
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Davies, Philip J. "Assessing initial embodied energy in UK non-domestic construction projects". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/20341.
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There is an increasing need to reduce energy consumption to tackle the adverse effects of climate change. The UK government has established numerous directives and policies to encourage carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and energy reduction within the non-domestic sector. However these measures are primarily focused towards reducing operational energy (i.e. energy used during building occupier activity), largely overlooking initial embodied energy. The trend towards reduced operational energy consumption due to energy efficient design is leading initial embodied energy to become a more significant part of project life cycle energy. Initial embodied energy relates to the energy use during the material, transportation and construction phases up to project practical completion, which is of keen interest to contractors due to their significant role in project procurement and delivery. Opportunities to address project life cycle energy are typically identified through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However at present there is little validated data, no coherent method for data capture and limited incentive for project stakeholders to address initial embodied energy consumption. In response, this research project presents a contractor s practical approach towards assessing initial embodied energy consumption within UK non-domestic construction projects. An action research methodological approach enabled the assessment and potential reduction of initial embodied energy to be explored within a large principal contractor through five research cycles which included diagnosing and action planning, action taking, evaluating and specified learning. A comprehensive framework is designed to highlight the significance of initial embodied energy consumption relative to specific construction packages, activities and sub-contractors. This framework is then explored within three UK non-domestic construction projects (i.e. two industrial warehouses and one commercial office). Capturing information from live projects enables practical challenges and opportunities inherent when addressing initial embodied energy consumption to be identified. A series of contractor current practices are reviewed, and subsequently improved, to enhance their compliance with the framework requirements. The findings emphasise the importance of material phase impacts, especially construction packages which primarily contain steel and concrete-based materials (i.e. ground and upper floor, external slab and frame). The importance of project type, site area, building lifespan and waste consumption are also recognised to reduce initial embodied energy consumption. The framework provides a practical approach for initial embodied energy assessment which can readily be adopted to help highlight further opportunities to reduce energy consumption. The research project concludes by presenting a number of recommendations for consideration by the construction industry and associated stakeholders, along with requirements for future research.
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Shadram, Farshid. "Supporting the Embodied Energy Assessment in a BIM-driven Design Process". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriellt och hållbart byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60289.
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Recent studies indicate that the embodied energy originating from the buildingmaterial supply chain (i.e. off-site production of materials and components andassociated transportation to the construction site) contributes significantly tothe total life-cycle energy use. Therefore, considering its impact during thebuilding design and pre-construction stage provides an opportunity to affect thebuilding energy use and sustainability performance. However, there are twomajor shortcomings with the life cycle assessment (LCA) tools used forassessment and reduction of the embodied energy use during the buildingdesign and pre-construction stage. (1) Many of the LCA tools use databasesbased on industry-average values which hinders the possibility to account forthe differences in the embodied impact of specific materials sourced fromindividual suppliers. (2) Lack of interoperability between the LCA tools andthe Building Information Modeling (BIM) software which has become an assetfor supporting decisions during building design and pre-construction. Thisinteroperability issue increases the amount of time and effort required forassessment of the embodied energy and also increases the risks for mistakes,misunderstandings and errors due to the manual re-entry of BIM data into the LCA tools. Therefore, the overall purpose of the research is to investigate the possibility tomitigate the aforementioned shortcomings by integrating the analyses of theembodied energy into a BIM-driven design process. Two research questionshave been defined: (1) What is a suitable data source for assessment of theembodied energy? (2) How can the embodied energy assessment be integratedinto a BIM-driven design process? To address the first research question in identifying a suitable data source forassessing the embodied energy, literature studies were conducted to provideinsights into the existing Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) data used for assessmentof the embodied energy. To address the second research question, several caseswere studied using a prototyping approach which enabled the identification ofrequired processes and functions for supporting assessment of the embodiedenergy in a BIM-driven design process. The result of the literature studies and answer to the first research questionindicate that Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of materials andcomponents can be recognized as a suitable data source for assessment of theembodied energy. EPDs provide a detailed LCA data for a specific productwhich is implemented according to Product Category Rules (PCR) and verifiedby an independent third party. PCRs provide pre-established guidelines andrequirements for the LCA of a certain product category and by this meanensure the principle for comparability of the LCA data. The main outcome ofthe second research question is a framework which highlights the requiredprocesses for facilitating and supporting assessment of the embodied energy ina BIM-driven design process. The framework uses the suppliers’ EPDs tosupport the design decisions and enable assessment of the embodied impactcaused by the building material supply chain. The framework also ensuresBIM-LCA interoperability by integrating the Extract, Transform Load (ETL)technology with BIM, enabling an automated or semi-automated assessmentprocess, to reduce the amount of time, efforts and risks for mistakes that wasreported to be the major obstacles within the embodied energy assessment.
Książki na temat "Embodied Energy"
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Giannotti, Emanuel. Recycling city: Lifecycles, embodied energy, inclusion. Pordenone: Giavedoni, 2012.
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Zougra, Athena. Life cycle analysis of buildings: The aspects of embodied energy, indoor environment quality and environmental impacts. Dublin: University College Dublin, 2000.
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Dario, Trabucco, i Zannoni Giovanni 1954-, red. Involucro edilizio e aspetti di sostenibilità: Riflessioni sul comportamento energetico di pareti massive e stratificate iperisolate : performances ambientali ed embodied energy. Milano: F. Angeli, 2010.
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Embodied, energy: the current state of play (Seminar) (1996 Geelong Australia). Proceedings of the Embodied energy: the current state of play seminar held at Deakin University, Woolstores Campus, Geelong, Australia, Thursday 28th-Friday 29th November,1996. Geelong, Australia: Australian Sustainable Materials Group, Deakin University, 1998.
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Rez, Peter. Embodied Energy and Energy Return on Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0015.
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It is nearly always the case that the energy used to make the materials dominates, whereas the energy used in shipping either the raw materials or the finished product is usually small in comparison. For most things that we use, the embodied energy is much less than the energy consumed in operational use. When considering energy generation, there are two energy costs that should be considered. There is the energy needed to build the system, which can be thought of as a ‘capital’ or investment energy, and the energy needed to provide the fuel. For fossil fuels, the energy needed to provide the fuel dominates; for renewables, the fuel is free, so there is only an investment energy. The investment energy for nuclear power is greater than the energy needed to make the fuel, but only by a factor of about 4.
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Rainbow, Christopher Toby. The embodied energy of mineral wool thermal insulation. 1997.
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Payne, D. J. The embodied energy of a timber flat pallet. 2000.
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David, Ioannis. The embodied energy of a PVCU window profile. 1997.
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Charchafchi, Riad. Analysis of embodied energy in a timber framed dwelling. 1995.
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Rodrigues, Jo, Tiago M. Domingos i Alexra P. S. Marques. Carbon Responsibility and Embodied Emissions: Theory and Measurement. Routledge, 2010.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Embodied Energy"
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Volk, Tyler. "Embodied Energy". W Gaia’s Body, 155–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2190-6_6.
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Singh, R., i Ian J. Lazarus. "Energy-Efficient Building Construction and Embodied Energy". W Sustainability through Energy-Efficient Buildings, 89–107. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315159065-5.
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Wasiak, Andrzej. "The Effects of Embodied Energy". W Modeling Energetic Efficiency of Biofuels Production, 65–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98431-5_6.
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Humar, Iztok, Xiaohu Ge, Lin Xiang, Minho Jo, Min Chen i Jing Zhang. "Embodied Energy of Communication Devices". W Green Communications, 55–72. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118759257.ch4.
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Heun, Matthew Kuperus, Michael Carbajales-Dale i Becky Roselius Haney. "Stocks and Flows of Embodied Energy". W Lecture Notes in Energy, 91–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12820-7_5.
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Anirudh, T., i K. B. Anand. "Embodied Energy Analysis of Engineered Wooden Flooring". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 451–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12011-4_35.
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Dixit, M. K., i P. Pradeep Kumar. "The impact of surface aspect ratio on the embodied energy, embodied carbon, and embodied water of a building structure". W Life-Cycle of Structures and Infrastructure Systems, 3126–33. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003323020-381.
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Larasati, Dewi, Noveryna Dwika Reztrie, Try Ramadhan, Yulita Hanifah i Irma Handayani Lubis. "Embodied Energy and Embodied GHG of Architectural Works on Low-Cost Apartment Construction in Indonesia". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 355–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6932-3_31.
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Vengala, Jagadish. "Comparison of Embodied Energy in Different Bamboo-Based Houses". W Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials, 197–208. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3361-7_15.
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Abey, Sharon T., i Sreevalsa Kolathayar. "Embodied Energy and Carbon Emissions of Pavements: A Review". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 167–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7557-6_14.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Embodied Energy"
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Clemens, J. "True Sustainability With Low Embodied Energy". W ASES SOLAR 2021. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/solar.2021.01.08.
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Duffy, A., i M. Conroy. "Embodied transport energy analysis of imported wood pellets". W ENERGY 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/esus070301.
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Hernandez, Patxi, i Paul Kenny. "Zero Energy Houses and Embodied Energy: Regulatory and Design Considerations". W ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54290.
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Building energy performance regulations and standards around the world are evolving aiming to reduce the energy use in buildings. As we move towards zero energy buildings, the embodied energy of construction materials and energy systems becomes more important, as it represents a high percentage of the overall life cycle energy use of a building. However, this issue is still ignored by many regulations and certification methods, as happens with the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), which focuses on the energy used in operation. This paper analyses a typical house designed to comply with Irish building regulations, calculating its energy use for heating and how water with the Irish national calculation tool, which uses a methodology in line with the EPBD. A range of measures to reduce the energy performance in use of this typical house are proposed, calculating the reduced energy demand and moving towards a zero energy demand building. A life-cycle approach is added to the analysis, taking into account the differential embodied energy of the implemented measures in relation to the typical house base-case, annualizing the differential embodied energy and re-calculating the overall energy use. The paper discusses how a simplified approach for accounting embodied energy of materials could be useful in a goal to achieve the lowest life-cycle energy use in buildings, and concludes with a note on how accounting for embodied energy is a key element when moving towards zero energy buildings.
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Abd Alla, Sara, Vincenzo Bianco, Federico Scarpa i Luca A. Tagliafico. "Energy Demand, Efficiency Measures and Embodied Energy in the Italian Residential Sector". W ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86400.
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This paper investigates a strategy for energy saving in the Italian residential sector that includes in the assessment the embodied energy related to the efficiency measures. Simulations are run in three main cities (Milan, Rome and Naples) covering different climate zones. The purpose is, firstly, to estimate the baseline of the buildings energy consumption, secondly, to simulate the implementation of realistic retrofit solutions and, finally, to assess the retrofitting’ embodied energy and its energy payback time. The energy payback is based on the comparison between the net saved operational site energy and the embodied energy of the selected measures. By running the simulations, it is possible to estimate the maximum potential for energy savings and realistic estimation of achievable results in short-medium period. Results show the energy efficiency measures more convenient in terms of energy payback depending on the climate zone. For Naples, a focus on façade insulation has been held and the results defined the optimal material thickness in terms of embodied energy and net saved operational site energy in a life cycle of 15 years.
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Sood, Mansi, Rajasekar Elangovan i P. S. Chani. "Comparative Assessment of a Residential Building's Envelope Based on Embodied Energy". W ENERGISE 2023. Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62576/kusj9250.
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This paper addresses the estimation of a residential building's embodied energy through real-time data and evaluates the influence of diverse infill wall materials on its embodied energy. The investigation centers on a 10storey residential structure situated in Roorkee, India's composite climate. The study encompasses initial embodied energy from the bill of quantities and recurring embodied energy from maintenance and replacement cycles. Calculated at 11630 MJ/m², the determined lifetime embodied energy comprises 98.6% initial and 1.4% recurrent energy. A comparative analysis is conducted against existing literature and extended to alternative building envelopes. Findings indicate that using fly ash lime brick for infill walls minimizes embodied energy, potentially saving around 515MJ/m² across the building's lifespan. This research provides valuable insights into estimating and comparing the embodied energy of residential buildings and highlights the potential energy efficiency benefits of specific building envelope choices.
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Ilangakoon, I. W. M. A. D., S. D. A. Soorige i P. K. S. V. S. Gunathilake. "Framework to reduce embodied energy in buildings: a literature review". W Empower communities. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2023.5.
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As the building sector is a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, there is a growing focus on achieving significant reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector. Energy consumption in buildings can be classified into embodied energy and operational energy. Studies have indicated that operational energy contributes to 80%–90% of the total life cycle energy in buildings while embodied energy only contributes to 10%–20%. Though several strategies have been implemented to reduce OE, there has not been enough attention on reducing embodied energy in buildings. Therefore, it is vital to conduct a study on reducing embodied energy in buildings. A comprehensive literature review was conducted by referring to books, reports, theses, journals, magazines, and conference proceedings to identify several practices for reducing embodied energy in buildings as well as barriers to moving towards low embodied energy in buildings. In conclusion, the study showed that reducing embodied energy in buildings is an essential step towards achieving significant reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector, and a concerted effort is needed to overcome the identified barriers and implement the identified practices.
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Rawal, Rajan, Yash Shukla, Shivani S, Sakshi Nathani, Sachin Kumar i Sneha Asrani. "Developing an Embodied Energy Database for Construction Materials in India". W ENERGISE 2023. Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62576/wkvz5438.
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Optimizing operational energy in buildings can increase the significance of embodied energy and associated carbon emissions. Promoting low embodied energy materials and construction processes is crucial for achieving low-carbon development while reducing operational energy. However, accessing reliable embodied energy data for construction materials in India poses a major challenge for conducting Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) to quantify the environmental impact. The proprietary nature of these datasets limits their availability in LCA studies, leading to uncertainties in building LCA results. Thus, this study aims to develop a construction material embodied energy database in India. A uniform data collection framework adapted for the building and construction sector and confidence level measurements for the embodied energy datasets will be used. This database will help reduce uncertainty in LCA studies and support informed decision-making.
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Holtzhausen, H. J. "Embodied energy and its impact on architectural decisions". W SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp070361.
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WALDRON, Diana, Phil JONES, Simon LANNON, Thomas BASSETT i Heledd IORWERTH. "Embodied Energy And Operational Energy: Case Studies Comparing Different Urban Layouts". W 2017 Building Simulation Conference. IBPSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2013.1199.
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Hu, Ming. "A New Building Life-Cycle Embodied Performance Index". W 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.1.
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Knowledge and research tying the environmental impact and embodied energy together is a largely unexplored area in the building industry. The aim of this study is to investigate the practicality of using the ratio between embodied energy and embodied carbon to measure the building’s impact. This study is based on life-cycle assessment and proposes a new measure: life-cycle embodied performance (LCEP), in order to evaluate building performance. In this study, eight buildings located in the same climate zone with similar construction types are studied to test the proposed method. For each case, the embodied energy intensities and embodied carbon coefficients are calculated, and four environmental impact categories are quantified. The following observations can be drawn from the findings: (a) the ozone depletion potential could be used as an indicator to predict the value of LCEP; (b) the use of embodied energy and embodied carbon independently from each other could lead to incomplete assessments; and (c) the exterior wall system is a common significant factor influencing embodied energy and embodied carbon. The results lead to several conclusions: firstly, the proposed LCEP ratio, between embodied energy and embodied carbon, can serve as a genuine indicator of embodied performance. Secondly, environmental impact categories are not dependent on embodied energy, nor embodied carbon. Rather, they are proportional to LCEP. Lastly, among the different building materials studied, metal and concrete express the highest contribution towards embodied energy and embodied carbon.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Embodied Energy"
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Alstone, Peter, Evan Mills i Arne Jacobson. Embodied Energy and Off-Grid Lighting. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1050681.
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Muelaner, Jody Emlyn. Recyclability and Embodied Energy of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, sierpień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023018.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Recycling of advanced composites made from carbon fibers in epoxy resins is essential for two primary reasons. First, the energy necessary to produce carbon fibers is very high and therefore reusing these fibers could greatly reduce the lifecycle energy of components which use them. Second, if the material is allowed to break down in the environment, it will contribute to the growing presence of microplastics and other synthetic pollutants.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Recyclability and Embodied Energy of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites</b> discusses current recycling and disposal disposal methods—which typically do not aim for full circularity, but rather successive downcycling—and addresses the major challenge of aligning fibers into unidirectional tows of real value in high-performance composites.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
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Brosius, Dale, i Ravi Deo. Impact of Technology Developments on Cost and Embodied Energy of Advanced Polymer Composite Components. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1437162.
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Kiefner, John, J. Ahmad i P. Scott. PR-3-921-R01 Impact on Pipeline Integrity Due to Crack Acceptance - Task2. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), styczeń 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011412.
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This study was undertaken on behalf of the National Energy Board to assess the implications for pipeline integrity of accepting cracks in girth welds and fillet welds around the ends of repair sleeves on the basis of an "engineering critical assessment' (ECA). The main focus was on the ECA methodology embodied in the Canadian Standards Association's Standard Z184, Appendix K. The current standard does not apply to cracks.
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Canto, Patricia, red. Reform of the European electricity market design. Universidad de Deusto, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/eolk1803.
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In 2022 and 2023 there was a profound debate in the European Union about the design of the electricity market and its suitability to deal with stress situations in the energy markets, protect consumers and incentivize the necessary investments in renewable energies. The debate was structured around two visions: (1) an interventionist position (e.g., the one defended by the Spanish Government), which emphasized the control of market prices and generators' revenues, largely invalidating the current design, and (2) a reformist position, which sought to complement the current design with elements to improve market resilience and consumer protection and embodied in the European Commission's proposal of March 2023. This report analyzes the development of that debate and discusses the final agreement reached by the European Parliament and the European Council in December 2023, which maintained the essential elements of the European Commission's reform proposal and proposed changes aimed at completing the development of the internal energy market, protecting the most vulnerable consumers, increasing the stability and predictability of the cost of energy and generating incentives for investments in renewable energies and flexibility.
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Annual Report on the Environment and Natural Resources 1996. Inter-American Development Bank, styczeń 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005738.
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This Annual Report details the Bank's activities in environment and natural resources during 1996. The Bank has translated its sustainable development mandate into five priority areas of activity: its government lending operations, private sector debt and equity funding, technical cooperations and grants. The Bank's activities enhance human capital formation, seek to eradicate rural poverty and promote sustainable agriculture, advance integrated natural resources and environmental management, improve the nature of urban development, and address critical needs for economic and financial modernization. The recently established Sustainable Markets for Sustainable Energy Program embodies this effort to bring new ideas and practices to the region in the form of pilot projects for energy efficient technologies and practices and sources of clean energy. Overall in 1996, the IDB and the Multilateral Investment Fund approved 12 environmental and natural resources loans for a total of $815 million, up from $796 million a year earlier.