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Lévèque, Thibaut. "Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0093/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn a context where environmental health concerns are globally increasing. Improve understanding of the mechanisms and bioavailability (eco) toxicity of persistent metals pollutants is a priority, especially because of their observed omnipresence in ecosystems in relation to their compartmentation and speciation. The earthworm is used to assess soil quality; moreover this soil organism through its bioturbation activities affects biogeochemical cycles. Ecotoxicity tests under controlled circumstances on earthworms have been conducted with different soils and worms’ species. Then an impact study on earthworms’ communities was conducted on a polluted site showing a concentration gradient. The influence of earthworms’ bioturbation on phytoavailability of pollutants was studied through experiments in mesocosms and Rhizotest. Finally, in vitro measures of pollutants bioavailability were performed on polluted soils and plants in different contexts: brownfields, gardens, sports field. The objective is to study the link between bioavailability for humans, soil characteristics, context of pollution and toxicity. Two complementary approaches have been developed: scientific research related to the mechanisms and development of tools, practical procedures which could be used by managers and risk assessors. Ecotoxicity of metals and metalloid (denoted ETM) on earthworms is not simply governed by their total concentrations, but strongly depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils. Furthermore, analysis of earthworm communities from a contaminated site can evaluate the quality of soil since seen an impact on the abundance, diversity and rate of juvenile worms. In addition, earthworms’ bioturbation significantly increases the bioavailability of ETM for vegetable plants such as lettuce. Finally, the human bioaccessibility of ETM is governed by many factors, in particular the context of pollution. The bioaccessible fraction of ETM is directly responsible for their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells. These results were complemented by mechanistic studies (IR, EXAFS, XANES, μ-XRF)
Alleman, Laurent. "Apport des isotopes stables du plomb au suivi des traces métalliques en Méditerranée et en Atlantique du Nord". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30026.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoclet, Clément. "Impacts de la contamination multiple en éléments traces métalliques sur les communautés microbiennes dans un environnement côtier fortement anthropisé : la rade de Toulon". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUL0010.
Pełny tekst źródłaToulon Bay is a highly anthropized coastal ecosystem that present multiple trace metal contamination gradients, and was considered as a model system. The coupling of field campaigns and laboratory experiments were used to study the impact of trace metal contamination on bath planktonic and biofilm microbial communities. Chemical analyses, flux cytometry, and metabarcoding were used to study several characteristics of communities, as abundance and taxonomie diversity in response to trace metal contamination in the Toulon Bay. Then, bath ultraphytoplankton and bacterioplankton showed strong spatial patterns along the trace metal contamination gradients. Laboratory experiments showed that trace metals played an important raie on bath abundance and diversity patterns of ultraplanktonic communities, by bath potential direct (toxicity) and indirect (phytoplankton-bacterioplankton interactions). Conversely to planktonic communities, trace metal contamination had limited impact on microbial biofilm community. ln contrast, microbial biofilm community seemed to be influenced by surrounding sediments, and by potential colonizer taxa from benthic compartment resuspended du ring sediment resuspension events. ln conclusion, trace metals seemed to have impacts on all the microbial communities of Toulon Bay, with variations of influence depending on the compartment
Abdul, Rida Abdul Motalibe Mohammad. "Biosurveillance de la contamination du sol : apport de l'étude des lombriciens à l'évaluation des risques liés aus éléments traces". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20124.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchneider, Arnaud. "Comportement et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans des sols environnant une usine de seconde fusion du plomb. Approches expérimentales et modélisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS043.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe soil contamination by trace elements (TE) is a major environmental issue which mainly lies in their potential transfers from soils to surface and ground waters and/or to food chain.The main objective of this study was to understand the behaviour of TE in impacted soils located in the vicinity of a lead-acid battery recycling plant (Ardennes, France). In a 17 ha surrounding area, the spatial distribution of TE was performed using portable X-ray fluorescence. It indicated that the soils were mainly contaminated by Pb and, to a lesser degree, by Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn and Zn. A geostatistical approach enabled to discriminate the natural or anthropogenic sources of most of these TE.Based on the TE mapping, the soil type and the land cover, the behaviour of the TE was studied along six soil profiles. The calculated partition coefficients highlighted a high mobility of the TE which is related to the acidic soil conditions (pH 4-5). Regardless of the studied soil profile, Cd exhibited the highest mobility, followed by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. A combined experimental (soil-column Donnan membrane technique) and modelling approach helped to specify that Cd, Ni and Zn occurred as free ions, Pb mainly occurred as free ion and associated to fulvic acids and Cu was mainly associated to fulvic acids in the soil solutions. The distribution of Pb among the soil components of upper soil horizons was also determined using chemical methods (sequential extraction), physical methods (SEM-EDS, Raman microspectroscopy) and modelling. Lead was mainly associated with soil organic matter and to a lesser extent with manganese oxides. None of the Pb-bearing phases potentially emitted by the recycling plant were identified, suggesting a remobilization of Pb in the studied soils after smelter particles deposition. This work emphasizes the importance of studying the soil and its solution to better understand the behaviour of TE, to assess the environmental risks and to suggest remediation strategies
Layglon, Nicolas. "Comportement des éléments traces métalliques lors de la remise en suspension de sédiments contaminés en zone côtière". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0009.
Pełny tekst źródłaTrace metal elements entering marine environment accumulate in the sediments. In harbor areas, sediment can be resuspended in the water column following natural (swells, storms ...) and/or anthropic events (maritime traffic, dredging activity). In particular, the Mediterranean Sea represents a significant maritime trade route, generating frequent resuspension events of anthropic origin, while being slightly subjected to the influence of natural tidal phenomena. In this context, the objectives of this thesis consisted in evaluating the potential of trace elements during re-suspension events in order to provide knowledge that would help to better predict and thus better manage the associated risk. The kinetics of trace metal elements, studied in laboratory experiments, were specified in light of the variability of harbor contexts. During the first 5 days of suspension, trace elements transfers appeared mainly determined by abiotic processes. The understanding of these processes partially explained the field observations performed during an impact study of a dredging operation
Foulon, Julie. "Impact du phytomanagement de sites pollués par les éléments traces métalliques sur les micro-organismes du sol". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2090.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnthropogenic activities can cause dramatic changes in ecosystem structures and their ecological services. Phytomanagement based on the use of woody species can contribute to soil and microbial diversity restoration, while allowing the production of biomass of interest. As part of PROLIPHYT (2013-2018, ADEME), BIOFILTREE (2010-2014, ANR) and PHYTOPOP (2007-2011, ANR) projects, managed by the Chrono-environment laboratory, phytomanagement plots were installed on trace elements (TE) polluted sites to determine the growth potential of woody species and the recovery methods of biomass produced. In my PhD project, different approaches have been implemented to identify and characterize microorganisms subservient to implanted woody plants, with the aim of producing microbial resources to improve the recovery and growth of trees on polluted soil. The first approach was to study microbial communities in association with woody species by innovative high throughput sequencing approach associated with the physical and chemical analysis of soils. This method was developed and tested on three experimental sites contaminated by TE. It revealed changes in the structure and composition of microbial communities due to the nature of the vegetation cover and the soil characteristics (Zappelini et al., 2015; Foulon et al., 2016a; b). The second approach was to isolate and characterize mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes associated with poplars (Berthelot et al., 2016; Lacercat-Didier et al., 2016). These fungi are known to promote the growth of the plants they colonize but also to increase their TE tolerance. Several sampling campaigns of roots and sporocarps on different polluted sites have allowed the isolation of fungal strains tolerant to TE (like Serendipita vermifera) and enhancing growth (Phialophora sp. and Leptodontidium sp.). In a third approach, the mechanisms involved in TE resistance were studied i) in Paxillus involutus for Hg (Foulon et al. In prep) ii) by functional metatranscriptomics for Zn and Cd (Lehembre et al., 2013). In conclusion, this work allowed to i) improve our understanding of the impact of a woody cover on the structure and composition of microbial communities, and on the understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved ii) to constitute a collection of fungal strains that will be of great interest for future phytomanagement projects
Suaire, Rémi. "Dynamique de transfert des fondants routiers dans un bassin de rétention des eaux de ruissellement routières : vers une solution d’assainissement par phytoremédiation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0116.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring winter, deicing salts are spread on roads in order to preserve road safety for users. Under the influence of different parameters, these compounds are partly transferred to the environment, the rest of it being collected by the road runoff retention systems. However, road runoff retention ponds have not been designed for deicing salt treatment; they only play a role in the regulation of fluxes before their rejection into the environment. Furthermore, NaCl has a harmful impact on the environment, because of its toxicity to certain aquatic organisms and because it contributes to the increase of trace metal (TM) mobility, which are toxic as well. This shows the need for a specific treatment for these compounds. The objective of this research is to bring better understanding of deicing salt dynamics in a retention pond, but also to investigate the potential use of phytoremediation as a treatment solution for road runoff. A model retention pond was selected; it is located along a highway in Chenevières (Lorraine region, France). The first part of the work focused on the monitoring and the characterization of NaCl transfers in this pond. Water was weekly sampled for 3 years at the pond input and output and NaCl and TM concentrations were measured. Meteorological conditions and salt spreading data were monitored to appraise the salt fraction actually collected by the pond. Results showed that only 25 to 50 % of the spread salt is effectively collected. Moreover, results on NaCl dynamics proved that the pond only plays a role on transient storage and salt dilution before rejection into the environment. Moreover, measurements and analyses of sampled basin sediments and roadside soils were performed to assess speciation and TM mobility in this particular context. In this case, no significant effect of NaCl was recorded except for zinc (Zn); but major ions were mobilized. When it comes to treatments, conventional desalination technologies are too expensive and inappropriate in this context. Then, potentialities of phytodesalination were explored. Three halophyte plants were selected on the basis of specific criteria, allowing their use in road runoff context: Armeria maritima, Atriplex halimus and Atriplex hortensis L. Germination and growth experiments were run in various salinity conditions and in the presence/absence of Zn, in order to assess their tolerance to salt and Zn, as well as their accumulation abilities. These plants showed a high tolerance for NaCl in salinities in the range of those encountered in road runoff existing treatment systems at Chenevières. The three species accumulated significant amounts of NaCl and zinc in their aerial parts. The use of halophytes for phytodesalination of road runoff is a promising technique to address the issue of environmental impact of deicing salts
Cuvier, Alicia. "Accumulation de l'uranium, de ses descendants et des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols des zones humides autour des anciennes mines d'uranium". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0104/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaUranium mining and uranium ore processing increase the environmental activity of U and Th decay products and trace elements, in particular in case of releases to the adjacent rivers. Contaminants accumulate then preferentially in sedimentation areas (such as ponds or lakes) or in wetlands (peatlands, marshes or riverbanks) located downstream to the mine. Wetlands – generally located at the head of watershed – are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressure. This poses a risk of release of contaminants from these accumulation areas. The objective of the present study is to propose an easily reproducible methodology – in particular for the orphan mining sites – to identify and characterize accumulation areas. This study also aims to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of accumulation and release, in these areas. This study was performed around the former mining site of Bertholène (France). Standing and mobile in situ gamma spectrometry is used to accurately locate the accumulation areas. Soils, sediments, vegetation, water and peat are also sampled upstream and downstream of the mine, in order to (a) characterize the activities and the disequilibria of the U-Th decay chains and the associated trace elements according to the scale of observation, (b) understand the mechanisms of accumulation and release and (c) identify the potential sources using geochemical proxies and isotopic analyses. The results obtained show that radionuclides are mainly accumulated in a flooding area located downstream the mine. Strong U-238 activities (> 20000 Bq.kg-1) and strong Ra-226/U-238 and Th-230/Ra-226 activity ratios are recorded, involving preferential inputs of U-238 and Th-230 during flooding events. Trace element contamination is low, except for Mn, Ba and S. Such contaminations are potentially explained by the geochemical composition of the uranium ore and by the past and current processes of ore and water mine. Sequential extractions highlight the importance of the acido-soluble and the amorphous oxides in the trapping of contaminants. Thus, pH or Eh potential changes could induce major releases of uranium to the environment. The large differences in Pb isotope composition between natural soils and uranium ores, as well the activity ratios of the U-238 and decay chain products, make these indicators helpful to identify the soils and the sediments impacted by uranium mining
Iqbal, Muhammad. "Impact de l'occupation des sols agricoles contaminés sur la disponibilité des éléments trace : Mise en évidence du role des matières organiques dans le cas de cultures annuelles et cultures pérennes à vocation énergétique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe changes in land use of contaminated agricultural soils are susceptible to modify their trace metal availabilities by changing the quality and quantity of soil organic matter. But the role of soil organic matter in the determinism of trace metal availabilities in contaminated soils is not well known. The objective of the present study was to assess the role of soil organic matter in determinism of trace metal availabilities and their dynamics in contaminated soils varying in their texture and nature of pollution. A strategy of studying Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd availabilities of two sites with different texture and origin of pollution was adopted and the role of organic matter was assessed through; 1) sampling the soils of two parcels at each site with two different land uses i.e. under annual crop and under perennial energy crop miscanthus, 2) changing the soil organic matter of these soils through in vitro soil incubations. A combined approach of chemical metal extractions and metal localization study in different soil size fractions was used. The results of the trace metal availabilities of the soil under miscanthus compared to annual crop soil showed that the influence of changes in organic matter through land use was different at both sites. In the silty clayed soil, the availability of Cu and Pb which are the metals known to be preferentially bound to organic matter was decreased with an increase in their localization in soil finer fractions. In the site with organic matter rich sandy soils the availability of metals which are known to be bound to soil mineral phases i.e. Zn and Cd was changed without a change in their localization. The results of laboratory incubation experiments revealed that the mineralization of soil organic matter affects the trace metal availability in two ways. Cu and Zn availabilities are changed in all soils whatever the texture while Pb and Cd availabilities changed only in sandy soils. This difference of the change of metal availabilities in both cases of organic matter variations i.e. between the soil samples under different land use and in the samples of laboratory incubations can be explained by the fact that the changes in organic matter were not similar in both cases. Our work on the metal enriched particulate organic matter (POM) fractions, the most labile organic matter fractions showed that POM act as source and sink of the metals in our conditions and POM associated copper is bioavailable in liquid medium but its bioavailability is less than the metal added as salt solution. These results, increasing the understanding of the role of soil organic matter in the determinism of trace metal availability in different textured soils, are discussed
El, Houssainy Amonda. "Apports de géochimie sédimentaire des éléments traces métalliques dans deux zones côtières méditerranéennes urbanisées : Beyrouth (Liban) et Toulon (France)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0011.
Pełny tekst źródłaMediterranean Sea (MS) is a semi-enclosed sea divided into two basins: the Occidental and the Oriental basins. The two studied Mediterranean sites in this thesis are located respectively at N-W of MS and S-E of France for Toulon Bay and at E of MS, Lebanon for St-Georges Bay. They both host high population density especially along the coast and therefore exposed to numerous anthropogenic activities (e.g. tourism, marine transport, aquaculture, wastewater discharge, and industrial activities) contaminating the surrounding environment (water column, sediment, biota …) with different contaminants such as trace metals (TM). In addition, each site is characterized by the presence of an urbanized river: le Las (France) and Beirut River (Lebanon). Sediments are considered as a secondary source of contamination due to biogeochemical processes influencing TM mobility in the sediments. In this context, the objectives of this thesis are (1) to investigate TM contamination along the rivers and in bays; (2) to elucidate the influence of early diagenesis on TM mobility; and (3) to characterize organic matter at both sites. For all the above, superficial sediments, sediment cores, superficial waters and pore waters were collected along the two rivers and at both sites during the period 2016-2018. Sediments and waters samples were analyzed for main physical parameters, nutrients, organic carbon (dissolved and particulate) and major/ trace elements. Results showed that early diagenesis processes strongly control TM mobility in the sediments. In addition, the results confirmed that Toulon bay is strongly contaminated due to the 2nd World War and the present bay activities. The Las River inputs do not contribute and affect significantly the sediments of Toulon Bay. As for St-Georges Bay, we found that it has been impacted by several activities (industrial effluents discharged without treatment, runoff from agricultural zone) transported by Beirut River and/or by direct inputs (coastal landfill)
Laera, Andreina. "Fate of trace elements during and after anaerobic digestion : a sequential extraction method and DGT technique to assess bio-accessible trace elements in digestate". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2011.
Pełny tekst źródłaDifferent chemical interactions between trace elements and organic/inorganic compounds originating from the substrate and generated during the anaerobic digestion process will determine the speciation of trace elements in anaerobic digesters. After anaerobic digestion, digestates are exposed to oxidizing conditions which may favor a change of trace elements’ speciation and consequently bio-accessibility for soil microorganisms and plants when digestates are spread on lands as organic amendment. Several techniques were used to assess the mobility, accessibility, and potential bio-availability of trace elements in digestates for environmental risk assessments of digestate utilization as a soil fertilizer. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate a sequential extraction procedure and the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) to assess bio-accessible trace elements in digestate samples. Samples were taken from full-scale anaerobic digestion plants treating a mixture of industrial and municipal solid wastes or sewage sludge. The elements investigated include Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn and W. A sequential extraction procedure, originally conceived for organic matter fractionation, was implemented to simultaneously extract organic matter and trace elements in a substrate and digestate sample. It was observed that more than 50% of total As, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn were extracted along with the operationally defined organic matter fractions in both samples. Whereas, a lower recovery was observed for Al, Cr, Cu, Mo and Pb. These elements were mainly found in the dissolved organic matter fraction where soluble trace elements are likely bio-accessible for microbial up-take. Moreover, a high portion of elements was found in the mineral fraction, which was considered poorly bio-accessible. However, the feasibility of using the aforementioned method was questioned following the low efficiency of extraction of certain trace elements during the extraction procedure. Moreover, it was acknowledged that chemical reagents employed during the extraction procedure could have promoted a dissolution/precipitation of trace elements and therefore a change in their fractionation. Therefore, DGT technique was tested to fractionate trace elements and it was observed that this technique increased the sensitivity of trace elements monitoring compared to conventional dissolved elements measurements in digested sewage sludge. However, it was observed that the DGT samplers’ deployment time in digested sewage sludge should be carefully evaluated. Additionally, the digestate matrix lowered the accumulation of some trace elements in the DGT samplers. Therefore, DGT labile trace elements (i.e. most bio-accessible species) can be correctly estimated provided a careful adaptation of the deployment time as well as an evaluation of the matrix effect is performed in digestate samples. Unless this, general trend of labile trace elements over time could be estimated such as the distribution of labile trace elements over time in digestate exposed to air. Therefore, the effect of atmospheric air on the mobility and bio-accessibility of trace elements, including labile and soluble fractions, in digested sewage sludge was investigated. The exposure of digestate to air promoted dissolution of Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Pb, suggesting that a possible increase in their mobility may likely occur during digestate storage in open tanks or handling before land spreading. Labile elements’ fraction increased only during an increase of aeration (except for Fe and Mn), suggesting that their short-term bio-accessibility can increase only after significant aeration as the one assumed to occur when digestate land spreading takes place
Al-Sid-Cheikh, Maya. "Impact des oxydes de fer naturels et des nanoparticules manufacturées sur la dynamique des éléments traces dans les sols de zones humides". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S144.
Pełny tekst źródłaNanoscience is based on changes in particle properties when their diameter is below 100 nm (ie nanoparticles, NPs). Considering the increasing use of such NPs and their discharge into the environment, the assessment of their risks to human health and the environment is a major issue. Underneath the protection of waters and soils, the surface water assessment quality is particularly important, especially in wetlands, where the toxic metals dynamic (e.g. As, Pb, Ni, Cr , Hg) is complex and depends on the redox conditions of the environment. As magnetite (nano-Fe3O4), a natural or manufactured NP, is known for its significant adsorption capacity with heavy metals, their interactions in riparian wetlands with trace metals (TMs) remain critical concerning their direct of indirect impact on trace metals (TMs) mobility. The objective of this thesis was to study the role of manufactured nano-Fe3O4 (~ 10nm) and natural iron oxides on the TMs dynamics in wetland surface waters and soils. Therefore, in a first part considering natural colloidal precipitates from reoxidation products from riparian areas (subject to redox oscillations), a spatial distribution of elements was performed using nanoSIMS isotope mapping (i.e. 75As-, 56Fe16O-, sulfur (32S-) and organic matter (12C14N-), while the sulfur speciation was evaluated X-ray adsorption at K edge of the sulfur (S) (XANES). These analyzes allowed to highlight the interactions between natural iron oxides, natural organic matter (NOM) and a toxic metalloid, As. Our results suggest, with a statistical colocalization of nanoSIMS images, the existence of two interaction types: (1) 12C14N-, 32S-, 56Fe16O- and 75As-, and (2) 12C14N-, 32S- and 75As-. The coexistence of the oxidized and reduced forms of S, confirmed by the XANES analyses might be attributed to the slow oxidation kinetic of MON. Thus, this first part shows that in addition to the known interactions between MON, iron oxides and As, a possible direct interaction between As and NOM through sulfur functional groups (e.g. thiols) are also possible in oxidized environment. In a second part, the effect of nano-Fe3O4 (~ 10 nm) on trace elements (TEs) and colloids mobility in the organomineral horizon of a natural wetland soil was assessed using soil columns. Our results show that the nanoparticles coating influences the mobility of NOM and TMs. Indeed, the TMs mobility increases in presence of naked nano-Fe3O4, suggesting associations where NOM stabilizes the nanoparticles and increase the nanoparticles and associated TMs mobility. This mechanism seems less possible with coated nano-Fe3O4 where MON blocks the coating adsorption sites and therefore the adsorption of metals
Orani, Anna Maria. "Développements analytiques pour la détermination des concentrations et de l’origine des contaminants inorganiques dans des environnements marins". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4112/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTrace elements (TE) naturally occur in the environment but their inputs have been increasing by anthropogenic activities in the last decades, causing environmental concerns, particularly in coastal ecosystems. TE are toxic and the need of reliable methods for their determination in environmental samples is undeniable. The first part of this PhD was focused on the development and full validation of methods for the analysis of TE in sediments and marine organisms by Solid Sampling High Resolution Continuum Source Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SSHR-CS-AAS). Second, environmental studies based on these and others methodologies were then performed. A first monitoring survey was performed on sediments (surface and core samples) collected along the Namibian coast. This thesis provides the first baseline of TE contents and historical record of pollution in the area. Significant Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn enrichments were highlighted around the most populated areas, providing a needed baseline for present and future evaluation of the Namibian marine environment. Pb pollutions and their sources were also tracked through the use of Pb isotope ratios. A second monitoring survey was performed on different marine sponges and sediments collected in the French Mediterranean and in the Irish coasts. This work showed that sponges accumulate more TE than sediments in different extents according to species. Arsenic speciation analysis was performed in sponges by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ICP-MS. This special focus on arsenic highlighted the great bioaccumulation of this metalloid in sponges and its biotransformation from inorganic forms to less toxic organic forms
Nafeh, Kassir Lina. "Les métaux lourds dans les engrais phosphatés et les sulfates rejetés par les industries des fertilisants : recherche sur leur transfert et leur mobilité dans les sols libanais". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0332.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo determine the impact and risk of chemical fertilizers, from their manufacture to their amendment, on soil contamination by trace metals, the study of their mobility and transfer would be necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the source of soil contamination by trace elements around the industry of chemical fertilizers, and to follow the temporal evolution of mobility and transfer of these elements in the profile of agricultural soil amended by superphosphate (SSP) fertilizers or phosphogypsum. To achieve our objective, we used techniques allowing the determination of structural and mineralogical characterization of collected soil samples, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Chemical characterization related to the total concentration of trace and major elements of collected soils was established. As mobility was unstable over time, depending on several physico-chemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, and organic matter content, a sequential extraction was adopted throughout the study over time in the amended soil profile to a depth of 55 cm. In addition, the absorption of trace elements by agricultural crops cultivated over land amended with fertilizer or phosphogypsum was analyzed over time to assess the risk of their transfer to the food chain, especially the human food chain, imposing health hazards. A comparison between the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizer was carried out in concluding this work
Lecomte, Tristan. "Évaluation environnementale des sédiments de dragage et de curage dans la perspective de leur valorisation dans le domaine du génie civil". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUI032.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe management and beneficial reuse of non-immersible dredged sediments are major scientific and industrial issues. The industrial research chair " Circular Economy of Sediments: EcoSed ", launched in 2014 by IMT Lille Douai, aims at answering these issues through a multidisciplinary approach. As part of this Doctoral Thesis, investigations were carried out under a partnership research context by combining sediment managers and industrial partners. More specifically, this work aims at (i) to set up a methodological approach to measuring the intrinsic eco-toxicity of sediments prior to their beneficial reuse; (ii) to implement the multi-scale national approach “SEDIMATERIAUX” to check the environmental safety of marine dredged sediment used as aggregates in road concretes; (iii) to compare the national approach on the reuse of alternative materials in road engineering with the European framework developed for environmental assessment of construction products. The results of this work allowed to propose a preparation protocol for the sediment matrix and a sensitive battery of bioassays. Environmental assessment of marine sediments reuse in the field of civil engineering (road concrete, roadbed, roller compacted concrete) allowed validating the environmental safety of these materials and to highlight the achievement of the good trace elements stabilization through their microstructure
Yalaltdinova, Albina. "Elemental Composition of Vegetation as an Indicator of Technogenic Influence in Ust-Kamenogorsk City". Thesis, Troyes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TROY0029/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWith widespread urbanization and industrial development, the composition of the Earth's geosphere shells has changed, increasing the number of geoecological problems of territories and negatively affecting human health. Currently, more attention is being paid to monitoring the state of the components of urban natural environments. In Russia, biogeochemical methods (e.g. applying tree leaves as a kind of natural receptor of pollution) are widely used to characterize the geoecological problems of the territories under the pressure of intensive industrial activities. In Western countries, methods allowing us to estimate the impact of ambient factors on ecosystems and human health have become widespread; life cycle impact assessment is among them. However, these methods still have not been applied in combination. Therefore, the implementation of a comprehensive assessment of urban ecosystems using indicators reflecting the intensity of anthropogenic impact on ecosystems, following mapping of pollutant distributions, as well as the subsequent use of the results in the evaluation of the industrial enterprises' impact on the environment and in the prediction of the negative effects of pollution (human toxicity and ecotoxicity) are relevant. Such integrated method combining two methodologies was suggested and implemented in the territory of Ust-Kamenogorsk city, one of the significantly technogenic transformed cities in Kazakhstan with a specific set of enterprises
Baalousha, Mohammed Ahmed. "Rôle environnemental des colloïdes naturels comme porteurs des éléments traces". Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13164.
Pełny tekst źródłaLucisine, Pierre. "Fonctionnement des sols contaminés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0195.
Pełny tekst źródłaBrownfield soils are multi-polluted areas, which cover an increasing surface and thus present serious socio-economical challenges. A better understanding of the ecological functioning of these sites is mandatory for their restoration. In addition to the high pollution found at these sites, brownfields are characterized by a specific soil structure and occasionally also by particular nutrient contents. Despite these constraints, several brownfield are well colonized by plants, fauna and microorganisms. The capacity of these new communities to uphold main ecosystem function remains to be evaluated based on the measurement of one or several ecosystem functions. Leaf litter decomposition is critically important in driving carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles. This function depends on decomposition actors (fauna and microorganisms) but also on leaf litter quality. By that, leaf litter decomposition integrates effects of soil pollution on plant, animal and microorganism communities. Thus, leaf litter decomposition is a relevant indicator to evaluate pollution effects on the functioning of soil ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis was to study brownfields soil function by focusing on the impairment of soil pollution on the leaf litter decomposition. The main hypothesis was that soil pollution could negatively affect leaf litter decomposition by two different ways. (1) By direct effects, resulting from adverse effects of soil pollution on decomposition actors, and (2) by indirect effects, assuming that soil pollution will induce modifications of the plant’s physiology, resulting in changes in leaf litter quality and subsequent effects on the decomposition. Our results revealed the absence of direct negative effects for eight highly polluted sites, despite a disturbance of decomposer actors, specifically the increase in abundance of detritivores and a modified microbial colonization of the leaf litter at the polluted sites. These results are in favor of a sufficient functional redundancy of decomposer actors in the local communities, which allowed the maintenance of the decomposition process. We also showed a positive indirect effect of soil pollution on the decomposition. This effect resulted from the improvement of litter quality produced at the polluted sites. This induced, at least for some sites, an increase of the decomposition rate, possibly due to a higher activity of decomposer actors. Furthermore, we also observed pollutants accumulation in these litter, especially Cd and Zn. These pollutants could potentially impair decomposition actors. Whatever, presence of these pollutants in litter did not impair litter consumption by some detritivores. Numerous perspectives can be developed from this study. Among them it seems specifically important to evaluate: 1) which are the (physiological) mechanisms behind the increase in leaf litter quality at polluted sites? 2) How can different communities assure the same decomposition rates at polluted sites? and 3) Are there negative effects observed on the performance and physiology of detritivores when consuming leaf litter from polluted sites ?
Gaulier, Camille. "Trace metals in estuarine and coastal waters : dynamics, speciation and bioavailability under various environmental conditions". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R013.
Pełny tekst źródłaEstuarine and coastal ecosystems provide multiple ecological, social and economic services. They are a source of food, income and are at the heart of marine trade, merchant shipping and sea transport. They therefore play a key role in our modern world and their conservation from an environmental point of view is today critical. Despite all the efforts done in environmental management, pollution associated with the rapid coastal development and intensive industrialization was inevitable and still remains one of the main threats towards marine ecosystems today. Specifically, trace metal contamination is of specific concern as coastal areas are generally prone to accumulate them. Most trace metals exhibit a dual role in marine waters: they act as nutrients in low concentrations, yet rapidly have toxic effects in higher concentration ranges. Continuous monitoring of their concentrations in estuarine and coastal ecosystems is therefore needed to better understand their biogeochemical behavior in such marine environments. However, limited knowledge exists on their bioavailability towards marine organisms: especially as the toxicity of these metals is not only related to their concentration but also strongly linked with their speciation which shows both seasonal and spatial variations. Thus, the main objective of this PhD research was to investigate the biogeochemical cycles of various trace metals and unravel their speciation and bioavailability in various aquatic systems: from very dynamic mixing zones of the Scheldt estuary to coastal harbors and shallow seawaters of the North Sea, and even to deeper and anoxic regions of the Baltic Sea. Trace metal concentrations and speciation were explored seasonally and spatially along horizontal and vertical gradients, and a comparison of classic active samplings of dissolved trace metals with a passive sampling technique (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films; DGT) was carried out. The DGT technique was successfully used for the in-situ measurement of labile metals and eventually constitutes a good surrogate to the biomonitoring of trace elements (e.g. use of mussels, algae, etc.). This method offsets the lack of knowledge in terms of water quality monitoring and the results challenge the classic criteria which are used by international regulatory requirements (e.g. WFD, MSFD) and local commitments (e.g. OSPAR, HELCOM). Indeed, new criteria based on labile metal species instead of total dissolved species should be considered in the future. Such approach of trace metal speciation and assessment in aquatic systems could surely lead to a more integrated environmental management and improve our knowledge on anthropogenic impacts and pollutant fluxes. Moreover, it is eventually the main key to explain and predict bioavailability and potential toxicity of trace metals to the marine fauna and flora. This work therefore invites you to dive into a journey along our coasts, from urbanized areas to wild open seas, from their surface to their deepest waters
Yan, Rong. "Partition des éléments traces dans les fumées de combustion du charbon". Perpignan, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PERP0345.
Pełny tekst źródłaTrommetter, Guillaume. "Développements analytiques et d’échantillonneurs passifs appliqués aux terres rares et platinoïdes : application aux systèmes aquatiques anthropisés". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R051.
Pełny tekst źródłaAquatic ecosystems are fragile systems, vital for the biosphere and yet subject to numerous, sometimes significant, anthropogenic pressures. Currently, reliable methods allow the quantification and study of the fate of metallic trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cd, etc.) and many organic micropollutants in water and sediments. For other elements such as rare earths or platinum group elements, which are increasingly used by industry, their quantification remains more complex and even uncertain due to their very low concentrations. Their quantification is practically impossible without the use of preconcentration techniques or the development of specific analytical methods to reduce the spectral interferences linked to interferents present in high concentrations in the environment. This research work has allowed (i) to quantify precisely these elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with the use of a collision/reaction cell by judiciously choosing the gas and its flow applied in the cell ; (ii) to preconcentrate in situ and then determine concentrations ranging from pg L-1 to ng L-1 for platinum group elements, in areas impacted by human activities (road leaching, Pt-based drug releases), by developing passive sampling techniques called "Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGTs)" based on the use of two different resins, and (iii) to better understand how some of these elements can be used as tracers of urban discharges, particularly in connection with wastewater treatment plants containing domestic and hospital discharges, in addition to the tracers usually used. To this end, the Marque River served as a pilot site for this prospective study during a period of low water levels. These studies made it possible to determine the current concentrations of rare earths and platinum in environments heavily impacted by human activities, making it possible to monitor their evolution and evaluate their potential impact in the future
Lorrain, Anne. "Utilisation de la coquille Saint-Jacques comme traceur environnemental : approches biologique et biogéochimique". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452437.
Pełny tekst źródłaAssad, Mohamad. "Transfert des éléments traces métalliques vers les végétaux : mécanismes et évaluations des risques dans des environnements exposés à des activités anthropiques". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCD006/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMetal trace element (HME) -free residues from industrial activities represent a potential risk of environmental pollution. These tailings dumps require a stabilization of the ETMs to limit their dispersion by air, soil, and streams, and ultimately their transport to initially uncontaminated areas. This stabilization can be achieved by adequate plant cover. This thesis work focused on 3 experimental sites, which have as common point to be contaminated sediment storage areas or industrial effluents loaded with ETMs. The general objective of this thesis work was to study the transfer and storage modes of ETMs to the aerial parts of plants grown on soils from these experimental sites. The first objective concerned a discharge of effluents (Inovyn), resulting from the electrolytic activity of the Solvay (Tavaux) plant and enriched in Hg. The Hg, because of its low boiling point, is easily transferred from the sediments to the atmosphere in the form of volatile compounds. Thus, the vegetal cover of this lagoon is exposed by its aerial biomass to the volatile compounds of Hg, but also by the rhizosphere to the Hg compounds present in the substrate. In this work, several plant species of the Salicaceae family (poplar) and Solanaceae (pepper, tomato, aubergine, and tobacco) were exposed to Hg in pot experiments, with simple exposure to a Hg-enriched atmosphere. , or double exposure to Hg-enriched soil and atmosphere. In all cases, transfer of Hg into the leaves occurs only by air, and accumulation increases significantly with leaf age. We also found that the Hg content of the Solanaceae fruit was about 100 times lower than that of the leaves, thus limiting the risk of exposure to Hg through their consumption. We have also shown that a small proportion (7%) of the Hg is in the form of methylHg in poplar leaves, and that 16 to 26% of the Hg accumulated in pepper or poplar leaves were bound to soluble proteins. The second objective concerns the Thann (Cristal) and Fresnes sur Escaut (VNF) sites, for which we have studied the transfer of ETMs to vegetable species, in order to mimic the impact of these contaminants on vegetable garden crops. Poplar has also been used as a reference species. The amounts of fresh mass of the edible parts to be ingested to reach the daily dose were calculated for each MTE. Only Cd (Fresnes) and Cr (Thann) presented a potential risk, since they accumulate in the consumable parts of these plants at high levels. It should be noted, however, that these experiments were conducted in scenarios where exposure conditions were maximized. The transfer of ETMs (including Cd and Zn) to poplar has confirmed previous studies, highlighting the importance of appropriate management of the biomass produced at such sites. From an ecological point of view, the work of this thesis confirms the importance and the necessity of the revegetation of the sites contaminated by ETMs in order to limit the dispersion of the dust, and consequently the ETMs around. From a health point of view, the work emphasizes the importance of estimating the specific risk related to the ingestion of vegetable species of interest regularly grown by the inhabitants around the sites potentially emitting ETMs, generating a link between species and accumulated ETMs. This work therefore provides a number of elements for understanding the fate of ETMs and in particular the Hg in the soil / plant system and the risks associated with the ingestion of the edible parts of potentially contaminated cultivated plants
Suaire, Rémi. "Dynamique de transfert des fondants routiers dans un bassin de rétention des eaux de ruissellement routières : vers une solution d’assainissement par phytoremédiation". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0116/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring winter, deicing salts are spread on roads in order to preserve road safety for users. Under the influence of different parameters, these compounds are partly transferred to the environment, the rest of it being collected by the road runoff retention systems. However, road runoff retention ponds have not been designed for deicing salt treatment; they only play a role in the regulation of fluxes before their rejection into the environment. Furthermore, NaCl has a harmful impact on the environment, because of its toxicity to certain aquatic organisms and because it contributes to the increase of trace metal (TM) mobility, which are toxic as well. This shows the need for a specific treatment for these compounds. The objective of this research is to bring better understanding of deicing salt dynamics in a retention pond, but also to investigate the potential use of phytoremediation as a treatment solution for road runoff. A model retention pond was selected; it is located along a highway in Chenevières (Lorraine region, France). The first part of the work focused on the monitoring and the characterization of NaCl transfers in this pond. Water was weekly sampled for 3 years at the pond input and output and NaCl and TM concentrations were measured. Meteorological conditions and salt spreading data were monitored to appraise the salt fraction actually collected by the pond. Results showed that only 25 to 50 % of the spread salt is effectively collected. Moreover, results on NaCl dynamics proved that the pond only plays a role on transient storage and salt dilution before rejection into the environment. Moreover, measurements and analyses of sampled basin sediments and roadside soils were performed to assess speciation and TM mobility in this particular context. In this case, no significant effect of NaCl was recorded except for zinc (Zn); but major ions were mobilized. When it comes to treatments, conventional desalination technologies are too expensive and inappropriate in this context. Then, potentialities of phytodesalination were explored. Three halophyte plants were selected on the basis of specific criteria, allowing their use in road runoff context: Armeria maritima, Atriplex halimus and Atriplex hortensis L. Germination and growth experiments were run in various salinity conditions and in the presence/absence of Zn, in order to assess their tolerance to salt and Zn, as well as their accumulation abilities. These plants showed a high tolerance for NaCl in salinities in the range of those encountered in road runoff existing treatment systems at Chenevières. The three species accumulated significant amounts of NaCl and zinc in their aerial parts. The use of halophytes for phytodesalination of road runoff is a promising technique to address the issue of environmental impact of deicing salts
Barats, Aurélie. "Micro analyse quantitative des éléments traces dans la calcite de la coquille Saint Jacques (Pecten maximus) par Ablation Laser ICP-MS : une archive journalière de la biogéochimie des environnements côtiers tempérés". Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125075.
Pełny tekst źródłaCamizuli, Estelle. "Impact des anciens sites miniers et métallurgiques sur les écosystèmes terrestre et aquatique actuels : étude comparative des deux moyennes montagnes : le Morvan et les Cévennes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL035.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Morvan and the Cevennes Massifs are nowadays protected for their outstanding landscape and biodiversity. However since Prehistory, these regions experienced mining and smelting activities. Because of remnant properties, locating these ancient sites is capital and then impact on fauna and flora must be estimated. This present work is based in on a pluridisciplinary approach combining archeology, geochemistry, ecology and ecotoxicology. Statistical methods, from modern prospection technique, have been applied in order to delineate geochemical anomalies, potentially due to mining exploitation and thus facilitate the archeological prospection. Spatial distribution maps of trace metals were built on six sites (three in each park). Biodisponibility was assessed thanks to the analyses of wood mice, trout and bryophytes. Even if it seems that most of these elements belong to the non-extractible fraction of soil, the remaining bioavailable trace metals can be detected in the bioindicators. A negative relationship between Pb concentrations in animals and their body condition indices was found, and in some cases developmental instability was higher, suggesting deleterious effect on current wildlife. As a consequence, the impact of past mining and smelting works is still traceable in ecosystems. For this reason, these sites should be monitored, particularly in protected areas thought to be relatively free of anthropogenic contamination
Nafeh, Kassir Lina. "Les métaux lourds dans les engrais phosphatés et les sulfates rejetés par les industries des fertilisants : recherche sur leur transfert et leur mobilité dans les sols libanais". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0332/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo determine the impact and risk of chemical fertilizers, from their manufacture to their amendment, on soil contamination by trace metals, the study of their mobility and transfer would be necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the source of soil contamination by trace elements around the industry of chemical fertilizers, and to follow the temporal evolution of mobility and transfer of these elements in the profile of agricultural soil amended by superphosphate (SSP) fertilizers or phosphogypsum. To achieve our objective, we used techniques allowing the determination of structural and mineralogical characterization of collected soil samples, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Chemical characterization related to the total concentration of trace and major elements of collected soils was established. As mobility was unstable over time, depending on several physico-chemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, and organic matter content, a sequential extraction was adopted throughout the study over time in the amended soil profile to a depth of 55 cm. In addition, the absorption of trace elements by agricultural crops cultivated over land amended with fertilizer or phosphogypsum was analyzed over time to assess the risk of their transfer to the food chain, especially the human food chain, imposing health hazards. A comparison between the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizer was carried out in concluding this work
Merrot, Pauline. "Géochimie, spéciation et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques (Fe, Ni, Cr et Mn) au sein des sédiments du lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS551.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaNew Caledonia is covered on 33% of ultramafic rocks enriched in trace metals elements (Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn and Co). The erosion of these massifs represents an important source of these trace metals towards the lagoon, partially registered on the World List Heritage by UNESCO for its biodiversity. Understanding the geochemical cycle of these toxic trace metals is essential to evaluate the potential impacts on the biodiversity of this ecosystem. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has shown that the contribution of iron sulfides is low, Ni and Fe are bearing by goethite and clays. These latter minerals representing the major phase for the Fe and Ni speciation were identified as chrysotile and green clays: a smectite (nontronite), a mica (glauconite) and a serpentine like a greenalite/berthierine. The clay minerals cycle and the green clay plays a major role in the Fe and Ni cycle, but also in Mn and to a lesser extent in the Cr cycles. The Mn speciation is shared by the clay minerals and the carbonates species whereas Cr is bearing by goethite and chromite inherited of laterite and in lesser extent by clay minerals. Cr is totally present under the reduced form which is the less toxic form. This absence of Cr(VI) is linked to the absence of Mn oxides in sediments avoiding the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) and thus limits the impact on the environment. Finally, the chemical extractions of these metals show a relatively low bioavailability of trace metals except for Mn implying an effective long-term trapping for trace metals and thus limiting the environmental impacts even if the concentrations extracted are not negligible and can be threaten the biodiversity of the lagoon
Iqbal, Muhammad. "Impact de l'occupation des sols agricoles contaminés sur la disponibilité des éléments trace : Mise en évidence du role des matières organiques dans le cas de cultures annuelles et cultures pérennes à vocation énergétique". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00811413.
Pełny tekst źródłaLecomte, Tristan. "Évaluation environnementale des sédiments de dragage et de curage dans la perspective de leur valorisation dans le domaine du génie civil". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I032/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe management and beneficial reuse of non-immersible dredged sediments are major scientific and industrial issues. The industrial research chair " Circular Economy of Sediments: EcoSed ", launched in 2014 by IMT Lille Douai, aims at answering these issues through a multidisciplinary approach. As part of this Doctoral Thesis, investigations were carried out under a partnership research context by combining sediment managers and industrial partners. More specifically, this work aims at (i) to set up a methodological approach to measuring the intrinsic eco-toxicity of sediments prior to their beneficial reuse; (ii) to implement the multi-scale national approach “SEDIMATERIAUX” to check the environmental safety of marine dredged sediment used as aggregates in road concretes; (iii) to compare the national approach on the reuse of alternative materials in road engineering with the European framework developed for environmental assessment of construction products. The results of this work allowed to propose a preparation protocol for the sediment matrix and a sensitive battery of bioassays. Environmental assessment of marine sediments reuse in the field of civil engineering (road concrete, roadbed, roller compacted concrete) allowed validating the environmental safety of these materials and to highlight the achievement of the good trace elements stabilization through their microstructure
Schneider, Arnaud. "Comportement et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans des sols environnant une usine de seconde fusion du plomb. Approches expérimentales et modélisation". Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS043/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe soil contamination by trace elements (TE) is a major environmental issue which mainly lies in their potential transfers from soils to surface and ground waters and/or to food chain.The main objective of this study was to understand the behaviour of TE in impacted soils located in the vicinity of a lead-acid battery recycling plant (Ardennes, France). In a 17 ha surrounding area, the spatial distribution of TE was performed using portable X-ray fluorescence. It indicated that the soils were mainly contaminated by Pb and, to a lesser degree, by Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn and Zn. A geostatistical approach enabled to discriminate the natural or anthropogenic sources of most of these TE.Based on the TE mapping, the soil type and the land cover, the behaviour of the TE was studied along six soil profiles. The calculated partition coefficients highlighted a high mobility of the TE which is related to the acidic soil conditions (pH 4-5). Regardless of the studied soil profile, Cd exhibited the highest mobility, followed by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. A combined experimental (soil-column Donnan membrane technique) and modelling approach helped to specify that Cd, Ni and Zn occurred as free ions, Pb mainly occurred as free ion and associated to fulvic acids and Cu was mainly associated to fulvic acids in the soil solutions. The distribution of Pb among the soil components of upper soil horizons was also determined using chemical methods (sequential extraction), physical methods (SEM-EDS, Raman microspectroscopy) and modelling. Lead was mainly associated with soil organic matter and to a lesser extent with manganese oxides. None of the Pb-bearing phases potentially emitted by the recycling plant were identified, suggesting a remobilization of Pb in the studied soils after smelter particles deposition. This work emphasizes the importance of studying the soil and its solution to better understand the behaviour of TE, to assess the environmental risks and to suggest remediation strategies
Brunel, Célia. "Dynamique des éléments traces métalliques (Pb, Zn, Cd) sur un petit bassin versant amont contaminé par des déchets miniers - cas du bassin versant amont du Lez (Ariège, Pyrénées)". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30025.
Pełny tekst źródłaOn the orphan Sentein mining district (Pyrénées), the Zn, Cd and Pb dynamics is studied at the scale of the Lez upstream catchment, with geochemical and mineralogical approaches. From the primary and natural mineralization, mining exploitation has lead to the redistribution of metal into several secondary sources (contaminated soils, extraction wastes and tailings). Tailings are the main storage compartment of metals. Submitted to erosion, they constitute the principal source. In this carbonated context, the metal exportation under dissolved form is limited by the formation of secondary minerals. Runoff and erosion are dominant processes for metal mobilization. At the catchment outlet, particulate dispersion is dominant specially, during storm events. The contribution of this mining site to Garonne metal fluxes is assessed
Perrin, Anne-Sophie. "Rôle des fertilisants azotés dans l'érosion chimique des bassins versants carbonatées : implication dans la consommation de CO2 et la composition chimique des eaux de surface". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/817/.
Pełny tekst źródłaNitrogenous fertilizers are a major contributor of acidity to soils and carbonate bedrocks, as a result of their high reactivity, are the main buffers through mineral weathering reactions. This perturbation of natural carbonate weathering processes is susceptible to modify the carbon budget of the weathering loop. Different approaches, from soil and small catchment experiments in the south-west of France (Gascogne area) to global scale estimations allowed us to better constrain the impact of these modifications on the quality of riverine water and on the global carbon budget. Carbonate weathering processes induced by nitrogenous fertilizers would decrease the proportion of alkalinity (and thus of carbon) in relation to calcium and magnesium ions by a minimum of respectively 5,7 to 13,4% and 1,6 to 3,8% of the CO2 naturally consumed by carbonate weathering in France and on a global scale. This decrease represents 6 to 15% of the CO2 consumed by silicate weathering on a global scale. Experimentations on soil columns showed that nitrification processes of ammonium ions increase cations fluxes in drainage soil solutions and lead to direct CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Elements and carbonate weathering budgets, measured from intensive surveys of elements fluxes in two small agricultural catchments (the Montoussé and the Hay catchments) highlighted the role of hydrology, vegetation and secondary precipitation of calcite in the relative loss of CO2 consumption by carbonate weathering in agricultural areas
Lucisine, Pierre. "Fonctionnement des sols contaminés". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0195/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBrownfield soils are multi-polluted areas, which cover an increasing surface and thus present serious socio-economical challenges. A better understanding of the ecological functioning of these sites is mandatory for their restoration. In addition to the high pollution found at these sites, brownfields are characterized by a specific soil structure and occasionally also by particular nutrient contents. Despite these constraints, several brownfield are well colonized by plants, fauna and microorganisms. The capacity of these new communities to uphold main ecosystem function remains to be evaluated based on the measurement of one or several ecosystem functions. Leaf litter decomposition is critically important in driving carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles. This function depends on decomposition actors (fauna and microorganisms) but also on leaf litter quality. By that, leaf litter decomposition integrates effects of soil pollution on plant, animal and microorganism communities. Thus, leaf litter decomposition is a relevant indicator to evaluate pollution effects on the functioning of soil ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis was to study brownfields soil function by focusing on the impairment of soil pollution on the leaf litter decomposition. The main hypothesis was that soil pollution could negatively affect leaf litter decomposition by two different ways. (1) By direct effects, resulting from adverse effects of soil pollution on decomposition actors, and (2) by indirect effects, assuming that soil pollution will induce modifications of the plant’s physiology, resulting in changes in leaf litter quality and subsequent effects on the decomposition. Our results revealed the absence of direct negative effects for eight highly polluted sites, despite a disturbance of decomposer actors, specifically the increase in abundance of detritivores and a modified microbial colonization of the leaf litter at the polluted sites. These results are in favor of a sufficient functional redundancy of decomposer actors in the local communities, which allowed the maintenance of the decomposition process. We also showed a positive indirect effect of soil pollution on the decomposition. This effect resulted from the improvement of litter quality produced at the polluted sites. This induced, at least for some sites, an increase of the decomposition rate, possibly due to a higher activity of decomposer actors. Furthermore, we also observed pollutants accumulation in these litter, especially Cd and Zn. These pollutants could potentially impair decomposition actors. Whatever, presence of these pollutants in litter did not impair litter consumption by some detritivores. Numerous perspectives can be developed from this study. Among them it seems specifically important to evaluate: 1) which are the (physiological) mechanisms behind the increase in leaf litter quality at polluted sites? 2) How can different communities assure the same decomposition rates at polluted sites? and 3) Are there negative effects observed on the performance and physiology of detritivores when consuming leaf litter from polluted sites ?
Camizuli, Estelle. "Impact des anciens sites miniers et métallurgiques sur les écosystèmes terrestre et aquatique actuels : étude comparative des deux moyennes montagnes : le Morvan et les Cévennes". Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL035/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Morvan and the Cevennes Massifs are nowadays protected for their outstanding landscape and biodiversity. However since Prehistory, these regions experienced mining and smelting activities. Because of remnant properties, locating these ancient sites is capital and then impact on fauna and flora must be estimated. This present work is based in on a pluridisciplinary approach combining archeology, geochemistry, ecology and ecotoxicology. Statistical methods, from modern prospection technique, have been applied in order to delineate geochemical anomalies, potentially due to mining exploitation and thus facilitate the archeological prospection. Spatial distribution maps of trace metals were built on six sites (three in each park). Biodisponibility was assessed thanks to the analyses of wood mice, trout and bryophytes. Even if it seems that most of these elements belong to the non-extractible fraction of soil, the remaining bioavailable trace metals can be detected in the bioindicators. A negative relationship between Pb concentrations in animals and their body condition indices was found, and in some cases developmental instability was higher, suggesting deleterious effect on current wildlife. As a consequence, the impact of past mining and smelting works is still traceable in ecosystems. For this reason, these sites should be monitored, particularly in protected areas thought to be relatively free of anthropogenic contamination
Gardes, Thomas. "Reconstruction temporelle des contaminations métalliques et organiques particulaires dans le bassin versant de l'Eure et devenir des sédiments suite à l'arasement d'un barrage. Reconstruction of anthropogenic activities in legacy sediments from the Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine Estuary (France) Flux estimation, temporal trends and source determination of trace metal contamination in a major tributary of the Seine estuary, France Temporal trends, sources, and relationships between sediment characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment cores from the major Seine estuary tributary, France Impacts à court-terme de l’arasement d’un barrage sur la morphologie du cours d’eau et la remobilisation de sédiments contaminés par les métaux traces Bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, PCBs) and trace elements: Influencing factors and determination in a river sediment core". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR038.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe anthropogenic impact on rivers has significantly increased following the industrial revolutioninitiated by Western countries. Thus, changes in the geomorphology of rivers for water storage andnavigation, the conversion of land for agricultural, industrial and urbanization purposes illustrate thisenvironmental pressure, which results, among other things, in an increase in discharges of variouscontaminants into environmental compartments, particularly rivers. Therefore, part of these dischargescan end up in suspended particulate matter, which is then considered as storage wells, which transit inrivers. River development, particularly the construction of dams, encourages the sedimentation of these contaminated particles over time. These sediments of anthropogenic origin, also called legacy sediments, are therefore witnesses to human activities and make it possible to reconstruct the temporal trajectories of contamination within watersheds. The Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine estuary, has experienced significant anthropogenic pressures since the twentieth century. The temporal reconstruction of anthropogenic pressures has required the combination of different methodological approaches: (i) a diachronic analysis of the morphological modifications of the river was carried out, in conjunction with (ii) an analysis of the sedimentary dynamics and the nature of the sediment deposits by coupling geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical methods, and (iii) the setting up of a network for monitoring the hydro-sedimentary behaviour with continuous sampling of suspended particulate matter. Significant geomorphological changes have occurred in the lower reaches of the watershed, with the main consequences being an outlet moved some ten kilometres in the direction of a dam and the formation of hydraulic annexes favouring the accumulation of sediments as early as the 1940s. These made it possible to show that the Eure River watershed had experienced significant contamination, the consequences of which are still being recorded despite the cessation of activities or uses. The temporal trends of trace metal and metalloid elements showed strong contaminations in As in the 1940s and contaminations of industrial origin in Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag and Cd in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as contaminations in Sb and Pb in 1990–2000. The latter are still recorded despite the cessation of the activities responsible for the discharges, as evidenced by the results from the suspended particulate matter currently collected in the river. Like most trace metals, organic contaminants such as PAHs showed significant contamination during the 1940–1960s, with signatures indicating a predominantly pyrogenic origin. PCBs showed significant contamination during the period 1950–1970, in connection with the production and national uses of mixtures composed mainly of low chlorinated congeners. Finally, interest in a third family of persistent organic contaminants, organochlorine pesticides, showed the use of lindane and DDT, particularly during the 1940–1970 period, and highlighted the post-ban use of lindane and the presence of a metabolite of DDT several decades after the cessation of its use, in connection with the increase in erosion of cultivated soils
Fritsch, Clémentine. "UTILISATION INTEGREE DE BIOINDICATEURS POUR LA SURVEILLANCE DES SOLS ET DES ECOSYSTEMES TERRESTRES". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524516.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeveque, Thibaut. "Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques". Phd thesis, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/12253/1/leveque.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaConstantineau, Simon. "Variations inter- et intra-spécifiques de la phytoextraction des éléments traces As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb et Zn chez trois cultivars de saule". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11623.
Pełny tekst źródłaPhytoextraction is a promising solution to the environmental problem of soil contamination by trace elements (TE). This study focuses on intra and interspecific differences (S. purpurea, S. dasyclados, S. miyabeana) of three willow cultivars used for phytoextration of six TE (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). The objectives are (i) describe the interspecific variations of FISH CREEK cultivar (S. purpurea) used for phytoextraction on two study sites; and (ii) describe intra and interspecific variations of FISH CREEK (S. purpurea) SV1 (S. dasyclados) and SX67 (S. miyabeana) cultivars used for phytoextraction of a study site. The selected indicators of intra and interspecific variations are : total biomass, TE concentrations extracted and translocation factors (x ̅ weighted TE conc. in aerial parts / conc. TE in the roots). The contribution of soil properties (contamination level, physicochemical characteristics) to phytoextraction was evaluated. The cultivars showed significant interspecific variations. However, intraspecific variations were sometimes more important than variations measured between the three different cultivars grown on one study site. The magnitude of intraspecific variations of FISH CREEK cultivar grown on two study sites is attributed to the influence of pH, mineralogy and organic matter content, which differ between the two sites. It was also shown that the phytoextraction of TE was not consistently correlated positively with the contamination level. This suggests that the TE concentrations measured in soil can not by themselves explain the variation in the measured tissue concentrations. The involvement of retention mechanisms in soil appear to be more responsible for the observed variation. ET compartmentalization suggests that the willow is effective for Cd and Zn extraction and is effective for As, Cu, Ni, and Pb phytostabilisation. Regarding the amount extracted, cultivar FISH CREEK seems the most effective cultivar in this study.