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Verdal, Hugues de. "Possibilités de réduction des rejets chez le poulet par la sélection génétique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4019.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe reduction of the environmental impact of poultry production is crucial to ensure its sustainability. The estimation of genetic parameters of several excretion characteristics in D+ and D- divergent lines allowed us to define pertinent criteria that could be included in selection schemes in view to reduce chicken excretion. We also showed that using these criteria would not have negative consequences on the traits of economic importance for poultry industry. Finally, we showed that the gastro-intestinal tract morphology is highly implied in the variations of excretion between chickens. Indeed, an important development of the proventriculus and gizzard and a reduction of the small intestine development were associated with birds producing less excreta and showing a higher digestive efficiency
Doussan, Isabelle. "Activité agricole et droit de l'environnement : l'impossible conciliation ?" Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE0055.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhile "all activities dealing with the control and exploitation of a vegetal and animal biological cycle are agricultural", agriculture more every day abandons respect for nature. Since world war ii, agriculture in france and in other industrialised countries has undergone a deep technical, economical and social revolution. Its influence on environment was not immediately perceived. Law is, now concerned with environnmental nuisances due to agricultural activities. However it is the fondamental ambiguity of the law relative to the connection in between environnemental protection and agricultural activity that must, overall be emphasized. Just as it is with industrial pollution, law deals with environmental protection as if it was a value that had nothing to do with production and as if production was not involved in it. But agricultural activity does, obviously, not consist in manufacturing disposable goods. It produces life. This is why environmental protection needs to be integrated in the production process to achieve it goals. But so far, the specificity of the relationship between environmental protection and agricultural production has not been taken into account. Consequently, the intensive production model is reinforced without managing to prevent risks for health, natural ressources and quality of life. One could think that environnemental protection and agricultural activity would naturally combine, but legal analysis shows that we are, at the present day, far from this
Sneessens, Inès. "La complémentarité entre culture et élevage permet-elle d’améliorer la durabilité des systèmes de production agricole ? : Approche par modélisation appliquée aux systèmes de polyculture-élevage ovin allaitant". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22505/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSpecialization of farming systems and territories are not environmental-friendly, moreover those systems are threatened by the expected higher prices of inputs of production. Diversification and integration of crop and livestock at the farming system scale appears to be a valuable way to enhance farming system sustainability. We posit that they must be conditions of integration that permit mixed crop-livestock systems to be more sustainable than specialized systems and that existing methods of mixed crop-livestock systems characterization do not permit identifying those conditions. To test those hypothesis, we designed a whole-farm model – Sheep’n’Crop – that permits simulating contrasted mixed crop-livestock systems and evaluating (i) their sustainability through economic, productive and environmental (MJ, GHG, N balance) indicators and (ii) their energetic efficiency through a DEA production frontier analysis in order to characterize the complementarity that exists between crop and livestock subsystems. Those analyses were run on three contrasted farming system strategies, distinguished by a decreasing possibility of interactions between crop and livestock subsystems: integrated systems, non-integrated systems and virtual diversified systems. Those systems are also characterized by various crop-livestock organizations (% of crops) and lambing’s periods (spring or autumn). The analysis of sustainability indicates that crop-livestock interactions and spring seasonality permit enhancing each performance of sustainability. However, a high percentage of crops makes decrease the MJ consumption and N balance performances. The characterization of mixed crop-livestock systems through their energetic efficiency gains – the complementarity – show that integrated and non-integrated systems are respectively more efficient than virtual diversified systems by +6.4% and +0.4%. Comparing the complementarity index and indicators of sustainability of farming systems, we highlighted the existence of trade-off. Before analyzing and identifying the best trade-off compromise, we recommend completing our results by testing various pedoclimatic and socio-economic context, the effect of scale efficiencies, the effect of livestock intensification and increasing agronomic and technical effects of crop-livestock interactions
Warin, Jean-Louis. "Conditions d'élevage et performances : contribution à l'étude de l'influence des facteurs environnementaux sur les comportements individuels et sociaux du rat de souche Wistar". Nancy 2, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc134/2002NAN21023.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor half a century a model (environmental impoverishment Vs enrichment) has been used to examine, mostly in rodents, the modifications triggered by various rearing conditions. It has been shown that these conditions produce biological as well as behavioral changes. Yet, there are many insufficiences, which are highlighted in a detailed theoritical methodological review. To improve this experimental model, the study focuses on the behavioral influences of an enriched environment compared with standard rearing conditions of laboratory rats. To achieve this, individual performances of the subjects were evaluated with exploration, anxiety and learning tests. Results show that rats reared in a more stimulating environment are more active than their standard counterparts. This behavioral reactivity can be attributed to a better adaptibility to novelty, but it also shows enhanced cognitive abilities. In addition, rats were confronted with a situation of social differentiation, in which emerged roles based around the capacity to get food. The confrontation of rats from the same rearing condition leads to a similar role pattern. Yet, the confrontation of rats from both rearing conditions greatly changes the role differentiation : standard rats tend to become food suppliers whereas enriched rats become mostly stealers. This role segragation may be attributed to the difference in the space available in rearing cages, and to the interactions engendered. In short it is apparent that a period spent in an enriched environment not only enables to improve rats' individual performances, but also that it has an effect on social interactions. The consequences of more stimulating rearing conditions are examined, and extrapolatory perspectives are discussed
Faye, Bernard. "L'éleveur, son environnement, ses pratiques et la santé de son troupeau : approche écopathologique des troubles de santé en élevage bovin laitier". Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120045.
Pełny tekst źródłaBotoni, Hazin Edwige. "Intéractions élevage-environnement : dynamique des paysages et évolution des pratiques pastorales dans les fronts pionniers du sud-ouest du Burkina Faso". Montpellier 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON30058.
Pełny tekst źródłaHow landscape evolution, resources allocation for extensive livestock production systems, impact the current pastoral practices, taking into consideration that these landscapes are the result of past and current agricultural and pastoral practices. To answer this question, two contrasted territories characterised by different rates of land occupation (Ouara and Torokoro) were studied both located in the sub-wet zone (900-1000 mm precipitation) of the Burkina Faso savannas. Our landscape analysis is based on two spatial and temporal scales. On territories scale, landscape evolution was analysed through a diachronic approach. Landscape transformations modelling processed at three dates (1956, 1983 and 1998), showed the conversion trends in the type of land occupation. These landscape transformations are then matched with socio-economic dynamics to identify and point out the key factors of the landscape evolutions. At the scale of the station the evolution of plant biodiversity is studied through a synchronic approach which compares the floristic composition of pastures subjected to various types of pastoral pressures. The last part of the study compares herd’s mobility according the two different ecological environments. Determinants of pastoral mobility are suggested for daily and seasonal herding. A software application was developed under SIG to model the cattle movement. It is then possible to evaluate and study the herd’s presence on the various vegetation types and quantify the grazing pressure
Berre, David. "Les nouveaux enjeux économiques et environnementaux des productions animales : développements méthodologiques par une approche interdisciplinaire des frontières d’efficience". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12016.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe challenge of feeding 9.6 billion people in 2050 requires to identify sustainable livestock production systems that are able to produce more agricultural products while consuming less resources and producing less externalities. As part of a multidisciplinary research program (ANR-EPAD), we explored microeconomic tools for productivity analysis such as efficient frontiers to shed a new light on sustainable development of livestock production. Our models empirically showed that the progress margins can significantly differ depending on the objectives pursued in the context of eco-inefficiency reduction (input and pollution reduction, output augmentation). Exploration of "dual" models also showed that efficient frontier methods were relevant to provide an economic valuation of non-monetary negative externalities. For instance, our results on the economic value of carbon emissions were close to the observed carbon tax levels. The possibility for farmers to consider that nitrogen surpluses can generate some revenue illustrates the current debate on the integration of undesirable outputs in the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA), and the ambivalence of this indicator of environmental impact as well (either considered as a source of pollution to the air or soil as well as a source of income through organic fertilization). We developed an innovative approach to assess the determinants of eco-efficiency in livestock production. By combining GAMEDE (a "whole-farm" model) with a DEA methodology, we highlighted the potential for further questioning raised by the exploration of new types of modelling in agronomy (such as "simulation-based optimization" or "inverse modelling")
Petit, Sandrine. "Environnement, conduite des troupeaux et usage de l'arbre chez les agropasteurs peuls de l'Ouest burkinabé : approche comparative et systématique de trois situations : Barani, Kourouma, Ouangolodougou". Orléans, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ORLE1033.
Pełny tekst źródłaChardon, Xavier. "Évaluation environnementale des exploitations laitières par modélisation dynamique de leur fonctionnement et des flux de matière : développement et application du simulateur MELODIE". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004548.
Pełny tekst źródłaFiguié, Muriel. "La construction sociale d'un savoir sur la dégradation des ressources naturelles: le cas des pâturages dans les exploitations agricoles familiales de la commune de Silvânia au Brésil". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006819.
Pełny tekst źródłaAinsi la définition adoptée par le milieu de la recherche agronomique est marquée par les objectifs de colonisation agricole de la région, d'intensification et de modernisation de l'agriculture qu'il poursuit. Pour le milieu "socio-environnementaliste", elle est marquée par des objectifs de résistance au processus de colonisation de la région et de défense des intérêts des petits producteurs longtemps ignorés des politiques agricoles.
Concernant les producteurs, le sens qu'ils donnent à la dégradation des pâturages est lié à leur relation pratique à cette ressource. Dans un contexte de changement technique, on montre que les agriculteurs construisent de nouvelles représentations et que cette construction est nécessaire pour donner un sens aux innovations et au concept de dégradation introduits par les techniciens.
Résoudre les problèmes de dégradation nécessite d'admettre leur statut de construction sociale et le rôle que les agriculteurs doivent jouer dans la construction d'un concept commun de dégradation.
DIATTA, MALAINY. "Mise en defens et techniques agroforestieres au sine saloum (senegal) : effets sur la conservation de l'eau, du sol et sur la production primaire". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR10006.
Pełny tekst źródła- agroforesterie - mise en defens - haie vive - cordon de pierres isra, cirad and orstom revealed the soils natural envirenment fragility of thysse kaymor, a rural community which lies 30km away from nioro du rip to the south of sine satoum (senegal). Both an unprecedented drought and a population increase have brought about an important deforestation of a terricrust table and have provoked a widespread run off which was progressively destroying the cultivable soils below. In this dusadventaged context, the hydric erosion stabilization represent a main objectif for water and soils conservation in sine saloum southern zone : through the run-off control at the hight sides level by means of pervious micro dams and the humus reformation. Here, we focus on the protective improments on the environment's structure and functioning at an integrated scale of keur dianko-sonkorong catchment basin. We've tested 3 techniques of improvments according to the environment biophysical and socioeconomical contraints : on one hand we've protected high sides of the residuel ferricrust table with a stony cordon, on the other hand we've structured the cultivated spaces with contour quickset hedges. Presents results show the possibility to act effectively on the main elements of erosion, by improving the environment structure and functionong. We can learm among all these lessons that : the ligneous stratum evolution is conveyed by a 50% rise of the species, a doubling or more of the population density. The aerial and herbaceous phytomass is 1,5 to 3 times than the check plots of land. The run-off's measurements demonstrate that the flow on the defens is 3 times is 3 times inferior to the check. The quickset-hedges help to water conveys'reduction and to percolation increase with the hydrous profite betterment over 4 m away on either side of the small shurbes. These results confirmed by data on the side basius scale prove that we can significantly reduce the run-off, the strong convey and the residuel ferricrust table by pestecting the woody sides and it's erosvie potentiality with permeable micro dams (stony cordon and quickset-hedges). Keywores = senegal - sine-saloum - thysse-kaymor side basin - run-off - erosion - agrogoresterie protection - quickset hedges - stondy cords
Moinard, Victor. "Conséquences de l’introduction de la méthanisation dans une exploitation de polyculture-élevage sur les cycles du carbone et de l’azote. Combinaison de l’expérimentation et de la modélisation à l’échelle de la ferme". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB049.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe anaerobic digestion (AD) of animal effluents is strongly developing in France. It produces renewable energy (biogas). Like undigested effluents, the use of anaerobic digestates in the field enables the recycling of nutrients and organic matter in the soil, which decreases the need for synthetic fertilizers and maintains soil organic carbon stocks. However, the treatment and field application of those organic products can also cause greenhouse gas emissions and contaminants. The on-farm AD nfluences those impacts. In order to control them, we need to understand how the co-digestion of animal effluents with imported organic wastes influences C and N cycles at the farm scale. We studied this question with the support of a case study at INRAE in Nouzilly (Centre – Val de Loire, France): a crop and livestock farm where an anaerobic digester treats the cattle effluents together with imported wastes. During the MetaMetha field experiment, we compared N fluxes during a crop rotation that was fertilized with synthetic N fertilizers, undigested cattle slurry and farmyard manure, or digestates issued from their digestion. We found that digestates can substitute synthetic fertilizers, despite the risk of ammonia (NH3) emissions. Earthworms can be negatively impacted just after the application of digestate of slurry, but the input of organic matter induced similar positive impacts after two years. We then evaluated the STICS and SYS-Metha models to simulate the field experiment, and digestate treatment and storage, respectively. Both models were coupled to simulate C and N fluxes at the farm scale. The models showed that when large amounts of digested wastes are imported, AD promotes substitution of synthetic N fertilizers and storage of soil organic C, but also NH3 emissions. The study enabled us to better evaluate the consequences of the on-farm AD and therefore to optimize the sector
Thierry, Anne-Mathilde. "Statut endocrinien et effort de reproduction chez un oiseau marin longévif, le manchot Adélie, dans un environnement changeant". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059812.
Pełny tekst źródłaCourault, Romain. "Les paysages culturels de l’élevage de rennes en Scandinavie face au changement global : une approche multi-scalaire (Laponie suédoise, Sud norvégien)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL134.
Pełny tekst źródłaLes régions subarctiques font face aux effets interconnectés et pluri-scalaires du changement global (amplification des extrêmes bioclimatiques et intensification dans l’utilisation des sols). Le renne, Rangifer tarandus est un grand herbivore qui migre annuellement sur de grands espaces pour ses besoins biologiques. L’ongulé cristallise de nombreux enjeux paysagers pour les pastoralismes saamis. Plusieurs populations de rennes seront étudiées dans un suivi multi-scalaire. Nous évaluons les effets directs du changement global (fragmentation paysagère et changements climatiques) sur les paysages culturels de Scandinavie en lien avec la démographie des rennes. Par la suite, la descente en échelle géographique nous permet de caractériser via satellite et relevés floristiques les effets du changement global sur les paysages végétaux de la communauté montagnarde d’éleveurs Gabna, dans le nord de la Suède. Nous étudions ensuite les comportements migratoires des rennes sauvages norvégiens, pour appréhender les liens entre variabilité bioclimatique et écologie spatiale de l’herbivore. Les résultats principaux rejoignent ceux de la littérature scientifique, appliqués aux espaces étudiés : régionalement, changement des climats et pertes significatives en pâturages ; localement, boréalisation et embroussaillement des paysages migratoires. Les liens forts entre une partie des effets cumulés du changement global et la biogéographie scandinave de Rangifer tarandus sont ainsi discutés. L’approche paysagère dans les problématiques environnementales complexes (revendication territoriale) a révélé l’importance de l’éthique dans le dialogue science/minorités
Dakpo, K. Hervé. "Non-parametric modelling of pollution-generating technologies : theoretical and methodological considerations, with an application to the case of greenhouse gas emissions in suckler breeding systems in French grassland areas". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10474.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe growing importance of environmental matters in social responsibility of firms has generated many frameworks of analysis in the economic literature. Among those frameworks, performance evaluation and benchmarking using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) have increased at a very fast rate. This PhD research focuses on models that include undesirable outputs such as pollution in the overall production system, to appraise eco-efficiency of decision making units (DMUs). Besides, the recent awareness on the large contribution of agriculture and particularly livestock farming to global warming, has highlighted for this sector the challenge of reaching both economic and environmental performances. In this line, the overall objective of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical and empirical background in modelling pollution-generating technologies and to suggest theoretical improvements that are consistent with the particular case of greenhouse gas emissions in extensive livestock systems. Firstly, we showed that all existing approaches that deal with undesirable outputs in the non-parametric analysis (i.e. DEA) have some strong drawbacks. However, the models grounded on the estimation of multiple independent sub-technologies offer interesting opportunities. Secondly, I developed a new framework that extends the by-production approach through the introduction of some explicit dependence constraints that link the sub-technologies in order to build a unified system. Thirdly, an empirical comparison, using a sample of French sheep meat farms, of this by-production modelling extension with the existing approaches, revealed some inconsistencies of these latter. Finally, we expanded this new by-production formulation to account for dynamic aspects related to the presence of adjustment costs. The application to the case of French suckler cow farms underlined the necessity of accounting for dynamic aspects and also showed high heterogeneity in investment strategies of these farmers
Paboeuf, Frédéric. "Approche expérimentale de deux systèmes de production porcine différenciés par le mode de logement : Contribution à la recherche d’un développement durable". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0042/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSystemic comparison of two pig production systems differentiated by animal housing conditions, either on slatted floor or on litter bedding : Contribution to a more sustainable development.In the context of sustainable development pig breeders, facing new questions and new issues, ask more diversified and complex questions and need new references on their production systems. To answer to their demand the Chambre d'Agriculture of Brittany has set up a systemic experimental approach. The pig production systems compared in this experiment were built using a participative approach.The definition and prioritization of the objectives was the first step in designing the systems. The social demand was the most important in the choice of the two systems which differ for animal housing, on slatted floor or on litter bedding, and for manure management, as slurry or as solid manure, with expected effects on animal welfare and environment. Management and decision rules were then defined for each system and sub-system. In each system gestating sows were housed either in small groups (4-8 sows) with an individual feeding stall, of in a large group (24 sows) with and automated feeding stall. On slated floor, 11 pigs were housed per post-weaning or fattening pen, with an area per pig corresponding to either the EU regulation or 1/3 more. On litter bedding, 42 pigs were housed per post-weaning or fattening pen with either straw or sawdust as bedding material. Post-weaning piglets were fed dry feed ad libitum in a feeder. Fattening pigs were fed either ad libitum with dry feed or restrictedly with two meals of mash feed per day. Performance and sustainability of the different raising systems were evaluated from the data collected from January 2006 -the creation of the herd- until May 2008. Average animal performances were high and similar for the two systems and the different housing and feeding strategies: 10.9 piglets weaned/litter, 159 days of age at slaughter, 2.50 kg/kg feed conversion ratio during fattening, 2.1% mortality from weaning to slaughter. Last and final summary in the thesis
Al, Besso Moussab. "Recherches archéozoologiques sur le Levant nord à l'âge du fer". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2078.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work, an archaeozoological study, deals with the food economy of an Iron Age settlement, relying on the faunal remains from the site of Tell Tweini as its prime source. It also endeavours to analyse the way animals were exploited at the time in the Levantine area. In the Iron Age, animal economy was based on the breeding of domestic animals, chiefly ovicaprids and bovines, and on taking advantage of the various products it generated (meat, milk, wool, skin, etc.). Hunting and fishing had a part as well in the sustenance of Iron Age populations and provided a food supplement. The archaeozoological analysis contributes to highlighting the breeders’ know-how in running livestock and the special status held by certain animal species in the areas of commerce – especially equids and dromedaries – or of ritual life.Although general trends in the eating habits of Levant populations could be brought to light in the course of the present study, numerous specificities displayed by the remains of the different sites are worth mentioning. These can be the outcome of several factors, such as environment (i.e. climate conditions, vegetation, reliefs), the socio-political system or economic choices
Tarumingkeng, Adrie Arthur. "Place et rôle de l'aquaculture en tembaks dans quelques environnements littoraux indonésiens (Cirebon, Indramayu, Maros)". Nantes, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NANT2111.
Pełny tekst źródłaGiven the present development of prawn aquacultural practices (tambaks) in Indonesia, it was interesting to investigate their place and role in coastal environments. Three littoral settings were studied, two on the northern Java coast, one on the western coast of Sulawesi. Several hydrological, sedimentological aro biological parameters were taken into account. The biogeological organizations of all sites are very similar even though a few differences appear between Sulawesi and Java which essentially concern the distribution of chloroplankton genera. Besides, this organization is very stable in time and but very little variations with tide or with seasons may be noticed. Every littoral studied settings extend from more or less marine environments to highly confined ones which are situated in river mouths and tidal channels. The former are characterized by normal salinity, low contents of nutrients, low turbidity, low suspended matter load, low chlorophyll biomass but diverse and active chloroplankton. On the opposite side, the lauer are characterized by variable but low salinity, high contents of nutrients, variable turbidity, high suspended matters load, varying high chlorophyll biomasses and a low chloroplanktonic diversity with the dominance of cyanobacteria. Between these environments, the littoral ones display intermediate characters with gradual variations from the coastline toward open sea. The tambaks are fed from the studied channels at high tide. They are characterized by variable but low saltiness, high contents of nutrient (they receive fertilizers), low turbidity and medium to high suspended matters load. They contain very high chlorophyll biomasses from active healthy planktonic communities am overcrowding bacterial populations. While they are settled in already highly producing natural environments, they still more contribute to the organic matter enrichment and sedimentation over the whole littoral environment. Hence, the aquacultural development tends to amplify the action of confinement combined to nutrients enrichment from continental origin, and to lead the paralic and littoral zones towards an hyper-eutrofication. The result should be an acceleration of littoral bio-sedimentation and of coastal progradation
Rigolot, Cyrille. "Modélisation de l’impact environnemental des pratiques en élevage porcin à l’échelle sectorielle (animal et effluent), de l’exploitation, et du cycle de vie (ACV). : Incidence du niveau d’approche sur la perception des pratiques". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARB194.
Pełny tekst źródłaPig production contributes to various environmental issues at various scales. Environmental studies have generally focused, up to now, on the effects of practices, isolated from their context, on particular issues (for example, the effects of feeding on nitrogen excretion). However, these approaches may lead to trade-off between environmental issues, and issues may also simply be delayed at other time periods and locations. The aim of this work is to see how the approach level (i. E. The system considered) can modify the perception of practices. The study is based on a step by step integration of several models. First, models have been built to predict i) the effects of feeding and animal performances on pig excretion characteristics ii) the effects of housing, manure storage and treatment on ammonia and greenhouse gazes emissions from manure. Then, these models have been integrated in a complex simulator of nutrient flows in pig units, itself included in a model at farm scale, with dairy and crop production modules (Melodie project). The Melodie model calculates nutrient flows (N, P, C, Cu, Zn) within a farm and the emissions to the air, the soil and the water. These flows are calculated dynamically for several years with a daily time step. Input parameters are related to farm structure and farmer strategy. Melodie is based on an evolving and generic conceptual framework structuring the modelling of production systems (ontology). Finally, simulations of five virtual pig units by Melodie have been used as a basis for life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA does not take into account only the direct emissions on a farm, but also the indirect environmental impacts associated to inputs and waste recycling. These LCA have been carried out with different hypotheses on the accounting (or not) of the impacts of exported manure spreading. This approach proves that the definition of system boundaries in environmental assessments may modify the results of the evaluation. For example, feeding and manure management practices, which may be seen as environment-friendly at pig unit scale, can in fact induce higher environment impacts, when the system includes indirect effects such as ammonia emissions during spreading, or the environmental cost of producing the feed. On the contrary, decisions based on a very large point of view could have undesirable effects, if the system specificities are not sufficiently taken into account. This is well illustrated by the model Melodie, which represents the complexity of indirect effects on crops and soils on the short and long run, their retroactions to the herd feeding… Finally, the relativity of practices perception depending on system boundaries raises the problem of choosing the relevant approach level. Different cases are distinguished for the evaluation or action on agricultural systems, in the scope of environmental strategies
Chasles, Manon. "Induction d'une maturation sexuelle précoce chez la chevrette par une exposition prépubertaire au mâle". Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4044/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn rodents, social factors are known to modulate the pubertal transition. Hence, young female mice exposed to adult male exhibit an earlier vaginal opening than young females isolated from male. The aim of my thesis was to characterize the consequences of a precocious exposure to male in another specie, goats. Goats are seasonal breeders and due to their size the fine study of endocrine secretions is easier than in rodents. Our results highlighted that an early exposure to sexually active bucks induces a precocious puberty in young female goats. The first ovulation can be induced as early as 3.5 months old, following this induced first ovulation, goats remain cycling regularly. Females precociously exposed to bucks also exhibit an acceleration of the genital tract maturation. The level of sexual activity of the male is a crucial criteria to induce a precocious puberty in goats as exposure to castrated bucks had no effect on the age at puberty. Moreover, all females exposed to intact bucks ovulated for the first time within a month after buck started to exhibit sexual behaviors. This work revealed, in goats, a crucial role of the social environment on the regulation of sexual maturation. More precisely, it highlights that exposure to bucks is highly efficient to reactivate precociously the gonadotrope axis of youg immature goats
Reounodji, Frédéric. "Espaces, sociétés rurales et pratiques de gestion des ressources naturelles dans le sud-ouest du Tchad : vers une intégration agriculture-élevage". Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010516.
Pełny tekst źródłaChavinskaia, Lidia. "La vache globale : la génétique quantitative dans la globalisation de la sélection bovine". Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2028.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis interdisciplinary thesis questions the issue of globalization through living organisms involved in industrial sociotechnical organizations. The cow, an animal that has evolved alongside humans since Neolithic times, embodies numerous economic, political, cultural and technological issues. The Holstein breed, the incarnation of 'modern' animal as a mix of nature, culture and technoscience, has become symbolic of globalization in the animal world. Present in 130 countries and adopted by many cultural imaginaries, it nevertheless challenges the biological limits of industrial and commercial globalization. By following the actors of cattle breeding at the international level, the thesis brings an original perspective on this question from both STS (Science and Technology Studies) and the discipline of animal genetics. Represented by geneticists, bovine genes fully appear as actors of the globalizing processes of our techno-scientific 'modernity'. Their circulations (re)arrange invisible but constructive links of the global world. The interactions between genes and their environment produce effects that go far beyond the physical boundaries of the animal body and shape the global landscape of animal breeding and production. The growing tensions between scientific and commercial actors, between theories and practices, and between developed and developing countries call for a different view of industrial activities involving living organisms. A holistic approach is adopted here through the unity between the animal and its environment beyond the production system narrowly defined. The notion of 'genotype by environment interaction' issued from statistical genetics and put into politics within the globalization of bovine breeding helps to understand the intrinsic and complex link between biological and social life
Léonard, Noémie. "Recherche et élimination des facteurs inhibiteurs de croissance dans les élevages piscicoles en circuit fermé". Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20224.
Pełny tekst źródłaVerdal, Hugues de. "Possibilités de réduction des rejets chez le poulet par la sélection génétique". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4019/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe reduction of the environmental impact of poultry production is crucial to ensure its sustainability. The estimation of genetic parameters of several excretion characteristics in D+ and D- divergent lines allowed us to define pertinent criteria that could be included in selection schemes in view to reduce chicken excretion. We also showed that using these criteria would not have negative consequences on the traits of economic importance for poultry industry. Finally, we showed that the gastro-intestinal tract morphology is highly implied in the variations of excretion between chickens. Indeed, an important development of the proventriculus and gizzard and a reduction of the small intestine development were associated with birds producing less excreta and showing a higher digestive efficiency
Xandé, Xavier. "Valorisation d'alimentation non conventionnels par une race locale dans un contexte de système d'élevage alternatif de type polyculture-élevage : exemple de la canne à sucre valorisée par le porc créole de Guadeloupe". Antilles-guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0220.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe research work of this thesis 1 aimed at providing the professionals with technical and scientific references on a sustainable and integrated farming system, based on the use of a local breed -the Creole pig- and on local crop -the sugar cane. The first wor has consisted in measuring the nutritive and energy value of the sugar cane products (molasses, ground sugar cane, suga cane juice) on the Creole pig. This study shows that there are great disparitles in the digestive and metabolic use of the nutrients according to the sugar cane form allowance. In fact, the characterization of the ground cane nutritive value must take into accunt its chemical composition but also the interpersonal differences in the feeding behaviour of the animals. The second experiment shows that the growth performance and carcass traits vary highly according to the sugar cane form allowance; the very low performance cbtained with the ground sugar cane are in relation with ils high fibre· content which limits its Ingestibillty and reduces the nutrients and energy digestibility. However the organoleplic and gustative quality of the meat (fresh or processed) on average higher with ground sugar cane fed pigs. The third experiment has not permitted to show the positive effect of molasses on the growth performance of ground sugar cane fed pigs. As a conclusion, this research thesis brings very original information on the possible use of the sugar cane as an energy source to feed the Creole pig, especially ln a mixed farrning system context
Beaudoin, Jean-Michel. "Étude comportementale de l'intérêt des porcs à l'engraissement envers des objets d'enrichissement et évaluation de l'utilisation d'une analyse automatisée basée sur des données d'accélérométrie comparativement à l'analyse vidéo". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27943.
Pełny tekst źródłaDouhard, Frédéric. "Vers des systèmes d'élevage résilients : une approche de l'allocation de la ressource pour combiner sélection et conduite dans l'environnement du troupeau". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00986412.
Pełny tekst źródłaStalder, Thibault. "Implication des effluents d'activités hospitalières et de la filière carnée sur la dissémination de l’antibiorésistance : Dynamique des intégrons de l’émission au rejet". Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/38891773-0b9d-4f34-a342-a2da4509ecac/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4031.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work aims to assess the global contribution and influence of hospital activities and livestock industries on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment. For this purpose, the dynamics of a genetic element used as a biomarker of antibiotic resistance, the resistance integrons (RI), was monitored. Indeed, a wide range of solids and liquids biological wastes from different geographical and anthropogenic origins are involved in the antibiotic resistance dissemination. However, we showed that hospital effluents contained a high proportion of RIs in bacterial communities, and the gene cassette (GC) content of class 1 RI mainly showed antibiotic resistance GCs. Hospital effluent contributed to 14% of the Ris introduced in the waste water treatment plant (WWTP). While urban effluents diluted the risk associated with hospital effluent, RIs harboring GCs of clinical interest, such as ESBLencoding GCs, were found in these effluents unaffected by medical and industrial activities. The WWTP did not reduce the proportion of RIs in treated effluents but eliminated a fraction of the bulk of GCs from the influent. Large quantities of RIs harboring antibiotic-resistance GCs, and also GCs with unknown functions were released daily into the environment. In addition, a pilot study showed that the treatment of hospital wastewater by the activated sludge process promoted the increase of IR and potentially pathogenic bacteria in the sewage sludge, and consequently increased the issue of antibiotic- resistance spread in these matrices. Finally the use of RI as biomarker to assess the efficiency of advanced treatment processes for hospital effluents (membrane bioreactor ozonation, activated carbon) highlighted the effectiveness of membrane bioreactors using ultrafiltration to reduce both bacteria and IR of anthropogenic origins
Jacquin, Natacha. "Les coûts de la réduction de la pollution en région d'élevage intensif". Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA122004.
Pełny tekst źródłaChatzimpiros, Petros. "Les empreintes environnementales de l'approvisionnement alimentaire : Paris, ses viandes et lait, XIXe-XXIe siècles". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1135/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor the sake of the sustainable development as a measure against global environmental change, urban consumption needs to be studied through the processes that underlie production and assessed in terms of resource use and pollutant emissions into the environment. This PhD thesis devotes to understand the mechanisms in supplying meat and milk to Paris over two hundred years and measure the land requirements, water withdrawals and nitrogen flows between agrosystems and the environment to supply each product in the early 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. We used agricultural and transport statistics from French and international data sources to locate the Paris hinterland at each date, quantify the urban food supply as a proportion of the regional potential food production, precisely model the diets of the livestock according to the animal productivity and the feed availability in the regional and global markets at the dawn of each century, compute the nitrogen, energy and feed conversion efficiencies in the meat and milk production and, finally, assess both the size and the geographic pattern of the Paris acreage (spatial imprint) and of the nitrogen and water flows in support of the production. The water imprint is used to account for the water withdrawals (irrigation and rainwater) in terms of volume and use intensity. The N imprint measures on the one hand the total amount of reactive nitrogen entering the agrosystems and the partitioning of these inputs between the food production and the environmental losses. The latter are referred to as “the depth” of the urban imprint which provides a measurement of the indirect contribution of urban areas to the alteration of the N cycle. When expressed on a “per capita” basis (kg N/cap) the depth of the imprint shows the emissions of reactive nitrogen to supply the diet of one person as opposed to the direct individual N discharge in urban wastewater. When expressed on a “per hectare” basis, it shows the intensity of the upstream urban N emissions and can be used as a tool for assessing urban sustainability beyond the city limits. Since the early 19th century, the land requirements for the “per capita” meat and milk consumption in Paris (equaling about 2 kg N/cap/year in both the early 19th and the early 21st centuries) reduced six-fold – with about 30 % of the reduction relating to the doubling of the nutrient conversion efficiencies in the secondary production – but the water use intensity and the “per hectare” depth of the imprint respectively doubled and quadrupled. We estimate that currently, about 45 % of the N losses - meaning 5.1 kg N/per/year or 60 kg N/ha – stem from abandoned manure. As the beef, pork and fresh milk imports to Paris currently account for about 25 % of the protein intake of a Parisian and given that animal production is a priori more wasteful that primary production, we estimate that the “per capita” emissions of N for providing the whole diet equal over 7 times the urban N discharges, meaning that a city's wastewater treatment plants handle less than 15 % of the total (direct and indirect) food related N emissions of the citizens
Ngalieu, Kamgoue Désiré. "Du développement durable à l'agriculture durable : l'exemple de l'élevage porcin breton". Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20010.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe ecological threats caused by human activities on global environment and the aggravation of inequalities between the poor and the rich have contributed to the emergence of the concept of sustainable development. This concept is based on the idea that the present model of industrial development cannot continue indefinitely without jeopardising the ecosystems on which present and future generations depend for their livelihood. It associates social justice, economic efficacy and ecological prudence. In France, as in other European Union countries, the development of a production-oriented industrial agriculture, supported by the common agricultural Policy, has on the one hand, permitted the achievement of food autonomy and improvement in the populations living conditions, but on the other hand, it has been facing, since 1980s, problems of environmental pollution, of farm economic viability, of food quality and safety, of continuous fall in the number of farmers. These problems have proved the limits of the common agricultural Policy and have caused worries among consumers as regards the preservation of their health, and among farmers concerning the perennity of their business. In Brittany, the development of intensive pig and poultry farming in particulary results in the concentration of animal droppings which pollute water resources, the soil, the underground, the air, the clean-up costs of which are borne by the society in place of the livestock farmers. The negative externalities, coupled with food, social and economic crises in Brittany's rural environment, have raised a number of controversies between the supporters and opponents of this model of livestock farming. This ideological confrontation, coupled with international competition and importance of network pig in the regional economy, has led politicians, scientists, economists, ecologists, farmers and other economic actors of the region to search for the ways that lead to sustainability. Alternative models such as integrated Farming, organic agriculture, precision farming, peasant agriculture are implemented. Technical and economic measures with environmental regulations and norms, were put in place to motivate farmers to reduce the quantity of negative externalities, and especially to internalise the cost of that negative externalities. Beyond these measures, we are suggesting a quota system on the production volume as a way of bringing sustainability to Brittany's pig farming
Berre, David. "Les nouveaux enjeux économiques et environnementaux des productions animales : développements méthodologiques par une approche interdisciplinaire des frontières d’efficience". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12016/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe challenge of feeding 9.6 billion people in 2050 requires to identify sustainable livestock production systems that are able to produce more agricultural products while consuming less resources and producing less externalities. As part of a multidisciplinary research program (ANR-EPAD), we explored microeconomic tools for productivity analysis such as efficient frontiers to shed a new light on sustainable development of livestock production. Our models empirically showed that the progress margins can significantly differ depending on the objectives pursued in the context of eco-inefficiency reduction (input and pollution reduction, output augmentation). Exploration of "dual" models also showed that efficient frontier methods were relevant to provide an economic valuation of non-monetary negative externalities. For instance, our results on the economic value of carbon emissions were close to the observed carbon tax levels. The possibility for farmers to consider that nitrogen surpluses can generate some revenue illustrates the current debate on the integration of undesirable outputs in the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA), and the ambivalence of this indicator of environmental impact as well (either considered as a source of pollution to the air or soil as well as a source of income through organic fertilization). We developed an innovative approach to assess the determinants of eco-efficiency in livestock production. By combining GAMEDE (a "whole-farm" model) with a DEA methodology, we highlighted the potential for further questioning raised by the exploration of new types of modelling in agronomy (such as "simulation-based optimization" or "inverse modelling")
Durance, Loïc. "Développement d'une méthode de stérilisation par la chaleur de solutions injectables conditionnées en polyéthylène basse densité". Amiens, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AMIED003.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe solutions for injection are usually packaged in glass flasks and sterilised by moist steam. Is the current tendency to substitute glass by the plastic because it reduce the obstruction of conditioning while increasing its shock-proofness and allows a board elimination of the wastes by incineration. Only some plastics meet both public health regulations and ecological requirements. Among them, low density polyethylene (LDPE) offers various advantages. It possesses virtually no additive, which limits the interaction hazards between plastic and chemical substances used in injection preparations. Its destruction does not bring chlorine-containing waste or other toxic matter into the atmosphere. Moreover, it is fully adapted to the various manufacturing technologies for large-scale production as the blow-fill-an-seal. However, the temperature value admitted for sterilisation is 121°C, whereas LDPE exhibits a melting point at about 117°C. Therfore, we have developped an alternative cycle of sterilisation based on F0 concept at a temperature lower than 121°C and such as it respected the LDPE containers integrity. The efficiency on the micro-organisms destruction have been calculated aid of stocks spores of Bacillus Stearothermophilus introduced into the recipients which contained water for injection as base solution. The sterilised products have been followed throughout this period. The information obtained by this work have the aim of documenting a manufacturing authorization file about products for injection for its recording with the benefit of a pharmaceutical industry of Amiens
Blouin, Jérémie. "Étude économique d'une norme volontaire". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28251.
Pełny tekst źródłaConstraints, increasing product quality or improving brand image are reasons that can justify why a firm, or a group of firms would adopt norms. In this master thesis, many studies about normalization are summarized to lay grounds for a theoretical model. The model shows that processors can produce higher value-added goods with higher a quality input (product innovation), for which consumers are willing to pay more. Our analysis shows that a small processor can mitigate market competition with a bigger processor that can decrease its unit cost (process innovation). Our results show that when the small processor chooses his quality independently from his competitor, the latter doesn’t reduce his costs aggressively. When both firms innovate, their profits increase. In the second part of this thesis, two questionnaires are constructed to assess the consumers’ willingness to pay for an increased quality milk. The two surveys allow us to treat a hypothetic type of milk having either a private or a public-good characteristic. Respondents in each survey signal strong animal welfare preferences, as the additional attribute for this type of milk is the access for cows to pastures.
Elabbassi, Elmountacer Billah. "Modélisation par un mannequin thermique des échanges de chaleur sèche d'un nouveau-né dans un incubateur fermé : validation et applications biomédicales". Amiens, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AMIED006.
Pełny tekst źródłaAssessment and knowledge of the partition of the various heat exchanges by newborn is necessary to improve performances and thermal comfort in incubators. A thermal mannequin representing the real shape of a premature newborn weighting 1400 g has been made. Using the present thermal mannequin is more accurate to assess heat exchanges than existing mathematical or others measurements approaches. The model takes in account the complexity of the different segment which greatly influences the heat exchanges with the environment. The thermal mannequin is the most successful device ye for assessing heat transfer. The model solves the problem of the repeatability and the safety of the measurements near the heat tolerance limits of the newborns. The model assess dry heat loss exchanges in incubator in particularly radiant heat exchange that is a predominate way of heat exchanges making possible the calculation of radiant temperature into incubator that is difficult to do in practice. The thermal mannequin is a good tool to test medical hypothesis about the relation between body position and the risk of thermal stress induced by increased body heat storage and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Others results confirm the importance of the head in thermoregulation when the newborn is heavily clothed. Finally, a study show that heat loss from the head is modified significantly by head position when the mannequin heavily clothed has the head covered by a bonnet. The thermoregulatory component is important for newborns
Dakpo, K. Hervé. "Non-parametric modelling of pollution-generating technologies : theoretical and methodological considerations, with an application to the case of greenhouse gas emissions in suckler breeding systems in French grassland areas". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10474/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe growing importance of environmental matters in social responsibility of firms has generated many frameworks of analysis in the economic literature. Among those frameworks, performance evaluation and benchmarking using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) have increased at a very fast rate. This PhD research focuses on models that include undesirable outputs such as pollution in the overall production system, to appraise eco-efficiency of decision making units (DMUs). Besides, the recent awareness on the large contribution of agriculture and particularly livestock farming to global warming, has highlighted for this sector the challenge of reaching both economic and environmental performances. In this line, the overall objective of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical and empirical background in modelling pollution-generating technologies and to suggest theoretical improvements that are consistent with the particular case of greenhouse gas emissions in extensive livestock systems. Firstly, we showed that all existing approaches that deal with undesirable outputs in the non-parametric analysis (i.e. DEA) have some strong drawbacks. However, the models grounded on the estimation of multiple independent sub-technologies offer interesting opportunities. Secondly, I developed a new framework that extends the by-production approach through the introduction of some explicit dependence constraints that link the sub-technologies in order to build a unified system. Thirdly, an empirical comparison, using a sample of French sheep meat farms, of this by-production modelling extension with the existing approaches, revealed some inconsistencies of these latter. Finally, we expanded this new by-production formulation to account for dynamic aspects related to the presence of adjustment costs. The application to the case of French suckler cow farms underlined the necessity of accounting for dynamic aspects and also showed high heterogeneity in investment strategies of these farmers
Belghazi, Khalid. "Modélisation par un mannequin thermique des pertes de chaleur évaporatoire d'un nouveau-né dans un incubateur fermé : validation et applications biomédicales". Amiens, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AMIED005.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to quantify the heat transfers between the new-born body placed in incubator and his environment. We designed a sweating mannequin representative of the anatomy of a premature new-born weighting 900 g. This system is able to simulate and to characterize dry heat loss (conduction, convection, radiation) and evaporative heat loss. The thermal mannequin simulates on each member a wetting different from those of the other members which makes it possible to simulate the wetting which to exist at the new-born babies. The model solves the problem of the repeatability and the safety of the measurements near the heat tolerance limits of the newborns. The model assesses latent heat of evaporation and the coefficient of evaporative heat transfer. The comparison with various data obtained by other authors makes it possible to conclude on the reliability of our results. The thermal mannequin is a good tool to assess the relative values of the different heat exchange components and to determine the net gains in body heat storage and water loss which are likely to be produced by placing a transparent polyethylene bag round a low-birth-weight in the first day of life
Ulmann, Laurence. "La dimension environnementale de l'agriculture : la prime à l'herbe dans le Massif central". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF20005.
Pełny tekst źródłaCourault, Romain. "Les paysages culturels de l’élevage de rennes en Scandinavie face au changement global : une approche multi-scalaire (Laponie suédoise, Sud norvégien)". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL134.
Pełny tekst źródłaLes régions subarctiques font face aux effets interconnectés et pluri-scalaires du changement global (amplification des extrêmes bioclimatiques et intensification dans l’utilisation des sols). Le renne, Rangifer tarandus est un grand herbivore qui migre annuellement sur de grands espaces pour ses besoins biologiques. L’ongulé cristallise de nombreux enjeux paysagers pour les pastoralismes saamis. Plusieurs populations de rennes seront étudiées dans un suivi multi-scalaire. Nous évaluons les effets directs du changement global (fragmentation paysagère et changements climatiques) sur les paysages culturels de Scandinavie en lien avec la démographie des rennes. Par la suite, la descente en échelle géographique nous permet de caractériser via satellite et relevés floristiques les effets du changement global sur les paysages végétaux de la communauté montagnarde d’éleveurs Gabna, dans le nord de la Suède. Nous étudions ensuite les comportements migratoires des rennes sauvages norvégiens, pour appréhender les liens entre variabilité bioclimatique et écologie spatiale de l’herbivore. Les résultats principaux rejoignent ceux de la littérature scientifique, appliqués aux espaces étudiés : régionalement, changement des climats et pertes significatives en pâturages ; localement, boréalisation et embroussaillement des paysages migratoires. Les liens forts entre une partie des effets cumulés du changement global et la biogéographie scandinave de Rangifer tarandus sont ainsi discutés. L’approche paysagère dans les problématiques environnementales complexes (revendication territoriale) a révélé l’importance de l’éthique dans le dialogue science/minorités
Bourdon, Céline. "Interactions gène-environnement dans l'obésité associée à l'hypertension chez le rat : rôle du locus génique du TNF-[alpha] trouvé sur le chromosome-20". Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15382.
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